UDC 624; 69; 72 DEMIDOVA E. V.

Rehabilitation of industrial areas as part of urban space

The article is devoted to the problem of rehabilitation of industrial territories, which is especially relevant in Russian cities. The emphasis is on the study of concepts that explain the process of restoration of urban areas - rehabilitation, reconstruction, renovation, revitalization, etc. The author characterizes the elements of rehabilitation through the use of a “biological” approach to the study of cities. An example of one of the forms of the rehabilitation process is the renewal of industrial areas in domestic cities.

Key words: rehabilitation, reconstruction, renovation, revitalization, restructuring, industrial areas.

THE REHABILITATION OF INDUSTRIAL TERRITORIES AS PARTS OF THE CITY SPACE

The article is devoted to the problems of rehabilitation of industrial territories which is especially actual in the Russian cities. In the article the emphasis is placed on studying of the concepts explaining the process of restoration of urban areas - rehabilitation, reconstruction, renovation, revitalization, etc. The author characterizes rehabilitation elements by means of application of “biological” approach to studying of the cities. There are presented examples of rehabilitation process - regeneration of industrial territories in the Russian cities.

Keywords: rehabilitation, reconstruction, renovation, revitalization, restructuring, industrial territories.

Demidova

Vladimirovna

senior researcher at the institute "UralNIIproekt RAASN"

e-mail: [email protected]

In modern Russian conditions, there is extreme unevenness in spatial economic development. The settlement system at the municipal level is incorrectly formed, with a lack of a sufficient number of medium-sized cities and the dominance of megacities, which attract capital, investment and labor resources. Interaction between regions is unproductive, and population mobility is extremely difficult; There are no highly efficient territorial industrial clusters in the country, and the infrastructure used is outdated. The solution to these problems is associated with the development and implementation of comprehensive strategies aimed at the harmonious development of territorial complexes.

In this regard, the most pressing problems of the development of urban areas lie in the sphere of urban reconstruction, streamlining the development of urban agglomerations, comprehensive transformation of the entire human living environment, its greening, humanization and aestheticization based on regionalism, which involves taking into account local city-forming factors and conditions, which in general form represents the process of rehabilitation of urban space.

With the help of rehabilitation policy, urban structures create a kind of polarization of space, identifying weak points and problem areas, taking into account infrastructural prerequisites (you can draw up a “map of military operations”), ensuring the adoption of the right management decisions, determining forms of land use, directions and volumes of reconstruction and new construction. We can say that the policy of rehabilitation of urban space is a kind of molecular theory of territory development, when all participants in the process of creating a habitat work consciously and interconnectedly. In this case, it ensures the resolution of contradictions between the owner and the entire urban community.

Rehabilitation of urban space in general is restoration. Currently, the scientific literature has not developed a generally accepted universal scientific and technical terminology in this area of ​​human activity. In domestic literature, the concept of “restoration of space” is filled with various contents: synonyms include “reconstruction”, “renewal”, “reconstruction”, “modernization”, “restoration”, “restructuring”.

rization”, “renovation”, “revitalization”, etc. Let’s try to distinguish between these terms and justify the appropriateness of using the concept of “rehabilitation” in this text.

The need to transform urban space means a fundamental shift in social development. The age of communications and post-industrial development contributes to the fact that systematicity and connectivity are becoming key characteristics of modern society, increasing the level of social complexity, which leads to the need to adapt urban settlements.

Considering the city as a social organism, N.P. Antsiferov proposed, by analogy with a living being, to identify three elements that determine three approaches to the study of its unity - anatomy, physiology and psychology (soul) of the urban organism.

M. G. Dikansky also adheres to the organic theory of the city, who describes the following paradigm in the study of the city: “Modern science about the city considers streets, squares, markets, means of communication, etc. as parts of a single whole, as parts of the urban organism.” In the business part of the city, the author hears “the heart of the urban organism”, in the movement of the crowd “the circulatory system”, in electric lighting and telephone lines - the “nervous system”, in the administrative center - “the mind that controls actions”, and the soul of the city is manifested “in the aspirations and the feelings of citizens."

In many ways, the extrapolation of the term “rehabilitation” (Latin re... - again + habilis - adapted, convenient; rehabilitation - restoration of ability, suitability) from medicine to urban development theories is explained by studies of the social life of large cities.

The Dictionary of the Russian Language provides three definitions of this concept: restoration of honor and reputation of an incorrectly accused or defamed person; restoration by court or administrative procedure to previous rights; restoration of health and working capacity of persons whose physical and mental abilities are limited after suffering illnesses and injuries.

In the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medical Terms, rehabilitation means a complex of medical, psychological, pedagogical, professional and legal measures to restore

study of autonomy, ability to work and health of persons with limited physical and mental capabilities as a result of past or congenital diseases, as well as as a result of injuries. At the same time, the social adaptation of sick, injured and disabled people is of great importance. According to experts from the World Health Organization, rehabilitation is defined as “the combined and coordinated use of medical and social measures, education and vocational training or retraining, aimed at providing the patient with the highest possible level of functional activity.”

In jurisprudence, rehabilitation is the return to a person of previously lost rights, privileges, good name, reputation; correction, re-education of criminals; returning the offender to normal work and social life through the use of means such as bail, parole, etc. In ecology, rehabilitation is restoration, bringing a damaged ecosystem, landscape, etc. to its original state.

In connection with the development of rehabilitation phenomena from the point of view of economic relations, it seems necessary to introduce the concept of rehabilitation into the terminological apparatus of urban planning activities. This approach means abandoning reflexive step-by-step reactions to competitive and internal development threats and is based on a strategy of proactively creating conditions for the sustainable evolution of the city as a whole.

The term "rehabilitation" in relation to urban areas first appeared in connection with the reconstruction and restoration of entire neighborhoods of many European cities after the Second World War. In the United States of America, the need for rehabilitation was caused by gentrification processes occurring in large cities.

In Russian cities, following foreign ones, there is also a growing need to renew urban space. The nature of urbanization in the country has changed - it has moved from the socialist, state-provided phase to the phase where the economic and social interests of private economic entities, their own, come to the fore.

quickly choosing a place for their home and business. State capital investments in the development of cities and territories have been replaced by private investments, which are subject to market laws and are designed to obtain a quick commercial effect.

