Myths are created in order to keep people in obedience. When they manage to inconspicuously introduce them into the consciousness of the masses, as the cultural-information apparatus does, myths gain enormous power, because most people are not aware of the manipulation that is taking place.<...> The content and form of the media<...> completely rely on manipulation. When successfully applied, and this, of course, is true, they inevitably lead to the passivity of the individual, to a state of inertia that prevents action. It is precisely this state of the individual that the media and the whole system are striving to achieve, since passivity guarantees the preservation of the status quo. (G. Schiller. Manipulators of consciousness.)

When I was small and the trees were big, I really liked magicians, especially the elder Hakobyan. He removed the cylinder from his head, showed it to the public - it was empty, then made several passes with his hands and pulled a huge rabbit by the ears. This action led me to indescribable delight. Father, tried to explain the mechanism of focus, to which I quite logically stated - well, try it myself ... Today, I’ve been the fifth year as a “grandfather”, two grandchildren, but to this day I’m still wondering at the “tricks” of adherents of the “true” story - the rabbit no - there is a rabbit ...

We are trying to understand the terms "Türks", "Slavs", "Rus."

About Russ.

If you stick to the "official" version, it is more or less clear only with the Russians. Russes are Wends (Venets), habitats are the Black Sea, Pomerania, Baltic and, most likely, part of the Russian North, which, in general, correlates well with the statement of Snorri Sturluson that the Odin clan migrated to Scandinavia from the Black Sea, , in turn, came from Altai. Well, and who were the indigenous people of this region, I wrote more than once in my articles. Back in 2009, a group of French geneticists (Keyser et al.), Using DNA material extracted from bone residues of Andronov, Karasuks, Tagar and Tashtyks, studied the genes responsible for pigmentation of the eyes and hair. It turned out that the majority - 65% had blue (green) eyes, and 67% had blond (blond) hair. Add the inhabitants of Tarim here - only one conclusion suggests itself - it is the Caucasian population of South Siberia, Kazakhstan and the northern part of China that is indigenous to those places.

In 2003, a joint Russian-German expedition conducted excavations in the Turan-Uyuk basin located at the spurs of the Western Sayans (Arzhaan-2 mound). Its result was the discovery of Scythian burials of the VIII-VI centuries BC. e. From an interview with the expedition supervisor Konstantin Chugunov: “The current excavations in Tuva, where monuments from the turn of the 8th-7th centuries BC were discovered, unexpectedly confirm the correctness of Herodotus' assumptions, since they date back to the time when there were no Scythians in the Black Sea, again according to archaeological data. The finds in Arzhaan-2 mound have no analogues in archeology. All samples of the Scythian triad are so highly developed that initially we could not even imagine that they were created earlier than in the VI century BC. This turns the idea of \u200b\u200bAsian nomadic culture: about the origin and development of Scythian art, surpassing even the contemporary art of archaic Greece in terms of development ... The antiquity of the finds suggests that the Scythian tribes came to the Black Sea from Central Asia. "

We can say with confidence: the Rus are the same Türks or Scythians (R1a) - call them, as you like, only already diluted N1c1. From their homeland in Siberia and Altai, the Turks settle throughout Asia; some migrate to the Black Sea, and from there it diverges throughout Europe.

There they mix with the local tribes *, primarily with N1c1. Traditionally, these people are called Finns (Finno-Ugric). Without a doubt, the Finns are their descendants, but there are still a bunch of ethnic groups whose ancestor is also this people.

*Note. “The migrations were not organized and massive, but consisted of individual clans or, most likely, groups of soldiers. At first they came to their neighbors as mercenaries and only later seized power. Indo-Europeans spoke almost the same language, but in new places they took local wives, and for several generations, as a result of mixing, new daughter languages \u200b\u200bappeared, the basis of which was Indo-European. By the beginning of the first millennium BC most of Eurasia was already Indo-European ... ”(Christopher Beckwith,“ Empieres Of The Silk Road ”)

Say, Rurikovich (or those who call themselves them) have a haplogroup N1c1. It was not by chance that I added the phrase “those who call themselves them”, there is no data confirming that Rurik had N1c1, so we can either believe or not believe. But that’s not even the point, let's see how this haplogroup is distributed: 80-90% among the Yakuts and Eastern Buryats, about 50% among the Chukchi, Khanty, Mansi, Nenets, up to 50%, Udmurt people up to 50% , among Finns up to 70%, among Sami from 40 to 60%, among Baltic peoples (Estonians, Lithuanians, Latvians) from 30 to 40%, among Russians: Arkhangelsk region - from 35 to 45%; Vologda Oblast - from 30 to 35%.

The ancestral home of N1c1 is supposedly China, the territory of modern Yunnan. It must be understood that the Chinese themselves are not an indigenous population there; they came from somewhere in the west with a very small group. Legends that have reached us speak of "a thousand families." China was once inhabited by completely different peoples.

For what reason N1c1 left their homeland, today it is impossible to say, only one thing is clear, unlike R1a they mastered the north of Eurasia. From this we can assume that their heyday fell on the preglacial period *, - no one in their right mind and sober memory will climb into the ice. Apparently the legends about Arctida, Hyperborea, the island of Tula, which Pythaeus describes in his essay "On the Ocean", have a very real foundation. The echidna reader must have asked the question - where are the remains of the same Hyperborea? Why not found?

Only the Late Quaternary Mansiysk Lake in the south of Western Siberia had a size of more than 600 thousand km². The area of \u200b\u200ball glacier-dammed lakes of the plains and plateaus of North Asia was at least 3 million km². Now close your eyes for a second and imagine how one or the other periodically broke through the dam and, with the speed of a Formula 1 sports car, cubic meters of water rushed into the Arctic Ocean. What could be left there?

*Note. It was previously believed that a person appeared in the Arctic a maximum of 10,000 years ago, a significant part of scientists did not even agree with this figure. Today, finds are known that allow you to push the date to 45,000 years: “At the Bunge-Toll site / 1885, the wolf’s humerus with a hole left by a sharp object was found, after which the beast lived for several months (the wound was overgrown). Direct dating of the shoulder of the wolf with a hole showed an age of about 45-47 thousand years ago, and this figure can be taken, since the animal continued to live after being wounded. This is not post-mortal, but intravital damage, and its mechanics excludes bites, bites and other events that do not require human involvement. The one who crippled the wolf from BT / 1885 hit him with a spear, and it was 45,000 BP. The same age gives dating of the remains of a mammoth killed by a man from Sopochnaya Karga, while the age of the mammoth remains is controlled by the age of the overlying deposits (along the section of the coastal cliff where it was found), that is, the dating above is naturally younger than the remains of the killed mammoth. ” (Pitulko, Tikhonov, Pavlova, Nikolskiy, Kuper, Polozov, “Early human presence in the Arctic: evidence from 45,000-year-old mammoth remains”, Science, 2016). Even 8500-9000 years ago in the East Siberian Arctic (the Novosibirsk Islands and the north of the Yano-Indigir Lowland) it was significantly warmer than now - the remnants of birches are found up to the latitude of the modern ocean coast.

Turn to Masudi: “In the upper reaches of the Khazar river there is a mouth connecting with the Naitas Sea (Black Sea), which is the Russian Sea; nobody except them (Rusov) floats on it, and they live on one of its shores. They form a great nation that does not submit to either the king or the law ... ”

“Before 300 (912 AD), it happened that ships came to Andalusia by sea, carrying thousands of people, and attacked coastal countries. The inhabitants of Andalus thought that they were pagan peoples who appeared to them in this sea every 200 years, and that they came to their country through a sleeve emanating from the Ukiyanus Sea, but not through a sleeve on which there are copper lighthouses (Gibraltar). I think, but God knows better that the sleeve connects with the sea of \u200b\u200bMayotas and Naitas and that these people are the Ruses, which we spoke about above in this book; for no one but them swims in this sea, connecting with the sea of \u200b\u200bUkiyanus. ”

Strabo: “Before the isthmus of the Tauride and the Kartsinitsky Gulf, the space is occupied by the Taurus Scythians, and this whole country beyond the isthmus and to Borisfen is called small Scythia (parva Scythia). Later this part will be renamed Malaya Tartaria and under this name it will be found on maps of the XVIII century.

I’ll also add from myself - the Rus, in all likelihood, are also related tribes of the Etruscans (or the same tribes, simply called neighbors of the Etruscans). There is no direct evidence of this, but Lamansky came to this conclusion. By the way, the English scholar Robert Brown noted the striking similarity of Yenisei writing with Etruscan.

And yet, the Russians are openly hostile to the Slavs, or rather to those whom they understood in the 9th-10th centuries.

I suggest using my own brain - Russian \u003d Slav - why? The country in which we all live is called Russia (Russia). Notice, not the Glories, not the Slavs, or even somehow similar, and we ourselves - russians.

In fact, the answer is very simple, I don’t give it just for one reason - I do not want to upset the patriots, “thinking” and other little adequate personalities. Parts of them, such as “Stasiks” and “Vadiks,” simply cannot be worried for medical reasons ...

Now about the Slavs.

Although the Netherlands and a number of researchers have argued that the etymology of the word "Slav" is unknown, I allow myself to disagree with it. Almost everywhere - in ancient Greek, Latin, modern Western languages \u200b\u200band even Arabic, the word Slav means only one thing - slave.

Everything can be ... We have been driven into the head from childhood the imperative "all nations are equal", only, here, our empirical experience asserts the opposite.

However, what to do with this: “The Jew Ibrahim ibn Yakub says: the lands of the Slavs extend from the Syrian (i.e. Mediterranean) Sea to the Ocean in the north. Peoples from the inner (northern) regions have taken possession, however, still live in their part and between them today. They form many different tribes. In the old days, they were united by a king whom they called Mach. He was from a tribe called Velinbaba, and they respect this tribe. Then a contention began among them, their union disintegrated; their tribes formed parties, and in each tribe a king came to power. Currently, they have 4 kings - the king of the Bulgarians; Buislav, king from Prague, Bohemia Krakow; Meshecco, king of the north; and Nakun (prince of encouragement) in the far west. The country of Nakuna borders in the west with Saxony and partially with the Mermans (Danes). As for the country of Buislav, it stretches in length from the city of Prague to the city of Krakow for a 3-week journey and borders on this extent with the country of the Turks. The city of Prague is built of stones and lime. She is the largest trading place of those lands. Russ and the Slavs with goods arrive in it from the city of Krakow. In the same way, Muslims, Jews and Turks come to them from the lands of the Turks with goods and a running coin. Slaves, tin and various furs are taken from them. Their country is the best of the lands of the north and the richest in terms of food.

As for the country Meshekko, it is the longest of their (Slavs) countries, rich in grain, meat, honey and fish. He charges taxes in a minted coin, which provide for the maintenance of his people. Each month, each receives from them (taxes) a certain amount. He has 3,000 armored men, and these are such fighters that a hundred of them cost 10 thousand others. He gives people clothes, horses, weapons and everything they need. If one of them has a baby, then regardless of whether he is male or female, the king orders the release of the content immediately. When the child reaches puberty, then if he is male, the king finds his wife and pays the girl's father a marriage gift. If this is a girl, that king gives her in marriage and gives a marriage gift to her father.<...> To the west of this city lives a Slavic tribe called the Ubab people. This tribe lives in a swampy area northwest of the country of Meszekko. "They have a large city near the Ocean, which has 12 gates and a port, and use lifting blocks located in a row for it." (Is it about Vinet?)

