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Chapter II. Socio-culturaloperation and management
Issues related to social systems, social activities, social relations and, in general, with the social life of a person and society, are deeply and comprehensively presented in the scientific and educational literature. For example, social activity reflects the types and nature of the functioning of a person and social groups in society; it is not a direct productive activity, but is a process of socially transforming actions of people, improving social relations.
Let's take another example - socialization. At first glance, this concept lacks cultural meanings, it is also a social process, but its essence lies in the assimilation and further development of social and cultural experience by a person, which is embodied in work skills, knowledge, norms, values, traditions passed down from generation to generation. ...
On the one hand, socialization is the process of including a person in the system of social relations, which is the subject of the social sphere, on the other hand, the inclusion of a person in the system of social relations presupposes the formation of norms and values \u200b\u200bin him that determine his cultural status, the level of his social consciousness, social activity, the need for creativity and the development of their abilities.
Consequently, the category "socialization" is determined by the dichotomy "social - cultural", in other words, the inclusion of a person in the system of social (social) relations and is not only a social, but a socio-cultural process that takes place in the family, school, special educational institutions, labor collectives, public organizations, cultural institutions, leisure facilities, with friends, acquaintances, etc.
The interaction of these sociocultural institutions forms a socio-cultural reality in which cultural processes take place with the direct participation of cultural institutions, public cultural organizations, artistic and creative collectives and groups, informal associations, which allows us to conclude that there are various forms and types of cultural processes in cultural life. They proceed due to the internal potencies of the society itself and with the help of an extensive network of catalysts, in the form of various sociocultural subjects.
The totality of these facts indicates the presence of a ramified network of components that affect the personality in terms of its cultural development and socialization in society and the presence of a certain sociocultural system in the social shell of society.
§ 1. Conditions for the formation of domestic management
If today we pay attention to preferences, tastes, models of behavior, cultural values, then it is easy to see that social consciousness is decomposed according to the principle of the dichotomy (division in two) "public - private".
Polish sociologists reveal this problem quite convincingly in relation to their country, but, with the exception of some national differences, this is applicable to Russian reality.
The Polish sociologist Miroslava Maradi (Sociology Studio) has compiled a list of opposing motivations in people's behavior, which we present below with some cuts and additions.
1. People have different attitudes towards work. The negligence, lack of diligence, and laxity typical of working in state-owned enterprises are in stark contrast to the discipline, accuracy and full dedication of those who work in the private sector, working for themselves.
2 Helplessness, the inability to make decisions, the desire to relieve oneself of responsibility, the desire for selfish gain, dominating in public institutions, enterprises, administrative offices, etc., give way to self-confidence, initiative, desire for innovation, willingness to take risks.
3. Disregard for state or public property contrasts sharply with the care and protection of private property. In the courtyards and on staircases, dirt, disorder and vandalism reign, and inside the apartments there is comfort, cleanliness, and a carefully thought-out interior. One has only to look at the facade of the building and the surrounding area to distinguish a state enterprise from a private workshop, a state store from a private one.
4. Passivity, conformism, subordination and mediocrity in state and public roles clearly do not coincide with the desire for success, self-realization, personal achievements in private life. The first leads to fatalism, a sense of hopelessness in public affairs, and the formation of a wait-and-see attitude.
5. People do not trust the mass media, and at the same time, they are naively ready to believe gossip, rumors, and all kinds of prophecies that reach them through unofficial channels.
6. Official authorities, both in the highest echelons of power and at the local level, are most often denied. Their actions are regarded as collusion, lies and cynicism, or, at best, as stupidity and incompetence. As for private connections and relationships, they are clearly idealized.
Examples from the vast sociological literature indicate that the delimitation in social consciousness is reflected in the real behavior of people. In our society, there is a significant difference between what people say and what they actually do.
The gap between word and deed, declarative statements and real behavior is characteristic not only of ordinary people, but also of leaders. Both of them often use double vocabulary, in public practice and in private conversations.
Some people, including leaders, are even capable of refusing and making fun of their public statements. The opposition of public and private life gives rise to the desire to deceive the state, look for loopholes from raising prices, taxes, and open a business with the expectation of quick profits, but not long-term investments. Using the popular expression "grabbed - and run", many try to achieve their personal goals "in spite of", not "thanks" to the system. And those who manage to outwit the system are respected in their midst and, moreover, they are envied.
The reason for this behavior is the conviction that this is a kind of revenge on the authorities who are deceiving their citizens, and a kind of compensation for the losses incurred by the state before. Another behavioral model is characterized in the refusal of people and especially figures to make responsible decisions, limiting them in ways that cannot be taken into account (by phone, without a protocol, orally).
Suffice it to recall the anonymity of the orders for the violent suppression of the democratic actions of the people in Tbilisi, the military assault on the TV center in Vilnius. For many decades, the evolving philosophy of equality, fair distribution according to the principle "from each according to his ability - to each according to his needs" in the new conditions gave rise to a stable rejection of any unusual achievement by another person, too much success, profit, prosperity. This rejection of someone else’s success generates opposition, even if someone’s success does not diminish their own chances.
The above specific features of domestic reality are largely due to the nature and mentality of a Russian person, the motivation of his activities creates significant difficulties in the country's entry into market relations.
Nevertheless, the transition of Russian society from a planned economy to a market economy reveals significant changes in perceptions, social and economic orientations, as well as forms of behavior of various groups and strata of the population. privately owned
Formation of private ownership consciousness We can say that the implementation of economic reforms in Russia would be impossible
If it were not for new types of people, new economic behavior and activities appeared in different segments of the population.
As a counterbalance, groups of opponents of reforms took shape, focused on past experience and style of activity. In the gap between these polar groups was the bulk of the population, which ultimately decided the fate of the reforms in favor of market relations.
In these conditions, the most urgent task was to include the bulk of the population in real transformations in the economy, management, raising social status, determining the prospects for growth and promotion, adaptation, and raising the educational and cultural level.
The difficulties of entering the country into the market are certainly significant. By their own admission, the authors and proponents of economic reforms, which began with "shock therapy," the population is still unable to fully accept and put into practice liberal ideas, to take advantage of the economic freedom that market relations open.
Different points of view are expressed regarding the "slipping" of economic reforms: insufficient culture and cleanliness in their affairs of businessmen and entrepreneurs; a large number of criminal communities; outdated management methods. But the main thing is the inability of the bulk of the population, who does not know how to take advantage of the provided advantages of the free market.
Here it is necessary to dwell in detail on this main issue. Underestimation of the peculiarities of the social and professional composition of the population, its life and labor preferences, value orientations in the course of a rapid (revolutionary) economic and social turn to market relations led to the fact that market relations in a certain way came into conflict with national tradition, culture and social relations.
Illusions about the possibility of a quick mechanical transfer of Western experience to Russian soil are caused by the absolutization of the Western concept of the development of economic relations, proposed at the dawn of capitalism by Adam Smith, according to which a person was viewed as easily manageable, selfish, striving only for wealth and profit, whose interests and goals can be easily manipulated ...
This type of personality or "economic person" aimed only at money, profit, greed, could not and cannot quickly fit into the system of social, economic, human relations of the bulk of Russian society.
The past decade of reforms has shown that in its pure form, the Western type of motivation for activities in Russia runs into a contradiction in the Russian mentality. Most likely, in the sphere of labor and social relations on Russian soil, market structures are developing, manifesting entrepreneurial charity, social support, and social partnership.
This type of labor, socio-economic relations in society is called paternalism (paternity). This direction of development of the market system in Russia is vigorously declared by power structures of all levels, but statements about the intentions of "big" and "small" leaders are often not realized, although the illusion of concern for the bulk of the population, which has not yet been able to fit into the new real conditions of life and labor relations give rise to hopes and expectations.
Thus, the tightening and pragmatization of relations and management in the economy, social sphere, the criminalization of economic activity in energy-intensive and service-intensive spheres, and the mercantilization (over-calculation, self-interest, huckstering) in life relations, by and large, did not touch upon the deep foundations of the Russian mentality, which in economic relations slowly deviates from community psychology, and does not "lose his head" from the American or Western European pragmatic, individualistic liberal approach.
Formation of market relations
At the same time, precedents of adventurous or "chi kag" capitalism have developed in Russia, freeing the subject of activity from the need for creative, rational management and moral and ethical responsibility for the nature and consequences of their activities.
These two trends in the development of the Russian market seem to be extremely polarized. On the one hand, society has matured a readiness to get out of uncertainty, from the protracted restructuring of the socio-economic and political system, at the beginning of which inflation is artificially suppressed, empty shops, motivation for productive activity is practically destroyed, on the other hand, the recovery after the shock reformation gradually adapted some of the population to market conditions, another, smaller part led to significant benefits, but the majority of the population at the same time lost their social status and life guidelines. Without imposing any specific recipes on the reader, common sense and the logic of the development of the world economic system and the peculiar conditions for the development of market relations in Russia indicate a special way to overcome the economic lag behind the West, not by breaking the historically established stereotype of personality, but on the basis of the originality of its type of motivation action, common sense and respect for their own people, leaders of the management of reforms. There are many examples in the world when the preservation of national traditions in the country does not interfere with making a breakthrough into a post-industrial society (Japan, South Korea, China).
Research conducted in Russia in recent years by various social institutions, which we use to assess attitudes towards economic reform, to different forms of ownership, assess the economic situation of enterprises, business entities, their adaptation to market relations, make it possible to trace the dynamics of the economic state and, especially , motivations of activity, behavior, faced by a modern Russian manager or specialist in management.
Attitude towards reforms: trends in social
differentiation
population
Changes in the social, economic and political life of the country could not but affect attitudes towards reform, consciousness and behavior, assessments of the prospects for their own lives and the activities of different segments of the population. Adherence to the very idea of \u200b\u200bthe need to reform the economy has been preserved and even intensified in almost all categories of society. At the end of the 90s, 66.4% (15.4% more than at the beginning of the reforms) of people believe that market reforms are necessary.
At the same time, the number of opponents of reforms increased to 26.5% (by 9.5%), but mainly at the expense of those who in the initial period did not have their own opinion or evaded assessments (33.8%). By the end of the 1990s, only 6.2% could not clearly express their attitude to reforms.
It is important to note that the largest number of adherents of reforms live in medium and large cities (75.5%), but the most significant changes have occurred among rural residents. At the beginning of the reforms, 43.4% of the villagers did not have their opinion on this issue, but later the majority of those who were undecided went to the camp of reform supporters, which increased in the countryside to 63.1%, while opponents made up a minority - 28.6%.
The most active supporters of the reforms are the able-bodied villagers employed in agricultural production, ordinary workers, but the leaders were very skeptical about and refer to economic reforms.
There is a high adherence to reforms among young people, among those with incomplete and higher education, among management workers it is close to 90%, among the industrial intelligentsia - more than 80%. Naturally, 100% of entrepreneurs and businessmen, the very birth of which only became possible thanks to the reform, are its supporters.
So, the positive attitude of the population of the country to the transformations in the economy and social sphere not only persists, but also increases. It is associated with the new opportunities to meet individual needs, changes in financial situation, social status.
Free international business contacts, trade liberalization, investment investments, permitted circulation of financial, including foreign exchange flows, helped some part of the population not only to maintain, but also to improve their standard of living.
Another part of the population (large) adapts to market reforms due to the extinction of the initial euphoria, illusions of a relatively rapid and massive growth of well-being (we will immediately become like in the developed countries of the West), which were associated with the market.
Another category of the population felt positive changes in connection with the increase in jobs in the market sector of the economy, trade and services, an increase in the status and cost of their labor, feeling the difference in income in the public and private sectors. The level of assessments of market transformations is especially high among managerial workers in various spheres of management.
At the same time, the market economy has not yet been able to adequately protect the most vulnerable and economically weak groups of the population, which include pensioners, disabled people, large families, etc. Significant social losses for this category of the population are associated with low pensions (below the subsistence level), not guaranteed social benefits, and the lack of an effective state system of caring for the poor.
Formation of a domestic entrepreneur
In general, it can be stated that the values \u200b\u200bof market transformations, even in a difficult transition period for the population, have an attractive force and receive the support of the most advanced social groups with a favorable attitude of the majority of the population.
The reality is that the manager of social and cultural activities should see the constant and intense interaction of objective and subjective social, economic and personal factors that are filled with life orientations, goals and values \u200b\u200bof a person, his expectations, hopes, an assessment of himself and his position in the social world, motivating activities.
Without going into detailing the socio-economic, motivational and behavioral changes in society that took place during the years of perestroika, let us single out at the "exit", however, intermediate (the market has not yet fully formed), but already significant results:
A new state was formed with its own organs of social structure, with a new elite that did not have the levers of the past command control;
The economy was liberalized, prices were released;
Privatization and denationalization of property were carried out, as a result of which there was a sharp property stratification of society;
A new subject of economic relations has appeared - an entrepreneur, with an innovative form of behavior and thinking, focused on deepening reforms.
The role and importance of the subject of activity in the context of radical changes in society, gradually moving out of the characteristics of unregulated development processes into the area of \u200b\u200bpredictable liberal-market and state-regulated activities, increases excessively.
In the conditions of market relations, the most energetic and business subjects of activity, thanks to persistent and purposeful activity, risking their own primary financial investments, created individual or corporate private structures, the organizational form of activity and management of which at the initial stage was reduced to a complete combination of the functions of the owner and the employee in one person ...
The development and consolidation of entrepreneurial structures soon required a functional differentiation of roles: owner-manager (owner-manager) and performer (employee).
The transition from a planned to a liberal economy in many respects complicated the objects of the production, service and socio-cultural spheres of the public and private sectors, which also led to the complication of the functions that ensure activity and management in these areas.
Now the state and its structures, the oligarchs who own controlling stakes in the largest sectors of the economy, actually act as owners. Both of them hire managers, entrusting them with managing the activities of their respective sectors of the economy and spheres of activity.
Consequently, the subject of activity, having risen to the level of a manager in the public or private sector of the country's economy, regardless of the hierarchical status held in a market economy, becomes an increasingly influential figure, on which not only the quality of management, but also the efficiency of a particular structure largely depends. , her future.
Self-test questions
1. What are the reasons for the slow adaptation of some people to a market economy?
2. Describe the positive changes in attitudes towards entrepreneurship in Russia.
3. What are the prerequisites that determine the formation of an entrepreneur as a new subject of economic relations?
§ 2. The nature of sociocultural management
In this paragraph, we will talk about the characteristic features of sociocultural management, but first we will dwell on some issues that characterize the active personality (the personality of the manager). First of all, we will consider these issues on the basis of foreign experience in management development, which in the process of a long history has developed stable, traditional management models and continues to seek new approaches, solutions and methods that are adequate to the changing socio-economic conditions of life.
Today, few people doubt that rational, efficient production, accompanied by the desire for profit and based on private property and individual entrepreneurial efforts, is the central principle of the modern economic system.
First of all, let us answer one important semantic question: is management different from management? Most specialists and scientists agree that management is a kind of management, but differs from it in that it is more applied and specific. Its utilitarian orientation is manifested in the processes that ensure integration and the most efficient use of material and human resources in order to achieve goals.
Formation of management
Management is one of the most important spheres of ensuring the life of an organization, but it largely depends on the qualifications, professionalism, and psychological qualities of managers. This causes a reasonable high attention of specialists to the analysis of the place and role of managers in the process of ensuring the effectiveness of the organization.
The role of the manager in the activities of the organization should be considered as a direct, personalized expression of the management process, as its most important structural part.