Nevertheless, in the domestic literature today the concept of rehabilitation in relation to city-regulating activities is quite rare. The process of rehabilitation of urban areas abroad means restoration of the urban environment, demolition of outdated buildings, improvement of vacant areas and construction of projects using new design and construction technologies.

The author defines rehabilitation as an organized transformation of the fabric of urban space, which is achieved as a result of simultaneous work in four areas - technical renewal, social revitalization (revitalization), economic modernization and environmental restoration (Illustration 1).

The first element is technical re-equipment, namely reconstruction. Reconstruction (from the Latin re... - a prefix indicating a repeated, renewable action, and ranstmrtio - construction) - a radical reorganization, restructuring according to new principles; restoration of something from surviving remains or descriptions.

In industry, reconstruction is a modification, alteration of existing fixed assets based on their technical improvement. The Dictionary of Natural Sciences states: “Reconstruction of an object - carrying out construction work in order to change the existing technical and economic indicators of the object and increase the efficiency of its use, providing for: reorganization of the object; changes in dimensions and technical parameters; capital construction, extensions, superstructures; dismantling and strengthening of load-bearing structures; conversion of the attic space into an attic; construction and reconstruction of engineering systems and communications. When reconstructing buildings, it is planned to completely or partially vacate the premises: resettlement of residents, withdrawal of organizations, etc.” .

In the Russian Architectural and Construction Encyclopedia (Part IV)

the following definition of the concept is given: “Reconstruction of construction projects is the bringing of buildings and structures of various functional purposes into compliance with the requirements of the time using construction means.” First of all, the tasks of reconstruction include eliminating the moral and physical wear and tear of construction projects. Reconstruction of construction projects “should be considered in connection with the urban planning situation, the environment, which determines ... the parameters of the buildings being reconstructed.” Typically, the reconstruction of construction projects involves their partial or complete redevelopment in accordance with changed social and technical requirements. A prerequisite for reconstruction is to ensure a modern level of comfort and amenities.

In relation to urban planning, city reconstruction is a renewal, a radical transformation of a historically established city (its planning, development and improvement), caused by modern socio-economic, sanitary, hygienic and architectural and artistic requirements and carried out on the basis of achievements of science and technology.

The Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation also gives the concept of reconstruction, which means changing the parameters of capital construction projects, their parts (number of premises, height, number of floors (hereinafter referred to as the number of storeys), area, production capacity indicators, volume) and the quality of engineering and technical support.

E. M. Blekh proposes another definition, which includes not only technical and technological, but also economic content: he interprets reconstruction as a form of expanded reproduction of individual buildings and the entire housing stock and development of a city, microdistrict, quarter. This is the broadest, most general concept, covering all conscious actions aimed at improving residential development and the quality of life of the population.

The Russian Architectural and Construction Encyclopedia gives the concept of reconstruction of the architectural and historical environment of cities - “this is quite free. mode of construction work, subordinated to the tasks of functioning of historical and cultural heritage sites in new socio-economic

ical conditions, allowing the demolition of dilapidated buildings and redevelopment. not excluding the possibility of using new building materials." The given definition of reconstruction of the architectural and historical environment of cities is the most general concept of reconstruction, combining more specific concepts.

Two subtypes of reconstruction that can be classified as transformation of urban space are restoration and modernization.

Restoration (from Latin restavratio - restoration) is a type of activity aimed at restoring the lost qualities of the restoration object. This may be an attractive appearance, practicality and reliability of structures, finishing elements, communications. There are several types of restoration work that are united by a single goal - to restore the lost properties and functions, as well as the aesthetics of the object.

According to A.F. Losev, “restoration appears as a form or method of physical implementation of the process of cultural inheritance, and in this sense is subject to its laws^!), 9]. A significant part of the restoration work involves recreating the historical appearance of the monument. The contribution of the restorers’ creativity to this process is aimed precisely at this; the intention of the author of the monument must be preserved - this is the main principle of restoration.

Modernization (from the Greek modeme - newest) - improving, improving, updating an object, bringing it into compliance with new requirements and standards, technical conditions, quality indicators. This is the process of adapting an object to new views and needs, giving it a modern look.

Modernization is a form of simple reproduction. During modernization, a set of measures is carried out aimed at reducing physical and moral wear and tear, with the exception of increasing the total area, changing the volume and purpose of the building. This term is not suitable for describing the urban environment, because it does not convey the complex nature of changes in complex systems.

The next step in rehabilitation is working with the “organism” of the city, namely restructuring.

Restructuring (lat. ge... - again, again, back + lat. stguctuga - device, structure, composition) - from-

changing the structure of something, in our case - the urban space management system.

This is an important element of the rehabilitation process, designed to optimize the structure of the urban economy and its management mechanism, which will provide a level of efficiency that ensures its competitiveness. Restructuring is the part of the transformation where the payoff is fastest and the challenges are greatest. Many cities stop at this stage without using other directions, which does not lead to a new impetus for development.

Revitalization deals with the social side of urban space and is designed to regenerate social activity and civic responsibility.

Revitalization (from Lat. ge. - a prefix denoting the resumption or repetition of an action + Lat. u^aNz - vital, life-giving, living - literally translated “return of vitality”) is the process of “revitalizing” urban space by providing people with quality and a favorable living environment, providing opportunities for creative and professional growth, active socialization and cultural development. This is the most time-consuming and least researched element, which, nevertheless, is potentially the strongest area of ​​rehabilitation.

Renovation (from Latin gepouayo - renewal, renewal) - initiating the process of growth by establishing a connection between the city and the environment. Renovation is aimed at metabolic processes and involves the use of external sources for its development and leveling of negative factors and conditions.

Each direction of rehabilitation contains its own set of tools, each of which relates to some area of ​​the urban “organism”, which is presented in Illustration 2.

Applying the concept of studying urban space as a biological mechanism, presented in Figure 2, we can conclude that the secret of sustainable urban development lies in the ability to lead the simultaneous interconnected transformation of all its systems (production, infrastructure, management, human resources, relations with the external environment, etc.). d.).

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Figure 1. Four elements of urban rehabilitation

Illustration 2. General “biological” scheme for the rehabilitation of urban space

The components of rehabilitation are not only the improvement of technical characteristics based on modern construction technologies and planning and compositional solutions, but also institutional (social) and environmental transformation. This is a complex process of high-quality reproduction of urban space, which has a synergistic effect.