Or is it already Masudi: “Slavs make up many tribes and numerous clans; This book of ours is not included in the description of their tribes and the distribution of their clans. We already spoke above about the king whom the other kings obeyed in the past, that is, Majak, the king of Valinana, who is one of the indigenous Slavic tribes, it is revered between their tribes and had superiority between them. Subsequently, discord broke out between their tribes, their order was disrupted, they were divided into separate tribes, and each tribe chose a king for itself; as we have said about their kings, for reasons whose description is too long. "We have already set forth the totality of all this and many details in two works of our Ahbar al-Zaman (chronicle of times) and Ausat (middle book)."

Procopius of Caesarea writes about the Slavs: “Their way of life is like that of the massagets ... They preserve the Hunnic customs” (Procopius from Caesarea, “War with the Goths”)

According to al-Khvarizmi, the lands between the Rhine and the Vistula are also inhabited by as-sakaliba (Slavs). And such quotes can be typed on more than one article.

Not quite a topic, but interesting: “Most of their tribes are pagans who burn and worship their dead. They have many cities, also churches, where they hang bells that they hit with a hammer, just like in our country Christians hit a wooden mallet on a board. ” (Masudi) So where does the bell ring come from? Today, even small children know - bells in the church, or rather in the church. And the church is a Christian temple, and suddenly it turns out that Christians were knocking a wooden mallet on the board. And it’s not at all kosher - pagans and bells in temples ... How do you command these things to understand?

All of the above somehow does not fit very well with the image of a slave nation, don’t you? So which Slavs were dragged to the heap? And, in general, remember with Gorky: “Yes - was there a boy, maybe there was no boy?” Some modern researchers (Plamen Paskov and his group) even deny the very existence of the Slavs. In my opinion this is not true.

“Heap-Mala” is a favorite technique of our “friends”. Do you think that if you mix a kilogram of honey with a spoon of crap, we get a little more than a kilogram of not very high-quality honey? Nah ... We get a kilo of selected, first-class shit. This "poetic" image is our story today.

To begin with, we will deal with the word "Slavs" and the translation from the Arabic word صقالبة.

In the annals some “words”, “words” are mentioned only if they are synonyms of the word “Slavs” today, for sure, no one can say, well, if only “thinking”. P.A.Shafarik noted that the word "Slavs" first appeared in the grammar of Miletius Smotrissky in 1619. And it can hardly be attributed to the self-designation of the people.

Even more confused in the texts of the Arabic chroniclers. They call anyone Slavs there. For instance. Al-Kufi in his "Book of Conquest" ("Kitab al-futuh"), speaking of the campaign of 737 against Khazaria, calls the Khazars Slavs, Masudi - Bulgars.

The translator Ibn Fadlan, A.P. Kovalevsky, although he believed that the term "Saklabi" in Arabic means Slavs, nevertheless wrote: “... since the authors were not very well versed in ethnic characteristics, and even more so in the languages \u200b\u200bof the northern peoples, this term very often meant all kinds of northern peoples and Germans on the Rhine, and Finns, and Bulgars. Thus, in each individual case, it is necessary to solve the question of what content this author put into this word. ”

A.N. Sherbak emphasized that among eastern historians and geographers the indicated ethnonym could designate a person not only of Slavic origin, but could be applied generally to fair-skinned, i.e. to the Turks, Finns, Germans. (A.M.Shcherbak, “Oguz-name. Muhabbat-name”)

I undertake to assert - there were no "great" Slavs. I clarify, not the Slavs as such, but the “great” Slavs.

Can the "Slavs" be considered one of the ancestors of the Russian people? Of course, you can, because the slaves also gave birth. If someone believes that there has never been slavery in Russia, gentlemen, read "Russian Truth" - there were slaves, and there was also division of society into castes.

So who are the Slavs in fact, let's try to figure it out:

1. They were very similar both to the Russians and the Turks.

2. They lived among these two peoples, side by side with them.

3. It is likely that they spoke similar languages.

4. And despite all this, the Slavs were not recognized equal by either one or the other.

So who? Most likely R1b \u200b\u200bare the ancestors of modern Europeans.

Have you ever wondered - where is the beginning of the eternal confrontation between Russia and the West. Berdyaev in the book "The Fate of Russia" wrote: "The problem of East and West in essence has always been the main theme of world history, its axis."

And this is Danilevsky: "The reason for the phenomenon lies<…> in the unknown depths of those tribal sympathies and antipathies that make up the historical instinct of peoples, leading them (besides, although not against their will and consciousness) to a goal unknown to them ... It is this unconscious feeling, this historical instinct makes Europe does not love Russia ... In short, a satisfactory explanation<…> this public hostility can only be found in the fact that Europe recognizes Russia<…> something alien to yourself<…> and hostile. For an impartial observer, this is an undeniable fact. ” (N.Ya. Danilevsky, “Russia and Europe”) He almost came close to realizing the fact why the West hated Russia so much. There was only one small step left, what stopped him was incomprehensible.

Rus and Türks literally flooded the whole then world with slaves, including Slavs; sometimes, after successful campaigns, the prices of slaves fell so low that part of it was just necessary to kill. So why should Europe love us?

Now remember the spoon of crap that I mentioned above. Our “friends” are their work, they did not fail to take advantage of the confusion, they mixed everything into a bunch of Russians, Turks, Slavs. What for? And why should Russia recognize itself as a great country? Moreover, why should the Russians, of the same Tatars, be considered their brothers, and vice versa?

A.M. Akhunov in his work “Islamization of the Volga-Kama region” in the chapter on al-Sakaliba writes: “There is still no final decision on how to translate this term into Russian as“ Slavs, ”or otherwise? The fact is that Russian orientalists want to see only Slavs in the person of Sakalib and do not accept other options. Tatar scholars no less confidently argue that the correct translation is “Kipchaks,” or “Türks.”

Why is this needed by the “Russian Orientalists”? This, perhaps, should dwell in more detail.

The “Russian” history has long been no longer Russian. Starting from the time of Peter the Great, foreigners in Russia felt where at ease. Bulfinger on November 10, 1725 in a letter to Bayer reports: “Our rules and privileges have already been settled.<…> According to the regulations, we have a permanent and fairly rich fund of Livonian customs fees. He is at our complete disposal, so you can expect a salary in advance.<…> We have an excellent library, a rich chamber of naturals, a Minsk office, our own printing press with an engraving and all that is necessary for the development of sciences.<…> Correspondence on scientific matters is completely free.<…> I am convinced that no academy or university has such privileges and such support. ”

And Bayer himself: “When I arrived in Petersburg, I almost believed that I was in another world.<…> I did not have to take care of household utensils, tables, beds, chairs, etc. - The Academy provides all this to everyone. They gave me food for four weeks - everything I wanted. My kitchen has never been so richly provided, and I would have to have a fair company to drink so much wine in four weeks.<…> To give you an idea of \u200b\u200bthe Library, I’ll only say the following: Mr. Duvernoy assured me that there was no such book, even from the rare ones in mathematics, medicine and physics, which he wished to see and could not find here. The same thing happened to me with respect to books on antiquities. I got everything I could need. ”

We, Russians, are a welcoming people, but not to the same extent ... And where are those “antiquity books” today? Keep in mind that the vast majority of Germans came to St. Petersburg as young, beginning scientists, with almost no merit or experience. I no longer believe in fairy tales about enlightened Europe and unwashed Russia. And suddenly such a sinecure to ordinary "carduelis": “Generally speaking, Russia is a big light, and St. Petersburg is a little light. Happy is the young man who, as a learned traveler, begins his academic years in this big and small light. I came - I saw - and was surprised, but meanwhile I did not come from the village. " (Schlozer)

And, here, their own, Russian scientists were in much worse conditions. Your deeds are wonderful, Lord ... Or we don’t know something, so important that the history of the 17th-18th centuries seems to a today's researcher a continuous ball of illogical acts, incomprehensible actions, strange desires ...

If in Soviet historical literature of the 1940-1950s. the historiographical significance of the works of foreign members of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences was mainly denied, then, with the death of Stalin, the assessments change to the opposite, and by the 70s they write about their significant contribution to the formation of Russian historical science. There is nothing surprising here, the collapse of the USSR began to be prepared already under Khrushchev.

The “virus” of the eternal struggle of Russia with the Steppe and the Tatar-Mongol yoke acts unnoticed, slowly destroying the consciousness of people. ”Today destroys ...

« "Russia cannot be understood in isolation from the history of tribes and peoples for thousands of years living on the territory of the Great Steppe and adjacent forest and mountain ranges from the Pacific Ocean to the Carpathians.”

At different times, different people came to the same conclusion. Read the same Prince Trubetskoy, and many others: “Some readers of my books are outraged by the description of the Caucasian appearance of my heroes - the Huns, Huns and ancient Turks of the center of Asia, one and a half - two thousand years ago. And I understand them. They did not visit the archaeological sites of Sayan and Altai, they did not see mummies from the Pazirk, Ukok, Arzhaan burial mounds, clothes and artifacts testifying to the highest culture of their owners. In addition, they live in a world of false historical ideas about ancient Eurasia grafted on by Eurocentric ideology. And in them everything that lies east of the Volga should be Mongolian ... They don’t even think about the fact that today there are so many poor Mongols that it is completely understandable why they could not leave traces of their presence in Europe. ” (Sabit Akhmatnurov)

About the Turks.

The same Wikipedia says about modern Turks somehow very vaguely: "Türks are an ethnolinguistic community of peoples speaking Turkic languages." But about the "ancient" Türks, it is much more fabulous: “The ancient Türks are a hegemonic tribe of the Türkic Kaganate led by the Ashin clan. In Russian-language historiography, the term Turkyut is often used to designate them (from Turk. - Turk and Mong. -Yut - Mongolian plural suffix), proposed by L. N. Gumilyov. According to the physical type, the ancient Türks (Türks) were Mongoloids. ”

Well, well, let the Mongoloids, and then what about the Azerbaijanis and Turks - a typical "Mediterranean" subrace. What about the Uighurs? Even today, a considerable part of them can be attributed to the Central European subrace. If anyone doesn’t understand, all three peoples, in today's terminology, turks.

The picture below shows Chinese Uyghurs. If the girl on the left already clearly has Asian features in her appearance, then you can judge the appearance of the second yourself. (photo from uyghurtoday.com) Look at the correct facial features. Today, even among Russians, this is not often seen.

Especially for skeptics! Already there is no one who would not hear anything about the Tarim mummies. So, the place of finds of mummies - the Xinjiang Uygur National District of China - and in the photo are their direct descendants.

The distribution of haplogroups among the Uighurs.

Please note that R1a is prevailing, with the Asian marker Z93 (14%). Compare with the percentage of haplogroup C, also shown in the diagram. As you can see, C3, typical of the Mongols, is completely absent.

A small addition!

It should be understood that haplogroup C is not purely Mongolian - it is one of the oldest and most widespread haplogroups, it is found even among Amazonians. Today, it reaches a high concentration of C not only in Mongolia, but also among the Buryats, Kalmyks, Hazaras, Kazakh Argyns, Australian Aborigines, Polynesians, and Micronesians. The Mongols are just a special case.

If we talk about paleogenetics, the range here is even wider - Russia (Kostenki, Sungir, Andronovskaya culture), Austria, Belgium, Spain, Czech Republic, Hungary, Turkey, China.

I will explain for those who believe that the haplogroup and nationality are one and the same. Y-DNA does not carry any genetic information. Hence sometimes perplexing questions - I, Russian, what do I have in common with a Tajik? Nothing but common ancestors. All genetic information (eye, hair color, etc.) is located in the autosomes - the first 22 pairs of chromosomes. Haplogroups are just labels by which to judge the ancestors of man.