The study of the theory and practice of socio-cultural management, those forms, methods and systems of management that are rapidly developing in Russian reality, will not be effective if you do not turn to the history and mechanisms of their formation.
Without detailing the historical facts and events of the formation and development of management as such, we note two fundamentally important provisions:
1) in each specific type of activity, be it industrial production, trade, household service-social, socio-cultural spheres, culture, etc., management has its own characteristic features and specific features;
2) the nature and type of management are associated with the mentality of people of different eras, with systems of religious beliefs, with forms of government and types of legislation, types of industrial relations.
The first written documents revealing the forms of labor organization go back into deep history. The organization of labor in medieval Christian monasteries, in the workshops of a medieval European artisan, labor and everyday life in the household of Ancient Greece is described in the "Domostroy" of Ksenofont, "Domostroy" of medieval Russia, the political organization of society and the system of management of it - in "Laws" and " State of "Plato, in the work" On the City of God "by Aurelius Augustine, in the work" Sovereign "by Nicolo Machiavelli.
In modern educational and scientific literature, in particular, "Social Management". M., MGSI, 1998; Elfinesh H.E. "Social regulation of cultural processes (historical tradition and modernity)": Author's abstract. dis. on sois. uch. step, cand. cultural studies. M., 2001, etc., the management development process is often grouped into certain stages, which are called "revolutions in management"There are five such" revolutions ". The periodization of" revolutions in management "sets a certain formal scheme that is convenient to use for a brief analysis of the genesis of management as a whole.
However, the fixation of a certain historical and economic fact, although the first of its kind (even the oldest one known to us), but purely local in its influence (even within the framework of an entire state), such as the descriptions in the above-mentioned works, can hardly be called revolutions ...
It is another matter when a certain phenomenon is recorded in society that becomes a turning point for all mankind or a region of the Earth, such as the emergence of Christianity in the history of religion, the emergence of capitalism, social, political and economic transformations, the revolutionary nature of which is confirmed by radical transformations.
Thus, the ascent of management from its first manifestations in the Ancient World to the modern level can be considered in the form of certain stages, the evolutionary accumulation of management signs, consistent with the nature of socio-political and industrial relations.
First stage how the beginning of the emergence of management can be associated with the civilization of Ancient Egypt and, to a greater extent, with the clergy (early III millennium BC). In many cultures of the Ancient World, individual human sacrifices are known associated with special requests to the gods - when laying temples, palaces and fortresses, in cases of natural disasters, etc.
As a gift in primitive society and in the Ancient world, people who were ritually killed could be used, and later material values \u200b\u200bcould be used, which were irretrievably destroyed in fire, water, broke, and buried in the ground. This procedure of presenting gifts to the gods could not bring any wealth to temples and priests.
Not being some kind of "economic entities" the priests, nevertheless, performed a number of functions of leaders, which were determined by the status of intermediaries between people and gods. By interpreting the causes of various kinds of misfortunes to people as divine punishment, and unusual natural phenomena as signs and messages of the gods, the priests had the opportunity to manipulate public consciousness, directing people's activities in the direction they needed, to regulate the norms of social life and rules of behavior.
This activity was characterized to a greater extent as "socio-political" management than as "economic". But the priests were not the only leaders, since along with the religious there was also secular power, in the person of emperors, kings, leaders, who often performed religious functions, posing as the governors of the gods. And under secular rulers, the priests served in the role of advisers, teachers, but not as economic leaders.
The beginning of the active economic activity of the priests is associated with the strengthening of temples and their transformation into large economic entities. The transformation in the Middle Ages of Christian monasteries and temples into owners of huge land plots and farms brought the priests to the rank of economic leaders, who began to direct the activities of other priests (lower in rank), the work of slaves, supervise the peasants who worked on the temple lands, artisans of the temple workshops.
Temples played a huge role in the economic management of states; in their economic activities, firm measures of weight, distance, volume, interest rates on loans and interest-free loans were established. We can say that the economic activity of the temples became the progenitor of the first functionaries-managers, in essence, the ancestors of today's managers.
The second stage of the accumulation of management features is associated with the emergence of secular management options and the emergence of the first formal systems of organization and regulation of relations between people. This is due, for example, to the publication of the "Code of King Hammurabi" (beginning of the second millennium BC), the laws of the "12 tables" in ancient Rome (III century BC), the laws of Solon in Athens and the laws of Lycurgus in Sparta (1st century BC), etc.
And if the "Code of King Hammurabi", which consisted of 285 laws, basically still indicated the duties of people to gods and temples and divided society into "noble people", "free commoners" and "slaves", consolidated social inequality between people, then in later periods, "written laws became formally binding for everyone, but for other ethnic groups in the same countries," unwritten laws "were also valid.
Thus, in the majority of ancient and medieval civilizations, at certain stages of development, sets of "written laws" appear, which served as the main formally recognized form of organization and regulation of relations in society.
The third stage of managerial innovations dates back to the 6th-5th millennia BC. and is associated with the activities of the king of New Babylon Nebuchadnezzar II, who introduces production control systems in textile factories and granaries by labeling products.
Around this time frame, a system of territorial management and the administrative organization of the Roman Catholic Church was being introduced in Ancient Rome and Egypt, with the allocation of administrative and economic districts, military administrative districts headed by satraps (governors) and military leaders.
With the emergence of capitalism, the beginning of industrial revolutions, the emergence of hired managers as a special layer of managers who are not owners, the fourth stage of the formation of management in the 17th-17th centuries is associated. They collected taxes, built temples and palaces, monitored the condition of roads, irrigation facilities, supervised the work of peasants on tsarist and state lands, workshops, but now this type of workers is beginning to form into an independent caste of managers, irreplaceable in large private and state farms. primarily agricultural.
This was also typical for Russia, when the owners of large estates, factories and factories did not always engage in economic activities themselves and, living in large cultural centers of the country, hired managers to conduct all economic and production affairs.
The fifth stage, which can be called a "revolution", is characterized by the rapid development of equity, industrial, banking and corporate capital. An administrative employee appears in the sphere of management, who monitors the activities of people in production in the interests of private and state property. The owner, due to the scale of production, is no longer able to perform managerial functions and is forced to transfer them to hired managers.
Thus, the origins of management originate in religious and cult relations and economic, organized forms of human activity.
Social, economic-production, commodity-money relations constitute the natural basis of management, which in the process of civilization development gradually acquires the features of social, economic, administrative, economic, socio-cultural and other types of management.
The most clear and scientifically grounded ideas about management as a profession based on the achievements of interdisciplinary sciences and practice were formulated at the beginning of the 20th century in the concepts of "scientific management" by F. Taylor, "ideal bureaucracy" by M. Weber, "science of administration" by A. Fayol, who proposed a model of rigid rationalism in management. However, rationalism in management, for all its achievements, turned out to be far from the only, and in many cases not the best method of management.
Already in the 30s of the same century, the limited rationalism of management in science and practice gives way to another direction - behavioral, which includes psychological, social, cultural factors as new management mechanisms, which is called "human relations", "human factor".
Deepening and expanding the personified role functions of management makes it possible to increase the efficiency of management both in individual organizations and in more complex social systems. In connection with this, a special term has appeared in foreign management "management by bestsellers", that is, "management by objectives"or" deviation control ".
Specificity of sociocultural management
As you know, socio-cultural activity belongs to the non-production sphere, that is, it does not produce material products that form the national economic potential of the country, but it produces a special type of product that has a consumer property.
The non-production sphere, according to the state classifier "Branches of the National Economy" introduced in 1992, includes activities in the field of: culture and art, education, health care, physical culture and social security, science and scientific support, public associations, housing and communal services , non-production types of consumer services, management, finance, credit, insurance, retirement benefits.
It is easy to see that social and cultural activities that are part of the non-production sphere are only part of it, since such areas of activity as, for example, housing and communal services, consumer services, finance and credit, are difficult to correlate with social and cultural activities.
Intangible production in socio-cultural activities can most likely be represented as "spiritual production" or the production of cultural, spiritual and social values \u200b\u200band products.
But these values \u200b\u200band products are not only intangible, some of them refer to material values \u200b\u200band products, just as culture itself bears spiritual intangible principles (knowledge, intellect, morality, aesthetics, worldview, ways and forms of communication between people, etc.) etc.) and material (historical and cultural monuments, paintings, sculpture, masterpieces of writing, museum values, etc.).
At the heart of material and spiritual cultures, which are in organic unity, lies, of course, the development of material production. However, the material values \u200b\u200bof culture do not directly relate to the economic category of material products that form, as noted, the country's economy, but represent the highest value - the cultural and national heritage of society.
Spiritual and material products of culture have characteristic value-emotional qualities, thanks to which the cultural and spiritual needs of people are formed and satisfied.
Economic and political transformations in the country, the emergence of private property and market relations pushed enterprises and organizations to commercial activity.
Commercialization has also affected the social and cultural sphere. In 1995, the State Duma of the Russian Federation adopted the Law "On Non-Commercial Organizations". Non-profit organizations include: government organizations, municipal institutions, public and religious organizations, consumer societies, foundations, etc.
At the same time, the status of non-profit socio-cultural organizations in the market economy is confirmed on the condition of their activities for the purposes of: social, cultural, charitable, educational, scientific, satisfaction of spiritual needs, the development of physical culture and sports, health protection, management, etc. Naturally, all subjects included in the sociocultural system received the status of a non-profit organization.
At the same time, non-profit organizations, including those of the sociocultural sphere, are allowed to engage in entrepreneurial activity, but only within the framework of the purposes for which they were created. In addition, the income received by these organizations from paid types of activities has a strictly regulated nature of use. In this case, one should not confuse such economic categories as income and profit.
Incomeis a source of funds for increasing the efficiency of the institution's activities and is fully aimed at ensuring the development of activities predetermined by the goals of a non-profit organization and cannot be classified as profit and distributed among employees of the institution.
For example, the income of a higher educational institution received from paid education of students is directed exclusively to the development of the educational and material base, the provision of educational, methodological and scientific literature, the attraction of highly qualified teachers, the acquisition of electronic teaching aids, in other words, to improve the entire educational process and increase it. efficiency. The income of the club institution is used to strengthen the material and technical base, purchase stage costumes and props, musical instruments, technical equipment, etc.
Income from paid activities is fully reinvested in the development of the organization's objectives. Profit as an economic category, it is a converted form of surplus value and can be used at the discretion of the organization. Non-profit organizations are taxed on income that does not exceed the taxes of a state enterprise.
But, as soon as a certain amount of funds appears in the "profit" column in the accounting report of this non-profit organization to the tax authorities, it will immediately be subject to tax sanctions applied to commercial structures and sanctions prohibiting the conduct of commercial activities by a non-profit organization.
Hence, this organization will have to either re-register as a commercial organization and go beyond the status of a socio-cultural organization, or self-liquidate.
The entrepreneurial activity of non-profit organizations is thus only half a permitted good. The income received can only be used for the benefit of the organization itself.
But the direct organizers and initiators of entrepreneurial activity are actually separated from the income of entrepreneurial activity. Their salaries are still calculated in the size of the state wage scale for the position held, sometimes with a small additional payment from non-budgetary funds.
The truncated entrepreneurial activity in terms of the use of earned funds does not contribute to the retention of personnel, the low level of wages, and poor material conditions of cultural workers reinforce the generally low social status and prestige of this profession.
The mechanism of entrepreneurial activity in the socio-cultural sphere does not work in full force, market relations and entrepreneurial activity in this area exclude the personal interest of employees in expanding latvable types of activity, obtaining a larger income.
The mechanisms of management in the socio-cultural sphere turn out to be dismembered into disparate fragments of planning, control, and reports. The lack of an integral system of management mechanisms, the lack of coordination of tasks, the lack of a target setting and guaranteed wages, the size of which would correspond to the labor contribution of each individual employee, significantly hinder the development of normal market relations and the necessary management mechanisms.
Self-test questions
1. Outline the main periods of the evolutionary accumulation of management attributes.
2- What is the specificity of sociocultural management?
3. The non-commercial nature of the sociocultural sphere.
4. Specificity of entrepreneurial activity of non-profit organizations.
§3. Sociocultural management as a component of cultural policy
Optimization of the management of sociocultural activities is actualized by the fact that in the new state, which is Russia today, a new attitude towards socio-cultural activities and towards culture in general, which is determined by state policy, is just beginning to form.
Politics as a philosophical category in the literal sense (Greek Politike) of the word is the art of government. The sphere of politics includes issues of state structure, determination of forms, tasks, content of the state's activities, government, management of socio-political processes. Politics also expresses the relationship between nations and states.
Political ideas and their corresponding institutions are the expression of the economic system of the state. But political ideas, politics are not a passive reflection of the economy, their transformative power lies in an accurate reflection of the development of the material life of society. In one case, politics can hinder the progressive development of society, in the other, on the contrary, contribute to this.
A policy that relies on the support of the majority of the population and, naturally, meets the fundamental interests of the people, is promising. A politician can acquire a scientifically grounded character only if it relies on knowledge of the laws of social development and uses them in the interests of society.
State policy, as you know, applies to all spheres of human life in society, and, naturally, it cannot but cover such an important area as culture.
Culture and politics
The role of the state in the development of culture in all periods of history was great. It could not be otherwise, since culture covers a huge spectrum of the spiritual life of society, through which ideas were carried not only of a cultural, creative, spiritual nature, but also political ideology (in certain historical periods with different intensities), political ideas that often led to destructive phenomena in the culture itself.
Culture has always been of interest to politics and politicians, it was and is a powerful tool for solving political issues. It is no coincidence that during the period of election campaigns to local and federal authorities, the president, culture (content, forms, methods, authority of cultural figures) has always been used as a tool to impart authority, weight and significance to this or that candidate.
It goes without saying that the development of culture, the maintenance of the spiritual health of the nation, the state (to a greater or lesser extent) holds or tries to keep in its hands, pursuing the state cultural policy.
Cultural policy as an integral part or link in the chain of state policy is included in the system of world outlooks, theories and ideas about the ways of development of the economic, social, spiritual life of society that exist in a particular society.
Cultural policy, as a rule, always strives to correspond to the level of socio-economic development of the country, its goals and objectives are mediated by the priority guidelines of the state.
The state implements cultural policy through a system of social institutions that reproduce, in their own forms, methods and means, cultural, educational, creative and moral activities that correspond to the social and value orientations of the state.
Cultural policy can be viewed as a system of relations "culture and society", "culture and power", "culture and management". A retrospective look at the development of national culture and statehood shows that cultural policy should not be attributed only to the pre-October, post-October (1917), Soviet and post-Soviet periods. Its origins, the formation of management institutions as a manifestation of cultural policy have deeper historical roots than is commonly believed.
An analysis of many historical and cultural materials shows that at the origins of Russian culture, which was viewed as "mental and moral education," there were spiritual organizations represented, first of all, by the Russian Orthodox Church, the royal court and private individuals.
The formation and development of state bodies was accompanied by the creation of cultural management institutions and the development of administration.
Zemstvo institutions - provincial, city, district governments, as well as public organizations and private individuals - were directly involved in cultural issues at the local level.
Local cultural institutions enjoyed complete independence, including in finding financial resources, but, however, the central departments approved the statutes of cultural institutions, and in the course of their subsequent activities exercised censorship over them.
Thus, the content of the activities of the first cultural institutions in Russia came under state control, the state pursued its cultural policy through them.
Although the concern for the structure, welfare and development of local cultural institutions and various societies lay entirely with them, the exercise of their right to self-government was combined with the obligation to account to state bodies.
