Recognition of the dignity of work is cultural. Gurevich. Categories of medieval culture. desire for sensual pleasure

4. Theodore Gericault.

"Officer of the Horse Rangers of the Imperial Guard, Going to the Attack." 1812 g

Most of all, the artist loved to depict ...

Answer: horse

The first works of F. Gericault, including the presented painting "The Officer of the Equestrian Rangers of the Imperial Guard, Going to the Attack." 1812, inspired by ...

Answer: the ideas of the Great French Revolution, the victories of Napoleon's army

The French artist Theodore Gericault is the founder of _____ in painting.

Answer: romanticism

5. This cathedral, built in 1158-60. (rebuilt in 1185–89) differs both from Kiev and from the early monuments of North-Eastern Russia. It is a white-stone temple of slender proportions and large dimensions, decorated with luxurious carved perspective portals, an arcature-columnar belt, and intricately profiled pilasters. In addition to local craftsmen, the construction artel included Western European ones sent by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.

The cathedral described and shown in the picture is ...

Answer: the main cathedral of North-Eastern Russia, a model for the construction of Russian churches

The cathedral described in the text and shown in the photo was founded by the prince ...

Answer: Andrey Bogolyubsky

The cathedral described in the text shown in the photo is called the ______ cathedral in Vladimir.

Answer: Uspensky

6.P.S. Gurevich:

“In the era ... the elevation of the spirit took root in the area of the economy itself. Any work associated with the transformation of life was considered poetic.

At the same time, indolence was condemned. Several countries have passed anti-vagrant laws. The housekeeping profession was assessed as a response to the call of God. Consequently, the willingness to rebuild, to decorate life was perceived as a moral duty ...

Labor was correlated with asceticism, with the lofty goal of earthly existence. In other words, it was not at all assumed that the profit obtained should immediately serve the hedonistic needs of a person. On the contrary, the meaning of labor was seen in making some accumulation, overcoming the temptation of all pleasures. "

Recognition of the dignity of labor is characteristic of the culture of the era ...

Answer: Reformation

The fundamental contribution to the formation of Protestant ethics was made by ...

Answer: Jean Calvin, Martin Luther

Understanding labor as a person's destiny is characteristic of _______ ethics.

Answer: Protestant

7. From the epic "Sadko":

“... How was Sadko and the goose-goer,

Ay, as soon as he went to fair feasts,

He was in a hurry like a merchant, boyars,

He made fun of them at fair feasts.

... Ai Sadko went to the lake Ilmen,

Ay he sat on a blue stone on a combustible stone,

How did he start to play harp in springtime,

And he played from morning as day now until evening.

... How did the cathedral church

Nikola and Mozhaisky,

Ay, how did the Holy Mother of God make another church,

How he began to pray to the Lord God,

Oh, about his sins, but he will say goodbye. "

The stories about Sadko refer to the legends of the _______ cycle.

Answer: Novgorodsky

Researchers attribute the emergence of legends about Sadko to the 12th century -

B. Malinovsky

5.From the "Word about Idols" ... "The Word about Idols", directed against paganism, is a monument Old Russian literature ___ century.

7.From Confucius: “When the state is governed by reason, poverty and want are shameful; when the state is not governed according to reason, then wealth and honor are shameful. " The main keepers of the Confucian commandments were ...

Officials

4. courtiers

10. From the work of J.-F. Lyotard "Notes on the margins of narratives" ... In the work of J.-F. Lyotard is talking about _________ modernity.

The end

2. refusal

3.exception

4.Editing

12.From the work of J.-F. Lyotard "Notes on the margins of narratives" ... According to J.-F. Lyotard, the current state of society is characterized by ...

1.the pursuit of success

2.dominance of Christian values

3. domination over nature

Dominance of science and technology

13. This cathedral (Peter and Paul) was erected in 1712–1733 on the site of the wooden church of the same name ... The __________ direction in Russian architecture of the 18th century is associated with the name of the architect of the cathedral described and shown in the photo.

Baroque

2.renaissance

3.classic

4. romance

18. The construction of this cathedral began between 1017 and 1019 ... In honor of the victory over the Pechenegs, which led to their complete defeat, in the XI century. the cathedral was built ...