Rehabilitation of city space includes not only technical and organizational, but also economic, legal, managerial and other issues and is considered as a process of biological-logo-socio-economic transformation, reflecting new market relations between its participants.

The essence of the policy and the choice of methods for the rehabilitation of urban areas depend on political, economic, social, market conditions and even natural and climatic factors. Political factors include the development of an urban planning concept, the position of local governments; to economic ones - the possibilities of budgets of all levels of government, potential investors, including the population; social - population satisfaction with the quality of urban space, improvement of quality of life indicators; to market conditions - the state of supply and demand, the price level in real estate markets.

Having studied foreign experience in renovating urban spaces, it can be argued that typical prerequisites for the rehabilitation of urban areas are:

1 low quality of functioning of city buildings and structures caused by adverse weather conditions and a long period of operation;

2 irrational zoning of territories that does not ensure environmental, sanitary and transport safety of the population;

3 the need to restore the historical value of architectural monuments and old city neighborhoods;

4 transition to a type of municipal policy (as in France), the task of which is social integration and stimulation of the investment process as levers for managing economic growth;

5 voluntary desire of citizens and investors to contribute to the progress of urban development;

6 change in the configuration of the social picture of the city, change in the local or regional image. The goal of territorial rehabilitation is to improve the quality of urban space, and consequently, improve the standard of living of citizens. The essence of this action is to make the most efficient use of the territories’ capabilities; ensuring their sustainable development; increasing competitiveness and developing socio-economic potential.

Russia has just embarked on the path of developing administrative-territorial units according to the principle of corporate strategy. However, the relevance of comprehensive rehabilitation of the territories of domestic cities is beyond doubt.

Firstly, the existing structure of a “Soviet” type city only partially meets market conditions, characterized by low quality housing and recreational areas, a high share of industrial and warehouse areas in the city center, an unfavorable transport situation (the level of development of transport infrastructure does not correspond to the load and does not keep up with growth of the vehicle fleet in the city).

Secondly, the processes of transformation of urban economic functions, the development of new technologies, growing incomes of the population and changes in their needs put forward new requirements for the quality of the urban environment.

Thirdly, the nature of urbanization in the country has changed. State investments in the development of cities and territories have been replaced by private investments, which are subject to market laws and are designed to obtain a quick commercial effect.

Industrial enterprises and the transport network on their territory are traditionally sustainable structures from an urban planning point of view. Now they are forced to become more dynamic and integrate into the general urban infrastructure in order to avoid gradual degradation and decline.

Giant factories and their huge industrial territories with all adjacent administrative buildings, production facilities, warehouses and well-functioning transport infrastructure occupy a huge territory in the geographical center of Russian cities. All of the above facts make this territory extremely attractive for developers.

During the Soviet period, industrial enterprises were built mainly on the outskirts of the city, gradually becoming overgrown with residential areas. Today they find themselves completely surrounded by residential buildings, which have their own diverse structure, subject-spatial environment, not related to industrial zones in terms of architectural and artistic appearance and level of improvement. As a result, these zones exist on their own.

In the Soviet Union and domestic literature of those years, attention was paid to updating morally and physically outdated buildings and neighborhoods; reconstruction of industrial facilities; however, the aspect of this knowledge was of a purely technical nature, which does not correspond to the realities of our time, when it is necessary to restore (transform) entire zones, taking into account the social, environmental and economic consequences of these transformations. Scientific organizations at that time were engaged in schemes for regulating industrial development; The main options for renovating the urban environment came down to solving transport problems, as well as planning problems, by dividing large industrial complexes into smaller constituent units, as a result of which the city received a more open structure. However, these proposals were rarely implemented in practice, since the city authorities did not have a mechanism for managing the processes of territorial transformation.

The market economy and the new legislative framework gave local governments, businesses and residents the right to manage issues of urban redevelopment themselves. Today, the redevelopment of industrial areas can bring obvious results both to the city (change in appearance) and to entrepreneurs who are ready to invest in former factories. In the last decade, the first results of the rehabilitation of “industrial zones” have appeared in the country.

The conversion of former industrial areas is of extraordinary urban planning interest for most industrial cities. During deindustrialization, areas in the existing

Illustration 3. Courtyard of a house on the street. Komsomolskaya, 76, Ekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk region. URL: http://www.mira39. ru/gallery/13

along the borders of settlements, and, what is most attractive for investment, in the central areas of cities. These areas can be used for the development of urban infrastructure, housing construction, and improvement of the transport system.

In the city of Yekaterinburg, in accordance with the General and Strategic Development Plans, a list of industrial enterprises planned to be moved outside the city limits was determined. Some business owners themselves act as investors: for example, Uralobuv is building the Universitetsky residential complex on the site of a former factory (Illustration 3).

On the site of the ball bearing plant, the Bazhovsky residential complex was built (Illustration 4).

The key to the positive effect of such projects lies in their multifunctionality. This means abandoning huge monostructures in development, such as large shopping complexes, single-function public centers or large residential formations without infrastructure integrated into them.

The most popular part of programs for the rehabilitation of industrial zones are projects for converting old non-working plants and factories into objects that are significant for the city (museums, art galleries, cinemas, etc.). Dysfunctional urban spaces - former industrial areas, port terminals, barracks areas or outdated transport hubs - require new uses. Thus, the Nevyansk Historical and Architectural Museum is located in the building of a former power plant of the 19th century. next to the tower (Illustration 5).

Illustration 4. Residential complex “Bazhovsky”, Yekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk region. URL: http://www.bazhovsky-pr. ru/gallery3/index.php/SDC11957

Illustration 5. Museum in the building of a former power plant and the Nevyansk Tower, Nevyansk, Sverdlovsk region. URL: http://wikitravel. org/ru/%D0%A4%D 0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B B:Nevyansk-tower2.jpg

Illustration 6. Exhibition center of the creative space “Tkachi”, St. Petersburg URL: http://www.kommersant. 1^^^1882536

Another option for the reconstruction of industrial buildings without their complete demolition is their reorientation for residential premises - lofts (Illustration 6). In the West, a loft is a name for residential premises converted on the basis of old industrial buildings - production or warehouse spaces with high ceilings and preservation of the main structures. At the same time, a new form of organization of living space arises: the internal space is a single volume, with the exception of isolated utility rooms and bathrooms.