Thus, the cultural policy of the state in the 19th and early 20th centuries was quite definite and purposeful. Despite the strict regulation of the activities of state and public cultural institutions, social movements and creative unions in the country, the main types of cultural institutions were formed, the concepts of cultural and creative activity that developed in the XX century.
So, despite numerous difficulties and problems in the development of domestic culture, thanks to the cultural policy of the Russian state in the country in the 19th century, an extensive network of cultural institutions was created that contributed to the improvement of education and enlightenment of the people, a developed network of social movements in support of culture was created, a huge a number of masterpieces of culture and art, literature, art, theater, libraries, clubs, art and music schools, etc. developed. All this spiritual and material potential of culture was created thanks to the cultural policy of the state.
The change in the socio-political structure of Russian society, the economic and economic policy of the state also changed the guidelines of cultural policy.
In an effort to achieve quick and effective results in the transformation of culture, the state cultural policy was carried out in a differentiated manner. Special attention was paid to the culture of the village.
Today we know the negative consequences of the "cultural revolution", dispossession of the peasantry, "re-education" and "reforming" of the Russian peasant, the fight against small-property psychology, pressure on the traditional peasant way of life, peasant spiritual values, and his religiosity.
In fact, the entire huge mechanism of ideological, cultural and educational influence was aimed at the formation of the executor of commands from higher authorities. At the same time, it was forgotten that the restructuring of human consciousness is a complex, contradictory and lengthy process.
In the postwar period, one of the main tasks of cultural development was the restoration of the network of cultural institutions. The essence of cultural policy in working with the population is revealed, for example, in the "Regulations on the Village Club" 1, developed in 1946 by the Committee for Cultural and Educational Institutions under the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR.
In it, the work of cultural and educational institutions is regulated as: clarification of current political events, political and scientific and educational propaganda, provision of consultations on economic and legal issues, comprehensive assistance to political self-education, organization of cultural recreation, and the development of amateur performances.
Based on this, we can conclude that the promotion of political and scientific knowledge, education of political activity, political literacy, and ideological stability were put in the first place in the activities of club institutions.
Such a cultural policy aimed at forming a "new man" subordinated not only the content of the activities of cultural and educational institutions, but also the media, the repertoire of theaters, the ideology of concert programs, literature and art.
The "merits" of the cultural policy of this period include concern for the "purity" of the ideals concentrated in the well-known party resolutions "On the magazines" Zvezda "and" Leningrad "," On the repertoire of drama theaters and measures to improve it "," On the film "Bolshaya life ", etc.
A characteristic feature of these documents was the desire to impose on society their own ideas and views on literature and art.
Cultural politics begins to change with the debunking of the personality cult and the emergence of some democratic freedoms. In culture, they meant a turn from the principles of coercion to persuasion, voluntariness, conscientiousness.
The goals and objectives of cultural policy have shifted towards mobilizing people to achieve higher production indicators and widespread promotion of economic knowledge.
As a result of the increased educational and professional level of people, many ceased to be just objects in the cultural process and themselves showed their abilities in cultural activities, which contributed to the development of artistic and technical creativity.
The structure of creative teams, the content of their activities approached more lively and massive forms, and aesthetic trends appeared.
A noticeable revival in the country's creative life, including in rural amateur groups, came when the internal political situation in the country changed. The creative teams of many leading theaters began to look for ways of getting closer to the life of the people, establishing contacts with rural workers.
The help of professional urban theaters that traveled to the most remote rural areas was of great benefit to rural amateur artists, both in terms of improving their professional skills and the ideological and artistic level of the work being done.
Departures of professional artists with performances and concerts also contributed to the development of artistic taste and the best human traits among rural spectators, many of them for the first time had the opportunity to watch real artists.
The main feature of the state's cultural policy in the consumption of cultural and spiritual values \u200b\u200bwas their availability. Where the cultural services for the population were well organized - a library with its own fund of books, a club with a set of cultural programs and groups of amateur art were provided freely, only a ticket had to be bought for watching a movie and a concert of professional artists.
There were complex problems: the absence or lack of cultural institutions, especially in the countryside, hindered the development of culture.
It is impossible not to see that, despite the significant lag behind the city in terms of cultural services, the network of rural cultural institutions as a whole in the country was already sufficient for those who wanted to be able to study in a club, use the services of a library or cinema; the level and content of the work of cultural institutions could not be high due to their constant limited funds, weak material base.
But, at the same time, the criterion of equal accessibility worked as such a mechanism in culture, which required focusing on the audience, not even the middle, but the lower level.
On the one hand, the principle of residual allocation of funds for cultural construction was asserted, which predetermined a systematic lag in the cultural level of the population; on the other hand, it was required that the works of culture and art correspond to this level.
Built on formal schemes, the so-called "sectoral" models of cultural policy reproduced the uniformity of the functioning of cultural samples and developed technologies for achieving them.
Thus, the orientation (in the 60s and 70s) to “leveling the cultural level of various groups gave rise to a universal model of the functioning of art, the main advantages of which were“ accessibility ”and“ ease of perception. ”As a result, the indicators of“ mass character ”and“ artistry ”became mutually exclusive ...
Such cultural orientations can also include the utopian ideologemes of "equal distribution of cultural goods" (well-known models of "optimal diets" of consumption of "cultural trends" and other development of cultural programs).
The adoption of these samples of "dosed" culture was viewed as a "growth dynamics" of the cultural level of the population, thereby confirming the idea of \u200b\u200bauthoritarian power that culture can be "controlled".
However, one should not categorically deny the achievements in the development of culture in the Soviet period in the field of enlightenment, education, science, art, folk art, although it should be admitted that the cultural policy of this period was far from optimal.
Cultural policy guidelines
An analysis of cultural policy in different periods of Russian history shows that it appears to be a historical phenomenon.
But, in addition to the fact that it undergoes changes at temporary historical stages, cultural policy, at the same time, is also variable, that is, it is built taking into account the historical traditions of territories and regions.
Cultural policy always comes into contact with specific types of culture, which not only replace each other, but can exist synchronously in different periods, as well as as dominant and secondary within the same socio-cultural system.
Domestic and foreign researchers pay great attention to the issues of cultural policy, interpreting its meaning and content in different ways. Some, the state's cultural policy is reduced mainly to financing culture, economic support of culture, for example, they consider it as a comprehensive government program to support culture and art, the humanities through the distribution of subsidies, as the regulation of cultural processes through a system of tax incentives.
Cultural policy is not independent, but financially it is completely dependent on the state.
Other scholars see cultural policy as a procedural body for setting goals and building a mechanism for their implementation. Attention should be paid to the documents adopted by the UN Congress, in particular, to the program of this organization "World Decade of Culture" (1987-1997), which contains the following provisions that determine the functions, rights and responsibilities of states in the field of cultural policy:
No international and national programs of social development lead to success if they do not take into account the needs of the cultural development of peoples and do not include cultural aspects;
Any uniform, unified world models of cultural development are impossible, because they ignore the cultural identity of peoples, threaten their national and cultural identity and for this reason are deformed or consciously rejected by them;
The preservation and use of cultural heritage, the creation of conditions for the introduction of all citizens to cultural values \u200b\u200bor other cultural activities and conditions for the free activity of "creative workers" is the same area of \u200b\u200bresponsibility of any state, as well as ensuring decent living conditions, health care, preservation of the natural environment, national security.
Cultural policy should be understood as an activity during which it is ensured: forecasting and projecting the main trends of cultural processes in society, creating political and economic conditions for the formation and development of self-regulating and self-developing cultural institutions based on the creative needs of public organizations and individuals, state guarantees for the protection of culture from the negative effects of the elements of market relations, the introduction of new scientific technologies in cultural activities, the creation of a system of guarantees for the participation of the entire population in cultural processes.
Under the conditions of the new socio-political system, cultural policy cannot adequately not correspond to the tasks of the state, therefore, the change in the content of cultural policy occurs taking into account the new subjects and objects that fill it.
The presence of a plurality of subjects of cultural policy, actually existing and actively acting along with state actors, is becoming a reality of today, and their coordinated interaction with each other on the basis of partnership and contractual relations creates conditions for the development of collective subjects of cultural policy.
An important aspect of cultural policy is the system of mechanisms for the implementation and implementation of its goals and objectives. The central problem here is the principle of centralized management of culture, when mainly departments, the state apparatus act as the subject of cultural policy. The ineradicable "branch" principle of approaches to the development of culture destroys the foundations of culture.
In the modern model of cultural politics, culture is represented only through those phenomena that, in purely administrative logic, are attributed to culture.
If culture is attributed to the "branch" of culture, and education - to the "branch" of education, then, consequently, education is not culture, since it belongs to another ministry.
In essence, the existing model of cultural policy is normative; it considers culture as a final, complete whole, as a culture for achieving external indicative goals. In it, culture is represented by the sum of entities that are strictly separate according to their subject matter: art, philharmonic society, club, library, literature, park, folk art, folklore, amateur performances, etc.
Following this, a logically natural desire arises to infinitely multiply the corresponding administrative divisions of management. Which, by the way, is happening, both at the level of related ministries, and in the Ministry of Culture itself, represented by its central administrations and departments.
Because of this, the bureaucratic model of cultural management is represented by organizing and controlling functionaries who represent culture through the functioning of cultural institutions.
Moreover, the heated discussion about the functions of the state in the management of culture, which flared up in the early 90s, boiled down to issues of limiting the role and rights of the state in this area. Things have come to the point that in recent years, more and more voices have begun to be heard in various government, social and scientific circles that culture cannot be governed at all.
In fact, we should not talk about direct management of the creative, spiritual processes of creators, cultural workers who create creations, cultural samples and cultural values, and the processes of mastering them by a person.
We can talk about a subtle specific area of \u200b\u200bsupport and creation of the necessary conditions for spiritual, creative activity, and about the management of social and cultural activities, where the spiritual and material foundations of culture are broadcast, replicated, restored, and developed, in other words, management extends to the sector of the sociocultural process, which includes production and consumption.
Thus, the historical experience of the development of national culture teaches that the following dominants constitute the basis of cultural policy: cultural policy as an expression of socio-political the system of any society exists as a systemic attribute of national policy; the degree of liberalism or authoritarianism of cultural policy is subordinated to the level of development of democratic principles and freedoms in society; cultural policy has proven standard mechanisms for the implementation of its cultural priorities and values; social and value orientations of the state's cultural policy are formed by the norms, values \u200b\u200band ideals of a particular society; the essence of the state's cultural policy is not so much in financing cultural institutions, strengthening the material base of cultural objects, but in social value orientations, readiness to provide opportunities for the cultural self-development of the individual, the development of social movements and formations in the field of culture.
Self-test questions
1. Cultural policy as part of public policy
2. Mechanisms for the implementation of the cultural policy of the state in its historical retrospective.
3. A departmental approach to the implementation of the goals and objectives of cultural policy.
4. Functions of the state in the management of the social sphere.
§ 4. Sociocultural activity as an object of management
In a market environment, socio-cultural activity becomes even more variable in nature. Commercial and entrepreneurial activities are rapidly developing, new types of private institutions of socio-cultural service with nightclubs, casinos, entertainment, information, cultural and leisure centers, etc., have opened up various organizational, legal and economic opportunities for the development of sociocultural models of activity.
Management of sociocultural activities In economic terms, supply and demand ultimately stimulate and sometimes inhibit the creation and development of cultural products, which explains the nature of changes in the management of sociocultural activities.
Consequently, the management of socio-cultural activities is the management of the socio-economic conditions of cultural activities, the conditions for the creation and consumption of cultural values.
Such conditions can be immediate - material, freedom of creativity, moral incentives and indirect - the budget of free time, the development of communication means, the level of education of creators and consumers.
The modern management culture should be based on the principles of "openness" of the cultural system, the transition from vertical power ties in its management to horizontal voluntary-public methods of management.
Actually, the term "management" harmonizes little with the concepts of "spirituality", "cultural values", "norms", "ideals", that is, those categories that constitute the essence of culture.
So, you can manage enterprises producing musical instruments, car clubs, theatrical costumes, park amusement equipment, etc., collectives of cultural institutions.
The bodies that ensure the implementation of the state's cultural policy can create conditions for the development of culture, ensure the activities of cultural institutions economically, financially, methodically, technologically and, thus, manage the development of culture, but managing spiritual and material culture is inherently absurd.
Management of sociocultural activities is the conscious activity of state institutions to regulate subject-object relations in all their diversity in order to achieve certain sociocultural goals.
The specific features of the management of sociocultural processes are that management focuses on the mechanisms for regulating sociocultural activities in accordance with the norms and principles, goals and objectives of cultural policy, including the regulation of financial, legal, organizational, managerial, personnel and other processes of functioning and development of sociocultural activities ...
The wisdom of public administration of the socio-cultural sphere in post-Soviet society can be manifested in the optimal convergence of traditional and innovative approaches to the development of culture, which consist in: orientation towards the new, taking into account tradition; using tradition as a prerequisite for modernization; the secular organization of sociocultural life, which does not exclude the significance of religion and mythology in the spiritual sphere;
The value of the distinguished personality, and, at the same time, the use of existing forms of collectivity;
A combination of ideological and instrumental values;
The democratic nature of the government, recognizing the authorities in politics;
The combination of psychological characteristics of a person in traditional and modern society;
Effective use of science in the implementation of traditional value socio-cultural orientations of a person.
Implementation of this will allow us to conclude that that in modern Russian society there is an active process of acculturation - socio-cultural changes, the interaction of traditional and modern culture as a result of socio-economic transformations, modernization of society, which is the basis of the country's socio-cultural development.
Models management
Analysis of the model of socio-cultural management of the period of democratic transformations shows that the state, represented by the cultural management bodies, has not moved away from the previous schemes of cultural policy based on utopian figures and other similar indicators of cultural planning, from the departmental paradigm representing culture as a "branch" system.
The optimal model for managing sociocultural activities should not bypass the content of the culture itself, the composition of its values, it is not enough to just state and recognize the "plurality of cultures", but at the same time declare the inability to ensure the development and support of this "plurality", leaving out of its attention the traditional aspects of culture and not prioritizing what is useful for the formation of a national multinational culture,
The optimal model of cultural policy cannot allow a simplified approach to the content of culture, relegating it only to designation in purely sectoral categories: a set of regulators for the arts, education, heritage funds, upbringing; interaction of federal, regional and local management structures; legislative and financial regulators; procedures for the development of concepts, programs, software technologies.
This approach can be called instrumental (technological), but it should not dominate the content side of socio-cultural activity, its value orientations.
A worthy place in the priorities of the state's cultural policy should be occupied by cultural institutions visited by numerous groups of the population - clubs, houses of culture, museums, theaters, philharmonic societies, art schools and art schools, libraries and other cultural institutions associated with folk traditions, rituals, and customs.
At the same time, it is necessary to return to society a culture that has the status of "classical", it must occupy a monopoly position and, as an "official" culture, disseminate and develop a variety of cultural patterns and forms of existence of domestic culture.
Possible ways of further development of culture can be found by solving a number of conceptual management problems.
1) The role of the state in the field of culture should be based, first of all, on the recognition of the plurality of subjects of cultural policy. It is necessary to create a system of collective subjects for the development of culture, within which conditions of coordinated interaction would be formed on the basis of partnership and contractual relations, including representatives of various formations, creative workers, potential sponsors, and cultural institutions. This will make it possible to move from the vertical-linear principles of culture management to the principles of self-development.
2) The new management philosophy can be based on the attitude in the cultural sphere as an "open system", its successful development will largely depend on the ability to adapt to the new socio-economic situation. In these conditions, the institutions and management systems of the industry must be aimed at identifying new problems and developing new solutions.
