). What helps a person to remain human in the terrible, inhuman conditions of war according to the story The fate of a person (Sholokhov M.A.) What helps the main character to remain human

Sections: Literature

Epigraph to the lesson:

2. "... groan and rot ... but if you resist, you will break .."

Lesson equipment:on the blackboard is a portrait of A.I.Solzhenitsyn, a projector, a screen, presentations (Appendix 1).

The purpose of the lesson:

1. To analyze the story of A.I.Solzhenitsyn.

2. Bring students to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe possibility and even the need to preserve human dignity in any conditions.

3. Show the connection between Solzhenitsyn's reduction and the traditions of Russian classical literature.

During the classes

1. Introduction by the teacher.(from an article by Lydia Chukovskaya)

There are fates, as if deliberately conceived and put on the stage of history by some brilliant director. Everything in them is dramatically tense and everything is dictated by the history of the country, the ups and downs of its people.

One of such destinies is undoubtedly the fate of Solzhenitsyn. Life and literary.

Vital is known. It coincides with the fate of millions. In peacetime - a student, in war - a soldier and commander of a victorious army, and then, with a new wave of Stalinist repression, - a prisoner.

Monstrous and - alas! - usually. The fate of millions.

1953 year. Stalin died.

His death by itself has not yet resurrected the country. But then, in 1956, Khrushchev, from the rostrum of the party congress, exposes Stalin as an executioner and murderer. In 1962, his ashes were taken out of the mausoleum. Gradually, carefully, the curtain is lifted over the corpses of the innocent tortured and the secrets of the Stalinist regime are revealed.

And then the writer enters the historical stage. History instructs Solzhenitsyn, yesterday's prisoner, to speak out loudly about what he and his comrades have experienced.

This is how the country learned the story of Ivan Shukhov - a simple Russian worker, one of millions, who was swallowed up by the terrible, bloodthirsty machine of the totalitarian state.

2. Leading check homework (1)

“How was it born? It was just such a camp day, hard work, I was carrying a stretcher with my partner and thought how to describe the whole camp world - in one day. Of course, you can describe your ten years of the camp, and there is the whole history of the camps, but it is enough to collect everything in one day, as if in pieces, it is enough to describe only one day of one average, unremarkable person from morning to evening. And everything will be. This thought was born to me in the 52nd year. In the camp. Well, of course, it was crazy to think about it then. And then years passed. I was writing a novel, I was sick, dying of cancer. And now ... at 59 - m ... "

“Conceived by the author during general works in the Ekibastuz Special Camp in the winter of 1950-51. Implemented in 1959 first as "Ш - 854. One day of one convict", more acute politically. Softened in 1961 - and in this form came in handy for filing in the "New World" in the fall of the same year.

The image of Ivan Denisovich was formed from the soldier Shukhov, who fought with the author in the Soviet - German war (and never sat), the general experience of a prisoner and the author's personal experience in the Special Camp as a bricklayer. The rest of the faces are all from camp life, with their true biographies. "

3. New topic

Teacher. Let's try and we will put together a picture of camp life from the fragments of the text.

What lines allow the reader to see all the realities of this life?

Possible quotes:

"... Intermittent ringing weakly passed through the glass, frozen in two fingers ..."

"... the orderlies carried one of the eight-bucket parasha ..."

"... Three days kandeya with a conclusion ..."

"..Lamps ... so many of them were stuck that they completely lit up the stars .."

Ahead homework check (2):

The camp depicted by the writer has its own strict hierarchy:

There are ruling chiefs (among them the chief of the regime, Volkova, stands out, “dark, but long, but frowning”, fully justifying his name: he looks like a wolf, “rushes quickly,” brandishes a twisted leather whip). There are guards (one of them is a gloomy Tatar with a crumpled face, who appears every time "like a thief in the night"). There are prisoners who are also located at different levels of the hierarchical ladder. Here one meets the "owners", well settled, the "sixes", informers, informers, the worst of the prisoners, betraying their fellows in misfortune. Fetyukov, for example, not ashamed or disdainful, licks dirty bowls, rakes cigarette butts out of a spittoon. There are "nets" hanging around in the infirmary, "assholes." There are slavishly humiliated and impersonal.

Conclusion. One day from wake up to lights out, but he allowed the writer to say so much, to reproduce in such detail the events repeated over three thousand six hundred and fifty-three days, that we can get a complete picture of the life of Ivan Shukhov and the people around him.