In the VI century, intensive negotiations began between Byzantium and the state today known as the Turkic Haganate. History has not even preserved the name of this country for us. The question is, why? After all, the names of more ancient state entities have come down to us.

Kaganate merely meant a form of government (the state was governed by the khan, chosen by the people, kaan in another transcription), and not the name of the country. But today, instead of the word "America," we do not use the word "Democracy." Although someone like her does not fit a similar name (a joke). The term "state" as applied to the Turks is more appropriate for "Ile" or "El", but not in any way a kaganate.

The reason for the negotiations was silk, or rather trade in it. Residents of Sogdiana (between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers) decided to sell their silk in Persia. I didn’t make a slip by writing “my”. There is evidence that in the Zarafshan Valley (the territory of present-day Uzbekistan), at that time, they already knew how to grow silkworm and produce matter no worse than Chinese, but this is the topic of another article.

And it’s not at all a fact that China is the birthplace of silk, not Sogdiana. Chinese history, as we know it, is 70% written by the Jesuits in the XVII-XVIII centuries *, the remaining thirty are "supplemented" by the Chinese themselves. Especially intensively, “editing” was going on during the time of Mao Zedong, the venturer was still the same. He even has the monkeys from whom the Chinese descended. were their own, special.

*Note. Only a small part of what the Jesuits did: Adam Schall von Belle took part in creating the Chongzhen calendar. Later he served as director of the Imperial Observatory and the Mathematics Tribunal, in fact, was engaged in Chinese chronology. Martino Martini is known as the author of works on Chinese history and the compiler of the New Atlas of China. An indispensable participant in all the Sino-Russian negotiations when signing the Nerchinsk Treaty of 1689 was the Jesuit Parreni. The result of Gerbillon's activity was the so-called so-called imperial edict on religious tolerance of 1692, which allowed the Chinese to adopt Christianity. Emperor Qianlong's mentor in science was Jean – Joseph – Marie Amyot. In the 18th century, the Jesuits, led by Reghi, participated in the compilation of a large map of the Chinese Empire, published in 1719. In the 17th and 18th centuries, missionaries translated into Chinese and published 67 European books in Beijing. They introduced the Chinese to European musical notation, European military science, the device of mechanical watches and the technology of manufacturing modern firearms.

The Great Silk Road was controlled by the Venetians and Genoese, the same “black aristocracy” (Italian: aristocrazìa nera *) - Aldobrandini, Borgia, Boncompany, Borghese, Barberini, Della Rover (Lante), Crescentia, Colonna, Caetimo, Kyisi, Kyji, Kydi Ruspoli, Rospillosi, Orsini, Odescalchi, Pallavichino, Piccolomini, Pamphili, Pignatelli, Pacelli, Pignatelli, Pacelli, Torlonia, Theophylacts. And do not be fooled by Italian surnames. Taking the names of the people among whom you live is a long tradition of the initiates **. This aristocrazìa nera actually rules the Vatican and, accordingly, the entire Western world, and it was on their instructions that later, Jewish merchants removed all gold from Byzantium, as a result of which the country's economy collapsed and the empire fell, conquered by the Turks ***.

Notes.

* It is the members of aristocrazìa nera that are the true "masters of the world", and not some Rothschilds, Rockefellers, Coons. From Egypt, anticipating its imminent fall, they are moving to England. There, quickly realizing what "nishtyaki" carries the teachings of the crucified, most of them move to the Vatican. My good ones, read Masonic literature of the 18th-19th centuries, everything is very frank there - today they are “encrypted”.

** The Jews simply adopted this, and much more, from the arsenal of their masters.

*** If someone is not in the know, from the USSR, before its end, they also removed almost the entire gold reserve.

It is worth adding here that the tribes of the Ephtalites, also called the White Huns, Hionite Hionites, who owned Central Asia (Sogdiana, Bactria), Afghanistan and northern India (Gandhara) were completely conquered by the Ashin Turks (Bactria passed to the Persians). The question arose - Persia does not want to buy Turkic silk — we will trade with Byzantium, there the demand for it is no less.

Silk for the then global economy was the same as oil today. It can be assumed what pressure was put on Persia in order to force it to abandon trade with the Turks. In general, it is worth writing a separate article about secret diplomacy of that time, but today we are interested in precisely the negotiations, or rather the journey of Zimarch sent by the emperor Justin as an ambassador to the Turks in Altai.

Information about the embassy has come down to us in the writings of several authors; I will use the description of Menander Protector. This will allow us to get closer to the answer - who were the Türks really - the Mongoloids or still the Caucasians: “From the Türks, who in ancient times were called Saks, the embassy to Justin arrived for the world. Vasilevs also decided on the council to send the embassy to the Turks, and a certain Zemarch from Cilicia, who at that time was a strategist of the eastern cities, ordered to equip this embassy. ”

That’s how much you need to be sure that “people cheat everything” presented to him on a platter with the name “official history” in order to lie about the Mongoloid nature of the Türks? We look at the same Wikipedia: “Saki (other Persian Sakā, other Greek Σάκαι, lat. Sacae) - the collective name of the group of Iranian-speaking nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes I millennium BC. e. - first centuries AD e. in ancient sources. The name goes back to the Scythian word saka - deer (cf. Osset. Sag "deer). Both ancient authors and modern scholars consider saki, along with massagets, to be the eastern branches of Scythian peoples. Initially, saki are apparently identical to Avestan tours; in Pahlavi sources under Turks are understood as Turkic tribes. In the Achaemenid inscriptions all Scythians are called “Saks”. ”

Few people know about this: the totem animal of the Don and Kuban Cossacks is a white deer. Remember the Strabonov parva Scythia, later called cartographers Lesser Tartaria.

I return again to the theme of bell ringing. This passage gives a description of the rite of purification carried out by the Türks for Zemarch: “They dried them (embassy things) on fire from young incense sprouts, whispering some barbaric words in the Scythian language, ringing the bells and beating the tambourines ...” You still continue to believe that the use of bell ringing is the prerogative of the Christian religion - then we will go to you ... (Pardon! I apologize for the tomfoolery ... I could not resist ...)

Now about the technological level of the Turks: “The next day they were invited to another room, where there were wooden columns covered with gold, as well as a golden bed, which was held by four golden peacocks. In the middle of the room there were many wagons in which there were a lot of silver things, disks and something from reed. Also numerous images of tetrapods made of silver, none of them are inferior, in our opinion, to those that we have. ” (highlighted by me)

Especially for those who consider Tartaria a fake.

A little bit about the territory of the Turkic state. Professor Christopher Beckwith, in his book Empieres Of The Silk Road, notes that Mesopotamia, Syria, Egypt, Urartu, from the 7th to the beginning of the 6th century BC submitted to the Turks. In the ruins of the walls of the cities of these countries, today they find bronze arrowheads of the Scythian type - the result of invasions and sieges. From about 553 it occupied the territory from the Caucasus and the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov to the Pacific Ocean, in the region of modern Vladivostok, and from the Great Wall of China * to the Vitim River in the north. Klapro claimed that all of Central Asia was subject to the Turks. (Klaproth, "Tableaux historiques de L" Asie ", 1826)

It’s not worth considering that it was something unshakable, the Turks, as well as other peoples, quarreled among themselves, fought, diverged in different directions, conquered them, but again and again, like the legendary bird Phoenix, they rose from the ashes - Russia good example.

*Note. Do not confuse this wall with the “remake” shown to tourists today: “... a magnificent and almost perfect building, which modern travelers see at a distance of almost fifty kilometers from the capital, has little in common with the ancient Great Wall, built two thousand years ago. Most of the ancient wall is now in a dilapidated state "(Eduard Parker," Tatars. History of Origin ")

Istarchs called Sakaliba of all fair-haired Turks. Konstantin Bagryanorodny and a number of eastern authors were called the Turks of the Hungarians. In all the early Arab geographical works, the description of the peoples of Eastern Europe was located in the chapter "Türks". The geographic school of al-Jahain, starting with Ibn Ruste and up to al-Marwazi, referred to the Türks as the Guz (Uyghurs), Kyrgyz, Karluks, Kimaks, Pechenegs, Khazars, Burtases, Bulgars, Magyars, Slavs, and Rus.

By the way, the Ashin Turks are considered by the Chinese to be the "Hunn house industry." Well, the Huns (Huns) are 100% Mongols. Don't you know? Ay-ya-yi ... If not - contact your comrades from Sanity, they will show you pictures with the Mongols, I answer ...

And one more addition.

You know, I was always surprised by the fact that people who don’t have somethingattribute to themselves possession by this. A typical example is Sanity. What kind of, not even “sensible”, but simply “thought” can be talked about by “people”, the brain apparatus of which is completely devoid of the mental functions themselves — only basic instincts and other people's “attitudes”. There, I mean the upper part of their body, there is nothing more. Not to mention the presence of the mentally unhealthy in their ranks ... But, here you go - “sane,” and that’s the point. The Jews among them are a separate song, these are on their minds, in their articles Russophobia is literally from all the cracks ... (Who in the subject, I think, guessed - it's about a "free artist" and some other "comrades").

It was not by chance that I spoke of “alien attitudes” —all reservations and omissions in my articles are not accidental. The private information that we have today allows us to attribute a significant part of the members of “Sanity” to the so-called fourth group with a predominance of cerebral instinctive-animal states.

The question of the Turks would remain incomplete without evidence of who the Huns (Huns) are: “In addition, the question of the origin of the Huns is closely related to the question of which race and tribe the Huns famous in the history of Europe belonged to. This is evident even from the fact that representatives of all theories consider it necessary to talk about this connection between the two peoples. The question of the origin of the Huns belongs to the field, not only completely alien to sinology, but even, to a certain extent, belonging to the history of Europe. So, if the history of the Huns relates to a large extent to the history of China, and the Huns to the history of Europe, then the question of the relationship of one people to another belongs to the history of Central Asia, as the country through which the Huns moved to the West (if these two nations are identical) or where the Huns and Huns clashed (if they are different). ” (K.A. Foreigners)

I would like to familiarize everyone with this issue in more detail with the work of the Russian historian-orientalist, doctor of oriental studies K.A. Foreigners "Huns and Huns, analysis of theories about the origin of the people of Hunnu Chinese annals, about the origin of the European Huns and the mutual relations of these two peoples." (L., 1926, Second supplemented edition.) I will cite only his conclusions.

“The results of our research come to the following three conclusions:

I) The people of the Huns who wandered north of China and founded a powerful state were formed from an intensified Turkish family. A significant part of the subordinate tribes, in all likelihood, also consisted of Turks, although since the foundation of the state, and especially during its prosperity, it included various other tribes, such as the Mongol, Tunguz, Korean, and Tibetan.

II) After the disintegration of the state into two parts (disintegration caused more by political and cultural reasons than ethnic difference - the southern Huns were more subject to the influence of Chinese civilization, the northern ones better preserved tribal features), the northern Hunnu could not maintain independence, and some of them were evicted to West. According to the historical news that has reached us, these evicted Huns traveled in the usual way of nomads through Dzungaria and the Kyrgyz steppes and entered Eastern Europe in the second half of the 4th century according to R.X.