The openness of culture presupposes the presence of sociocultural guidelines for the choice of directions for the cultural development of society. The development of culture and the spiritual renewal of society will be scientifically grounded in the presence of: long-term projects and forecasts of the main trends in cultural processes; conditions for the development of self-regulating systems of cultural institutions; a system of state guarantees for the protection of the cultural sphere and workers of cultural institutions from the negative effects of market relations; technical equipment of the industry.
3) Renewal of management functions, transition to "partnership" relations, design of situations of close interaction is predetermined by the "multi-structure" culture, diversity and equality of subjects of cultural activity.
The main principle of the new cultural policy is from management to a regulatory system.
With the creation of a system of collective subjects of cultural regulation, the real influence of the culturally active population on the formation of state cultural policy is expanding. The rigid type of administrative management is replaced by "coalition management of cultural processes based on a dialogue between the people and the state."
4) With the emergence of a new public and state mechanism, the formation of a management model creates the preconditions for a change in the type of management and the structure of cultural management functions with an increase in the functions of advanced management over the operational dispatching; prospective development of the sphere of culture; regional differentiation of cultural policy, support of local structures of socio-cultural activity; development of national and territorial cultural communities, communities, clubs, communities, etc.
5) In our opinion, the following can be considered as the main guidelines of public and state administration in the field of social protection of cultural workers themselves: the development and adoption of packages of legal and tax regulators that enable society, enterprises, organizations to profitably invest in culture and use other material opportunities; rejection of the principle of costly financing of the construction of cultural institutions, especially in regions where existing "capacities" remain poorly developed; development and implementation of socio-cultural projects of museum, club, library, concert, exhibition, park and other forms based on modern technologies of cultural activities; adoption of a special legislative document protecting the rights of culture and cultural workers.
Thus, socio-cultural activity is amenable to management and regulation, in the role of which are federal, regional (subjects of the federation) and district cultural authorities, ensuring the implementation of the state's cultural policy.
At the same time, sociocultural activity is a special type of activity, the essence of which is determined by the human factor, interpersonal communications, the nature of the interaction of people as subjects of sociocultural relations.
The structure of state management of culture, in general, has changed little over many decades. There remain the same federal cultural management bodies represented by the Ministry of Culture, regional - represented by the committees for culture and art, municipal - departments and departments of culture.
However, the nature and functions of vertical management have changed significantly, they have become less rigid and more liberal, as mentioned above. This led to a change in the internal structure of the Ministry of Culture, its departments
Departments and departments, as well as changes in functions.
The structure of the governing bodies of the Ministry
The modern structure of ministry subdivisions is both a vertically subordinate hierarchy and an interacting system of subdivisions. The ministry is headed by a general manager (minister) hired by the Government of the Russian Federation for civil service.
His direct associates are: two first deputies, a state secretary in the rank of deputy minister, four deputy ministers, six minister advisors and an assistant minister. The structure of the Ministry of Culture includes departments:
State regulation and development of cinematography with departments of the state register and resources, financial and economic analysis and forecasting, government organizations and property relations, technical policy;
State support for the arts and the development of folk art with departments to support the creativity of masters of arts and individual projects, support and coordination of all-Russian and international creative programs and projects, public relations, support and coordination of the activities of state art organizations;
State support for cinematography with departments for the formation of creative programs, support for the production of national films, promotion of national films;
On the preservation of cultural property with departments for examination and control over the export and import of cultural property, licensing and control over the sale of antiques, organizational and analytical department, department of displaced cultural property;
Science, education and development of socio-cultural infrastructure with departments of education, science, ethnocultural programs, economic analysis and financing of education, on work with government bodies in federal districts and subjects of the federation, cultural and regional cooperation;
Economic and investment policy, in the structure of which there are a consolidated economic department, a consolidated financial department, departments for financing programs, investments, non-budgetary sources, labor and wages;
Management of affairs with the department of office work; - management of international cooperation with the departments of the CIS, cultural cooperation, cooperation in the field of cinematography;
Accounting and Auditing Department with departments for control and auditing work, reporting for budgetary institutions, reporting for self-supporting institutions and enterprises;
Department of Libraries;
Human Resources and Awards Department;
Department of Museums;
Department (inspection) for the protection of immovable monuments of history and culture;
Special department;
Maintenance department;
Legal department.
Services for ensuring the activities of the Ministry of Culture, organization of federal jurisdiction:
State Unitary Enterprise Main Information and Computing Center (GUP GIVTs), which includes the statistics department, the Internet ministry class, reference and information fund, teletype, computer maintenance group, operational printing;
Directorate for buildings and structures (HOZU) with the department of operation and logistics, security services, service.
Organizations of federal jurisdiction operate under the patronage of the Ministry of Culture:
International Cultural Center for Festivals and Competitions;
State Theater, Tour and Festival Center;
Republican Inspection for Control over the Safe Operation of Attractions and Labor Protection;
Russian State Academic Chamber "Vivaldi Orchestra";
Russian State Theater Agency;
Russian State Concert Company "Sodruzhestvo";
Library;
Art salon at the international art fund.
It is easy to see that in the structural divisions of the ministry, the very names of departments, offices and divisions predetermine a significant liberalization of management functions that manifest regulation, support, development, coordination, investment, promotion, preservation and other similar relationships with regional cultural authorities, in culture and socio-cultural activities.
The activities of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, the Ministries of Culture of the republics, cultural committees of territories and regions, departments, departments of culture of districts are supplemented by leadership from the legislative and executive authorities, both at the federal and regional levels, which develop the legal framework and determine the strategy of sociocultural activities.
Self-test questions
1. Traditional and innovative approaches to the development of culture.
2. Worldview and technological aspects of managing sociocultural activities.
3. What are the current conceptual management problems?
4. The structure of the federal cultural authorities.
§ 5. Socio-cultural activities as a self-governing process
The subjective nature of sociocultural activity is determined, first of all, by the content of this activity, and it is fully connected with the sociocultural activity of people, cultural creativity, meaningful sociocultural actions, leisure, etc., but this process itself is basically sociocultural.
Socio-cultural activity by its nature is a system of subject-object relations, which is manifested in bilateral relations, in mutually directed processes of activity; where the socio-cultural system and its elements (organizations) are a kind of product of human activity and the person himself.
Having such a connection, sociocultural activities are in formactivities to stimulate and revitalize people.
In other words, sociocultural activity is an activity to carry out activities
Manager as a subject of management
Like culture, sociocultural activity is a self-developing system. The socio-cultural system functions due to the activities of its constituent institutions, while the latter are conditioned by human activity. The intensity of the impact of the system of institutions and the person provides one or another level of socio-cultural activity
The degree of development of the socio-cultural system depends on two most important factors: (optimal in content and intensity) control and regulation by external actors; the level of development of the subject - object relations within the system itself and its institutions.
The subjects of cultural policy, as noted, are. governing bodies (federal, regional, district) cultural institutions, personnel - managers, cultural specialists working in socio-cultural bodies and institutions of all levels.
The diverse nature of the activities of managers and specialists in different-level sociocultural bodies and institutions makes it possible to consider managers, cultural specialists as aggregate subjects of socio-cultural policy and as a specific subject, taking into account its qualification characteristics, determined by the nature of objective activity.
The manager of socio-cultural activities as an aggregate subject of socio-cultural processes plays an important role in the activities of professional and amateur culture-forming organizations and institutions.
At the same time, he acts in two hypostases: as a regulator and organizer, advisor and prompter in socio-cultural self-organization, self-development and self-expression of a person in various forms of sociocultural creativity; as a bearer of cultural-value reference samples, the creator and translator of these samples, cultural forms and values \u200b\u200bthat make up the content of socio-cultural processes.
In this sense, a professionally trained manager of sociocultural activity acts as an organizer of creative activity in culture and as a creator of its values.
The manager often combines these functional roles (due to the lack of multidisciplinary specialists), but in other cases these functions are performed by different specialists with specific qualifications.
Here it is necessary to dwell on one essential explanation concerning the relationship between the manager as a subject of the sociocultural process, on the one hand, and the personality of the person entering into these relationships, on the other hand.
So, the subject-manager and personality (visitor, participant)
- a participant in the cultural process. It was previously found that
society is a collective subject of sociocultural
processes, cultural policy, but adjusted by the state
authorities (subjects
Consequently, the personality as a component of this society should also be a subject of the cultural process. But in this case, a natural question arises: who is the object of cultural processes and do they exist? In this fundamentally important issue, the truth should be sought in the depths of the cultural process itself, where people interact with each other, and the nature of these interactions often has different colors.
If society, as a subject of cultural policy, feels on itself a certain corrective influence of state power structures, then it can be assumed that in this relationship with the state, society acts as an object, and, consequently, a public personality in certain
the relationship with the subjects of culture takes the status of an object.
The polyactivity of the relationship between subject and object
Being both an object and a subject of cultural policy, society acts as a self-organizing and self-developing sociocultural the system, continuously adapting to the changing conditions of life (first of all, by changing its cultural and value orientations, which in many ways stimulate the change in utilitarian social needs, determined not least by considerations of social prestige, fashion, value attitudes, etc.).
Methodological, functional, prognostic, axiological and other categories should be identified in the system "manager of sociocultural activity as a subject of sociocultural processes".
It is also necessary to consider the types, types, forms, results, specific features and characteristics of the activity of the manager-subject in the institution of culture and the personality - a participant in the cultural process, but not separately, but in interaction at the empirical-sociocultural level.
Here it is necessary to address one of the key problems that has not yet received an adequate solution. This is a dilemma: who is a person in the socio-cultural process - a subject, an object, or, in different situations, alternately both
By the nature of their activities, palaces and houses of culture, clubs, libraries, etc., are constantly in contact with significant masses of the population, that is, those socio-cultural institutions that provide everyday socio-cultural, leisure, and creative activities.
The work of mass cultural institutions over the past few decades has been carried out according to the principle of the subject-object theoretical model, where a specialist of a cultural institution acted as a subject, and a visitor, listener, participant in the cultural process as an object.
In this model, the personality is presented not as a subject that reproduces and realizes his own needs and aspirations in the cultural process and, moreover, as a subject of the cultural-historical process, but as an object of influence and influence.
The subject-object model of relationships in the cultural activities of cultural institutions is fairly stable in modern practice, even in the context of expanding democratic freedoms, eliminating prohibitions and checks.
Some researchers believe that the primary task of restructuring the theory of sociocultural activity is to abandon the subject-object model and transition to a fundamentally different - subject-subject - theoretical model of organizing the cultural activity of the population.
In this model, the person himself is the subject of organizing his own leisure. Employees of institutions carrying out cultural processes are also subjects, but of a different kind.
By their activities, they create the most favorable conditions (psychological and pedagogical, organizational, financial and economic, regulatory and legal, etc.) necessary for the development of creativity, socio-cultural, leisure activity of people. Thus, one of the notable contradictions in the activities of mass cultural institutions is the inconsistency in the relationship between sociocultural institution and personality.
The rationale for the transition to the subject-subjective model of interaction in mass cultural institutions can be the classical definition of Karl Marx, which indicates that in society and nature there is a "universal process of processing nature by people and the process of processing people by people." In fact, cultural institutions are created by people for themselves, for the realization of their cultural requests and needs.
The interaction of people with each other, the "processing of people by people" in the process of mastering culture, artistic creativity, art in a democratic cultural environment of the club, determine their status as "subject-subject".
However, the club as a social institution is home to one more aggregate subject - the manager. Its subjective status presupposes a certain interaction with subjects-personalities and, just, the nature of this interaction, depending on the types of activities of a cultural institution, builds, in our opinion, the systems "subject-subject", "subject-object", "subject-object- subject".
Thus, the nature of the relationship of the club audience, visitors with each other and their relationship with cultural specialists is rather complex, but it is determined, first of all, by the nature of the ongoing cultural process. The club as a mass cultural institution is by its nature a unique phenomenon.
Sociocultural processes in a cultural institution are of a dual nature: on the one hand, its activity is institutional, because each club institution is either state or departmental, or, more rarely, trade union, which implies a certain vertical subordination and control; on the other hand, the club acts as a social organization, the main function of which is to create conditions for the cultural and creative self-development of the individual.
It is in this natural duality of mass cultural institutions that many distortions and deformations lie, often associated with excessive or absolute formalization of cultural processes or the absence of any controllability in them.
Determination of clear boundaries in the activities of cultural institutions, in our opinion, is complicated by the fact that, due to the ambivalence of culture, the presence in it of multi-meaning and multilevel meanings, contents, types and forms includes a whole complex of different social functions in which a special regulation of sociocultural processes.
Subject-object relations, regardless of their hierarchy, presuppose a certain mode of activity determined by external vertical and horizontal interconnections of the cultural institution that provide its life and internal horizontal connections that determine the state of the interpersonal intergroup "climate". Due to the versatile nature of interconnections and relationships, the activity of a cultural institution is systemic.
Experts and scientists from various positions consider the essence of the organization of the activities of institutions. However, practically all of them are in the position of a rigid model of organizing the activities of cultural institutions, in which there is practically no room for sociocultural self-organization, because all activity is based on a socially normative vertical scheme.
Organization of activities of sociocultural institutions
From all the variety of interpretations and definitions of the term "organization of activity" can be given preference to the definition, where "organization" is presented as a system of interrelated elements - subjects, objects, order and activity.
However, this definition is general in nature and does not reflect the essence of any particular process, especially the activities of cultural institutions and forms of its organization.
Thus, the concept "organization of activities" uchcultural change is a process of implementationgoals using such means and methods of culturalpolicies that comply with the principles of socio-cultural self-organization and socio-normative identification of the individual in the context of socio-cultural activities.
The phenomenon of duality in the activities of sociocultural institutions is not their "invention", it is based on a variety of approaches to defining the concept of culture itself, where the points of view of researchers are concentrated on two versions of culture.
One group of scientists interprets it as a technology, a way of human activity, others - as a personal aspect of human existence, in which the "essential forces of man", "creativity", "spiritual wealth" reside.
Despite the external opposition of approaches - "technological" and "personal" one cannot but see in them the similarities and the presence of points of contact, which suggests that culture is a complex and multifaceted social phenomenon
The "technological" aspect of culture, associated with the "processing of nature by people", with a high probability can be correlated with the social-normative function of cultural institutions, and the "personal" as "processing of people by people" - with the function of the sociocultural self-organization of the individual.
Of course, such a comparison is of a relative, approximate nature, but, nevertheless, such a relationship, in our opinion, exists.
The desired trend in the development of "two cultures" is the convergence of "technological" culture (as a way of human activity) with a personal humanized culture, the formation of a subject and object of social-normative (technological) cultural activity of high spiritual and intellectual potential.
Thus, the functions of mass cultural institutions can be represented by two large blocks characterizing the main directions of their activities:
The functions of socio-cultural self-organization - the development of interest in the entire diversity of human culture, spiritual and intellectual enrichment, overcoming national, confessional, socio-political alienation; development of spiritual and value potential, production of humanitarian knowledge as a rational component of humanitarian culture; the formation of a scientific worldview, value orientations, assessments and norms; development of artistic and creative activity, preservation and development of traditional folk cultures, historical memory
Social and normative functions - integration, uniting people, the formation of socially normative social actions and actions, the development of communicative culture, education and upbringing, the development of social and social activity, the system of social and value orientations of a person.
So, the functions of sociocultural institutions, covering the types of activities associated with the socio-cultural self-organization of the individual, develop mainly in the model of subject-subject relations, in which a cultural specialist as a subject is excluded from the system of relationships of this model.