Teacher.Solzhenitsyn casually writes about "idiots", "sixes", "shaklahs" - just one sentence at a time, sometimes their names or surnames say more: Volkova, Shkuropatenko, Fetyukov. The reception of “speaking” names refers us to the works of Fonvizin and Griboyedov. However, the writer is more interested not so much in this social "cut" of the camp as in the characters of the prisoners, which are directly related to the main character.

Who are they?

Homework Ahead Test (3)

Possible answer:

These are prisoners who do not drop themselves and keep their face. This is the old man Ju-81, who "in camps and in prisons sits innumerable, how much Soviet power costs," but at the same time has not lost his human dignity. And the other is the "wiry old man" X-123, a convinced fanatic of the truth. This is deaf Senka Klevshin, a former prisoner of Buchenwald, who was a member of an underground organization. The Germans hung him up by the arms and beat him with sticks, but he miraculously survived to now continue his torment in the Soviet camp.

This is the Latvian Jan Kildigis, who has been in the camp for two years out of the measured twenty-five, a wonderful bricklayer who has not lost his penchant for jokes. Alyoshka is a Baptist, a pure-hearted and clean-cut young man, a bearer of spiritual faith and humility. He prays for the spiritual, convinced that God is from him and others "evil scum".

Buinovsky, a former captain of the second rank, who commanded the destroyers, "who walked around Europe and the Great Northern Route," is cheerfully, although he "reaches" before our very eyes. Able to take a hit on himself in difficult times. I am ready to fight with cruel warders, defending human rights, for which he receives “ten days in solitary confinement,” which means he will lose his health for the rest of his life.

Tyurin with traces of smallpox, in the past a peasant, but in a camp for 19 years as the son of a dispossessed man. That is why he was dismissed from the army. His position is now a brigadier, but for the prisoners he is like a father. Risking a new term, he stands up for people, that's why they respect and love him, they try not to let him down.

Teacher.Trying to destroy a person in a person, the prisoners were stripped of their names and assigned a number. In what work have we already encountered a similar situation?

(E. Zamyatin "We")

Indeed, E. Zamyatin at the beginning of the century warned people about what could happen to a person in a totalitarian society. The novel is written as a utopia, that is, a place that does not exist, but in the middle of the 20th century it turned into reality.

Teacher. Ivan Denisovich Shukhov. Who is he, the main character a story by Solzhenitsyn?

Homework Ahead Test (4)

Possible answer:

Ivan Denisovich Shukhov, a forty-year-old peasant, torn out by an evil will and from the army, where he fought honestly, like everyone else, for his native land, and from a family where his wife and two daughters knock around without him, who lost his beloved work on the land, so important in the hungry post-war years. A simple Russian peasant from the village of Temgenevo near Polomn, lost in central Russia, he went to war on June 23, 1941, fought with the enemies until he was surrounded, which ended in captivity. He fled from there with four other daredevils. Shukhov miraculously made his way to “his own people,” where neither the investigator nor Shukhov himself could think of what task the Germans were carrying out after escaping from captivity. The counterintelligence service beat Shukhov for a long time and then offered him a choice. “And Shukhov’s calculation was simple: if you don’t sign - a wooden pea coat, if you sign it, you will live a little longer. Signature." So they "cooked up" the 58th article for him, and it is now believed that Shukhov sat down for treason. With this painful cross, Ivan Denisovich found himself first in the terrible Ust-Izhmensky general camp, and then in a Siberian convict, where a rag with prisoner number Shch-854 was sewn onto his cotton trousers.

Teacher. How does the main character live, or rather, is he trying to survive? What laws did Shukhov learn during his imprisonment?

Possible answers:

“… Shukhov was filled with words of the first brigadier Kuzyomin… .:

Here, guys, the law is the taiga. But people live here too. In the camp, that's who dies: who licks the bowls, who hopes for the medical unit, and who goes to knock on the godfather. "

"Apart from sleep, the camper lives for himself only ten minutes in the morning at breakfast, and at lunch five, and five at dinner."

".. Caesar smoked ... But Shukhov did not ask directly, but stopped next to Caesar and half-turned looked past him."

"Shukhov has been trampling the earth for forty years already, there are no half of his teeth and bald spots on his head, he never gave it to anyone or took it from anyone, and he never learned in the camp ..."

"... but Shukhov understands life and does not stretch his belly on someone else's good ..."