III) In Northwest Asia and Eastern Europe, the Turks Hunnu or Hunnu clashed with other tribes. First of all, Finnish tribes stood in their way (and it is difficult at the present time to decide whether the Turks completely disappeared into the Finnish mass or, on the contrary, contributed to the Finns turning into a nomadic, equestrian people). The farther the Huns moved, the more the Turkish element thinned among them, and other peoples, somehow Slavic and Germanic, mixed in. It is very likely that between the subjects of Mo – de and Attila there was very little in common. However, it seems to us certain that the invasion of the formidable conquerors of the 4th – 5th centuries is connected and caused by coups in the extreme eastern reaches of Asia. ”

And what did these very Huns look like?

Below in the photo are fragments of a carpet (bedspread, mantle) found in one of the burials of the Huns in Noin Ula (31 barrows). A ceremony for (allegedly) preparing a catfish drink is embroidered on canvas. Pay attention to faces. If the first two, most likely, can be attributed to the Mediterranean subrace, then the man is on the horse ... Meet a similar type today, you would say - a pure "Rusak".

Of course, the carpet was declared imported. Well ... It is quite possible ... Professor N.V. Polosmak believes: “The shabby cloth found on the blue clay floor of the hunn’s burial chamber and brought back to life by the hands of restorers has a long and difficult story. It was made in one place (in Syria or Palestine), embroidered in another (possibly in North-West India), and found in the third (in Mongolia) ”

I can assume that the carpet fabric could well be imported, but why is it embroidered in India? Weren't your embroiderers? Then what about this.

In the picture, the anthropological material from the burial of the 20th Noin-Ulinsky mound represents well-preserved enamel covers from the seven lower teeth of a constant shift: right and left fangs, right and left first premolars, left first and second molars. On the first left premolar, facets of artificial wear were found - linear traces and shallow caverns. This type of deformation could appear during needlework - embroidery or carpet making, when the threads (most likely, woolen) were bitten with teeth.

The teeth belong to a woman of 25-30 years of Caucasian appearance most likely hailing from the coast of the Caspian Sea or between the Indus and Ganges rivers. The assumption that this slave does not withstand any criticism - the mounds of Noin-Ula, according to the archaeologists themselves, belong to the Hunnic nobility. The main thing here is that the woman embroidered, and a lot, as evidenced by the marks on her teeth. So why did they find the carpet they hastened to declare imported? Because the ones depicted on it do not fit into the official version, saying that the Huns were Mongoloids?

For me, it is facts that are of paramount importance - new ones appear - my opinion changes. In the official version of the story, the opposite is true - there the facts are adjusted to the prevailing versions, and those that do not fit into the framework are simply discarded.

We turn again to Wikipedia: "The Indo-Scythian kingdom is a state amorphous in terms of borders, created during the Hellenistic era on the territory of Bactria, Sogdiana, Arachosia, Gandhara, Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat, the eastern branch of the nomadic Scythian tribe - Sakami." Our woman is from there, and this is not my opinion, but of scientists (Doctor of Historical Sciences T.A. Chikisheva, IAET SB RAS). Now re-read the place above where I am talking about the territory of the Turkic state. Having a huge country always means moving not only material resources, but also people. What is surprising if a woman born in one place is married thousands of kilometers from her home?

All carpets from Noin-Ula mounds were made in one place and at about the same time. S. I. Rudenko also pointed to their similarity: “The technique of embroidering draperies and rugs is characterized by superimposing on a fabric multi-colored threads of weak twist and fixing them on its surface with very thin threads.”A similar “embed” embroidery technique is found in burials from the 1st century on. BC e. throughout the territory populated by the Turks (Central Russia, Western Siberia, Pamir, Afghanistan). So why declare them imported?

But what about the Mongols, you ask?

In fact, the Mongols were conquered by the Turks in the VI century, and since then they were part of the Turkic state? Could Genghis Khan, whom modern historians belong to the Mongols *, stand at the head of the Turkic tribes? I do not exclude this possibility, remember Stalin. However, it never occurred to anyone to call Georgia the ruler of Russia. Can we talk about the Mongols as conquerors of the universe? Well ... It doesn’t even pull for a bad joke ...

*Note. Arab sources, the same Rashid ad-Din (Rashid at-Tabib), call Genghis Khan a native of one of the Turkic tribes.

In modern history, the Turks were not lucky more than anyone. Under the Soviet regime, almost all references to these people were destroyed (Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU of 1944, which actually prohibited the study of the Golden Horde and the Tatar Khanates), and the learned Turkologists together went to "logging". The authorities simply chose to replace the Turks with the Mongols. What for? This is the topic of another article, and it is closely related to the question of whether Stalin was really the sole ruler, or, albeit the main, but nevertheless, member of the Politburo where the issues were resolved collectively, by a simple majority.

It is a reasonable question: the conquest of Russia by the Mongols to this day remains the only officially recognized version of history, so that all scientists are mistaken, am I so smart?

The answer is no less reasonable: scientists simply serve the current government. And the authorities still did not do such tricks - for most of the 20th century, Russia lived with the firm conviction that communism, invented by a Jew, a descendant of famous rabbis, is our Russian bright future. I'm not talking about Christianity. Look at how zealously people, having betrayed their own gods, give praise to strangers. Continue to continue?

I talked about the mystery of the Turks above, in fact there is no riddle - the Scythians, Sarmatians, Huns (Huns), Turks, Tatars (Tartars) and about two hundred different names given by others are all one and the same people. As K.A. was very witty Foreigners: “The Hunnu family conquered - everything is done by the Hunnu, the Xian-bi family conquered - everything is made the Xian-bi, etc. From this comes a frequent change of names in the history of nomadic peoples. ”

Unfortunately, there remains one more question that has not received any explanation today: why did the Caucasian population of Altai, Siberia, and Kazakhstan so quickly, during some 1,500 years, mutate into Mongoloids? What was the reason for this? The notorious fly in the ointment (mongols) in a barrel with honey? Or some more serious and massive changes in the genetic apparatus caused by external factors?

Let's take stock.

We can say with confidence that the Turkic state (states) was not mono-ethnic, there were, in addition to the Turks themselves, a host of other nationalities, and the national composition changed depending on geography. And the Türks themselves preferred to be related to the local nobility.

Neopagans today are Taldychats - everywhere were “ours”; "Thinking", in turn, stomping their legs, screaming - everywhere the Mongols alone. Neither one nor the other is wrong, Russia is a perfect example of this - are there, say, a lot of Russians in the north of Yakutia? But this is the same country.

Anthropologists V.P. Alekseev and I.I. Hoffman cites the results of studies of two Hunnic burial grounds (Tebsh-Uul and Naima-Tolgoi): “The paleoanthropological material of the first, located in the south of Central Mongolia, is characterized by pronounced Mongoloid features, and the second by Caucasoid. If, for clarity, we resort to a comparison of the modern population, then we can say that the people who left these monuments differed from each other, like, say, modern Yakuts and Evenks from Georgians and Armenians. ”You can compare modern Russian and Chukchi - the situation is similar. And what is the conclusion? Are these residents of different states? Or today there are no "national" cemeteries?

The Türks themselves were Caucasians, in fact they are Turanian tribes, descendants of the legendary Aryans.

The Türks became the ancestors of not only the Russian people, but almost three dozen others.

Why did the Turks cross out of our history? There are a lot of reasons, the main one is hatred. The confrontation between Russia and the West has much deeper roots than is commonly thought today ...

P.S. An inquisitive reader will surely ask a question:

- What for you it is necessary? What for at all rewrite history? What is the difference, as it actually happened, it is not worth changing anything - let it be the way it was, as we are all used to.

There is no doubt that the “ostrich pose” is very comfortable for the majority - I see nothing, I hear nothing, I know nothing ... It’s easier for a person who has fenced off reality to bear stress - only reality doesn’t change. Psychologists even have the term “hostage effect” (“Stockholm Syndrome”), which describes the protective-unconscious traumatic relationship that arises between the victim and the aggressor in the process of capturing, abducting and / or using (or threatening to use) violence.

Mr. Khalezov, in one of his articles, noted: “Russia rose from its knees only in order to become cancer.” And while we will all be "Ivans, relatives who do not remember," they will again and again put us in a pose known to everyone in the Kama Sutra.

We are the heirs of the Great Steppe, and not some kind of delayed Byzantium there! Awareness of this fact is our only chance to restore former greatness.

It was the Steppe that helped Muscovy to survive in an unequal struggle with Lithuania, Poland, Germans, Swedes, Ests ... Read Karamzin and Solovyov - they are so frank, you just need to be able to separate the grains from the chaff. “... the Novgorodians drove the Muscovites out of Shelon, but the Western Tatar army suddenly struck at them and decided the case in favor of the troops of the princes”- this is Solovyov about the battle of June 14, 1470, and this is Karamzin, speaking of the war of 1533 - 1586, describes the composition of the troops of the principality of Moscow: “Except for the Russians, the princes of Circassia, Shevkal, Mordovia, Nogai, princes and Murzes of the ancient Golden Horde, Kazan, Astrakhan went day and night to Ilmen and Peipus.”

And it’s the Steppe, call it Tartaria or whatever, we betrayed, flattered by the promises of the imposing Western emissaries. So why cry now that we live poorly? Remember: “... And, having left the pieces of silver in the temple, he went out, went and strangled himself. The chief priests, taking the pieces of silver, said: It is impermissible to put them in the church treasury, because this is the price of blood. Having made a meeting, they bought on them the land of a potter, for the burial of wanderers; therefore the land is called the “land of blood" to this day. ” (Matt., Ch. 27)

I want to finish today's article with the words of Prince Ukhtomsky: “... there is no other outcome for the All-Russian power: either to become what it has been called to be from time immemorial (a world power combining the West with the East), or ingloriously take the path of decline, because Europe itself, in the end, will crush us with external by their superiority, and not by us, the awakened Asian peoples will be even more dangerous than Western foreigners ”

Actually, I considered the article finished, just a friend, after re-reading, asked to add - just another one or two minutes of your attention.

People often, in comments and in PM, pay attention to the inconsistency of my views with the official version of history, give links to "left" sites like "Anthropogenesis", and sometimes to the opinions of well-known scientists. My good ones, I’m no less familiar with the academic version, and perhaps better than many visitors to KONT, do not bother.

Once, by the way, not very long ago, people believed that flat earth rests on three huge whales, which, in turn, swim in the vast ocean, and in general, we are the center of the universe. I'm not kidding, I'm absolutely serious. I have just, very briefly, voiced a version of the world order, which, most recently, by historical standards, of course, was taught at the best European universities.

The key word here is "believed." They didn’t check, namely they believed. That small group that decided to “check” awaited an unenviable fate. Think something has changed since then? No, today they no longer make bonfires in the squares, today they are doing much smarter, those who think otherwise are simply declared fools. If the name Giordano Bruno is still known to many, then how many "ridiculed" just sunk into oblivion. Do you think there were no great ones among them?

S.A. Zelinsky, speaking of ways to manipulate consciousness, gives a reception (one of many), called "ridicule": “When using this technique, both specific individuals and views, ideas, programs, organizations and their activities, various associations of people who are being fought can be ridiculed. The choice of the object of ridicule is carried out depending on the goals and the specific information and communication situation. The effect of this technique is based on the fact that when ridiculing individual statements and elements of a person’s behavior, a playful and frivolous attitude is initiated towards him, which automatically extends to his other statements and views. With the skillful use of such a technique, it is possible to form the image of a “frivolous" person, whose statements are not trustworthy, for a particular person. ” (Psychotechnologies of hypnotic manipulation of consciousness)

The essence has not changed one iota - you have to be like everyone else, do like everyone else, think like everyone else, otherwise you are an enemy ... Today's society has never needed thinking individuals; it needs “sane” rams. A simple question. Why do you think the theme of lost sheep and shepherds, that is, shepherds, is so popular in the Bible?