Its functions are deployed towards an object - a cultural institution, through which a specialist creates conditions for the interaction of subjects.
In other words, a cultural specialist as a subject participates in the cultural process indirectly, acting only on the cultural object in which the cultural self-organization of the subjects-personalities is carried out.
Functions associated with socially-normative types of activity develop in the model of subject-object relations, where the person "consumes" culture: he is engaged in art collectives, studies in creative studios, classes, etc.
In this case, the cultural specialist acts as a teacher, director, leader, that is, in the role of a subject, and the personality already acts as an object of influence.
The functioning of mass cultural institutions is a unique and inimitable area of \u200b\u200bactivity, which is distinguished both by a wide variety of connections with reality and by the particular complexity of the relationship between the components of its internal structure. The artistic-creative and "human-creative" principles that arise here take on very subtle and complex forms.
In addition, the individual and collective nature of communication in the process of activity, which, in combination with great spiritual and intellectual tension and a high, as a rule, emotional tone of work, the need for deep personal contacts between a specialist and his subject, forms a generalized idea of \u200b\u200bthe uniqueness of the activity of a manager of sociocultural activity.
Thus, socio-cultural activity is controlled by the subjects, represented by federal, regional, district government and acts as an object of management.
At the same time, as a self-regulating system, as a product and result of human activity, sociocultural activity acts as a subject of management, both within the entire socio-cultural system and social institutions.
Self-test questions
Expand the content and meaning of the provision "socio-cultural activity is the activity of organizing activities."
Why is a person a subject of a sociocultural process?
Expand the dual nature of sociocultural processes6 controllability and self-organization.
What is the need to organize the activities of cultural institutions?
The main directions of state policy in the field of culture. It is not for nothing that inviting an international delegation, the host side strives to show the most striking features of traditional culture, thereby attracting and winning diplomatic guests. Realizing the importance of the development of culture, the state faces the main question of how to carry out the management process in the social - cultural sphere in such a way ...
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Introduction …………………………………………………………… ..... p. 3
Chapter 1 The cultural sphere as an object of management and social development
1.1 The essence of the cultural sphere ……………………………………… ..p. five
1.2 Development of the cultural sphere ……………………………………… p. nine
Chapter 2 Organization of public administration in the cultural sphere
2.1 Structure of governing bodies in the sphere of culture ……………… ..p. 13
2.2 Main directions of state policy in the field of culture ……………………………………………………………… 17
Conclusion …………………………………………………………… .p. 24
Bibliography …………………………………………… ..p. 26
Introduction.
Culture is a multifaceted social phenomenon related to the sphere of the country's spiritual life. Cultural values \u200b\u200brepresent the wealth and dignity of the state.
The cultural traditions laid down by our ancestors are an integral part of the country's prestige in the world arena. No wonder, inviting an international delegation, the host side strives to show the most striking features of traditional culture, thereby attracting and winning diplomatic guests.
Culture as a complex social phenomenon is a value-normative mechanism of social interactions, which considers its most important task to ensure the integrity of society and social order. Consequently, culture can be called a mirror of society, reflecting the development and characteristics of an entire nation.
In support of the above, we can cite the formulation of the concept of "culture", set out in article 2 of the Draft Federal Law "On Culture in the Russian Federation": "culture is a set of distinctive features, values, traditions and beliefs inherent in a society or a social group that find expression in the way of life and art ".
Relevance This topic is that Russia is a social state and culture, being an important component in the social aspect of the country's growth and development, requires a special state policy aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and development of a citizen in society.
Realizing the importance of cultural development, the state faces the main question of how to carry out the process of management in the social and cultural sphere in such a way, to ensure the communicative reliability and protection of information about the cultural life of the country.
Assessing the state and degree of development of the research topic, it should be noted that a large number of scientists have addressed the issues of management in the sphere of culture, as a result of which the literature on the issue under study is quite extensive.
goal this course work is the study and analysis of the organization of public administration in the field of culture.
In accordance with the goal, a number of tasks have been identified.
- define the essence of the cultural sphere
- analyze the development of the cultural sphere
- to identify the specifics of state management of culture
- characterize the organization of public administration of culture
Object research is the public administration system.
Subject research is the organization of management in the field of culture and art.
Chapter 1 The cultural sphere as an object of management and social development
- The essence of the cultural sphere
All sectors of the social sphere, including culture, acquire great importance in the development of social production, influencing the improvement and quality of life of citizens.
Considering the essence of the cultural sphere, first of all, it is necessary to analyze the concept of "culture".
Originally, the term “culture” originated in Roman culture as agricultural skill in the form of cultivation and cultivation of land. Cultivation and rearing as upbringing and education is the most familiar to modern society. Thus, the essence of culture passes into a new channel already as a tool for the harmonious formation of the personality, the search for ways to acquire its human appearance.
Analyzing the sources of domestic humanitarian knowledge, it can be noted that for quite a long time no consideration was given to another meaning of culture, the sacred. Culture as a cult, veneration, above all, of a religious orientation was an integral part of ancient civilizations. Worshiping the gods, following certain customs were considered the highest value of the worldview of that era. In the ancient world, the term "paideia" (ancient Greek.Παιδεία - education, child formation, upbringing, culture) embodies the unity of the multiple meanings of cultures. The concept that arose in the philosophy of the Sophists in 5 BC, became a subject for analysis by Isocrates and Xenophon and was developed by Plato in the dialogues "State" and "Laws". The essence of Paideia according to Plato lies in the fact that the doctrine of the immortality of the soul is inseparable from the political program of a decent upbringing of a citizen, which is the foundation of the state structure. Thus, paideya becomes not only the meaning of politics, but also the meaning of the life of the soul of a citizen, which boils down to good upbringing, education, and therefore culture. Aristotle continued in the development of the concept in the treatise "Politics": according to the doctrine, the unification of people into a single state is possible only through its education, that is, through the introduction of certain moral mores, philosophy, laws. It was education-paidea that Aristotle considered an important condition for happiness for every member of society. Summing up the analysis of this period, we can say that the ancient man, comparing himself with other peoples, was proud of reason, feelings and the ability to live not only according to natural and physiological laws, but also according to established moral standards. Despite the unstable political situation, when the foundations of citizenship recede before chaos, culture has developed a purely ataraxic character, thereby preserving its inner peace.
Monotheistic cultures, such as Christianity and Islam, develop, according to the principle of ataraxia, the ideals of a person immersed in his inner world, which is now declared to be derived from God. The theological concept says that even the weakest person becomes strong if he believes in one God, thereby becoming an absolute person. Ideological trends brought the foundations of personalism into the cultural sphere. Now culture as cultivation presupposes the development of something more in man, created by the Divine Power. Accordingly, culture is the upbringing of the spiritual inexhaustibility of the individual.
The modern concept of "culture" sees its origins in the philosophy of the European Enlightenment, when interest in the material, material principle of culture is manifested. It was then that we can talk about the emergence of an entire cultural sphere as a subsystem of society. The postulate of I. Kant's philosophy is formed on the idea of \u200b\u200bdividing the natural world and the world of freedom, the human world of culture. A moral person, which means a cultured person, becomes a free person, he has the opportunity to determine the only correct path in life. For the first time, the highest material manifestation of culture in the form of art is determined. Associated with this is the comprehensive development and growth of various types of arts, whose products today make up the rich cultural heritage of European countries and Russia.
Today the concept of "culture" refers to such a set of sectors of the national economy as the social sphere. Branches of the social sphere are gaining great importance in the modern world. And culture has a direct impact on the state of the spiritual potential of society. The development of culture as a branch of the national economy is characterized by such indicators as the number of professional theaters, circuses, museums, club-cultural institutions, the number of public libraries, large-scale competitive projects.
The cultural sphere does not have certain cruel temporal and spatial boundaries. Its existence occurs entirely in brotherhood with other spheres of society: material-production, political. Close family ties with the social sphere determine the main direction of culture's activity as a holistic implementation, the result of which is a person.
Despite the friendly dependence of all spheres of society, the most significant changes in culture can not always be explained by social and other reasons. For example, considering cultural scientific works, it has not yet clearly been possible to argue the fact that culture did not stop developing even in the most critical periods of the era. It continued its development in the conditions of a slave-owning society, as well as in the years of totalitarian regimes and dictatorships.
Culture as a product of social life and practice has a huge impact on people. People not only create objects of the cultural sphere, but also acquire knowledge, thus, studying and mastering their culture.
The cultural sphere is a distinctive, ordered unity in its essence. The processes of functioning and development of the cultural sphere are largely determined by objective laws and are based on certain principles of managing culture and art. The human factor is undoubtedly a component of the cultural sphere. At the same time, the state of health of the population, its intellectual potential, the accumulation of its personal moral values \u200b\u200bwill be an assessment of the functioning of the sphere, and a person's place in the structure of culture will be an indicator of the potential possibilities of its social reproduction.
Along with the creative aspect, the cultural sphere also considers aspects of the assimilation of culture. Thus, it becomes clear that the wider the scale of the created cultural values, the larger becomes the volume of activity necessary for its development and inheritance, transmission to generations.
Society forms and regulates the forms and methods of transmission of cultural values. In the course of history, not only the mastery of already acquired knowledge takes place, but also the further development, improvement and protection of the products of cultural activity.
The fundamental subject of culture is the personality, which reveals in itself all its manifestations. A person, of course, creates his own culture, but the formation of a personality is the result of cultural evolutionary stages of society. Thus, it turns out that culture creates a person under the "supervision" of society. The emotional behavior of an individual is formed in the process of his inculturation, that is, with the involvement in the activities of the cultural sphere.
1.2 Development of the cultural sphere.
An analysis of modern scientific research in the field of country development shows that the growing market relations in the Russian Federation, as well as in all countries with a transit economy, require strengthening of state participation in the development of the social sphere, of which culture is a part.
In the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, a special role in the conditions of a qualitative transition to the path of innovation is determined by an effective cultural policy aimed at saving the nation, and mainly its cultural heritage. Also, the culture of the country, according to the Concept of Development of the Russian Federation, is a determining factor in the growth of human potential.
The designated strategic paradigm of cultural policy presupposes that a single nation can acquire socio-economic strength exclusively by integrating the country's population on the basis of Russian culture through access to cultural values \u200b\u200bfor all subjects of the cultural sphere.
Tracing the development of the cultural sphere of the Russian Federation, it is worth mentioning some of the key issues identified in other official documents. The Concept of the Federal Target Program, named "Culture of Russia (2012-2016)", emphasizes that implementing the tasks of the previous target program, it was not possible to raise culture to the expected level, to expand the forms and scope of participation of state authorities and society in supporting the cultural sphere.
Assessing the development of the cultural sphere in Russia, it is worth noting its certain decline over the last time period as a participant in market relations. This is due to a number of reasons. Firstly, this is the ineffective spending of budgetary funds intended for the development of the cultural sphere. Secondly, the lack of highlighting the main priority areas. In many ways, it also affects the development of the cultural sphere, the existing imperfections of the regulatory framework in the field of state partnership, patronage and charity for culture.
At present, when the country has entered into the implementation of a new economic model, the development of cultural industries is characterized, first of all, by the transition from the traditional sphere of culture to the so-called cultural industry. Undoubtedly, such a process is dictated by a change in the way of life due to innovative technologies, a sharp increase in intangible goods in the structure of consumption, which are, for example, media consumption.
Considering culture as a sphere of consumption in direct dependence on the economy, it should be noted that for the period 2002-2009. the number of theaters, libraries and museums, as well as cultural and leisure institutions did not decrease from the volume of the gross product, therefore, it is impermissible to conclude that there is a statistical dependence on the economic state of the country. On the contrary, it turns out that the crisis of 2008-2009. practically did not play a certain negative role in the dynamics of the number of cultural and art institutions, as well as in the activity of their attendance, the only exceptions are cinemas. Thus, it turns out that the dynamics of the number of cultural institutions, respectively, and the development of the cultural sphere in Russia is determined by other reasons, independent of the growth of the economic factor. First of all, it is necessary to pay attention to the volume of state investments in the development of culture and art.
It is worth starting to trace the development of culture and the possibility of further perfection in the management of the cultural sphere from a fairly extensive period from 1980-2009. The analysis of this period shows that the decrease in the total number of institutions and the percentage of attendance affected only the institutions of leisure activities and libraries. According to statistics in Russia for the period from 1990-2009. the total number of various libraries decreased by 24.7%, and the number of registered users - by 27%.
During the years of government reforms related to culture and art, it is worth noting the increase in the number of professional theaters and the expansion of the museum complex of the Russian Federation. It is also gratifying to say that the number of registered museums is constantly increasing and a certain tempo level is maintained. So, for three years, from 2005 to 2009, the number of museums increased by 10%, which is expressed in 254 new units. First of all, the growth in the number affected the museums of local lore, which, as of 2009, make up a large part of the museum complex in Russia. According to Rosstat, the leader in museum attendance is the North-West and Central Federal Districts. But, despite the positive dynamics and growth of indicators and efforts of the authorities, the general state of cultural institutions and, accordingly, the cultural sphere remains quite difficult.
The peculiarities of the modern development of the cultural sphere can be briefly characterized, firstly, by the change in the system of budget financing and the expansion of the scope of application of various federal target programs aimed at improving the cultural sector. Secondly, the presence of developed competition in creative and especially entertainment industries, such as theater, circus, musical art, has become predominantly new for the cultural sphere.
It should also be said that there is an uneven development of the cultural sphere throughout the country due to the colossally excellent socio-economic development of the regions. It is this fact that does not make it possible for organizations and cultural institutions to attract funds from large investors, unused financial resources of entities that represent small and medium-sized businesses of each subject of the country. And also complex contractual procedures with individuals interested in sponsorship.
The combination of all of the above factors leads to a possible sharp drop in the competitiveness of certain branches of culture, to ineffective distribution of state budget funds, to a drop in the quality of goods in the culture and art market.
Making a conclusion, we can say that at present the sphere of culture, to a lesser extent than other spheres, is included in the key priorities of the state social policy, which leads to a reduction in budget investments in the development of production in the sphere of culture and art. Today, state investments are aimed only at ensuring the main and current activities of the cultural sphere, which are necessary to maintain the cultural heritage.In this case, it is difficult to talk about the full development of the cultural sphere. State guarantees will be safer and more profitable for investors today, which provide not only obligation, but also special property security.The innovative course of development of Russia in the field of culture and leisure remains in the future.
In this case, such issues as methodological support for the interaction of the branches of culture and art with the economic and political life of countries, both in general and in individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation, begin to acquire growing importance. An important role, undoubtedly, is played by the national cultural policy of the state, which would put culture on the path of a prestigious branch of the social and cultural sphere. Undoubtedly, the development of citizens' interest in the branches of culture will be an order of magnitude higher if the state can develop the necessary support, provide an opportunity to step on the path of innovation and integration with other branches of the national economy.
Chapter 2 Organization of public administration in the field of culture.
2.1 The structure of governing bodies in the field of culture.
Management in the field of culture is carried out by the Government, the system of federal and other executive bodies. The government provides state support for culture and the preservation of cultural heritage of national importance and the peoples of the Russian Federation.
The competence in certain areas of cultural management is exercised by such federal executive bodies as the Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Press, Television and Mass Media, the State Committee for Cinematography, and the Federal Archival Service. A certain number of management issues are resolved by unions of journalists, filmmakers, artists and other creative unions, acting in accordance with their charters.