“There’s also a knife - earnings. For keeping it - after all, a punishment cell. "

“Money came to Shukhov only from private work: you sew slippers from the supplier's rags - two rubles, you pay out a quilted jacket - also by agreement ...”

Conclusion.For eight years now, Ivan Denisovich He knows that one should not go down, maintain dignity, not be a "jerk", not become a "jackal", not get into the "six", that he must take care of himself, showing both quickness and soundness meaning, and endurance, and perseverance, and ingenuity.

Teacher. What unites all these people: a former peasant, a military man, a Baptist….

Possible answer:

All of them are forced to comprehend the wild manners and laws of the Stalinist hellish machine, striving for sure to survive, but not to lose their human appearance.

Teacher. What helps them not to sink, not to turn into an animal?

Possible answer:

Each of them has its own core, its own moral foundation. They try not to return to thoughts of injustice, not to moan, not to bully, not to fuss, strictly calculate their every step in order to survive in order to save themselves for future life, because the hope has not faded yet.

Teacher. Let's turn to the epigraph of our lesson "... and the further, the tighter he held on ...". Now that you know quite a lot about the heroes of the story, explain how you understand this expression. To whom do you think it can be attributed in the first place?

Teacher. Let's try to explain the second line of the epigraph. Whose words are these and how do you understand them?

Conclusion.Ivan Denisovich continues the galaxy of heroes of classical Russian literature. One can recall the heroes of Nekrasov, Leskov, Tolstoy ... the more trials, sufferings, hardships fell to their lot, the stronger their spirit became. So Shukhov tries to survive where nothing contributes to this, moreover, he tries to preserve himself not only physically, but spiritually, because losing human dignity means perishing. But the hero is not at all inclined to take on all the blows of camp life, otherwise he will not survive, this is what the second line of the epigraph tells us about.

Teacher. Once FM Dostoevsky in the novel "Notes from the House of the Dead" described a year of life in the tsarist penal servitude, and with an involuntary comparison with one Soviet day, despite all the shackles and gauntlets, the tsarist looks more merciful if such a word is appropriate in relation to similar objects. Solzhenitsyn chooses from all the camp days Ivan Denisovich is not the most terrible, without scenes of bullying and violence, although all this is invisible, somewhere in scraps of phrases, a meager description is present. But what is amazing, remember with what thoughts Shukhov ends this day.

(« Shukhov fell asleep quite satisfied ... ... ... A day passed ... almost happy ... ".)

Does the writer really want to convince us that it is possible to live in the camp, that a person can be happy in his misfortune?

Possible answer: I didn't get to the punishment cell, I didn't get sick, I didn't get caught in the shmone, I “cut off” the extra rations ... the absence of misfortunes in conditions that you cannot change - why not happiness ?! "He had a lot of luck during the day .."

Teacher. One of the pleasant moments of this day, Ivan Denisovich considered work. Why?

Reading and analyzing the masonry scene of the wall of the CHP.(from the words "And no more Shukhov saw any distant mischief ..." to the words "And he outlined where how many cinder blocks to put .."; from the words ".. But Shukhov is not mistaken ..." to the words "Such work has gone - no time for the nose wipe off ... ".)

With what mood does Shukhov work?

What is the manifestation of his peasant thrift?

How can you characterize the work of Ivan Denisovich?

What words of the sentence testify to Shukhov's conscientious attitude to work?

Conclusion.Inborn industriousness is another quality of Solzhenitsyn's hero, which makes him related to the heroes of Russian literature of the 19th century and which helps him to survive. A former carpenter, now a bricklayer, he works conscientiously even on the territory fenced with barbed wire, he simply does not know how to do otherwise. And it is labor that allows him, at least for a while, to escape from the camp existence, to remember himself of the past, to think about his future life and to experience that rare joy in the camp that a toiler - a peasant is able to experience.

4. Final words of the teacher

You can talk about such a small and such a large work endlessly. How many times you re-read Solzhenitsyn's story, so many times you will open it in a new way. And this is also a property the best works classical Russian literature. Today, finishing our lesson, I would like to return to the topic put in the title of the lesson.

At the beginning of the last century, Anna Andreevna Akhmatova wrote her Requiem as a requiem for her tortured, persecuted, dead generation. Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn wrote “One Day in Ivan Denisovich” as a hymn to his generation, a hymn to a man who withstood everything that his “native” state prepared for him, survived, survived, retaining his human dignity. Many broke down, died, but many remained human. They returned to live, raise children and love their homeland selflessly.