Now the loft style is becoming popular in Russia: business centers and residential complexes have already been built in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Cheboksary and Yekaterinburg. However, nowadays in Russia it is sometimes easier for developers to demolish an old plant or factory and build a new building on the vacant site. Only a few of them decide to undertake the reconstruction of historical (but not state-protected) buildings. “Stylization” of private apartments as a “loft” is also popular.

Conclusion

The main direction of rehabilitation of industrial zones abroad is the technical re-equipment of industrial facilities with a subsequent change in their functional purpose (even the exact opposite - residential, cultural, public and business).

success stories provide cities with new economic opportunities, the quality of living space they need today, jobs and a reason for existence.

List of used literature

1 Blekh E. M. Socio-economic efficiency of reconstruction and modernization of the housing stock / VNIITAG: review // Residential buildings: overview information. M., 1989.

2 Great Soviet Encyclopedia. 3rd ed. : electronic reference book: 30 volumes online. URL: http://great-soviet-encyclopedia. ru (date of access: 03/11/2012).

3 Big Economic Dictionary / ed. A. N. Azriliyan. 5th ed., add. and processed M., 2002.

4 Valchuk E. A. Medical examination and medical rehabilitation. URL: http://minzdrav.by / med/docs / journal/St_2009_N2_3.pdf (access date: 01/09/2012).

5 Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation. No. 190-FZ of December 29, 2004 Official text. M., 2005.

6 Demidova E. V. Problems of rehabilitation of urban spaces // Academic bulletin Ural-NIIproekt RAASN. 2009. No. 2. P. 52-56.

7 Dikansky M. G. Problems of modern cities (movement in big cities, housing crisis). M., 1925.

8 Foreign and domestic traditions in city research/Center for Sociological and Marketing Research “ANALYTIC”.

URL: http://socio-research.

ru / svd / cnt/ru/fldr_mainmenu / fldr_publications/fldr_thesis/fldr_ dnv_citymodification/fldr_dnv_ abstract / fldr_chapter_01 / cnt_ chap_01_03 (access date:

9 Culture as the locomotive of city development. M., 2006.

10 Losev A. F. On the concept of the artistic canon // The problem of the canon in ancient and medieval art of Asia and Africa. M., 1973.

11 Lysova A.I. Reconstruction of buildings. L., 1979.

12 Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. M., 1987.

13 Urban Regeneration Policy. Experience from France/Document of the General Directorate of Urbanism, Housing and Construction. July 2001

14 Russian architectural and engineering encyclopedia. T. 4. URL: http://www.gosstroy. ru/rasee.ru (date of access: 10/20/2012).

15 Dictionary of natural sciences. URL: http://www.glossary.ru (access date: 02/14/2012).

16 Cher M. Feeling of loft // Ogonyok. 2012. No. 11.

17 Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medical Terms / ed. B.V. Petrovsky. M., 1984. T. 3.

18 Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law. URL: http://

In October, on Tverskoy Boulevard, everyone interested in the future of the capital, architecture and the development of the urban environment will be able to watch a meaningful open-air photo exhibition “Regeneration of industrial areas: the experience of cities around the world.” The exhibition presents 14 cities of the world where renovation of former industrial zones was carried out at different times: London, Bilbao, Lyon, Hamburg, Milan, Berlin, New York, Amsterdam, Buenos Aires, etc. Moscow is represented by the most large-scale and ambitious project of the decade - transformation of 65 hectares of the ZIL industrial zone into a new area and territory of art with the self-explanatory name “ZILART”. In the post-industrial era, previously economically developed areas of cities often fall into decay: factories are closed and moved to the outskirts, old ports are abandoned, shipyards, warehouses, and railway lines are mothballed. Regeneration, that is, repurposing, restoring such abandoned spaces requires strong will, public brainstorming and significant investment. After all, this is a whole range of measures aimed at combating the economic, physical, environmental and social degradation of vast territories. Reusing former industrial sites solves the problem of finding development sites, preventing urban sprawl while providing space for quality housing, parks, cultural and shopping centers. The creation of jobs in newly formed neighborhoods is also a plus of such projects. There are many examples of successful regeneration in the world. This includes the creation of a unique urban environment on the site of inactive docks in east London. And the formation of 13 new districts along the Oslo coastline. And the doubling of the central part of Lyon thanks to the Confluence plan is unprecedented for the old city. It has become an international practice to invite star architectural teams to such projects. Zaha Hadid, Daniel Libeskind and Arata Isozaki were involved in Milan's CityLife, Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron were involved in Hamburg's HafenCity, Frank Gehry worked in Bilbao, and Renzo Piano worked in Oslo. It is worth noting the Puerto Madera area in Buenos Aires, in the development of which Santiago Calatrava, Norman Foster, Cesar Pelli, Alan Faena and Philippe Starck participated: for more than 60 years it was a crime-prone port area, where citizens were afraid to even stick their nose - now they are actively purchasing apartments here and dream of getting a job in the local offices. Very soon Moscow will be included in the list of urban newsmakers, and Muscovites will receive a unique ZILART residential complex. The territory of the former industrial giant, the Plant named after. I. A. Likhacheva, bounded by the Moskvyreka embankment and the line of the Small Ring Railway. In addition to more than a million square meters of housing, the Hermitage Moscow Museum Center, a concert hall, theaters, art galleries, schools, and kindergartens will be built here. Famous Russian architects Yuri Grigoryan, Sergey Choban, Evgeny Gerasimov, Sergey Skuratov, Oleg Kharchenko, Alexander Brodsky, architectural bureaus Tsimailo Lyashenko & Partners, Mezonproekt, as well as world celebrities: American architect Hani Rashid (Asymptote Architecture) were involved in the construction and the Dutch Willem Jan Neutelings and Michiel Riedijk (Neutelings Riedijk Architecten). For the first time, Muscovites will see such an extensive photo chronicle of the transformation of abandoned industrial zones around the world into comfortable areas. The photo exhibition is located on Tverskoy Boulevard, from the Theater. Pushkin to the Moscow Art Theater named after. Gorky - 14 cities, 46 photographs. (webgallery) (/webgallery)

Introduction

In the structure of a developing modern city in recent years, the problem of renovation of industrial areas has been particularly relevant. The term renovation refers to the adaptive use of buildings, structures, and complexes when their functional purpose changes.