Corresponding executive authorities are created in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Most of the cultural objects are in their jurisdiction. In order to implement the Presidential Decree of December 11, 1997 "On measures to improve public finances", dozens of cultural objects of federal subordination were transferred to the jurisdiction of the subjects of the Federation.
Also, the objects of management are various cultural institutions: libraries, houses and palaces of culture, clubs, cinemas, circuses, museums.
The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, according to the Regulation on it of the Government of June 6, 1997, is a federal executive body that conducts state policy in the field of culture, art, protection and use of historical and cultural heritage. Also, the competence of the Ministry of Culture includes the implementation of state regulation and coordination of the activities of other federal executive bodies in this area in cases established by federal laws, presidential decrees and government decrees.
The Ministry is a specially authorized state body for the protection of historical and cultural monuments, as well as a specially authorized body for state control over compliance with the established procedure for exporting and importing cultural property into its territory, sale of antiques, as well as rules for foreign economic activity in relation to cultural property. The Ministry of Culture of Russia has territorial bodies for the preservation of cultural values.
It exercises its competence mainly in relation to cultural objects of federal significance, the organizational and legal status of which is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation. An example is the Russian State Library or the State Historical and Cultural Museum-Reserve "Moscow Kremlin".
The main tasks of the Ministry of Culture are:
Implementation of a state policy in the field of culture, which provides the necessary conditions for the implementation of the constitutional rights of citizens of the Russian Federation to freedom of creativity, participation in cultural life and the use of cultural institutions.
Assistance in the development of national cultures of the peoples of Russia.
Determination of goals and priorities in the development of certain types of cultural activities, professional art, museum and librarianship, folk art, education and science in the field of culture
Development and implementation in accordance with the international obligations of the Russian Federation of systems of measures to prevent illegal export and import of cultural property and transfer of ownership of cultural property.
Implementation of state control over the export of cultural values \u200b\u200bfrom Russia, compliance with the established procedure for the sale of antiques
Management of the activities of subordinate organizations.
The main regulatory sources in the management of culture are Federal Laws, Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation. So, for example, the legal basis for the preservation and development of librarianship is the Federal Law of December 29, 1994, which establishes the basic principles of libraries' activity and guarantees the rights of a person and public associations to free access to information, familiarization with the values \u200b\u200bof national world culture and cultural, scientific and educational activities.
The federal law of May 26, 1996 defines the peculiarities of the status of museums, of which there are more than 2,500 in the country. They are created in the form of institutions carrying out cultural, educational and scientific functions of a non-commercial nature. The Government Decree of February 12, 1998 “On Approval of Regulations on the Museum Fund of the Russian Federation, on the State Catalog of the Museum Fund of the Russian Federation, on Licensing the Activities of Museums in the Russian Federation” established the procedure and mechanism for recording and preserving wealth held by museums.
State regulation in the field of archiving and control over the preservation, acquisition and use of the Archival Fund of the Russian Federation is carried out by the Federal Archival Service of Russia (Rosarkhiv), in accordance with the Regulations on it, approved by the Government Decree of December 28, 1998.
The Rosarkhiv system includes federal state archives, scientific and other directly subordinate organizations, as well as archival management bodies of the subjects of the Federation and their subordinate institutions.
The list of departments responsible for the development of the cultural industry includes the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Press (Roskompechat), the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Cinematography (Goskino of Russia), the Federal Service of Russia on Television and Radio Broadcasting (FSTR) and others.
The issues of support and development of the sphere of culture affect the functions of other government bodies: the State Property Committee, the Central Bank, the prosecutor's office, the tax inspection and others.
Thus, the structure of public authorities in the field of culture is a clearly built hierarchy of departments that clearly delineate their competence. From the analysis of these departments, it follows that all components of the cultural industry are under the jurisdiction of special services and committees, which are regulated by the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation. Also, there are certain specialized federal services that provide management of certain branches of culture.
2.2 The main directions of state policy in the field of culture.
The most important areas of cultural activity are defined in the adopted Federal Law of October 9, 1992.N 3612 - I "Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on culture":
Identification, study, protection, restoration and use of monuments of history and culture;
Fiction, cinematography, stage, plastic, musical art;
Architecture and design, other types and genres of art; folk arts and crafts, folk culture in such manifestations as languages, dialects and dialects, folklore, customs and rituals, historical toponyms;
Amateur (amateur) artistic creation, museum business and collecting;
Book publishing and librarianship; archiving; a television; radio and other audiovisual means in terms of the creation and dissemination of cultural property;
Aesthetic education, art education, pedagogical activity in this area.
IN article 1 of the Federal Law of October 9, 1992 "Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on culture" also outlines the priority tasks of the state in the cultural sphere:
Ensuring and protecting the constitutional right of citizens of the Russian Federation to cultural activities;
Creation of legal guarantees for the free cultural activity of associations of citizens, peoples and other ethnic communities of the Russian Federation;
Determination of the principles and legal norms of relations between subjects of cultural activity;
Determination of the principles of state cultural policy, legal norms of state support for culture and guarantees of state non-interference in creative processes.1
Analyzing the tasks identified in the 90s, it is necessary to note the fact that culture is considered by the state as an independent industry that has no connection, for example, with the country's economy and politics. The list of tasks shows that the state policy in the cultural sphere is aimed only at the preservation of cultural monuments and ethnic characteristics. Innovative development of culture and the process of integration with other sectors of the national economy are not considered a primary task.
The Federal Law of the Russian Federation of December 27, 1991 "On the Mass Media", Federal Laws of December 1, 1995 "On State Support of the Mass Media and Book Publishing of the Russian Federation", of August 22, 1996 . "On state support for the cinematography of the Russian Federation", dated April 15, 1998 "On cultural property displaced to the USSR as a result of World War II and located on the territory of the Russian Federation", Government decree of March 25, 1999 "On state support of theatrical art in the Russian Federation ”and other regulatory legal acts.
Considering the above legal sources, it is possible to determine the primary and long-term goals of the cultural policy of the Russian Federation. So, the priority ones include:
Development of a legal framework that meets new realities, which includes incentive tax incentives for investors in the field of culture;
The action of the means of ensuring the safety and security of state cultural values, as well as the possibility of creative work and the realization of the right to a "free profession";
Establishment of measures that increase responsibility for crimes against the cultural heritage of the country.
Long-term goals are determined, firstly, by the formation of the ideological and moral foundations of a democratic legal state, and secondly, by the creation of conditions for the development and reproduction of the creative potential of society, as well as the formation of undistorted historical consciousness and the creation of the country's cultural space.
And again, when analyzing the main legal documents, which include the main goals of cultural policy, it can be seen that state guidelines are conservative. Nevertheless, the goals and objectives presented in the documents of the 90s are being successfully implemented in modern society.
Of particular interest is the proposal of the Ministry of Culture on the implementation of the main directions of state policy for the development of the sphere of culture and mass communications in the Russian Federation, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation dated June 1, 2006 No. MF-P44-2462. The document presents a plan of state policy in the development of the sphere of culture until 2015, aimed at preserving and developing culture, ensuring social stability, economic growth and national security of the state.
According to the Ministry of Culture, the preservation and development of a single cultural and information space of Russia is due to the heterogeneity of the provision of services to the population by cultural organizations due to the geographical characteristics of the country and a number of other economic factors. Thus, according to the Ministry of Culture in this document, the situation generates social inequality in the creative development of children and youth, social rehabilitation of people with disabilities and, in general, has a negative impact on the social well-being of the population.2
Based on this position, the Ministry of Culture proposes to develop standards for the provision of the population with cultural organizations, taking into account the new administrative division. To do this, it is necessary to develop a nomenclature of public services in the field of culture and model standards, industry infrastructure, including in rural areas and in small towns, which should provide for the optimization of the existing network of cultural organizations. Optimization is mainly determined by the creation of multifunctional institutions - social and cultural centers, cultural and sports complexes, as well as mobile service systems such as auto clubs, library buses.
Undoubtedly, by optimizing the organizational networks of culture, the state will be able to bring culture much faster and more efficiently to the path of new development - innovative. Perhaps the situation with the lack of the federal budget for improving the conditions of cultural institutions, in particular, in the countryside, will be resolved.
As a tool for the implementation of this goal, the question is raised of improving the system of material incentives for specialists in the field of culture and art. In many constituent entities of the Russian Federation, targeted programs have been adopted to support young professionals working in the field of culture. An example is the Resolution of the Government of the Kurgan Region dated October 14, 2013 "Development of the culture of the Trans-Urals for 2014-2020".
The technical re-equipment of cultural objects is also very important. To this end, the Ministry of Culture proposes to develop natural and financial standards for resource provision of the cultural sphere.
Based on these provisions, given that the main resource for creating conditions for the provision of services in the field of culture and the guarantee of their provision is the activities of cultural and art institutions, it is necessary to carry out activities aimed at modernizing the network of these institutions. The Ministry of Culture resolves this issue by proposing the need to adopt legal acts establishing guarantees and conditions for providing the population with services for organizing culture, including club-type institutions, museums, children's art schools. Undoubtedly, the adoption of legal acts to guarantee the conditions for providing the population with the services of a cultural organization are relevant in the current situation. The provisions on the provision of cultural education and leisure in the country, enshrined in regulatory enactments, will be able to raise the status of the cultural sector among the population as a whole.
The quality of services in the field of culture, which largely depends on young professionals, remains an open question. Development of measures to attract talented youth to work in the industry, which, according to the Ministry of Culture, will expand the range and improve the quality of services in the field of culture, as well as accelerate the introduction of innovative working methods. The main task in the proposal of the Ministry of Culture is the modernization of the system of advanced training of specialists and the development of standards for personnel requirements. These tasks, in the opinion of the author of the work, are very difficult to implement due to insufficient funding for cultural workers and the general non-prestigious status of professions associated with the provision of services in the cultural sphere. First of all, in order to improve the quality of services and train professionals, the state needs to create the best conditions for attracting young professionals who are ready to work productively.
The second part of the proposal of the Ministry of Culture on policy in the field of culture is devoted to the preservation and development of the multinational cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia. The main aspects on this issue are reduced to improving legislation on cultural heritage sites of the peoples of Russia, regulating the legal status of especially valuable monuments of history and culture. Of particular relevance in connection with the need to form an integrated approach to the preservation of specially protected areas is the development of a state strategy for the formation of a system of attractions, historical and cultural reserves in the Russian Federation.
Summing up the analysis of the target orientations of the cultural policy of the state, it is worth noting that the course chosen in the 90sXX century, is relevant in a modern setting. The main goals remain to preserve and support the historical and cultural component of public life. In particular, it should be noted that the state provides support in improving creative projects, provides support in the form of a system of state grants. An important role is also given to the material base of vocational education institutions: modernization of premises, provision of special equipment for effective work, provision of the necessary professional tools.
I would especially like to cancel the fact that, on the basis of the proposal of the Ministry of Culture, one can talk about the gradual orientation of the sphere of culture to the market by introducing modern forms of management, creating conditions for adapting the sphere of culture and mass communications to market conditions, stimulating an increase in the share of private funding, including the use of the mechanism partnership, development of patronage and charity. The issue of Russia's integration into the world cultural process through the preparation and implementation of international projects in the field of culture, contributing to the growth of the prestige of Russian culture, is discussed.
Conclusion.
Considering culture as a branch of the social sphere, it must be remembered that the main subjects are man and society. Therefore, the organization of public administration in this area should be formed taking into account the peculiarities of social relations.
Having designated the main target guidelines, the state cultural policy should, first of all, satisfy the needs of all sectors of the national economy.
Today we can observe that culture is becoming a powerful lever for the socio-economic development of the country. The wealth of resources, both natural and human, creates a very solid foundation for Russia's entry into a competitive international market through cultural integration. The ideological role of culture remains relevant at the present time: the preservation of historical documents, monuments, education of the younger generation with true knowledge of the history of their country will always be the highest goal of cultural policy.
The developed state structure of management in the field of culture, represented by the Ministry, committees and services, creates all the conditions for achieving the main goals of cultural policy. Management strategy and tactics in the field of culture are very complex due to the polysemy of the culture itself and the multilevel structure of its structure.
It should also be noted that, unfortunately, the most acute issue is still the financing of the cultural sphere. The author of the work believes that the problem of the lack of the federal budget can be somewhat mitigated by dividing the financial functions of socio-cultural policy between state investments and charitable, commercial sectors.
At the same time, the social significance of culture is growing, and at the time of a crisis of existence, it is exacerbated, since the need of society for a stabilizing factor of development, which is culture, is increasing. The activities of the state, which makes a significant contribution to determining the ways of cultural development of society as a whole and attracting appropriate resources, today is the most important prerequisite for the development of Russian culture..
Bibliographic list.
Regulations
- Constitution of the Russian Federation. - M., Legal Literature, 1993.
- Law of the Russian Federation dated 09.10. 1992 N 3612-1 "Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on culture".
- Law of the Russian Federation of December 29, 1994 N 79-FZ "On librarianship".
- Law of the Russian Federation of May 26, 1996 N 54-FZ "On the Museum Fund of the Russian Federation and Museums in the Russian Federation".
- Law of the Russian Federation of 08/22/1996. 126-ФЗ "On state support of the cinematography of the Russian Federation" (as amended on May 5, 2014).
- Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 12.11.1993. 1904 "On additional measures of state support for culture and art in the Russian Federation" (as amended on June 7, 2013).
- Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 01.07.97. 1010 "On measures to strengthen state support for culture and art in the Russian Federation."
- Resolution of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation dated 05.03.97. 1189-2 GD "On the draft federal law" On creative workers and creative unions ".
- Resolution of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation dated December 26, 1997. 2069-GD "On the draft federal law" On objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture of the peoples of the Russian Federation) "
- The main directions of the state policy for the development of the sphere of culture and mass communications in the Russian Federation until 2015 and the action plan for the implementation of MF-P44 dated 1.06.2006
Educational and reference literature
- G.V. Atamanchuk Ensuring the rationality of public administration. M., 2013. - 98 p.
- Werner Yeager Paideya Education of the Ancient Greek (the era of great educators and educational systems) T. 2 Translated from German by M.N. Botvinnik / "Greco-Latin Cabinet" by Yu.A. Shichalina, Moscow, 1997 - 203s
- Zapesotsky, A.S. Education: philosophy, cultural studies, politics M .: Nauka, 2012 .-- 456 p.
- Culture in public life / Per. with him. Z. V. Gorlova. Sci. ed. A.I. Arnoldov. M .: Mysl, 1999 .-- 244 p.
- Leviticus S.Ya. The role of culture in the formation of personality. Moscow: Nauka, 2009 .-- 123 p.
- Mokhov N. Economy, planning and organization of culture. -Voprosy Economics, 2000, No. 9, 55-66 p.
- Pakulina, I.S.Strategy of state regulation of the development of the sphere of social services // Izvestiya TulGU. Economic and legal sciences. Issue 1. Part I. Tula: Publishing house of TulSU, 2012. - 335 p.
- Rumyantsev A.M. Social and economic problems of our time: 2nd ed., Moscow: Nauka, 2011 .-- 441 p.
- Sunik B.V. Material and technical base and provision of cultural institutions. M: Soviet Russia, 1880 .-- 52 p.
- Tikhomirov Yu.A. State Science: Problems and Prospects. - Soviet State and Law, M. 1984, No. 6, - 87 p.
- Chirkin, V.E. State and municipal management: textbook / V.E. Chirkin. - M .: Jurist, 2013 .-- 320 p.
- Shabailov IN AND. Legal regulation of social and cultural activities. Minsk: Science and technology, 2001 .-- 183 p.