Inner Asia and South Siberia - the small homeland of the Turks, this is the territorial "patch" that over time has grown into a thousand-kilometer territory worldwide. The geographical composition of the range of the Turkic peoples took place, in fact, over two millennia. Proto-Türks lived trapped in the Volga as early as the 3rd – 2nd millennium BC, they constantly migrated. Ancient Turkic "Scythians" and Huns "were also an integral part of the Ancient Turkic Haganate. Thanks to their ritual constructions, today we can get acquainted with the works of ancient Early Slavic culture and art - this is precisely the Turkic heritage.

The Türks traditionally engaged in nomadic cattle breeding, in addition, they mined and processed iron. Leading a sedentary and semi-nomadic way of life, the Turks in the Central Asian interfluve in the VI century formed Turkestan. The Turkic Khaganate that existed in Central Asia from 552 to 745 in 603 was divided into two independent Khaganates, one of which included modern Kazakhstan and the lands of East Turkestan, and the other comprised the territory, which included present-day Mongolia, Northern China and South Siberia.

The first, western, kaganate half a century later ceased to exist, conquered by the Eastern Turks. The leader of the Turgesh Uchelik was founded a new state of the Türks - Turgesh Kaganate.

Subsequently, the military "formatting" of the Turkic ethnic group was carried out by the Bulgars, the Kiev princes Svyatoslav and Yaroslav. The Pechenegs, who had devastated the southern Russian steppes with fire and sword, were replaced by Polovtsy, they were defeated by the Mongol-Tatars ... Partly the Golden Horde (Mongol Empire) was a Turkic state, which then disintegrated into autonomous khanates.

There were many other significant events in the history of the Turks, among which the formation of the Ottoman Empire was the most significant, which was facilitated by the conquest of the Ottoman Turks, who captured the lands of Europe, Asia and Africa in the 13th-16th centuries. After the decline of the Ottoman Empire, which began in the 17th century, Petrine Russia absorbed most of the former Golden Horde lands with Turkic states. Already in the 19th century, East Transcaucasian khanates joined Russia. After Central Asia, the Kazakh and Kokand khanates, together with the Bukhara emirate, became part of Russia, the Mikinsky and Khiva khanates, together with the Ottoman Empire, were the only conglomerate of the Turkic states.

Ethnic-speaking group speaking Turkic languages. This population group is considered one of the oldest, and its classification is the most complex and still causes controversy among historians. Nevertheless, 164 million people today speak the Turkic language. The most ancient people of the Turkic group are the Kyrgyz, their language has remained unchanged to this day. And the first information about the appearance of the Turkic-speaking tribes dates back to the first millennium BC.

Current strength

The largest number of modern Turks is this. According to statistics, this is 43% of all Turkic-speaking peoples or 70 million people. Next come - 15% or 25 million people. Slightly less Uzbeks - 23.5 million (14%), after - 12 million (7%), Uyghurs - 10 million (6%), Turkmen - 6 million (4%), - 5.5 million (3%) , - 3.5 million (2%). The following nationalities make up 1%: Kashkai and - on average 1.5 million. Others are less than 1%: Karakalpaks (700 thousand), Afshars (600 thousand), Yakuts (480 thousand), Kumyks (400 thousand), Karachays (350 thousand ), (300 thousand), Gagauz (180 thousand), Balkarians (115 thousand), Nogai (110 thousand), Khakasses (75 thousand), Altai (70 thousand). Most Turks are Muslims.

The ratio of Turkic peoples

Origin of peoples

The first Turkic settlement was in northern China, in the steppe zones. They were engaged in geography and cattle breeding. Over time, the tribes settled, and so came to Eurasia. The ancient Turkic peoples were:

• the Huns;
• turkuts;
• karluks
• khazars
• pechenegs;
• bulgars;
• polovtsy;
• oghuz Turks.

Very often in the historical annals of the Turks are called Scythians. There are many legends about the origin of the first tribes, which also exist in several versions.

Language group

There are 2 main groups: eastern and western. Each of them has a branch:

• East:
  • Kyrgyz-Kypchak (Kyrgyz, Altai);
  • Uyghur (Saryg-Uyghurs, Togins, Altaians, Khakases, Dolgans, Tofalars, Shors, Tuvans, Yakuts).
• Western:
  • Bulgarian (Chuvash);
  • Kipchak (Kipchak-Bulgarian: Tatars, Bashkirs; Kipchak-Polovtsian: Crimeans, Krymchaks, Balkars, Kumyks, Karaites, Karachais; Kipchak-Nogays: Kazakhs, Nogais, Karakalpaks);
  • Karlukskaya (Ili Uighurs, Uzbeks, Uighurs);
  • Oguz (Oguz-Bulgarian: Balkan Turks, Gagauz; Oguz-Seljuk: Turks, Azerbaijanis, Capriots, Turks, Kashkays, Urumahs, Syrian Turks, Crimeans; Oguz-Turkmen peoples: Trukhmens, Kajars, Gudmirs, Gudars, Gudars , salars, karapakhs).

Chuvash people speak the Chuvash language. Dialectics of the Yakuts in Yakut and Dolgan. The Kypchak peoples are located in Russia, Siberia, therefore Russian becomes native here, although some peoples retain their culture and language. Representatives of the Karluk group speak Uzbek and Uyghur. Tatars, Kyrgyz and Kazakhs achieved independence of their territory and also preserved their traditions. But the Oghuz tend to speak Turkmen, Turkish, Salar.

Characterization of peoples

Many nationalities, although they live in Russia, but they retain their language, culture and customs. Vivid examples of the Turkic people, which are partially or fully dependent on other countries:

• Yakuts. Often, indigenous people call themselves Sahas, and their Republic is called Sakha. This is the easternmost Turkic population. Tongue got a little from the Asians.
• Tuvans: This nationality is found in the east, closer to the border with China. Home Republic - Tuva.
• Altai people. They most of all keep their history and culture. Inhabit the Republic of Altai.
• Khakassians. They live in the Republic of Khakassia, approximately 52 thousand people. Partially, someone moved to the Krasnoyarsk Territory or Tula.
• Tofalars. According to statistics, this nationality is on the verge of extinction. It is found only in the Irkutsk region.
• Shors. Today it is 10 thousand people who have sheltered in the southern part of the Kemerovo region.
• Siberian Tatars. They speak Tatar, but live on the territory of Russia: Omsk, Tyumen and Novosibirsk regions.
• Dolgans. These are bright representatives living in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Today, the nationality consists of 7.5 thousand people.

Other peoples, and there are six such countries, have achieved their own nationality and now these are prosperous countries with a history of the Turkic settlement:

• Kyrgyzstan. This is the oldest settlement of Turkic origin. Let the territory have been vulnerable for a long time, but they managed to preserve their way of life and culture. They lived mainly in the steppe zone, where few settled. But they are very hospitable and generously welcome and escort guests who have come to their house.
• Kazakhs. This is the most common group of Turkic representatives. It is a very proud, but at the same time strong-willed people. Children are brought up strictly, but they are ready to protect their neighbor from ill.
• Turks. A kind of people, they are patient and unpretentious, but very insidious and vindictive. Non-Muslims do not exist for them.

All representatives of Turkic origin are united by a common - history and common origin. Many managed to carry their traditions through the years and even without looking at other problems. Other representatives on the border of extinction. But even this does not stop getting acquainted with their culture.

Türks is a generalized name for the ethnolinguistic group of Turkic peoples. Geographically, the Turks are scattered over a vast territory, which occupies about a quarter of the entire Eurasian continent. The ancestral home of the Türks is Central Asia, and the first mention of the ethnonym "Türk" dates back to the 6th century CE. and it is connected with the name of Kyok Türks (Heavenly Türks), who, under the leadership of the Ashin clan, created the Turkic Kaganate. In history, the Türks are known as: skillful pastoralists, warriors, founders of states and empires.

Turk is a rather ancient name. It was first mentioned in Chinese annals in relation to a certain group of tribes from the VI century. AD The nomadic territory of these tribes extended to Xinjiang, Mongolia and Altai. Turkic tribes, Turkic languages \u200b\u200bexisted long before their ethnonym was registered in the annals of history.

The Turkish language originates from the speech of the Turkic tribes, on their common name - the name of the Turkish nation (in Turkish, "Turk", in Russian, "Turks"). Scientists distinguish the meaning of the words "Turk". and the Turks. At the same time, all peoples speaking Turkic languages \u200b\u200bare called Türks: they are Azerbaijanis, Altai (Altai-Kizhi), Afshars, Balkars, Bashkirs, Gagauz, Dolgans, Kajars, Kazakhs, Karagas, Karakalpaks, Karapakhs, Karachais, Kashkays, Kirghiz, Kyrgyz Nogais, Tatars, Tofs, Tuvans, Turks, Turkmens, Uzbeks, Uighurs, Khakasses, Chuvashs, Chulymts, Shors, Yakuts. Of these languages, the closest to each other are Turkish, Gagauz, South Crimean Tatar, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, which make up the Oguz subgroup of the Turkic group of the Altai language family.

Although the Türks historically are not a single ethnic group, but include not only related, but also assimilated peoples, nevertheless, the Turkic peoples are a single ethnocultural whole. And according to anthropological characteristics, one can distinguish the Türks belonging both to the Caucasoid race and to the Mongoloid, but most often there is a transitional type belonging to the Turanian (South Siberian) race. Read more → Where did the Türks come from? .

The Turkic world is one of the most ancient and numerous ethnic groups. The first settlements of the ancient ancestors of modern Turkic peoples stretched from east to west from Lake Baikal to the Ural Mountains, separating Asia from Europe. In the south, their habitat was covered by the Altai Mountains (Altan-Zoltoy) and the Sayans, as well as Lake Baikal and Aral. In the ancient historical era, the Turks from Altai penetrated into northwestern China, and from there in about 1000 BC. a significant part of them moved to the West.

Then the Turks reached that part of Central Asia, which is called Turkestan (the country of the Turks). Over time, part of the Turkic tribes migrated to the Volga, and then through the Dnieper, Dniester and Danube - to the Balkans. Among the Turkic tribes who found refuge in the Balkan Peninsula in the second half of the 11th - first half of the 13th centuries, there were ancestors of the modern Gagauz. The Balkans (Balkanlar - from Turkish) have been used since the beginning of the 19th century and mean "impassable, dense, wooded ory."

L.N. Gumilev. Ancient Türks. Central Asia on the eve of the creation of the Turkic state, con. V century

Today, the Turkic peoples are collectively called the "Turkic world."

Reconstruction of the appearance of the ancient Türks (Gökütürks)

By the beginning of the XXI century. 44 Turkic ethnic groups were recorded. This is 150-200 million people. The largest Turkic state in the world with a population of 75 million people (2007) is Turkey. The Gagauz people, most of whom live in the Republic of Moldova, are a small part of the Turkic world. The fragmentation of the Turkic tribes, their settlement over vast territories led to a significant difference in their linguistic features, although in ancient times they all spoke two or three ancient Turkic dialects. The Turkic population is divided into eight geographical regions:

1. Turkey;
2. The Balkans;
3. Iran;
4. The Caucasus;
5. Volga-Ural;
6. Western Turkestan;
7. East Turkestan;
8. Moldova-Ukraine (over 200 thousand Gagauzians).