The feasibility of renovation and the introduction of alternative functions is determined by social, economic, psychological, historical and aesthetic factors. Many industrial enterprises are being moved from the city center to its outskirts, into the region. When abandoning the industrial use of the territory, it is planned to reduce the negative impact on the environment.

The use of internal territories, the architectural, spatial and functional organization of which currently does not correspond to their urban planning significance and potential, usually does not involve the renovation and restoration of enterprises. Therefore, one of the options for using the territory is the complete demolition of the existing facility and the construction of a new complex from scratch. ( Gelisen Quarter Kirchen, Germany, architect. M. Kowalski– on the territory of the furnace production plant) [Add. 1].

But with this method, the costs of demolishing objects, clearing the territory, and so on, increase significantly. Moreover, in many cases, industrial buildings are architectural monuments and are protected by the state (which is very typical for our city [ ]).

That is why in this work I want to consider examples of various options for transforming industrial areas and facilities with preserving buildings and changing functions, and analyze the experience of various countries and architectural studios.

1. V.S. Antoshchenkov. Course of lectures “Modern urban planning”

Center for Arts and Media Technologies in Karsruhe

I would like to start the comparison with examples from foreign design practice.

The first object I would like to consider is Center for Arts and Media Technologies in Karsruhe(Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie Karlsruhe), Germany [Add. 2].

The placement of a modern public center in 1997 on the territory and in the buildings of the industrial enterprise IKWA-Karlsruhe-Augsburg became one of the examples of a radical revision of the role of an industrial facility in the renewal of the urban landscape. The wide, three-story high blocks of the factory building are arranged symmetrically around ten courtyards. The building is made of concrete frames filled with brickwork on the facades. Abandoned in the seventies and then occupied by artists, the building was eventually reclassified as an industrial monument.

The competition for the reconstruction, maintenance and expansion of the plant building was won by the architectural studio ASP SCHWEGER ASSOZIIERTE. The architects successfully preserved the 1918 building and introduced new high-tech elements. For example, to avoid the negative impact of noise and vibration on the building, the sound studio was moved outside the factory in the form of a large glass cube in front of the facade.

Modern electronic technologies, as a rule, require space - no more than an ordinary box, so in industrial-scale halls with large spans, the factory represented a potentially ideal container.

By covering the courtyards with lanterns and transforming the interior spaces, the architects achieved the ideal modern and functional space. Solar generators placed on the roofs power the tram tracks of the surrounding areas.

Particular attention at this site was paid to the transformation of the area around the building, an attempt to create the most natural natural complex around the building, thereby playing with the contrasts between high technology and a return to nature when leaving the building. The parking problem was solved by installing underground parking throughout the entire building. The entire area above this garage is a green lawn, with eight modules of artificial relief with tree plantings. The modules are made of metal sheets, thus preserving the “memory of the place”, its industrial past.

1. Mixed media - architectural design of an art center in Karlsruhe, Germany. The Architectural Review, April, 1998 by Layla Dawson
2. V.A. Nefedov. Landscape design and environmental sustainability. - St. Petersburg, 2002

Gas tanks in Vienna

The next object that caught my attention was gas tank complex in Vienna, Austria [Add. 3, 4].

Gas tanks were built in Vienna between 1896 and 1899. Initially, these bulky buildings (62 m internal diameter and 72 m high) served as gas reservoirs, but in 1970 they became unused and all technical equipment was removed. What remains is the brick shell and 90,000 cubic meters of interior space, which are protected as listed buildings.

In 1995, it was decided to transform the function of the existing gas tanks into housing and commercial and business premises. After the competition, 4 architectural studios were identified, each of which took one of 4 buildings for work: Coop-Himmelb(l)au, Manfred Wehdorn, Wilhelm Holzbauer and Jean Nouvel.

All architects approached the transformation of buildings differently. Nouvel's interior consists of 9 segments arranged in a circle, with a slight indentation from the existing walls. There is a 14-story residential building here. Inside there is a shopping center covered with a dome, connected to all 4 gas tanks, surrounded by lawn and vegetation. In the project, Nouvel also had the idea of ​​​​creating his own microclimate inside the gas tank by hanging climate control equipment under the dome, but it did not come true.

Gas tank "B" was entrusted to the Coop Himmelb(l)au workshop. If all other architects formed only internal volumes, Wolf Prix proposed adding 3 new forms, one of them from the outside, thereby showing modern architecture to those who do not get inside the complex. Inside the building there is a cylindrical volume with offices, outside there is a broken flat screen shape, also with office space, and on the 1st floor there is a multifunctional hall for public events, shops and entertainment.

In the project by Vedorn Architects, the space inside the gas tank is divided into 8 sectors, each of which is divided in height into functional zones: housing, offices, retail, parking (from top to bottom). The courtyard above the garage is covered with a large glass dome, forming a recreational public area.

Wilhelm Holzbauer approached the design of the filling of the 4th gas tank in a different way. His project has no common internal space. On the contrary, inside the cylindrical volume of a residential building rises to its full height. The buildings extend from it with three blades, thus dividing the entire internal volume into 3 courtyards.

In addition to the 4 main buildings, the complex includes many other buildings of various infrastructure. This includes an entertainment center built by Rüdiger Lainer and a shopping mall connecting the gas tanks. The complex has also undergone significant development underground.

These buildings were a kind of culmination of the industrial zone. An absolutely closed, self-sufficient structure, rising above warehouses and vacant lots. After reconstruction, they remained the highlight of the entire area. Only now these are not abandoned skeletons, but attractive, fashionable offices, apartments and shops. In my opinion, this is one of the most successful world examples of reconstruction of an industrial facility of this scale. And as Prix himself says: "... the Gasometer project is a rear example of local urban center creating a tension between the city's historical core and new developments" - "... the gas holder project is one of the rare examples of urban centers creating a close connection between the historical core of the city and the new, developing development".

Melbourne's high-rise center

Melbourne's high-rise center[Appendix 5]. This object is interesting from the point of view of the originality of the interaction between the historical building and the new development.

Melbournians consider their city to be the most... "technically equipped" in the Southern Hemisphere, this complex is often called "Consumer Colosseum". The author of his project is Kisho Noriaki Kurokawa.