- Organizational and managerial innovations in the field of culture.- M., NIIK, 2011.- 43-47 p.
- Orlova Z.A. Social policy in the field of culture. //
"Landmarks of cultural policy" -1995, - № 5. - 19 p.
- Sorochkin B.Yu. and others. Financing of culture in the new economic conditions. // "Guidelines for cultural policy" - 2005, - No. 1. - 3-11 p.
- Shishkin S.V. Economics and management in the field of culture: search for new models. - M., NIIK, 2012. - 23 p.
- Economy and management of culture. // Express-inform. - Ways of restructuring the management system in the field of culture at the territorial level. - 2000, - No. 5. - 12 p.
- Onufrienko G.V. Models of Cultural Policy in Market Conditions. (Results of scientific and informational research). // Material base of the sphere of culture: experience in solving managerial, scientific and technical problems. - Scientific. - inform. Sat, - 2006.-11 p.
- www. nаsledie.ru
- www. mkrf.ru
1 Federal Law of October 9, 1992 N 33612 - I "Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on culture"
2 The main directions of state policy for the development of the sphere of culture and mass communications in the Russian Federation until 2015 and an action plan for their implementation
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1. The system of bodies and the organization of state. Department of Education.
2. The system of bodies and organization of government in the field of social protection of the population.
1. State management of the education system is carried out by federal executive bodies and executive bodies of the subjects of the federation of general and special competence:
1) The Government of the Russian Federation, art. 114 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (clause c, c)
2) Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
a) develops and approves national standards, sample plans and curricula.
b) monitors the implementation of federal legislation in the field of education.
c) finances universities and other educational institutions of federal significance.
d) issues, within its competence, normative legal acts, etc.
3) Other federal executive bodies in charge of higher and special educational institutions of vocational education.
(Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Social Development of the Russian Federation, etc.)
4) executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as bodies of sectoral competence (Main Department of Education)
5) local self-government bodies - on the implementation of the rights of citizens to receive basic general education.
The law of the Russian Federation "On Education" as amended on 01/13/96 is in force.
The legal status of the university is determined by the Federal Law of August 22, 96 "On higher and postgraduate professional education."
Universities are independent in the selection and placement of personnel, the implementation of educational and scientific work and other activities in accordance with the charter of the university. The administration of the university is carried out by the administration by secret ballot, headed by the rector. Rector elected at the general meeting by secret ballot for up to 5 years and approved by the relevant educational management body. The rector is the chairman of the academic council of the university, whose members are also elected. The Academic Council is responsible for the general management of the higher education institution.
Other educational institutions (secondary specialized educational institutions, schools) must be registered by the founder with the relevant state body. They must be licensed to conduct their business. The state status of a state institution is given by accreditation, which confirms its right to issue state-recognized documents to graduates. The management of a state institution is carried out by its head, who is elected by the collective or appointed by the founder. In the management of educational institutions, the one-man command of the head is combined with such forms of self-government as the council of an educational institution, a teacher's council, etc.
2. Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Labor)
It heads the system of executive authorities in charge of social protection of the population at the state or regional level.
Management of the municipal system of social services is carried out by local governments. This ministry heads the federal state employment service and the service for the settlement of collective labor disputes, manages the federal labor inspectorate, the republican federal fund for social support of the population, the inspection of non-state pension funds, etc.
The cultural and educational function is one of the most important internal functions of the state.
Its implementation includes the creation and maintenance of favorable conditions and opportunities for each citizen to receive an education that meets the standards adopted in the state.
The importance of this function is due to the fact that at present, without education, active participation of citizens in public life, in production, in all spheres of state activity is unthinkable.
Education is a purposeful process of education and training in the interests of a person, society, and the state.
Obtaining an education is understood as the achievement and confirmation of a certain educational level (educational qualification) by a student, which is certified by an appropriate document.
The right to education is one of the fundamental and inalienable constitutional rights of citizens of the Russian Federation.
In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the current legislation, the following types of education are guaranteed to them as public and free: preschool, primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general and primary vocational, and on a competitive basis - secondary vocational, higher vocational and postgraduate vocational education in state and municipal educational institutions, if a citizen receives education of this level for the first time. Basic general education is compulsory.
Education management is an executive and administrative activity of the competent authorities aimed at the direct implementation of state policy in the field of education.
The legal basis for management in the field of education is the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Law of the Russian Federation of July 10, 1992 "On Education" (as amended by the Federal Law of January 13, 1996), the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of August 22, 1996 "On higher and postgraduate vocational education ", other laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation adopted in accordance with them, laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of education, regulations on educational management bodies, charters of educational institutions and other acts of local, local values. Education in the Russian Federation is also carried out in accordance with the norms of international law.
General issues of education are attributed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation to the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its subjects. Local self-government bodies are also endowed with a certain competence in this area.
In accordance with this, a system of education management bodies is being built, which includes:
1. State bodies, which in turn are subdivided
on:
a) federal educational authorities;
b) departmental educational authorities of the Russian Federation and its subjects;
c) educational authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
2. Municipal bodies.
State education authorities are created by the decision of the relevant executive authority in agreement with the relevant legislative (representative) government body. Municipal education authorities can be created by the decision of the relevant local government bodies.
The main task of all educational authorities is to ensure the Federal program for the development of education, state educational standards and the functioning of the education system at the level of state standards.
The Ministry of General and Vocational Education of the Russian Federation is a federal executive body specially created to manage education on a national scale. As the main task, it is called upon to ensure the implementation of state policy in this area.
The main tasks and functions of this ministry are: formation of a strategy for all types of education, determination of its content; development and control over the implementation of components of state educational standards in the field of education, assistance in the development of national and regional components of state standards; coordination of normative acts of ministries and departments in the field of education; training of specialists in pedagogical secondary, higher and postgraduate education in relevant educational institutions; development of lists of professions, directions and specialties for which vocational education and training is carried out; creation of a unified assessment system and state assessment of the quality of the educational process in educational institutions; establishment of the procedure for licensing, certification and accreditation of educational institutions; development of the material and technical and experimental and production base of the educational process and scientific research; organization and development of international cooperation in the field of education, etc.
The educational authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are very numerous and differ significantly in their status and organizational forms of management. In the republics that are part of the Russian Federation, these are ministries or committees, in other subjects - departments, main departments, departments or departments of education.
A characteristic feature of the legal status of these bodies is that in the respective territory they are the only specialized bodies that comprehensively implement the state policy in the field of education.
Municipal education authorities implement the state policy of the given area in the territories where local self-government is exercised. The competence of these bodies is derived from the competence of self-government bodies in the field of education.
In accordance with the current legislation, the exclusive competence of local self-government bodies in the field of education includes:
planning, organization, regulation and control of the activities of local (municipal) educational authorities, educational institutions;
formation of local budgets in terms of spending on education and the corresponding funds for the development of education;
providing citizens residing in the relevant territories with the opportunity to choose an educational institution;
creation, reorganization and liquidation of municipal educational institutions;
creation and liquidation of municipal education authorities and self-governing school districts, determination of their structure and powers;
appointment and dismissal by agreement with the state education authorities of the heads of local education authorities;
appointment of heads of municipal educational institutions (unless otherwise provided by standard regulations on educational institutions of the corresponding types and types or by a decision of a local government);
use of state and municipal educational institutions, cultural and sports facilities in the interests of education:
establishment of additional taxes and benefits stimulating the development of education, etc.
Educational activities are carried out in educational institutions, which, in accordance with the Law on Education, are institutions that carry out the educational process, i.e. implementing one or several educational programs and (or) providing the maintenance and upbringing of students, pupils.
Educational institutions are legal entities.
According to their organizational and legal forms, they can be state, municipal and non-state (private, institutions of public and religious organizations, associations).
The legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of education applies to all educational institutions on the territory of the Russian Federation, regardless of their organizational and legal forms and subordination.
The law on education provides for the following types of educational institutions: preschool; general education (primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general education); initial vocational, secondary vocational, higher vocational and postgraduate vocational education; additional education for adults; special (correctional) for students, pupils with developmental disabilities; additional education; for orphans and children left without parental care (legal representatives); additional education for children.
According to the listed types, the types of educational institutions are distinguished:
general education - primary, basic, secondary schools, including those with in-depth study of subjects, gymnasium lyceums;
primary vocational education - vocational schools; vocational lyceums - centers of continuous vocational education; educational and course complexes (points); training and production centers, technical schools, evening (shift) and other educational institutions of this level;
secondary specialized education - technical schools (colleges, schools); colleges; technical schools-enterprises (institutions);
higher professional education - universities, academies, institutes, colleges.
The administrative and legal status of state and municipal educational institutions is determined by standard regulations on educational institutions of the corresponding types and types, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, and the charters of these educational institutions developed on their basis.
In this case, a special role belongs to such important elements of the education system as state educational standards and successive educational programs of various levels and directions.
State educational standards include federal and national-regional components.
Federal components of state educational standards determine: a) the mandatory minimum content of the main mandatory programs; b) the maximum amount of teaching load of students; c) requirements for the level of training of graduates. Federal components of state educational standards can be supplemented by national and regional ones.
Educational standards are established by authorized executive bodies in relation to the types of educational institutions and are mandatory for institutions carrying out educational activities in the relevant direction (specialty).
They serve as the basis for an objective assessment of the level of education and qualifications of graduates, regardless of the form of education.
Educational programs implemented in the Russian Federation determine the content of education of a certain level and focus.
They are subdivided into general education and professional, each of which, in turn, is divided into basic and additional.
Licensing, accreditation and certification of educational institutions play an important role in the implementation of a unified state policy.
Licensing is the issuance of a document (license) confirming the right to carry out educational activities.
The license is issued by the state educational authority or, on its behalf, by the local self-government body at the location of the educational institution on the basis of the conclusion of the expert commission. It can be issued only under the condition of the implementation of the educational process (the state of the material and technical base of compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards, staffing with the necessary personnel, etc.) imposed on educational institutions and established state and local requirements. The license fixes the relevant control standards, the maximum number of the contingent of students or pupils, as well as its validity period.
Accreditation is a procedure for recognizing the state statute (type and type) of an educational institution, carried out on the basis of a survey of its characteristics in accordance with the classification criteria established by the relevant standard provisions on educational institutions.
State accreditation is carried out by authorized educational authorities (with the participation of interested ministries and departments) on the basis of an application from an educational institution and an opinion on its certification.
Based on its positive results, a certificate of state accreditation is issued, confirming the right and ability of this educational institution to carry out its activities at an officially recognized level.
From the moment of receipt of such a certificate, an educational institution acquires a number of rights, including the issuance of a state-recognized education certificate to its graduates, the use of a seal depicting the state emblem of the Russian Federation, and inclusion in the centralized state financing scheme.
Certification allows you to establish the compliance of the content, level and quality of training of graduates of educational institutions with the requirements of state educational standards.
The condition for attestation of an educational institution is the positive results of the final attestation of at least half of its graduates during the last three years.
Certification of an educational institution, as a rule, is carried out once every five years by the state certification service or on its behalf by other bodies. A special procedure is provided for the certification of certain types of educational institutions: preschool; special (correctional) for students, pupils with developmental disabilities; orphans and children left without parental care (legal representatives).
The importance of attestation also lies in the fact that the results of the educational institution may be deprived of state accreditation.
Management of state and municipal educational institutions is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the charter of the educational institution.
Thus, the Model Regulation on a State Higher Education Institution establishes that the general management of a higher education institution is carried out by the Academic Council headed by the rector.
Early elections of the Academic Council are held at the request of at least half of its members, as well as in cases stipulated by the charter of the university.
The procedure for choosing the first composition of the Academic Council is determined by the general meeting (conference) of teachers, researchers and representatives of other categories of workers and students.
Representatives of all categories of employees and students of universities and public organizations can be elected to the Academic Council.
The direct management of the activities of a state university is carried out by the rector, who holds this position in the manner determined by the charter of the university in accordance with the Law on Education.
The rector, within the limits of his authority, issues orders and orders that are binding on all employees and students at the university.
The scale of the university's activities determines its structure, the main elements of which are faculties, departments, other divisions and services (educational unit, secretariat, personnel department, etc.). Depending on the structure of the university and in accordance with the charter, academic councils can also be created in its individual divisions (faculties, departments, etc.).
The activities of the faculty are directed by the dean of the faculty, who is elected by the academic council of the university from among persons with an academic degree or title, in the manner determined by the charter of the university.
The department is the main link of the university, directly carrying out educational, educational, methodological and research work. It is headed by the head of the department.
Departments play a leading role in educational work with trainees.
Science as an element of social consciousness and a specific type of creative social activity, cognizing the diversity of the surrounding reality, generates not only new concepts and ideas, but also forms the theoretical and methodological basis for transforming social practice.
The increasing complexity of the problems of social development, the increasing interconnection and interdependence of social phenomena caused fundamental changes in the nature of cognitive activity: the processes of differentiation and integration of sciences, the convergence of natural, technical sciences with the humanities, and as a result of interpenetration, complementarity of various branches of scientific knowledge it became possible to solve problems in a complex manner, to obtain qualitatively new results.
According to paragraph "e" of Art. 72 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, general issues of science are under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities, but the Federation pursues a unified state policy in the field of scientific and technological progress, the use in practice of the achievements of science and technology, and manages state scientific institutions of federal significance.
The Federal Assembly - the parliament of the Russian Federation (Article 94 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) determines the economic basis of a unified state policy in the field of science development and compulsorily considers legislative acts concerning the federal budget, federal taxes, financial regulation (Article 106 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).
Direct implementation in the Russian Federation of a unified state policy in the field of science is ensured by the Government of the Russian Federation (clause "in" Article 114 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation), which, as a body of general competence, implements the relevant articles of the federal budget, controls the implementation of state programs for the support of science, coordinates the work branch federal executive bodies in the field of science, approves the Regulations on these bodies, determines their duties and rights.
Interdisciplinary scientific management bodies in their activities are guided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education" as amended by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Amendments and Addenda to the Law of the Russian Federation" On Education "dated January 13, 1996 No. 12-FZ. Federal Laws "On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education" dated August 22, 1996 No. 124-FZ, "On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy" dated August 23, 1996, No. 127-FZ, and other - legislative acts of the Russian Federation, decrees and decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, as well as the Regulations on the governing bodies of science approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.
Interdisciplinary management of science is entrusted to the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Science and Technology, which, as a federal executive body, ensures the formation and practical implementation of the state scientific and technical policy, the implementation of measures to preserve and develop the scientific and technical potential of Russia.
The main tasks of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Science and Technology are:
analysis of the development of science and technology;
organization of scientific and technical forecasting, selection and assessment of priority areas for the development of science and technology. development and application of organizational and economic mechanisms for the implementation of the selected priorities;
development of state scientific and technical programs and projects, methodological guidance for the preparation of regional and intersectoral scientific and technical programs, as well as proposals for the legal support of the development of science and technology, state policy in the field of scientific and innovative activities, social protection of scientists:
the formation of an information structure in the field of science and technology, ensuring the collection, systematization, processing of scientific and technical information and its transfer to interested institutions, organizations and specialists throughout the Russian Federation.
In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Articles 7, 39, 41), the state protects the work and health of people; provides support for family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood for disabled people and senior citizens; develops the system of social services, establishes state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection; encourages activities that contribute to the strengthening of human health, the development of physical culture and sports, environmental and sanitary-epidemiological well-being.
Health care, physical culture and sports, tourism and social protection of citizens are the most important branches of government in the social and cultural sphere.