1. St. Sophia in Chernigov

2. St. Elijah in Kiev

St. Sophia in Kiev

4. Uspensky in Vladimir

19.M. Vrubel ... The works of M. Vrubel are characterized by ...

1.Following nature

Creating your own fantasy world

3.the pursuit of illustrative accuracy

4. admiration for color

Fauvism

2.surrealism

3.dadaism

25. From the work of P. Sorokin "The Crisis of Our Time" ... The essence of the crisis of sensual culture P. Sorokin saw in ...

1.the opposition of democracy and totalitarianism

2.the struggle between communism and fascism

Changing the value system

4.the great economic depression

29. From "Domostroy" ... The author of "Domostroi" applied the ideology of the feudal monarchy to ...

1.public service

Privacy

3. church life

4.public life

33. In the ancient tradition, a person is a microcosm ... The specificity of ancient democracy is that it is based not on the preferential protection of the interests of an individual, individualism, but on the protection of interests ...

1.Oligarchy

2.human freedoms

3.aristocracy

Polis

37. From an article by L. Febvre ... The appeal to the ancient heritage contributed to the formation of the Italian ...

1.cosmopolitanism

Humanism

3.Mercantilism

4.paternalism

40. This abbey (Saint-Denis) occupied a special place ... The creator of the Gothic and the most influential abbot of the temple described and presented in the text was ...

1. Guibert Nozhansky

2. Trouble Venerable

Abbot Suger (Suger)

4. Bernard of Clairvaux

42.The architectural ensemble of this church consists of nine pillar-like temples of various heights. The temple described and shown in the photo was built in memory of (about) ...

1.the victory over the Poles

2.releasing from the Mongol-Tatar yoke

Capture of Kazan

4.the accession of the Romanov dynasty

44. The first seven theses state that the repentance to which Jesus Christ calls is not performed in an act of sacrament, but lasts the whole life of a Christian ... The author of 95 theses that initiated the Reformation is ...

Martin Luther

2. Jean Calvin

3. Albrecht Durer

4. Johannes Fishart

48. P. S. Gurevich: “In the era ... the elevation of the spirit took root in the area of the economy itself. Any work associated with the transformation of life was considered poetic ... The fundamental contribution to the formation of Protestant ethics was made ...

Martin Luther

2. Francois Vignon

3. Jean Calvin

4. Erasmus of Rotterdam

49. P. S. Gurevich: “In the era ... the elevation of the spirit took root in the area of the economy itself. Any work associated with the transformation of life was considered poetic ... Recognition of the dignity of labor is characteristic of the culture of the era ...

1.the middle ages

2.Antiquity

Reformation

4. Renaissance

51. Theodore Gericault. "Officer of the Horse Rangers of the Imperial Guard, Going to the Attack." 1812 The French artist Theodore Gericault is the founder of _____ in painting.

1.impressionism

2.classicism

Romanticism

4.realism

53 Voltaire's aphorisms:

"... A man will be born to live in the convulsions of anxiety ...".

"If God did not exist, he should have been invented."

"If people argue for a long time, it proves that what they are arguing about is not clear to themselves."

One of the highest achievements of Voltaire are his ...

Historical works

2.paintings

4.scientific views

54. Voltaire's aphorisms ... Voltaire criticized absolutism, glorified reason, fought for ...

1.human rights

2.market economy

Tolerance

56. From a letter to the boyar FP Morozova and Princess EP Urusova ... The author of the quoted letter addressed to the boyar FP Morozova and Princess EP Urusova was ...

1.Protopop Filaret

2.patriarch Nikon

Archpriest Avvakum

4.boyar Rtischev

59. This cathedral, built in 1158-60. (rebuilt in 1185–89) differs both from Kiev and from the early monuments of North-Eastern Russia ... The cathedral described and shown in the photo was founded ...

1. Yuri Dolgoruky

2. Daniel Zatochnik

3. Vsevolod the Big Nest

Andrey Bogolyubsky

60. This cathedral, built in 1158-60. (rebuilt in 1185–89) differs both from Kiev and from the early monuments of North-Eastern Russia ... The Assumption Cathedral, described and shown in the figure, is ...