About 500 thousand Yakuts (Sakha) live in Siberia, in Afghanistan the Turkic population is about 8 million people, and in Syria - over 500 thousand people, in Iraq there are 2.5 million Turkmens.

The Göktürks were a strong nomadic people of Turkic origin and were the first people to launch a massive invasion of modern Central Asia and conquer the local Iranian-speaking, Indo-European peoples. Their people were not fully Caucasoid or Mongoloid, but were a Mongoloid-Caucasoid mixed race, according to anthropologists. Read more → Turkic world - Huns (Huns), Gokturks ....

The Turkic Kaganate controlled part of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Southern Siberia, part of the Caucasus and Western Manchuria. They fought against 100% of the Mongoloid, East Asian, Chinese civilization. They also fought against other civilizations, Central Asia and the Caucasus, which were 100% Indo-European.

Turkic Kaganate during the period of the highest expansion

Goekturks from Mongolia

According to anthropologists, racially these people were 67-70% Mongoloid, and with a 33-30% Caucasoid impurity, from a technical point of view they are closer to the Mongoloid race, but with an admixture. Also, they were often quite tall.

Interestingly, among them were reddish and brown hair with gray and green eyes.

Museum of the Turkic memorial complex Hushuu Tsaidam (Mongolia). Thanks to the incredible work of Mongolian and Russian archaeologists, the museum has become a true repository of valuable exhibits of the ancient Turkic era.

In the old days there was no vehicle faster and more convenient horse . On a horse transported goods, hunted, fought; they rode on horseback and brought the bride to the house. Without a horse, the economy could not be imagined. From mare’s milk they received (and get) a tasty and healing drink - koumiss, strong ropes from the mane’s hair, and soles for shoes were made from the skin, boxes, buckles were made from the horn cover of hooves. In a horse, especially in a horse, he was appreciated to become. There were even signs by which to recognize a good horse. The Kalmyks, for example, had 33 such signs.

The peoples in question, whether Turkic or Mongolian, know, love and breed this animal in their economy. Perhaps their ancestors were not the first to domesticate the horse, but perhaps there are no nations on earth in whose history the horse would play such a large role. Thanks to light cavalry, the ancient Turks and Mongols settled on a vast territory - steppe and forest-steppe, desert and semi-desert spaces of Central Asia and Eastern Europe.

On the globe around 40 nations live in different countriesspeaking in Turkic languages ; of which more 20 - in Russia. Their number is about 10 million people. Only 11 out of 20 have republics within the Russian Federation: tatars (Republic of Tatarstan), bashkirs (Republic of Bashkortostan), Chuvashs (Chuvash Republic), altai people (Altai Republic), tuvans (Republic of Tuva), Khakass (The Republic of Khakassia), yakuts (The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)); among Karachais with Circassians and Balkars with Kabardins - general republics (Karachay-Cherkess and Kabardino-Balkar).

The remaining Turkic peoples are scattered throughout Russia, along its European and Asian territories and regions. it dolgans, Shors, Tofalars, Chulym, Nagaybaki, Kumyks, Nogays, Astrakhan and Siberian Tatars . The list can include Azerbaijanis (derbent Turks) Dagestan, crimean Tatars, Meskhetian Turks, Karaites, a significant number of whom live now not in their ancestral land, in the Crimea and Transcaucasia, but in Russia.

The largest Turkic people of Russia - tatars, there are about 6 million people. The smallest - chulym and Tofalars: The size of each nation is just over 700 people. The most northern - dolgans on the Taimyr Peninsula, and the most southern - kumyks in Dagestan, one of the republics of the North Caucasus. The most eastern Turks of Russia - yakuts (their self-name is saha), and they live in the north-east of Siberia. AND the most western - karachaisinhabiting the southern regions of Karachay-Cherkessia. The Turks of Russia live in different geographical zones - in the mountains, in the steppe, in the tundra, in the taiga, in the forest-steppe zone.

The ancestral home of the Turkic peoples - the steppes of Central Asia. Since the 2nd century and ending the 13th century, cramped by neighbors, they gradually moved to the territory of present-day Russia and occupied the lands on which their descendants now live (see the article "From primitive tribes to modern peoples").

The languages \u200b\u200bof these peoples are similar, they have many common words, but, most importantly, the grammar is similar. As scientists suggest, in ancient times they were dialects of the same language. With time, intimacy was lost. The Türks settled in a very large space, ceased to communicate with each other, they had new neighbors, and their languages \u200b\u200bcould not but influence the Turkic. All Türks understand each other, but Altaians with Tuvans and Khakasses, Nogays with Balkars and Karachays, Tatars with Bashkirs and Kumyks can easily agree. And only the Chuvash language stands apart in a Turkic language family.

In appearance, representatives of the Turkic peoples of Russia vary greatly . In the east this is north Asian and Central Asian Mongoloids - Yakuts, Tuvans, Altaians, Khakasses, Shors. Typical Caucasians in the West - Karachais, Balkars. Finally, the intermediate type is generally caucasoid but with a strong admixture of Mongoloid features Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Kumyks, Nogais.

What's the matter? The relationship of the Turks is more linguistic than genetic. Turkic languages easy to pronounce, their grammar is very logical, there are almost no exceptions. In ancient times, nomad Turks spread throughout the vast territory occupied by other tribes. Some of these tribes switched to the Turkic dialect because of its simplicity and over time began to feel like Türks, although they differed from them both in appearance and in traditional occupations.

Traditional types of economy which the Turkic peoples of Russia have dealt with in the past, and in some places continue to do now, are also diverse. Almost everyone grew cereals and vegetables. Many cattle were bred: horses, sheep, cows. Excellent pastoralists have long been tatars, Bashkirs, Tuvans, Yakuts, Altai, Balkars. However deer were bred and still few are bred. it Dolgans, Northern Yakuts, Tofalars, Altai and a small group of Tuvans living in the taiga part of Tuva - Toje.

Religion among Turkic peoples too various. Tatars, Bashkirs, Karachais, Nogais, Balkars, Kumyks - muslims ; tuvans - buddhists . Altaians, Shors, Yakuts, Chulym, although adopted in the XVII-XVIII centuries. christianity always stayed hidden shamanism fans . Chuvashs since the middle of the 18th century were considered the most christian people in the Volga region but in recent years some of them return to paganism : worship the sun, moon, the spirits of the earth and the dwelling, the spirits of the ancestors, without refusing, however, from orthodoxy .

WHO ARE YOU?

Tatars - The most numerous Turkic people of Russia. They live in Republic of Tatarstanas well as Bashkortostan, Udmurt Republic and adjacent areas Ural and Volga regions. Large Tatar communities are in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other major cities. And indeed in all regions of Russia you can meet Tatars who have been living outside the borders of their homeland - the Volga region for decades. They took root in a new place, fit into a new environment for them, they feel great there and do not want to leave anywhere.

There are several peoples in Russia who call themselves Tatars . Astrakhan Tatars live near Astrakhan, siberian - in Western Siberia, kasimov Tatars - near the city of Kasimov on the Oak Rivera (in the territory where serviceable Tatar princes lived several centuries ago). And finally kazan Tatars named after the capital of Tatarstan - the city of Kazan. All these are different, albeit close to each other peoples. However just Tatars should be called only Kazan .

Among Tatars distinguish two ethnographic groups - tatars Mishars and tatars-Kryashen . The former are known for being Muslims do not celebrate Sabantuy national holidaybut celebrate Red egg day - something similar to Orthodox Easter. On this day, children collect painted eggs at home and play with them. Kryasheny (“baptized”) are so called because they were baptized, that is, converted to Christianity, and celebrate not Muslim, but christian holidays .

Tatars themselves began to call themselves so rather late - only in the middle of the XIX century. For a very long time they did not like this name and considered it to be humiliating. Until the 19th century they were called differently: " bulgars "(Bulgars)," Kazanls "(Kazan)," Meselman "(Muslims). And now many are demanding the return of the name "Bulgars".

Turki came to the regions of the Middle Volga and Prikamye from the steppes of Central Asia and the North Caucasus, cramped by the tribes that moved from Asia to Europe. Resettlement continued for several centuries. At the end of IX-X century. a prosperous state, the Volga Bulgaria, arose on the Middle Volga. The people living in this state were called Bulgars. Volga Bulgaria lasted two and a half centuries. Here, agriculture and cattle breeding, crafts, and trade with Russia and with the countries of Europe and Asia were developing.

The existence of two types of writing testifies to the high level of culture of the Bulgars in that period - ancient Turkic runic (1) and later Arab that came with Islam in the 10th century Arabic language and writing gradually replaced the signs of ancient Turkic writing from the sphere of public circulation. And this is logical: the entire Muslim East used the Arabic language, with which Bulgaria had close political and economic contacts.

The names of remarkable poets, philosophers, scientists of Bulgaria, whose works are included in the treasury of the peoples of the East, have reached our time. it Khoja Ahmed Bulgari (XI century) - a scientist and theologian, an expert on the moral precepts of Islam; FROM uleiman Ibn Daud Al-Saksini-Suvari (XII century.) - The author of philosophical treatises with very poetic names: "The light of rays - the veracity of secrets", "Flower of the garden, pleasing sick souls." A poet Kul Gali (XII-XIII centuries.) He wrote the "Poem about Yusuf", which is considered a classic Turkic-language artwork of the pre-Mongol period.

In the middle of the XIII century. Volga Bulgaria was conquered by the Tatar-Mongols and became part of the Golden Horde . After the fall of the Horde in XV century . in the Middle Volga region a new state is emerging - Kazan Khanate . The main backbone of its population is formed by the same bulgarswho by then had already experienced the strong influence of their neighbors - the Finno-Ugric peoples (Mordovians, Maris, Udmurts) who lived next to them in the Volga basin, as well as the Mongols, who made up the majority of the ruling class of the Golden Horde.

Where did the name come from Tatars ? There are several versions on this subject. According to most widespread, one of the Central Asian tribes conquered by the Mongols was called " tatan, tatabi. In Russia, this word turned into "Tatars", and they began to name them all: both the Mongols and the Turkic population of the Golden Horde subject to the Mongols, which is far from being single-ethnic in composition. With the collapse of the Horde, the word "Tatars" did not disappear; they continued to collectively call them Turkic-speaking peoples on the southern and eastern borders of Russia. Over time, its meaning narrowed to the name of one people living on the territory of the Kazan Khanate.

The khanate was conquered by Russian troops in 1552 . Since then, the Tatar lands are part of Russia, and the history of the Tatars develops in close collaboration with the peoples inhabiting the Russian state.

Tatars succeeded in various types of economic activity. They were beautiful s farmers (grown rye, barley, millet, peas, lentils) and excellent pastoralists . Of all types of livestock, sheep and horses were particularly preferred.

Tatars were famous as beautiful artisans . Coopers made barrels for fish, caviar, pickles, pickles, beer. Tanners made leather. The Kazan morocco and the Bulgarian yuft (original leathers of local production), shoes and boots very soft to the touch, decorated with applique from pieces of multi-colored leather, were especially appreciated at the fairs. Among the Kazan Tatars there were many enterprising and successful merchants who traded all over Russia.

TATAR NATIONAL KITCHEN

In Tatar cuisine you can distinguish dishes "agricultural" and dishes "cattle". The first include soups with slices of dough, cereals, pancakes, cakes , that is, what can be prepared from grain and flour. To the second - sun-dried horse meat sausage, sour cream, different types of cheese , a special kind of sour milk - katyk . And if you dilute the katyk with water and cool, you get a wonderful thirst-quenching drink - Ayran . well and whites - fried round butter pies with meat or vegetable filling, which is visible through the hole in the dough, are known to all. Festive dishamong the Tatars was considered smoked goose .