Construction of the complex, located in the historical center of the city, was carried out in 1986-1991. It consists of a high-rise office building, a futuristic-shaped shopping center, as well as other cultural and entertainment facilities. The 55-story skyscraper looms over a nearby shopping center; Various materials were used to decorate its facades: aluminum, stone, mirror and tinted glass.

Japanese motifs are clearly felt in the building. Part of the shopping center is a huge 20-story glass cone. Inside it stands a monument to Australian history - a brick tower built in 1894 - the only surviving structure of the former lead pipe factory that once stood on this site.

In this case, the existing tower was not particularly important from an architectural point of view. However, this is an important high-rise dominant feature of Melbourne, to which city residents are accustomed. This is a part of the past, the city's history, which Kurokawa carefully preserved, protecting it with a glass cone, making it into an interior detail of the new shopping center.

As Kurokawa says: “One of the methods for creating polysemantic and dual architecture is quoting fragments of historical symbols”.

New Holland

Let's gradually move on to Russian territories and first consider Sir's project Norman Foster, his proposal for the renovation of the territories of the island of New Holland[Adj. 6].

New Holland will be a triangular island in St. Petersburg on its own supports with a variety of cultural institutions located on an area of ​​7.6 hectares. The project includes a theater, conference rooms, galleries, a hotel, shops, apartments and restaurants with a moving arena in the very center.

The remarkable historic buildings, originally intended for timber storage, will be converted into hotels and retail space, interspersed with a range of performing and visual arts spaces. A whole complex of business buildings located along the perimeter of the “triangle” will make the island a center of business activity, and not just an entertainment center.

Following the contours of the existing harbor basin, the open-air arena will be surrounded by a theatre, boutiques and restaurants with water views. It is intended mainly for open-air performances; if necessary, it can be filled with water (for regattas) and also filled with ice for use as a skating rink. The project also provides infrastructure to connect to the city. New bridges and roads will be built.

In my opinion, this project is one of the most worthy large-scale projects in the center of St. Petersburg in recent times. The warehouse area, which has been empty for many years, can finally become public knowledge. Foster carefully considers every detail of the new complex. Attention is paid to the color of the roofs, and to the preservation of poplars and other vegetation, which even the St. Petersburg public council proposed to remove, and even to the composition of skylights in the roofs, due to the unwanted light of which the island at night can change its usual black silhouette. I would like to see the same attention paid to other new development projects in the city center.

1. Pavel Nikiforov. "Norman Foster defended the poplars of New Holland"

Water Museum

One of the successful reconstruction projects of an industrial facility, in my opinion, carried out by our architects - water museum on the territory of the Vodokanal enterprise[Adj. 7].

The reconstruction of the water tower building is the first experience in St. Petersburg of reviving old industrial buildings that have lost their former purpose. This project is an experiment in mixing the styles of the 19th and 21st centuries. The main task was to restore, cleanse from later “layers” and adapt to new functions the internal spaces of the tower. Preserving the integrity of the interiors - beautiful halls with arched ceilings.

“But the way we ensured this “conservation” belongs to a completely different architectural strategy. It is more of a sign, a functional sculpture. Not just a strong form - a meaningful form. The architectural essence of any tower is upward movement, and the glass vertical staircase reveals this movement, usually hidden from the viewer's eyes. The brick building is, as it were, duplicated, losing its materiality.”- says Evgeny Podgornov, head of the Intercolumnium workshop.

The red-brick octagon of the water tower, designed by the architects Merze and Shubersky in 1860-1863, is connected with water only functionally: the monolithic volume denies any fluidity. The architects of the Intercolumnium studio, who were reconstructing the tower, managed to solve not only substantive issues - placing the World of Water Museum in the Tower - but also figurative ones. Requirements for the preservation of the historical interiors of the Tower led to the removal of the elevator and stairs into a separate extension. It was this that became the main focus of the reconstruction. In its forms and material one can read the image of water. Along with the tower, the area around the museum was also successfully transformed. A park has been laid out, a fountain has been installed, and sculptures have been erected.

Yakut Gallery

As a negative example, unfinished or unsuccessful, we can cite the Moscow project Yakut Gallery[Adj. 8]. An attempt to make an art gallery in the gas tank building of the Arma gas factory, in the manner of the Austrian project, it seems to me, was not realized. The creation of a glamorous club and gallery was reflected only in the internal appearance of the building, and even then it was not successful. An internal space monotonously covered with beams and slabs is not a good example of solving a difficult problem.

The gallery is only the first attempt to transform the factory territory into a business park; it is planned to install offices and trade. I would like further design to turn out more successfully. As an example, we can cite the diploma project of Moscow Architectural Institute graduates in 1998 (authors O. Dikhtenko, E. Vintova).

Golden Island

Now let’s turn to projects that have not yet been implemented, and see what awaits us in the near future.

Discussion of the project is in full swing in Moscow "Golden Island"[Adj. 9].

The Golden Island program covers the territory of the island opposite the Kremlin from the Bolshoy Moskvoretsky Bridge to the monument to Peter the Great on the Spit of the Island and for the first time creates conditions for the comprehensive development of the territory of the historical center with an area of ​​more than 40 hectares. We are interested in the part of the island now occupied by the Red October factory - the western tip of the island.

The factory buildings, which are monuments of industrial architecture, are planned to be reconstructed after its withdrawal. Taking into account the height of the premises and the architecture of the buildings, it is planned to accommodate various public functions and individual “lofts” - places of residence and work for artists, sculptors and representatives of other creative professions.

On the site of the demolished factory buildings, which are of no architectural value, it is planned to build an elite residential complex. On the western part of Strelka Ostrov, in a place surrounded on three sides by water and remote from city highways, there will be a hotel, cafes and restaurants.

This territory, due to its geographical location, is in itself a very attractive recreational and walking area. All embankments in this area are being transformed into a green walking area designed for free visits by Muscovites and guests of the capital. The western part of Strelka will be connected by pedestrian bridges to the site of the monument to Peter I and the Park of Arts.

The parking problem has also been successfully resolved in this location. Two-story underground parking area of ​​about 50 thousand sq.m. will be located under the bottom of the hydraulic structure of the Vodootvodny Canal between the monument to Peter I and the Maly Kamenny Bridge. The underground parking space will connect to the underground part of the Megapolis Center complex on Strelka Ostrov.