1.the main cathedral of North-Eastern Russia

2.the first stone church in Russia

3.the main cathedral of the Novgorod Republic

a model for the construction of Russian churches

62. Antique space is active, moving, heterogeneous, but does not yet have a rigid grid of dominant coordinates, it is the same in many directions, despite its heterogeneity in many areas and intervals, to dynamically changing stresses of its individual areas ... A characteristic feature of an ancient temple is ...

it was a kind of transmission mechanism between man and nature.

But it would be wrong to see only one "bad" side in medieval peasant labor. Agrarian labor was perceived by the peasant as an integral part of the cycle of nature. Christianity did not destroy the people's faith in chronic forces. The farmer is included in natural rhythms, and the relationship between people and natural phenomena is thought of as interaction and even mutual assistance. The church persecuted folk magic, including industrial magic, but at the same time could not but yield to the pressure of peasant beliefs, and the superficially Christianized traditional attitude of peasants to natural forces found expression in the church blessings of water, earth, fire and other elements. "Paralyturgies" were of the same nature, aimed at conjuring bread, oil, wine, salt, earthly fruits, wells, vessels, boats, fishing gear and other objects and tools (148). A special understanding of the world of things, inherent in the barbarians, who felt their magical involvement with it, was not outlived in the Christian era.

The man of the Middle Ages was also capable of poeticizing his industrial activities. The portals of Gothic cathedrals are decorated, along with the figures of the characters of Scripture, with bas-reliefs and statues depicting workers engaged in various agricultural works. Sculptural calendars consistently reproduce labor processes characteristic of different months and seasons. Plowing, sowing, reaping, threshing, picking fruits, viticulture, planting and digging in trees, setting up a scythe, mowing, hunting, felling forests - paintings that continue the old artistic tradition, renewed by constant direct observation, - are made with the artist's undoubted interest in ordinary people, absorbed in production activities. A person influencing nature glorifies the creator through labor. An active life takes its place side by side with a contemplative life. They are equally sacred. In Chartres Cathedral, the figures of virtues and hardworking virgins are arranged symmetrically, with the latter on the right (it is known that the right side was more dignified than the left). Labor gradually finds its moral and religious sanction. The scenes of rural work undoubtedly reflect the increased self-awareness of the people, their understanding of the importance of productive labor in the general structure of the world.

Under the pressure of the new attitude of workers to their activities, theologians and theologians are beginning to revise their views on labor. Relying on the Bible, they once argued that labor is a punishment sent down to people for their sins. But in the XII-XIII centuries in the same Book of Genesis (2,15), theologians began to emphasize other ideas, namely that Adam cultivated the garden of Eden and, therefore, before becoming repentance, labor was a blessed by God occupation.

A "labor theology" is being developed. Labor is pleasing to God. The first worker

was the creator himself, the "architect of the world." Accordingly, the theologians called the world he created "the universal workshop." In Lansky Cathedral, God is depicted in the form of a worker: he counts on his fingers the days necessary for creation, sits, resting from the work done. The assimilation of God to the zealous owner, who manages the "factory of the world" and creates like carpenters and masons, we also meet at the end medieval era in the reasoning of the Italian miller Menocchio (158, 64-66). There are many paintings of handicrafts in cathedrals. The portrayal of labor, crafts and seasonal agricultural work in iconography is one of the hallmarks of medieval European civilization. The stained glass windows in Chartres, donated by the city guilds, seem to compare the masters with the saints, for labor also has its dignity and holiness. In the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Semur, there are no scenes from the lives of saints on the stained-glass windows at all - but the process of making cloth is depicted in all details (203, 28, 65 et seq., 131). Often, productive labor is glorified in iconography dedicated to sacred subjects. These are the pictures of the construction of Noah's ark or the Tower of Babel. The artists strive to convey the enthusiasm of the builders carrying stones and erecting a building; faces and figures are not individualized, the masses of workers move together, in a single rhythm, seized by the high impulse and joy of artel labor. In decorating churches, architects and artists could not choose subjects quite freely, the cathedral, which served as a "Bible for the illiterate", had to be decorated only in strict accordance with theological theses and canons. The fact that handicraft and agricultural pursuits could find a place of honor in the church testifies to the recognition of the high purpose of labor as a commandment of God, one of the paths leading to salvation if the goal of labor is virtue. Higher powers patronize productive labor, and the guilds took saints for themselves as heavenly patrons. The cathedral itself, glorifying God, at the same time perpetuated the diligence, talent and experience of the person who created it.