Already at the beginning of the X century. the ancestors of the Tatars accepted Islam , and since then their culture has developed within the Islamic world. This was facilitated by the spread of writing based on Arabic graphics and the construction of a large number of mosques - buildings for collective prayers. Schools were created at mosques - mektebe and Madrasah where the children (and not only from noble families) learned to read the holy book of Muslims in Arabic - Koran .

Ten centuries of written tradition were not in vain. Among Kazan Tatars, in comparison with other Turkic peoples of Russia, there are many writers, poets, composers, artists. Often it was the Tatars who were the mullahs and teachers of other Turkic peoples. Tatars have a strongly developed sense of national identity, pride in their history and culture.

{1 } The runic (from the ancient Germanic and Gothic runa - "secret *) letter is called the oldest Germanic letters, which were distinguished by a special marking. Old Turkic letter of the VIII-X centuries was also called.

AT THE GUEST K X A K A S A M

In southern Siberia on the banks of the Yenisei River another Turkic-speaking people lives - Khakass . There are only 79 thousand people. Khakasy - descendants of the Yenisei Kyrgyzliving more than a thousand years ago in the same territory. Chinese neighbors called the Kyrgyz " hagas"; from this word came the name of the people - Khakass. In appearance Khakasses can be attributed to mongoloid raceHowever, a strong Caucasoid admixture is also noticeable in them, which manifests itself in a lighter skin color than sometimes other Mongoloids and sometimes lighter, sometimes almost red hair.

Khakasses live in Minusinsk depression, sandwiched between the Sayan and Abakan ranges. They consider themselves mountain people , although most live in the flat, steppe part of Khakassia. Archaeological sites of this basin - and there are more than 30 thousand - indicate that people lived on the Khakass land 40-30 thousand years ago. From the drawings on the rocks and stones, one can get an idea of \u200b\u200bhow people lived at that time, what they did, who they hunted, what rituals they performed, what gods they worshiped. Of course, it cannot be said that khakass{2 ) are direct descendants of the ancient inhabitants of these places, but some common features of the ancient and modern population of the Minusinsk depression are still there.

Khakasy - pastoralists . They call themselves " three-staged people", as Three types of cattle are bred: horses, cattle (cows and bulls) and sheep . Previously, if a person had more than 100 horses and cows, they said about him that he had "a lot of cattle", and called him a bai. In the XVIII-XIX centuries. Khakasses led a nomadic lifestyle. Cattle grazed year-round. When horses, sheep, cows eat all the grass around the house, the owners collected the property, loaded it on horses and, together with their herd, went to a new place. Finding a good pasture, they set up a yurt there and lived until the cattle again consumed grass. And so on up to four times a year.

Bread they also sowed - and learned this a long time ago. An interesting folk way, which determined the readiness of the land for sowing. The owner plowed a small area and, exposing the lower half of the body, sat down on the arable land to smoke a pipe. If, while he smoked, the bare parts of his body did not freeze, it means that the earth warmed up and you can sow grain. However, other peoples used this method. While working on arable land, they did not wash their face - so as not to wash away happiness. And when the sowing ended, they made an alcoholic drink from the last year’s grain and sprayed the sown land. This interesting Khakass rite was called the uretha of the Khurts, which means "to kill the earthworm." It was performed in order to appease the spirit - the owner of the earth, so that he would "not allow" all kinds of pests to destroy the future crop.

Now the Khakasses are rather willing to eat fish, but in the Middle Ages they treated it with squeamishness and called it "river worm." To prevent it from accidentally falling into drinking water, special channels were diverted from the river.

Until the middle of the XIX century. Khakass lived in yurts . Yurt - comfortable nomadic home. It can be assembled and disassembled in two hours. First, they put sliding wooden grates in a circle, attach a door frame to them, then put a dome out of individual poles, without forgetting about the upper hole: it plays the role of a window and a chimney at the same time. In summer, the yurt was covered with birch bark outside, and in winter - with felt. If you thoroughly melt the hearth, which is placed in the center of the yurt, then it is very warm in any frost.

Like all herders, the Khakasses love meat and dairy products . With the onset of winter cold, cattle were slaughtered for meat - not all, of course, but as much as needed to hold out until the beginning of summer, until the first milk of the cows that had gone to pasture. Horses and sheep were killed according to certain rules, dissecting the carcass with joints with a knife. It was forbidden to break bones - otherwise the owner will transfer cattle and there will be no happiness. On the day of slaughtering the cattle, they arranged a holiday and invited all the neighbors. Adults and children are very loved pressed milk froth mixed with flour, bird cherry or lingonberry .

There were always many children in Khakass families. There is a proverb "The stomach has grown for cattle, the soul is full for the children raised"; If a woman gave birth and raised nine children - and the number nine was of particular importance in the mythology of many peoples of Central Asia - she was allowed to ride a "sanctified" horse. The horse over which the shaman performed a special rite was considered sanctified; after him, according to the Khakass beliefs, the horse was protected from troubles and protected the whole herd. Not every man was even allowed to touch such an animal.

In general, among the Khakasses many interesting customs . For example, a man who managed to catch the sacred flamingo bird on a hunt (this bird is very rare in Khakassia) could catch any girl, and her parents had no right to refuse him. The groom dressed a bird in a red silk shirt, tied a red silk scarf around her neck and carried it as a gift to the bride's parents. Such a gift was considered very valuable, more expensive than any kalym - ransom for the bride, which the groom had to pay her family.

Since the 90s. XX century Khakases - on religion they shamanists - annually celebrate Ada-Khorai national holiday . It is dedicated to the memory of ancestors - all who have ever fought and died for the freedom of Khakassia. In honor of these heroes, they organize public prayers and perform the ritual of sacrifice.

THROAT SINGING OF KHAKAS

Khakasses own throat singing . It's called " high ". The singer does not utter words, but in the low and high sounds flying out of his throat, you can hear the sounds of the orchestra, the rhythmic clatter of the horses' hooves, the hoarse groans of a dying beast. Undoubtedly, this unusual form of art was born in nomadic conditions, and its origins need to look in antiquity. throat singing is familiar only to the Turkic-speaking peoples - Tuvans, Khakasses, Bashkirs, Yakuts - as well as to a small extent the Buryats and Western Mongols, in which there is a strong admixture of Turkic blood. It is unknown to other nations. And this is one of the mysteries of nature and history, not yet uncovered by scientists. Only men have throat singing . You can learn it by training hard from childhood, and since not everyone has the patience, only a few succeed.

{2 ) Before the revolution, the Khakases were called Minusinsk or Abakan Tatars.

ON THE CHULYI RIVER

On the border of Tomsk Oblast and Krasnoyarsk Territory, the smallest Turkic people live in the Chulym river basin - chulymts . They are sometimes called chulym Turks . But they talk about themselves "pestin kizhiler", which means" our people. "At the end of the 19th century, there were about 5 thousand people, now there are just over 700 left. Small nations living near large ones usually merge with the latter, perceive their culture, language and self-identity. neighbors of the Chulymites were Siberian Tatars, Khakasses, and from the 17th century - Russians who began to move here from the central regions of Russia, part of the Chulymites merged with the Siberian Tatars, others merged with the Khakasses, others - with the Russians. Those who still call themselves Chulyms, already almost lost their native language.

Chulymts - anglers and hunters . At the same time, they catch fish mainly in the summer, and hunt mainly in the winter, although, of course, they know both winter ice fishing and summer hunting.

The fish was stored and eaten in any form: raw, boiled, dried with and without salt, crushed with wild roots, fried on a spit, mashed caviar. Sometimes fish was cooked by putting a skewer at an angle to the fire, so that the fat would leak out and dry out a bit, after which it would be dried in an oven or in special closed pits. Frozen fish was mainly for sale.

The hunt was divided into hunting for itself and hunting for sale ". For themselves they beat - and continue to do so now - moose, taiga and lake game, put snares on squirrels. Elk and game are indispensable in Chulyms' food. Sable, fox and wolf were hunted for fur skins: Russian merchants paid well for them. They ate bear meat themselves, and most often sold the skin to buy guns and ammunition, salt and sugar, knives and clothes.

Still chulymites are engaged in such an ancient type of activity as collecting: wild herbs, garlic and onions, wild dill are collected in the taiga, in the floodplain of the river, along the lakes, dried or salted, and added to food in autumn, winter and spring. These are the only vitamins available to them. In autumn, like many other peoples of Siberia, Chulym families go out with whole families to collect pine nuts.

Chulymts were able make nettle matter . Nettles were collected, knitted in sheaves, dried in the sun, then they were kneaded with hands and pounded in a wooden mortar. Children did all this. And the yarn itself from cooked nettles was made by adult women.

On the example of the Tatars, Khakasses and Chulym, you can see how different Turkic peoples of Russia- in appearance, type of economy, spiritual culture. Tatars outwardly most similar on Europeans, khakass and Chulymts - typical Mongoloids with only a slight admixture of Caucasoid features. Tatars - sedentary farmers and pastoralists , khakass - in the recent past nomadic herders , chulymts - fishers, hunters, gatherers . Tatars - muslims , khakass and Chulymts accepted once christianity and now return to the ancient shamanistic cults. So the Turkic world is both one and diverse at the same time.

CLOSE RELATIVES IN BURSTA I K A L M S K

If a Turkic peoples in Russia over twenty then mongolian - only two: Buryats and Kalmyks . Buryats live in southern Siberia on lands adjacent to Lake Baikal and further east . Administratively, this is the territory of the Republic of Buryatia (the capital is Ulan-Ude) and two autonomous Buryat districts: Ust-Orda in the Irkutsk region and Aginsky in the Chita . Buryats also live in Moscow, St. Petersburg and in many other large cities of Russia . Their number is more than 417 thousand people.

Buryats formed as a single people in the middle of the XVII century. of the tribes that lived on the lands around Lake Baikal already more than a thousand years ago. In the second half of the XVII century. these territories became part of Russia.

Kalmyks live in Lower Volga region in the Republic of Kalmykia (the capital is Elista) and neighboring Astrakhan, Rostov, Volgograd regions and the Stavropol Territory . The number of Kalmyks is about 170 thousand people.

The history of the Kalmyk people began in Asia. His ancestors - the West Mongol tribes and nationalities - were called Oirats. In the XIII century. they were united under the rule of Genghis Khan and, together with other peoples, formed a huge Mongol empire. As part of the army of Genghis Khan, they participated in his aggressive campaigns, including in Russia.

After the collapse of the empire (the end of the XIV-beginning of the XV century), unrest and war broke out on its former territory. Part oirat Taishas (princes) were subsequently asked for citizenship from the Russian Tsar, and during the first half of the 17th century. in several groups they moved to Russia, in the steppes of the Lower Volga. The word Kalmyk came from the word " halmg", which means" remnant. "So called themselves those who, not accepting Islam, came from Dzungaria{3 ) to Russia, unlike those who continued to call themselves Oirats. And already from the XVIII century. the word "Kalmyk" has become the self-name of the people.

Since then, the history of Kalmyks has been closely connected with the history of Russia. Their nomads protected its southern borders from the sudden attacks of the Turkish Sultan and the Crimean Khan. Kalmyk cavalry was famous for its speed, ease, excellent combat qualities. She participated in almost all the wars waged by the Russian Empire: Russian-Turkish, Russian-Swedish, the Persian campaign of 1722-1723, the Patriotic War of 1812.