5. Homework

It is not possible to discuss and analyze all aspects of such a multifaceted work within the framework of one lesson. I suggest you write an essay about what we did not have time to talk about. What you could see in the story, but we missed. What conclusions did you come to, but we could not.

War - terrible phenomenon, anti-human in nature. It takes away many innocent human lives, erases entire cities from the face of the Earth. Quite recently, screams, crying of women and children were heard everywhere, blood was pouring, people were suffering from hunger. In times like these, the main thing is to remain human. But what helped people not to become like animals, to preserve their human essence in the terrible, inhuman conditions of war?

One should look for the answer to this question in the works of Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov.

In his story "The Fate of a Man", the main character, Andrei Sokolov, having lost his family during the war years, having been in captivity, where he experienced the cruel treatment of the Nazis, still does not lose his human essence. Having met the boy Vanyushka at the teahouse, who also lost his relatives during the war, he decides to take him up and tells him that he is his father. “And as soon as I didn’t harden my soul after going through it all,” he says, telling his story to a new acquaintance. This man found the strength to resist the flame of war distorting souls. Love, fortitude, compassion helped Andrei Sokolov to remain a man.

In another work by Sholokhov, called "The Foal", we see a different situation: here the writer shows us that it is important to be human not only to other people, but also to our smaller brothers - animals. The plot of the story tells the reader about the events of the civil war. The protagonist Trofim, serving in a squadron near the Don, discovers that his mare has been foaled. He goes with a report to the squadron commander and hears in response: “Shoot! He will only be a burden to us! " Trofim, contrary to the order, does not kill the foal, referring to the malfunction of the rifle, but the commander reveals the deception and treats the situation with understanding, allowing the newborn to be left. “He needs to suck his mother,” he says, “and we sucked. And what to do, since it is so customary. " Soon the squadron had to take a fight, in which the foal was very disturbing to the soldiers. Trofim himself was about to kill him, but his hand trembled. During the crossing of the Don, the squadron was attacked by an enemy detachment. The newborn foal could not swim across the wide river, and the main character, risking his life, rushes to his aid. Such a heroic act amazed even the enemy, who stopped shooting, watching what was happening. The author in this work shows us that it is very important to preserve kindness and mercy not only to people, but also to animals, even in the inhuman conditions of war.

Thus, in the terrible conditions of war that change human consciousness, his soul, attitude, it is very important to remain human. And feelings such as love, mercy, compassion and kindness help preserve your essence, even in the face of the difficulties of war.

Sections: Literature

Epigraph to the lesson:

2. "... groan and rot ... but if you resist, you will break .."

Lesson equipment:on the blackboard is a portrait of A.I.Solzhenitsyn, a projector, a screen, presentations (Appendix 1).

The purpose of the lesson:

1. To analyze the story of A.I.Solzhenitsyn.

2. Bring students to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe possibility and even the need to preserve human dignity in any conditions.

3. Show the connection between Solzhenitsyn's reduction and the traditions of Russian classical literature.

During the classes

1. Introduction by the teacher.(from an article by Lydia Chukovskaya)

One of such destinies is undoubtedly the fate of Solzhenitsyn. Life and literary.

Monstrous and - alas! - usually. The fate of millions.

1953 year. Stalin died.

And then the writer enters the historical stage. History instructs Solzhenitsyn, yesterday's prisoner, to speak out loudly about what he and his comrades have experienced.

This is how the country learned the story of Ivan Shukhov - a simple Russian worker, one of millions, who was swallowed up by the terrible, bloodthirsty machine of the totalitarian state.

2. Checking ahead of time homework (1)

3. New topic

Teacher. Let's try and we will put together a picture of camp life from the fragments of the text.

What lines allow the reader to see all the realities of this life?

Possible quotes:

"... Intermittent ringing weakly passed through the glass, frozen in two fingers ..."

"... the orderlies carried one of the eight-bucket parasha ..."

"... Three days kandeya with a conclusion ..."

"..Lamps ... so many of them were stuck that they completely lit up the stars .."

Ahead homework check (2):

The camp depicted by the writer has its own strict hierarchy:

Who are they?

Homework Ahead Test (3)

Possible answer:

Teacher.Trying to destroy a person in a person, the prisoners were stripped of their names and assigned a number. In what work have we already encountered a similar situation?

(E. Zamyatin "We")

Teacher. Ivan Denisovich Shukhov. Who is he, the main character of Solzhenitsyn's story?