The rehabilitation of active life reflected the growth of self-awareness of people belonging to different production professions and workshops. The teaching that all professions have Christian dignity is being recognized. Each person has his vocation (vocatio) and is saved thanks to him (195, 162-180). Addressing the flock, the Franciscan preachers urged to spend time wisely - not on entertainment and dancing, not on evil and empty, but on godly deeds, and among them - on work.

Along with understanding the dignity of physical labor, the Middle Ages gradually came to realize the importance of mental labor. In the early Middle Ages, it was widely believed that intellectual activity did not require material reward, in particular, teachers did not receive salaries, for wisdom was regarded as a gift of God, which, therefore, could not be traded; the teacher could only make gifts in gratitude for the knowledge communicated (225). However, such a look could

prevail only as long as science and education remained the monopoly of the clergy; with the proliferation of urban schools and the growing public demand for knowledgeable people, this point of view was revised, and the scientists of the profession received the rights of citizenship along with other crafts. Any payment became legal if it was received pro labore. It is known how popular outstanding university professors were: students from different countries flocked to them, their knowledge seemed comprehensive, their authority was constantly referred to. The opposition "educated" - "uneducated" remained one of the main oppositions of medieval culture.

However, the attitude towards the poet for a long time remained disdainful, and it was almost impossible for him to live off the income from writing - he could rely mainly on gifts from noble gentlemen. About the life of one of the largest medieval Germanic poets, Walter von der Vogelweide, only one documentary evidence has survived (in addition to his writings): in the travel accounts of the Bishop of Passau, 5 solidi are mentioned, given to the poet for the purchase of a fur coat. A poet, if he did not hold the position of a school teacher, turned out to be close in position to a buffoon. Many secular poets were wandering actors - vagants, goliards. Complaints about poverty and deprivation associated with the pursuit of poetry are no less frequent in the Middle Ages than in other eras. The poet's self-consciousness was not developed during the early Middle Ages. Anonymous creativity prevailed. Their contemporaries, and sometimes they themselves, mentioned poets in connection with praises of their knightly valor, exploits performed in the crusades, or their piety, without touching on the fact that they were poets. Only from the 12th century the situation changed, the poet's self-awareness as a creator began to grow (259,239-285).

Above, we have already mentioned the attitude of medieval artisans to the products of their labor, an attitude that was significantly different from the indifference of the worker and entrepreneur of bourgeois society to the output. The relative narrowness of the medieval city market, the prevalence of custom-made work, the high demands placed on the quality of products by workshops - these are some of the conditions that determined this special attitude of the master to the fruit of his hands.

It should be borne in mind that a handicraft product in the literal sense of the word was the result of a "handicraft": as in agriculture, for a long time there was no complex technical and mechanical intermediate link in the handicraft between the manufacturer and the product, the product came directly from the hands of the artisan , who worked on it from the beginning to the end of the production process. Such a manufactura naturally created a very close bond between her and the craftsman. Labor in the shop "has not yet reached the point of being indifferent to its content" (1, 536). The finished product, embodying the skills, tastes and working hours of its creator, was internally close to him, bore the imprint of his personality. All this led to the well-known poeticization or, if you like, the "heroization" of the guild

activities. Ethical and aesthetic aspects could not be eliminated from handicraft production. The members of the craft corporation have a high sense of the dignity of their work. The master was reluctant to part with his product. “An old handicraftsman fights for a pipe that a merchant wants to buy from him” (34, 12). The artisan could not see in the finished product only bare exchange value, a means of obtaining money and other goods. While working, the master does not care about making money by any means, but about ensuring himself a decent existence. “... Our ancestors were not fools,” said the German “Reformation of Sigismund” (c. 1439), “crafts were invented so that everyone would earn their daily bread, and no one should interfere in someone else's craft; by this the light drives away its need, and everyone can feed themselves ”(226, 270). Consequently, the craft exists not for the consumer first of all, but for the master himself, who cares about his income and dignity. The concept of dignity in this case presupposes, along with satiety and material well-being, the ability to take part in the public affairs of the city in appropriate and established forms. In this society of small producers, the product is valued primarily as a use value, and then as an exchange value — it cannot be reduced to the latter.