The fate of the Kalmyks in Russia was not easy. Two events were especially tragic. The first is the departure of some of the princes dissatisfied with Russian politics, together with their subjects, back to Western Mongolia in 1771. The second is the deportation of the Kalmyk people to Siberia and Central Asia in 1944-1957. on charges of aiding the Germans during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Both events left a heavy mark in the memory and soul of the people.

Kalmyks and Buryats have much in common in culture , and not only because they speak close and understandable to each other languages \u200b\u200bthat are members of the Mongolian language group. The matter is also different: both peoples until the beginning of the 20th century. were engaged nomadic cattle breeding ; were shamanists in the past , and later, although at different times (Kalmyks in the 15th century, and Buryats at the beginning of the 17th century), embraced Buddhism . In their culture are combined shamanistic and Buddhist traits, the rituals of one and the other religion coexist . This is not unusual. There are many peoples on earth who, officially considered Christians, Muslims, Buddhists, nevertheless continue to follow the pagan tradition.

Buryats and Kalmyks are also among such peoples. And although they have a lot Buddhist temples (until the 1920s, the Buryats had 48, the Kalmyks 104; now the Buryats 28 churches, the Kalmyks 14), but they celebrate traditional pre-Buddhist holidays with special solemnity. U drill this is Sagaalgan (White month) - New Year's Day, which begins on the first spring new moon. Now it is considered Buddhist, in his honor they hold services in Buddhist temples, but, in fact, it was and remains a public holiday.

Each year, Sagaalgan is celebrated on different days, since the date is calculated according to the lunar calendar, and not according to the solar. This calendar is called a 12-year animal cycle, because every year it bears the name of an animal (the year of the Tiger, the year of the Dragon, the year of the Hare, etc.) and repeats the "nominal" year after 12 years. In 1998, for example, the year of the tiger came on February 27th.

When Sagaalgan arrives, it is supposed to eat a lot of white, i.e. milk, food - cottage cheese, butter, cheese, foam, drink milk vodka and koumiss. That is why the holiday is called the "White Month". Everything white in the culture of the Mongolian-speaking peoples was considered sacred and had a direct relation to holidays and solemn ceremonies: white felt, on which the newly elected khan was raised, a bowl with fresh, freshly milked milk, which was presented to the guest of honor. The winner of the horse racing was sprayed with milk.

And here Kalmyks celebrate New Year on December 25 and call it "Dzul" and the White month (in Kalmyk it is called "Tsagan Sar") is considered to be a holiday of the onset of spring and was not connected with the New Year in any way.

In the midst of summer buryats celebrate Surkharban . On this day, the best athletes compete in accuracy, shooting arrows at felt balls - targets ("sur" - "felt ball", "harbakh" - "shoot"; hence the name of the holiday); horse races and national wrestling are organized. An important moment of the holiday is the sacrifice to the spirits of the earth, water and mountains. If spirits are appeased, the Buryats believed, they would send good weather, abundant herbs to pastures, which means that the cattle will be fat and well-fed, people well-fed and happy with life.

Kalmyks in summer have two holidays that are close in significance: Usn Arshan (consecration of water) and Usn Tyaklgn (sacrifice to water). In the dry Kalmyk steppe, much depended on water, therefore, it was necessary to make a sacrifice to the water spirit in a timely manner in order to achieve its goodwill. At the end of autumn, each family performed a ceremony of sacrifice to the fire - Gal Tyaklgn . The cold winter was approaching, and it was very important that the "owner" of the hearth and fire was kind to the family and provide warmth in the house, yurt, and wagon. A sheep was sacrificed, his meat was burned in the fire of the hearth.

Buryats and Kalmyks are extremely respectful and even tender of a horse. This is one of the characteristic features of nomadic societies. Any poor man had several horses, the rich owned large herds, but, as a rule, each owner knew his horses "by sight", could distinguish them from strangers, and he gave nicknames to his beloved ones. Heroes of all heroic legends (epic buryat - "Geser ", kalmyks - "Jangar ") they had a beloved horse, who was called by name. He was not just a riding animal, but a friend and comrade in trouble, in joy, on a military campaign. A horse-friend saved the owner in difficult times in tales, carried him away, seriously wounded, with on the battlefield, he obtained “living water” in order to bring him back to life. A horse and a nomad were attached to each other since childhood. If at the same time a boy was born in a family and a foal was in the herd, his parents gave him to his son at full disposal. They grew up together, boy he fed, watered and walked his friend. The foal learned to be a horse and the boy a rider. This is how the future winners of races, dashing riders grew. Small, hardy, with long manes, Central Asian horses grazed in the steppes all the year round. They were not afraid neither colds, nor wolves, fighting off predators with strong and precise blows from their hooves.The beautiful war cavalry more than once put the enemy on the run and caused amazement and respect both in Asia and in Europe.

"TROIKA" IN KALMYK

Kalmyk folklore surprisingly rich in genres - and here tales, and legends, and the heroic epos "Dzhangar", and proverbs, and sayings, and riddles . There is also a peculiar genre that is difficult to define. It combines a riddle, a proverb and a proverb and is called a "three-poem" or simply "troika" (no-Kalmyks - "Gurvn"). The people believed that there were 99 such "triples"; in fact, there are probably many more. Young people loved to hold competitions - who knows them more and better. Here are some of them.

Three of what is fast?
What is fast in the world? The legs of a horse.
Arrow, since she is cleverly pulled.
And thought is quick when it is smart.

Three of what is full?
In the month of May, the steppes are fed up.
A child is fed that his mother is fed by her.
Fed the old man who brought up worthy children.

Three of those who are rich?
The old man, since many daughters and sons, is rich.
Reduce the master among the masters is rich.
The poor man, at least in that there is no debt, is rich.

In the three verses, improvisation plays an important role. The participant of the competition can come up with his own “troika”. The main thing is that the laws of the genre are observed in it: first the question must go, and then the answer consists of three parts. Well and, of course, meaning is needed, worldly logic and folk wisdom.

{3 ) Dzungaria is a historical region in the territory of modern North-West China.

TRADITIONAL SUIT B A SHK I R

Bashkirs , for a long time maintaining a semi-nomadic way of life, widely used leather, hides and wool for making clothes. Underwear was sewn from Central Asian or Russian factory fabrics. Those who early switched to a sedentary lifestyle made clothes from nettle, hemp, and linen canvas.

Traditional men's costume consisted of shirts with a turn-down collar and wide pants . Put on a short shirt over sleeveless jacketwhile going outside a caftan with a standing collar or a long, almost straight robe made of dark fabric . Know and Mullahs went to robes of variegated Central Asian silk . In cold time, the Bashkirs put on spacious cloth robes, sheepskin coats or short fur coats .

Skullcaps were men’s daily hats , in the elderly - from dark velvet, in young - bright, embroidered with colored threads. Over the skullcaps put on in the cold felt hats or cloth-covered fur hats . During the storms in the steppes, warm fur malachi rescued who covered the back of the head and ears.

Most common shoes were boots : the bottom was made of leather, and the bootleg of canvas or cloth. On holidays they were changed to leather boots . Met at the Bashkirs and bast bast shoes .

Woman suit included dress, harem pants and tank top . Dresses were detachable, with a wide skirt, decorated with ribbons and gown. Over the dress was supposed to wear fitted short sleeveless jackets lined with gown, coins and badges . Apron , which initially served as work clothes, later became part of the festive costume.

The variety of hats was different. Women of all ages covered their head with a scarf and tied it under the chin . Some young Bashkir women under shawls wore small velvet caps embroidered with beads, pearls, corals , and the elderly- quilted cotton hats. Sometimes married Bashkir women put on over a scarf tall fur hats .

PEOPLE OF SUNNEY RAYS (I K AT T S)

The people who are called Yakuts in Russia call themselves Sakha" , and in myths and legends it is very poetic - "people of the sun's rays with reins behind their backs." Their number is more than 380 thousand people. They live in the north Siberia, in the Lena and Vilyui river basins, in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Yakuts , the most northern pastoralists of Russia, cattle and small cattle and horses are bred. Koumiss from mare’s milk and smoked horse meat - favorite foods in summer and winter, on weekdays and holidays. In addition, the Yakuts are excellent anglers and hunters . Fish are caught mainly by nets that are now bought in a store, and in the old days they were woven from horsehair. They hunt large animals in the taiga and game in the tundra. Among the methods of prey there is known only to the Yakuts - hunting with a bull. The hunter sneaks up to the prey, hiding behind the bull, and shoots the beast.

Before meeting the Russians, the Yakuts almost did not know farming, did not sow bread, did not grow vegetables, but they were engaged gathering in the taiga : harvested wild onions, edible herbs and the so-called pine sapwood - a layer of wood located directly under the bark. It was dried, crushed, turning into flour. In winter, she was the main source of vitamins that saved from scurvy. Pine flour was diluted in water, made a talker, in which fish or milk was added, and if they were not there, they ate it just like that. This dish has remained in the distant past, now its description can be found only in books.

The Yakuts live in a country of taiga paths and full-flowing rivers, and therefore they always had horse, deer and bull or sledges (the same animals harnessed to them), boats made of birch bark or hollowed out of a tree trunk. And even now, in the age of airlines, railways, developed river and sea shipping, in the remote areas of the republic they travel the same way as in the old days.

The folk art of this people is amazingly rich. . Glorified the Yakuts far beyond their land the heroic epic - olonkho - about the exploits of ancient heroes, wonderful female jewelry and carved wooden goblets for koumiss - chorons , each of which has its own unique ornament.

The main holiday of the Yakuts - Ysyakh . It is celebrated in June, during the summer solstice. This is a New Year's holiday, a holiday of the Renaissance of nature and the Birth of man - not of any particular one, but of man in general. On this day, sacrifices are made to the gods and spirits, expecting protection from them in all future affairs.

RULES OF THE ROAD TRAFFIC (YAKUT OPTION)

Are you on your way? Be careful! Even if the path ahead is not very long and difficult, the road rules must be observed. And they have their own people.

In Yakuts, the set of rules for "leaving home" was quite long , and everyone tried to observe it, who wanted his trip to be successful and he safely returned. Before leaving, they sat down on a place of honor in the house, turning to face the fire, and tossed firewood into the stove - fed the fire. It was not supposed to tie shoelaces on a hat, mittens, clothes. On the day of departure, the household did not rake the ashes in the furnace. According to the beliefs of the Yakuts, ashes are a symbol of wealth and happiness. There is a lot of ashes in the house - that means the family is rich, few - poor. If you dig out the ashes on the day of departure, then the outgoing person will not be lucky in business, he will return with nothing. A girl getting married should not look back when she leaves her parents house, otherwise her happiness will remain in their house.

To keep everything in order, the "owner" of the road was offered sacrifices at intersections, mountain passes, watersheds: hung bundles of horse hair, shreds of cloth torn from a dress, left copper coins, buttons.

On the way, it was forbidden to call objects taken with them by their real names - they were supposed to resort to allegories. Should not talk about the upcoming actions along the way. Travelers who stopped on the riverbank never say that they will cross the river tomorrow - for this there is a special expression translated from Yakutian like this: "Tomorrow we will try to ask our grandmother to ask there."

According to the legends of the Yakuts, objects thrown or found on the road acquired a special magical power - good or evil. If a leather rope or knife was found on the road, they were not taken, as they were considered “dangerous”, but a horsehair rope, on the contrary, was a “happy” find, and it was taken with you.