Red Proletarian

And finally, let’s look at an unimplemented project, an architectural and planning concept for the development and restructuring of the plant’s territory "Red Proletarian", proposed by a famous Moscow architect Sergei Skuratov[Adj. 10].

In the planning structure of the projected territory, the main thing is seen to be the interpenetration of two urban planning directions: “white” and “red”. Their interaction, based on the color scheme of the red-brick and white-stone architecture of the monastery, becomes the main style-forming theme of the new quarter. At the same time, the red color represents monastic and red-brick industrial buildings. White is the color of decorative finishing of monuments of classical Moscow architecture and the main color of new, light and dynamic architecture of the 20th century. This figurative solution allows you to simultaneously preserve the “genius loci” and rehabilitate it for new life and new functions.

The entire territory of the quarter is divided according to the “private - public” principle into two categories of spaces. The first category of spaces are pedestrian boulevards combined with transport access to houses. Ten courtyard spaces, raised 4 meters above the ground, unite all residential buildings. Each group has a different number of houses, a different configuration in plan and a different functional saturation. Large trees are planted in the central zone of all courtyard spaces. The perimeter of the courtyards has different geometries and different solutions.

Under the pedestrian and transport zones-boulevards there are underground parking lots with car washes, parking spaces for residents at the rate of two cars per apartment, guest parking spaces and spaces for employees. At the intersection of two pedestrian zones, a square of European scale is organized with a hotel building and a shopping and entertainment center for residents of the area located on it.

Conclusion

Thus, using examples from domestic and foreign practices of architectural design and urban planning, we examined various options and methods for introducing new architecture into existing historical industrial buildings. There are quite a few different approaches, and many of them are successful and justified.

The policy of renovation of industrial areas is especially relevant for our city [ for St. Petersburg - approx. ed.]. St. Petersburg may lose unique monuments of industrial architecture if the city government does not take decisive measures to restore them. Many buildings of factories and factories, built in past centuries, are today in an extremely neglected state, while remaining architectural monuments.

Today it is not possible to return all monuments to their original appearance without investment funds, which is why the city has high hopes for tenants and owners of historical buildings. The policy of creating something new, rethinking industrial buildings, will lead to an influx of funds, investors, and will make it possible to recreate and maintain monuments.

Complexes of plants and factories built in St. Petersburg in the 18th - early 20th centuries were initially designed as objects that formed the huge industrial space of the city. These are entire ensembles, the architecture of which is not inferior to other historical and cultural monuments in terms of its expressiveness and beauty.

The experience of foreign workshops, as well as the successful projects of our architects, is very important. There are many abandoned industrial buildings in the city, for example on the Obvodny Canal embankment. In our city, new architecture is always a compromise, so the practice of combining the language of classics with the language of modern architecture, widely used in the West, is seen as a radical gesture. Therefore, in order to be realized, it must be deeply meaningful and motivated.

Maxim Andreev, St. Petersburg, December 2007
This article is the subjective opinion of the author
When using materials, a link to the author is required

Competition for the improvement and development of the Primorsky Boulevard embankment along the coastline of Baku Bay
The competition is held as part of the Eco-Coast festival. The main task of the competition participants is to propose an original conceptual solution demonstrating a modern, innovative approach to the integrated development of coastal industrial areas of the city of Baku with elements of public and tourist infrastructure. The project must take into account the existing urban development situation, including the transport network. Participants must perform representative views from at least five vantage points.

Press release:
The project should reveal the author's intent as fully as possible and convey the main idea.

Competition projects are carried out in computer graphics (raster file JPG or TIFF, 200 dpi, file size no more than 25 Mb, without compression) and sent by e-mail fully assembled and prepared for output on tablets measuring 80 (height) x 100 (width), not more than three pieces of horizontal arrangement, as well as a layout of tablets.
The authors of award-winning (received) projects may be invited to participate in the design and implementation of the development of Primorsky Boulevard and the improvement of the embankment.
The jury and organizers of the competition have the right to award special awards for individual achievements and successful solutions.
The sponsors of the competition have the right to award their own prizes and awards.
Projects that have received prizes and special awards will be published in the media of information partners.
Terms of reference

1. The project must take into account the existing urban development situation, including the transport network.
2. The project must include:
Master plan.
The master plan is presented at a scale of 1:2500.
Layout of buildings and structures on the territory of the recreational zone.
Perspective views of the territory, its fragments and photomontage.
Possible functions:
public spaces;
sports facilities;
recreation and entertainment;
retail;
cafes, restaurants;
hotels and boarding houses;
infrastructure for public and personal transport
parks and landscaping, including winter gardens.
3. Composition of the project.
Required project content:
general view (fragment, axonometry or perspective)
master plan
explanatory note revealing the main ideas of the project (no more than 3000 characters)
main TEPs
functional diagrams
Files with works must be sent to a file hosting service (for example wetransfer.com or any other). Send the received link by email [email protected] with all contact details and motto number of the project.

Source materials:

1. Situational plan.
2. Photo recording of the competition area.

Composition of the competition jury
To sum up the results of the competition, a jury of leading Azerbaijani Russian and foreign architects is created. The full jury will be published during the opening. The chairman of the jury chose

The business tour program includes: lectures (“Economics of low-rise construction”, “Design of neighborhoods”, “Key factors in the development of villages and small towns”, “Technologies of the future”); business meetings with representatives of the administration of Brussels, Maasricht, Eindhoven, Helmond, Dutch and Belgian developers; meeting famous Belgian architects; excursions to residential and commercial real estate (Brussels, Maasricht, Eindhoven, Helmond); acquaintance with the sights of Brussels, Maasricht, Eindhoven, Helmond.

Translation into Russian is provided. Upon completion of the work, students are given a certificate of participation.
The cost of participation if paid before May 31 is 1380 euros*, after May 31 - 1560 euros. * (This amount includes air travel Moscow-Brussels-Moscow in economy class, accommodation in a double room in a 3* hotel, a Schengen visa and medical insurance. In addition, the price includes group lectures with translation into Russian).

You can register for the seminar and get additional information by phone: +7-903-2989346

PROGRAM

June 24, Sunday. Arrival in Brussels. Transfer from the airport to the hotels.
Dinner in the Grand Place area (central part of the city) with Georges Borsovitz, Marketing Director of Besix and Georges Binde, Managing Partner of Buildings & Data.