Labor had not only an economic content - it could be a source of moral satisfaction. A craftsman making a masterpiece of art, while asserting his right to be a member of the workshop, at the same time asserted his personal dignity, social status, and affiliation with a corporation. It was as a member of the group that he could define himself as a legal individual, as a human person. The medieval artisan, in the process of his labor, reproduced himself “in all his integrity” (2, vol. 46, part 1, 476). Labor is understood in this society as a general social responsibility: by his production activity, a person participates in the life of the whole - a shop, a city, a society. Therefore, the artisan is aware of the importance of his work. This consciousness can also be found among the peasants. At the beginning of the 14th century, a French peasant, who was under church excommunication, declared that he was not afraid of it, for “his labor would save him” (256, 55). Labor, interpreted by the clergy as a punishment imposed on the human race for original sin, is understood by the peasants as a means that opens the gates of heaven and the path to the salvation of the soul. When, in the 40s of the XII century, thousands of Norman pilgrims came to Chartres with the intention to take part in the erection of the western towers of the Cathedral of Our Lady and for several months they rolled heavy carts with stones onto a steep slope on which the construction took place, singing hymns in honor of the holy Virgin and subjecting themselves to scourging, then they were guided by the conviction of the righteousness and salvation of their labor.

Moreover, labor could be perceived as a social advantage of the peasants over the lords. It is known how popular they were in

England in the XIV century Lollard sermons on the topic: "When Adam was digging the earth, and Eve was spinning, who was a nobleman?" (69, 22). Here, the work of the ancestors is not a curse, but an occupation inherent in man from time immemorial, while the nobleman is an unnecessary member of society, because he does not perform a useful function and, in general, was not created by God in this capacity. Behind Milton's words that Adam's work in paradise is proof of his dignity (60, 126), there was a centuries-old tradition. Labor is obligatory for a Christian just like active love, says the 14th century English poet Langland in his poem William's Vision of Peter Pahar. The work of the farmer is righteous, and only he opens the way to the truth. By his labor, Peter the Plowman saves everyone “who helped him to plow, plant or sow, or in any other occupation could help Peter” (46, 19-20).

It has already been mentioned above that the agricultural year was also a liturgical year. The natural and production cycles merged into a cycle of religious rituals, ceremonies and holidays. The beginning of the most important production processes was marked by prayers and religious and magic events, the end of the agricultural cycle - by holidays. The rhythm of life established once and for all seemed to be established by God and thus acquired moral significance.

But in the conditions of an antagonistic society, labor inevitably inspired negative emotions. To a large extent, he was servile and excessive from the point of view of the peasants: they had to work much more than was necessary in order to pay off the master. Bishop Adalberon of Lansky, developing the doctrine of the organic structure of society, all "ranks" of which - the clergy, chivalry and peasants - serve the benefit of the whole, admitted: "To deliver all the gold, food and clothing is the duty of the servo class ... This unfortunate class does not own nothing, no matter what it has acquired through hard work ... Who could count ... all the difficulties, curses and torments that the poor serfs have to endure? " (PL, t. 141, 781-782). The social utopia of the Middle Ages was associated with the dream of a blissful state, when there was no need to work. The happy country of Cockaigne, or Schlaraffenland, about which fables and legends have circulated, is a country where no one works, where everything is in abundance and falls into the mouth of its own accord. In the kingdom of the "fifth monarchy" of the revolutionary sectarians of the end of the Middle Ages, hard work was not expected, and the whole land was to become a common property.