Protection of human health (in a broad, general social sense) is a combination of political, economic, legal, social, scientific, medical, sanitary and hygienic and anti-epidemic measures aimed at preserving and strengthening the physical and mental health of each person, maintaining his long-term active life , providing him with medical assistance in case of loss of health.
At the same time, the state guarantees the protection of the health of every citizen in accordance with domestic legislation, generally recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation.
Protection of the health of citizens in the narrow sense is the adoption of medical measures for the prevention of diseases, the provision of medical care, the maintenance of an optimal state of public hygiene and sanitation.
The implementation of these measures is carried out by an independent system of specialized institutions and bodies, for which the protection of the health of citizens is their main purpose and main activity.
The management of the activities of these institutions and bodies forms an independent branch of government in the social and cultural sphere - health care.
Coordination of health issues is a joint responsibility of the Russian Federation and its subjects. A detailed distribution of competence on these issues between the Russian Federation, its subjects and local governments is carried out in accordance with the Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of citizens' health.
Social protection of citizens is one of the most important functions of the state.
That is why the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 7) proclaims the Russian Federation as a social state, the policy of which is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a dignified life and free human development. The activities of the state for the practical implementation of this policy takes place within the framework of an independent branch of management of the socio-cultural sphere, called "social protection of citizens."
The main forms and at the same time constitutional guarantees of social protection of citizens are: labor protection and health of people; guaranteed minimum wage; state support for family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, disabled people and senior citizens; development and functioning of the system of social services; establishment and payment of state pensions and various social benefits.
These forms, as well as the activities of the state for their implementation, constitute the content of the management of social protection of citizens.
The general management of the considered sectors of the social and cultural sphere is carried out by the President and the Government of the Russian Federation.
Thus, the President of the Russian Federation, defining in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation the main directions of the internal policy of the state, issues relevant decrees that govern public relations in the field of health care, physical culture and sports, tourism and social protection of citizens. The Government of the Russian Federation ensures the implementation of a unified state policy in the social and cultural sphere; develops and approves federal programs for the development of health care, physical culture, sports, tourism and social security; takes measures for their practical implementation; carries out legal regulation of related issues and much more.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation on the Protection of Citizens' Health consolidate a complex and heterogeneous, from an organizational and legal point of view, a health care system, in which, in turn, state, municipal and private systems (or rather, subsystems) of health care are distinguished as independent elements.
The state health care system covers the health management bodies of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities, as well as state-owned medical and preventive institutions, pharmaceutical enterprises, pharmacies and other institutions carrying out relevant activities in the industry in question.
The municipal health care system is made up of municipal public health authorities and municipally owned institutions and enterprises, basically similar to those that are part of the state health care system.
The private health care system includes medical and prophylactic institutions and pharmacies, the property of which is in private ownership, as well as persons engaged in private medical and pharmaceutical activities.
Direct state management of health care is entrusted to the system of specialized executive bodies, which are formed by: the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; the relevant ministries of the republics that are part of the Russian Federation; healthcare management bodies of other constituent entities of the Federation - departments, committees, main departments, directorates, departments, etc.
The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Health of Russia) is a federal executive body designed to ensure the implementation of state health policy on a national scale.
The main tasks of the Ministry of Health of Russia are: development of the foundations of state policy, targeted and state scientific and technical programs for the development of health care, prevention of diseases, the provision of medical care, provision of the population with drugs and medical products; control over the quality of medical care, medical and pharmaceutical products provided to the population; organization of licensing and certification of medical and pharmaceutical activities; development of norms and standards in the field of health care and control over their observance; ensuring sanitary and hygienic and epidemiological well-being of the population, etc.
The main tasks of this ministry are: development and implementation of federal and sectoral programs on labor, employment and social protection of the population; development of social norms, norms and standards within its competence; organization of state pension provision; creation and development of the state system of social services for the population, assistance in the creation and development of municipal, private and other services providing social services to the population; organization of social support for family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, senior citizens and veterans; participation in the settlement of issues related to licensing activities in the field of social services for the population; ensuring control over the correct and uniform application of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of labor and social protection, etc.
The Federal Migration Service of Russia plays an important role in the implementation of state policy for the social protection of citizens.
Its competence includes: development of projects of federal and migration programs and ensuring their implementation; distribution of funds allocated from the federal budget for solving migration problems; organization of reception and temporary accommodation of refugees and forced migrants on the territory of the Russian Federation; assisting them in settling in their main place of residence, protecting the rights of migrants; preparation of a proposal for improving legislation in the field of migration, monitoring its observance, etc.
In accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of December 10, 1995 "On the Fundamentals of Social Services to the Population in the Russian Federation," social services are the activities of social services for social support, the provision of social, social, medical, psychological and pedagogical, social - legal services and material assistance, social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations.
The State Committee of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture and Tourism plays an important role in the implementation of state policy in protecting public health. In accordance with the Fundamentals of Legislation of the Russian Federation on Physical Culture and Sports, other legislative and subordinate normative acts, the competence of this federal executive body covers: the development and implementation of targeted federal state programs for the development of physical culture, sports and tourism; development of state standards for financing physical culture, sports and tourism; direct financing of the activities of subordinate enterprises, institutions and organizations of physical culture, sports and tourism of federal significance;
An important role in ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population is played by the state sanitary and epidemiological supervision, which is the activity of bodies and sanitary-preventive institutions aimed at preventing human diseases by preventing, detecting and suppressing violations of the sanitary legislation of the Russian Federation.
The content of sanitary and epidemiological surveillance includes: observation, assessment and forecasting of public health in connection with the state of the environment; identification of the causes and conditions of infectious and mass non-infectious diseases; development of binding proposals for the implementation of measures to ensure the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population; control over the conduct of hygienic and anti-epidemic measures, compliance with sanitary legislation by organizations and citizens; suppression of sanitary offenses and bringing to justice the persons who committed them; maintaining state records of infectious, occupational and mass infectious diseases and poisoning of the population in connection with the unfavorable influence of environmental factors on human health, as well as sanitary statistics.
This type of state supervision is carried out by a system of bodies and institutions of sanitary and epidemiological supervision subordinate to the Ministry of Health of Russia in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, cities, districts, as well as in water and air transport.
A variation of this state supervision is departmental sanitary and epidemiological supervision, which is carried out by individual ministries and departments in relation to the objects under their jurisdiction.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees every citizen the right to participate in cultural life and use cultural institutions, to have access to cultural values.
By culture in the broad sense of the word, it is customary to understand the social and cultural image of society - the state of science, art, education, educational work, etc. The content of culture is made up of cultural values: moral and aesthetic ideals, norms and patterns of behavior; languages, dialects and dialects; national traditions and customs; folklore, arts and crafts; works of culture and art; buildings, structures, objects and technologies of historical and cultural significance; historically and culturally unique territories, objects, etc.
At the same time, this branch, uniform in content, is divided into sub-branches of culture: art (fiction, cinematography, stage, plastic, musical, architecture and other types and genres); folk arts and crafts, folklore, customs and rituals; amateur artistic creation; museum work and collecting; book publishing and librarianship; television and radio broadcasting; aesthetic education, art education, pedagogical activity in this area.
Federal executive bodies directly finance cultural organizations under federal jurisdiction, create and maintain a Code of historical and cultural monuments of the Russian Federation, coordinate foreign policy in the field of cultural cooperation, regulate the export and import of cultural property, etc. Thus, the Government of the Russian Federation develops federal state programs for the preservation and development of culture, monitors the implementation by federal executive bodies of state policy in the field of cultural development, provides support for the development of culture and the preservation of especially valuable objects of cultural heritage of national importance, organizes the identification, registration and protection of cultural monuments, ensures the availability of cultural activities and cultural values \u200b\u200bfor citizens, etc.
The executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation participate in determining the republican and territorial cultural policy, form territorial and other bodies of state regulation of cultural activities and the organization of culture of the corresponding subordination, create funds for the development of culture, establish local taxes and fees for the purpose of cultural development, carry out measures international cultural ties, etc.
The current legislation obliges the bodies of state power and administration of the Russian Federation and its subjects to take into account cultural aspects in all state programs of economic, environmental, social and national development.
Thus, cultural management is the executive and administrative activity of the competent state bodies in order to implement the state policy in the field of cultural development, the practical implementation of the state's cultural and educational function.
The legal foundations for managing this industry are: the Law of the Russian Federation of October 9, 1992 "Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on culture", legislative acts of the Russian Federation and its subjects, other legal acts of state bodies adopted on the management of culture.
Culture management bodies form a single system, which includes: the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, the ministries of culture of the republics that are part of the Russian Federation, and the corresponding cultural management bodies of other subjects of the Federation; The State Committee of the Russian Federation for Cinematography, the State Committee of the Russian Federation for the Press, the Federal Service of Russia for Television and Radio Broadcasting and the corresponding governing bodies of the subjects of the Federation.
The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Culture of Russia) is a federal executive body that implements state policy in the field of culture. Its main tasks are: creating conditions for the preservation and development of the culture of all peoples living on the territory of the Russian Federation; implementation of the state policy in the field of protection and popularization of the historical and cultural heritage of the Russian Federation; coordination of international cultural relations: provision of state support for professional art, etc.
The State Committee of the Russian Federation for Cinematography (Goskino) is a federal executive body that regulates and inter-sectoral coordination of activities on the development and implementation of state policy in the field of cinematography.
Cinematography is a field of culture and art, which includes a set of professional, creative, industrial, scientific, technical and educational activities aimed at the creation and use of works of cinematography (films, film-topis).
In accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of August 28, 1996 "On state support for the cinematography of the Russian Federation", cinematography is an integral part of culture and art, which must be preserved and developed with the support of the state.
The State Committee of the Russian Federation for Cinematography acts on the basis of the Regulations approved by the Government of the Russian Federation on January 6, 1993, according to which it is entrusted with the following main tasks: development and implementation of federal programs in the field of cinematography, including the improvement of cinema services for the population; promoting the development of international relations in this area. At the same time, Goskino should promote the creation and coordination of the activities of associations, councils, other organizations and associations designed to promote the development of Russian cinematography.
The State Press Committee of the Russian Federation (Goskompechat) is the most important link in the system of state cultural management bodies, which implements state policy in its sub-sector, covering periodicals, book publishing, printing and book distribution.
The main tasks of the State Press Committee are: development of measures aimed at the implementation of state policy in the subordinate sub-sector; ensuring the protection of freedom of speech and the independence of the press; development and participation in the implementation of federal publishing programs for the release of literature; creation of conditions for the organization and functioning of federal, interregional, regional, local publishing houses, newspapers and magazines; organization of international cooperation in the field of periodicals, book publishing, printing and book trade.
The State Press Committee is in charge of state publishing houses, printing enterprises, and wholesale book trade enterprises. The structure of this committee includes the Department of Mass Media.
Federal Service of Russia on Television and Radio Broadcasting
(FSTR) is designed to ensure the implementation of state policy in the field of television and radio broadcasting and to monitor the technical quality of broadcasting.
It operates on the basis of the regulation approved by the Government of the Russian Federation on May 7, 1994.
In accordance with it, the main tasks and functions of the FSTR are: development of long-term programs and plans for the development of television and radio broadcasting in the Russian Federation; promotion of entrepreneurial activity in the field of television and radio broadcasting; development of measures aimed at implementing the state policy in the field of television and radio broadcasting, as well as taking measures for the development, operation, standardization and certification of the technical base of television and radio broadcasting; registration and licensing of state and non-state television and radio broadcasting organizations; coordination of the activities of all-Russian and regional television and radio organizations; management of subordinate organizations, enterprises and institutions; control over the fulfillment by television and radio organizations of obligations under licenses, etc.
Broadcasting licenses are issued by the Federal Television and Radio Broadcasting Commission and its territorial commissions. This commission develops state policy in the field of licensing radio and television broadcasting and implements it directly. and through the territorial commissions for television and radio broadcasting. Training assignments Answer / Solution In one of the autonomies of the Russian Federation, riots occurred caused by the conflict between the indigenous population and refugees, incl. from the Caucasus.
Unfortunately, the actions of the indigenous people received de facto support from the local administration, which made several decisions that exacerbated the conflict. By the decree of the President of the Russian Federation, an emergency regime was introduced in the region, with the creation of a temporary administration. The head of this administration, taking into account the situation and powers, issued a decree on the temporary suspension of the activities of the regional administration, direct subordination to the head of the temporary administration of all executive bodies of the city and regional administration.
The mayor of the city was removed from office by a separate order, the head of state enterprises and organizations was prohibited from dismissing workers of their own free will for the entire period of the state of emergency.
Give a legal analysis of the case.
The plane with passengers was hijacked at the airport.
The police officers Mikhailov and Stozharov stopped the driver of the Zhiguli Senkin and demanded that he take them to the service.
The driver refused, explaining the refusal by the need to travel by personal transport to his mother-in-law and in the other direction.
Then Mikhailov, who had a driver's license, removed Senkin from management and the three of them went to the airport,
Give an assessment of the actions of the participants in the situation. Are there grounds for filing a complaint by Senkin in court?
A pretty person called a police squad over the phone with the aim of placing her husband in a medical sobering-up center, since he was organizing a "drunken brawl" in the apartment.
The outfit fulfilled the request, but the husband filed a complaint against both his wife and the police.
Give a legal analysis of the situation.
Management is understood as a system of activities that ensure the successful functioning of a wide variety of social institutions - organizations designed to carry out some socially significant activity.
Activities in the social and cultural sphere are carried out by organizations, institutions, enterprises of various departmental affiliations (state, municipal, private, public organizations) and forms of ownership, as well as by private individuals. Further, a firm is any institution in the social and cultural sphere.
Social and cultural management is of particular interest to us.
First, because its technological content reveals all the wealth of management in general - as already mentioned, a variety of firms operate in the cultural sphere.
Secondly, the perspectives of such consideration are important for understanding the possibilities of cooperation with the sphere of culture in other spheres of business activity. The main feature of management in the social and cultural sphere is that money in this area is earned mainly not on the basis of simple commerce, but on the basis of attracting funds from interested donors: sponsorship, patronage, charity.
Third, another circumstance is even more obvious - the growing requirements for the competence of specialists and workers in the social and cultural sphere.
Usually, the specifics of management in the sphere of culture are associated with the specifics of "spiritual production." The "products" of such activity are not so much material in nature as they are associated with the phenomena of consciousness (perception, understanding, etc.), do not lend themselves to direct direct counting, storage.
Their production often coincides with their consumption (watching a play, a movie, listening to a concert, reading a book, etc. A book that is not read, a picture that is not watched, etc., are not artistic values).
Moreover, in contrast to the products of material production, destroyed in the process of consumption (boots wear out, apples are eaten), cultural values \u200b\u200bin the process of consumption increase their value (the more people read a book, saw a picture, heard a concert, etc., the more higher their social significance).
However, cultural services can and should be understood not only as services directly to visitors, but also donors who are ready to allocate funds and support this activity. The sphere of culture is a sphere of predominantly non-commercial activity. The main feature of cultural management is that money in this area appears mainly not on the basis of commerce, but on the basis of raising funds, involving the interests of various forces and authorities: government bodies in charge of budget funds, sponsors, charitable organizations and other income ... Nonprofit activity does not mean "unattractive" to the business. All over the world, the non-profit sector is one of the most rapidly developing sectors of the economy.
Moreover, non-commercial activity is more general in nature, it can include commercial as its part. For example, a museum can engage in entrepreneurial activities, open a souvenir production, a printing house, repair shops, etc.