June 25, Monday.
Breakfast at the hotel.
9:30. Belgium is at the crossroads of modern trends in European architecture. Opening remarks by the Executive Director of Buildings & Data, Georges Bindet (author of a number of architectural bestsellers) and the Executive Director of CLI, Professor at the Institute of Urban Economics, Professor at the Institute of Higher Architecture of La Cambre, member of the Urbanism Commission of the City of Brussels Christian Lasserre
10:00. Basic urban planning principles of Brussels. Priority to low-rise construction. Report by the head of the urban planning methodology department of the city of Brussels, Benoit Perillot.
10:30 - 11:30. Central Plaza Project. Case-study. Redevelopment of the territory based on the decision of the City Council. Co-speakers: representative of the development company Egimo; representative of the architectural bureau Art & Build architects.
11:35 - 12:30. Excursion to Central Plaza.
12:45 - 14:00. Rive Gauche project. Case-study. Regeneration of an industrial zone: a multifunctional complex of “vertical” mixing of styles. Representative of the architectural bureau Art & Build architects.
14:10 - 15:10. Lunch in the City Center.
15:20 - 16:10. Planning and design of multifunctional complexes. Object: Jardins de la Couronne / Crown Avenue (redevelopment on the territory of the Military Hospital. Plot area 6 hectares, investment - 87 million euros. The project includes three types of housing - social, economy class and deluxe, as well as a low-rise office complex ). Excursion to the site. Representatives of architectural bureaus A.2R.C and ASSAR.
16:20 - 18:20. Other low-rise buildings in Brussels. A residential complex with an area of ​​100 thousand sq.m., adjacent to the Jardins de Jette office complex with an area of ​​40 thousand sq.m. Representative of the architectural bureau ASSAR.
18:20 - visit to Atomium - the symbol of WorldExpo - 1958. Visit to the observation deck (at an altitude of 102 m). Dinner (in the same place) or in the city.

June 26, Tuesday.
Breakfast at the hotel.
9:30 - 10:40. Economical construction technologies. Ecology of buildings. Case-studies: Covent Garden, Berlaymont (European Commission building), European Quarter of Brussels. Representative of the architectural bureau Art & Build architects.
10:50 - 12:30. Features of the reconstruction of buildings built in the mid-20th century. Experience of architectural bureaus ASSAR and Atelier d’Art Urbain / Vizzion. Headquarters as a private element of office buildings. Case-Studies. Reconstruction of the multifunctional complex Madou Plaza (MIPIM-2006 winner), Green Island (MIPIM-2000 winner), low-rise office complex - KBC Bank Headquarters (the largest bank in Belgium), NATO Headquarters. Co-speakers: Executive Director of the architectural bureau ASSAR, Eric Isebrant, Executive Director of the architectural bureau Atelier d’Art Urbain / Vizzion, Sefik Birkö. Excursion to the Green Island site.
12:40 - 13:40. Lunch in the city.
13:50 - 15:20. Regeneration of industrial areas. Case-study. Residential complex Jardins de Fondiers, built on the site of former industrial buildings. Excursion to the site. Executive director of the architectural bureau Atelier d’Art Urbain / Vizzion, Sefik Birkö.
15:30 - 16:40. Visit to the office of the architectural bureau Atelier d’Art Urbain/ Vizzion, acquaintance with new projects of the company.
.16:50 - 18:20. Large-scale multifunctional complexes. Case-study. City Center / City 2 Shopping is the largest mixed-use project in Brussels in the last 30 years. Includes offices built while preserving the façade of the 1928 department store building, residential areas and a shopping mall. Tour of the facility. Representative of the architectural bureau Atelier d'Art Urbain / Vizzion.
18:30 - Dinner in the city. Free time.

June 27, Wednesday.
Breakfast at the hotel.
9:30 - 12:15. Cultural component of modern microdistricts. Theater is the center of attraction
Tour of the projects. 1. Louise Village. Reconstruction of a quarter in a fashionable shopping area of ​​Brussels, creation of a pedestrian zone. Representative of the Codic company, representative of the architectural bureau ASSAR;
2. WOLUBILIS - cultural village. A low-rise multifunctional complex, including a theater, retail, residential and office space, and art workshops. Representative of the architectural bureau A.2R.C.
3. Galeries Royales Saint-Hubert. Royal Galleries. Representative of the architectural bureau A.2R.C.
4. Theater Koninklijke Vlaamse Schouwburg. Representative of the architectural bureau A.2R.C.
12:20 - 13:40. Lunch at the Theater cafe.
13:50. Transfer from hotels to Brussels city station.
14:40. Departure to Maasricht by train.
16:10. Arrival in Maasricht. Accommodation in hotels.
17:00 - 18:40. Tour of Maasricht. Maasricht Mosae Forum. Representatives of Fortis Vastgoed.
19:00. Dinner.

June 28, Thursday.
Breakfast at the hotel.
9:30 - 10:30. Regeneration of the urban center of Maasricht, the 280-hectare Belvedere area.(investment 1.3 billion euros). Case-study. Representative of ING Real Estate.
10:45 - 12:50. Excursion to the Belvedere area. Representatives of BPF Bouwinvest and the city administration of Maasricht.
13:00 - 14:00. Dinner.
14:00. Transfer to the station.
14:50 - 16:10. Travel to Eindhoven by train.
16:15 - 16:45. Accommodation in hotels.
17:00 - 18:30. Visit to the Institute of Real Estate Fontys Hogeschool University of Professional Education.
18:40. Dinner. Free time.

June 29, Friday.
Breakfast at the hotel.
9:30 - 10:30. Multifunctional shopping and entertainment complex Nimbus Family Entertainment Centre. Case-study. Representative of TCN Property Projects.
10:40 - 12:00. Free time.
12:20 - Travel to Helmond by train.
12:40 - 13:30. Meeting with representatives of the Helmond administration.
13:40 - 14:30. Lunch in the city center.
14:40 - 17:00. City tour. Inspection of various low-rise construction projects(Helmond is considered the center of modern low-rise development). Brandevoort, Sät-Kade, construction of a multifunctional urban center.
17:10 onwards. Free time.

At the request of participants, additional excursions can be organized:
1.Brussels - sightseeing tour;
2.Brussels - Museum of Fine Arts;
3.Royal Bell Foundry.