At the same time, one should not forget about the specificity of the category of surplus labor time as applied to the Middle Ages. In a society based on a subsistence economy and traditional in its very essence, labor could not take up such a large share of the time as in early capitalist society. It is known how numerous non-working days were: among them, along with Sundays, were the days of saints and other church holidays, in total, up to a third or more days a year. But on working days, the work could be extremely long. According to the guild charters, artisans worked from

God and mammon

sunrise to sunset. Slowly developing medieval society with its special attitude to time is not characterized by haste in work. He is characterized by thoroughness and good quality in the processing of the product, the desire of the artisan to reach the heights of skill, to rise to the level of art. In the product of labor, the qualitative rather than the quantitative side is valued first of all. As already mentioned, the concepts of "craft" and "art" in that era did not yet diverge. The product bore the imprint of the individuality of its creator (the individuality that acted within the framework of the canon!) And had to be worthy of it. A thing does not obscure its creator

She is organically connected with him.

So the Middle Ages rethought the meaning of labor, From a curse gravitating over the human race "labor turned into a vocation. Understanding the dignity of work was an integral part of the overall process of growing human self-awareness. However, until the end of the Middle Ages, this rise in the social appraisal of labor remained nothing more than a trend. Labor could not receive full rehabilitation in feudal conditions.

God and mammon

Medieval European civilization is called the "civilization of labor" (268, 9). Indeed, the place that labor occupies among the basic values and concepts that form the backbone of this civilization is exceptionally great if we compare it with other, preceding or synchronous world civilizations. This definition, however, needs some clarification. We would say - a civilization of labor of peasants and artisans. The principles of economic ethics were almost entirely borrowed by the Middle Ages from early Christianity, but their enormous influence throughout the feudal era can hardly be explained by the strength of tradition and faith in church authorities alone. These principles turned out to be largely in line with the needs of small producers. A positive assessment of labor as a means of salvation and as the only morally justified source of property, the recognition of the legitimacy of the possession of property in the amount necessary to satisfy personal needs, the exaltation of poverty over wealth - all this found fertile ground in the minds of small producers and gave a high spiritual value to their work. The way of life of the ruling class, which idly existed at the expense of peasants and artisans, did not correspond to any of these principles. Feudal lords and rich people had to pay moral tribute to the oppressed. Charity, generosity, prayers and repentance, pilgrimage, giving younger sons to priests, and daughters to monasteries, spiritual wills in favor of the church, finally, the departure of certain noble persons into the monastic life - these are some of the ways of compensation for unrighteousness, inevitably, from the point of view of medieval Christian, accompanying wealth and high position in society. The need for these cleansing acts was great among the class of feudal lords themselves,

in need of internal reconciliation with religious requirements, which were contrary to their usual behavior. The lower strata of society, undoubtedly, received moral satisfaction at the sight of repentant magnates, who were more distant from the attainment of paradise salvation than the poor.

Of course, the church did not require anyone to literally follow in practice the ideal of evangelical poverty and give up their property. It was about the spiritual interpretation of this ideal. Even Clement of Alexandria, arguing on the topic "which rich man can be saved?" : the point is not to abandon property and get rid of wealth, the main thing is “to remove from the soul wrong opinions about wealth, greed and striving for it, sorrow about it, thorns of life, drowning the seed of words” (38, 38). Consequently, the achievement of inner freedom from wealth, resistance to the power that enslaves it, was essential. One should not abandon property, since it is useful to one's neighbor and with the help of it one can accomplish good deeds. The nature of wealth is "to serve, not to dominate." The art of acquiring money, taught by Thomas Aquinas, is subordinate to the art of using money. To turn money from a means into an end meant to destroy the human soul (ST, II, 2, quaest. 50, art. 3).

Therefore, the whole question was how wealth is used, what purposes it serves.

The assessment of medieval civilization as a civilization of small proprietors-producers finds its confirmation in the analysis of its attitude to money and its management. If any wealth in the Middle Ages could arouse certain suspicions of a moral order, then to the greatest extent this was related to monetary wealth. Trade played a large and ever-increasing role in medieval society, and the merchants eventually became a significant social force in cities, influencing political life as well. Nevertheless, throughout the Middle Ages, there were strong prejudices against people who were engaged not in productive labor, but in commercial and especially usurious operations. Trade has in itself something ugly, shameful, dirty, wrote Thomas Aquinas (ST, II, 2, quaest. 77, art. 4). Cain, according to the Bible, is the founder of the first city.

In one English sermon of the 14th century, priests, knights and laborers, created by God, are opposed to burghers and usurers - the product of demonic forces (194, 326). Such an attitude towards money people is highly characteristic precisely for small producers who understand wealth as a result of labor efforts; v agrarian society money inevitably receives an estimate of the lowest and ignoble form of ownership in comparison with land ownership. In the course of its development, commercial and usurious capital turned into a threat to the economic independence of small

owners, and their hostility to him increased.

To understand the vigilant suspicion with which monetary wealth was treated in the Middle Ages, it is necessary to recall some of the fundamental philosophical and ethical principles of the era. First of all, it is the principle of the prevalence of the general over the individual. The part does not exist by itself and is not autonomous, but is included in a kind of universality. Both nature and society are integral complexes on which their constituent elements depend. Any grain of sand reflects the whole and embodies the wisdom of the creator who created the world with its harmonious coherence and connectedness of all its parts. Every individual phenomenon receives its meaning and significance from the general. In human affairs, the universitas takes precedence over its constituent individuals. Man is not conceived of as a completely independent unit, finding in itself the basis of its being. The unlimited individualism of bourgeois society is completely alien to a member of feudal society. His private interest is more or less subordinated to the interests of the whole - the group, the church, the nation. He who cares about the common good achieves his own good, for the latter is inconceivable without the former or in spite of it (ST, I, 2, quaest. 47, art. 10; quaest. 152, art. 4). Medieval universalism was not only social and practical, but also conceptual in nature. The view of the world embraced it, first of all, in integrity, so that only then go to its parts, for integrity was real, while individuals were products of this reality and had to be deduced from it by thought.

Associated with this is another principle, which was already discussed earlier - the principle of the general rule of justice. The world is built on justice, and violation of it threatens general chaos and destruction. Justice is both a moral and a cosmic principle. All human activity must be subordinated to him. Departure from this principle means violation of divine institutions and natural law. Justice was understood in an extremely wide and varied manner. It assumed the goodness of God, and the basis of political order and justice, and one of the most important Christian virtues - purity and holiness of life, personal justice manifested in behavior, and a state of righteousness, and an innate desire for the good of all God's creations; social justice Hugo from Sey Victor defined as “that which maintains the harmony of the common and that does not deny everyone his merits” (100, 60). Justice is understood as a super-individual category to which all actions and thoughts of individuals are subject. Therefore, in the principle of justice, the relationship of the private and the whole was realized: the individual had to subordinate his interests to society due to the requirements of the highest justice. This did not lead to oblivion of the ultimate goal of human existence - the salvation of the individual soul, but expressed the idea that no one has the right to arbitrarily dispose of his property. However, the doctrine of justice in its medieval interpretation had nothing to do with the concept of equality. Theologians pursued a radical

the difference between the sinless state of the first people before the Fall and the state of fallen mankind. In this last state, both private property and inequality of people caused by origin, success, wealth of property are inevitable. The inequality of people on earth is axiomatic for Catholic thinkers.

These principles formed a conceptual form in which the concepts of medieval theologians were molded, in particular, the provisions they developed on the "fair price" and the inadmissibility of usurious profit. They found the starting material for their constructions in the Gospel - the source of all medieval wisdom. "In everything you want people to do to you, so do you to them" (Gospel of Matthew, 7, 12).

However, Catholic theology is characterized by the desire to substantiate moral norms not only by references to divine revelation and the will of the creator, but also by rational reasoning and analogies. Therefore, theologians attached great importance to the analysis of human nature and the nature of things, proceeding from the postulates of reason and the principles of natural law. Following Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas viewed justice as an expression of the proportionality and equivalence of relations between people who reciprocally pay tribute to each other. In this sense, the concept of justitia could also be applied to commercial matters. Material relations should be built on the basis of mutual assistance and equivalence of services and services, but not on unilateral gain and exploitation. The starting point is again justice, “a constant and firm desire to give everyone what he is entitled to” (ST, II, 2, quaest, 58, art. 11).

Strictly speaking, medieval theology did not know or formulate any economic doctrine in the proper sense of the word. Economic activity was not of independent interest for the scholastics and could not act in their minds as the goal of analysis. Questions of usury and price, as well as the problems of labor and property, theologians touched upon insofar as they turned out to be connected with the highest and final problems of being. Therefore, it would be wrong to talk about political economic thought or about the economic teachings of the Middle Ages. Theologians sought not so much to theoretically comprehend economic practice, but to influence it, subordinating it to religious and ethical ideals, and to solve pricing issues in the light of the metaphysical problem of values. Society in their eyes is a spiritual organism, not an economic mechanism, as a result of which economic activity must be controlled and curbed for moral purposes, for the achievement of which it provides the means. In this perspective, economics is not an independent reality at all - it acquires its significance within the framework of a broader ideal whole. Economic problems were expressed in terms of human behavior.

In fact, it was about analyzing the concept of justice. After all, the attitude of theologians to private property, as we have seen, is also

Fatalism

Oriental art is characterized by a high degree ...

Answer options

Individuality

Ambivalence

conventions

Realism

Eastern culture is more inclined to ...

Answer options

Cultural relativism

Regulatory failure

Cultural identity

regulatory redundancy

The basis of oriental culture is ...

Answer options

tradition

The culture of the East is characterized by the following features ...

Answer options

Value human personality

The idea of the state as a guarantor of the rights and freedoms of a citizen

the rise of the family over the individual

transfer of family relations to society

The oriental type of culture presupposes ...

Answer options

cyclical representation of time

Linear time perception

Creative active type of person

intuitive perception of the world

196. The ethical system of the East is characterized by ...

Answer options

Lability of norms of social behavior

regulatory redundancy

Loss of tradition

ceremoniality of social contacts

The Eurocentric approach to the historical periodization of culture is based on the following beliefs ...

Answer options

European culture is one of many that existed in the history of mankind

European culture is the most developed of all cultures

There is no common line of cultural development

all peoples move along the same historical steps as Europe

The socio-political culture of the West is characterized by the principles ...

Answer options

Centralization

Rankings

parliamentarism

civil society

For man western culture characteristic ...

Answer options

the desire to "live by reason"

clear separation of oneself from any object that is an object of knowledge

Physiological Sensitivity

Reverence for all forms of life

Answer options

people equality concept

For a long time, the East-West problem was viewed primarily from the standpoint of ...

Answer options

Eurocentrism

Syncretism

Relativism

Ethnocentrism

The slogan is characteristic of modern Western culture ...

Answer options

In a hurry, you will make people laugh

Work is not a wolf, it will not run away into the forest

time is money

The following features are characteristic of Western culture ...

Answer options

people equality concept

The idea of the inviolability of the social hierarchy

Lack of personality priority

a person's self-confidence

204. The western way of life is characterized by ...

Answer options

accelerated pace of life

Departure into the inner spiritual life

Self-isolation from outside world

active influence on the outside world

205. Humanism of the Renaissance is characterized by ...

Answer options

Break with the Catholic Church

the influence of the ideas of humanism on the field of art

The influence of the ideas of humanism on all spheres of society

interest in the human person

Task 21-22. History of world and national culture.

Establish a correspondence between the sculptor of the classical period and his work.
1) Phidias;
2) Myron;
3) Polyclet.

Answer options

Athena Parthenos -1

Dorifor -3

Aphrodite of Cnidus

Discobolt -2

Establish a correspondence between the stages of visual activity in the Paleolithic era and their pictorial forms:
1) natural creativity -
2) artificial pictorial form -
3) Upper Paleolithic fine art -

Answer options

Composition from carcasses, bones -1

Cave painting, bone engraving -3

Large clay sculpture, bas-relief -2

1) totemism;
2) fetishism;
3) shamanism.

Answer options

Belief in the possibility of communication of special ministers of worship with the world of spirits-3

Worship of inanimate objects, which are attributed to supernatural properties-2

Belief in the existence of spirits and souls

Belief in the kinship of a group of people and any animals or plants-3

Establish a correspondence between the phenomenon of primitive art and its content:
1) anthropomorphic images -
2) animal style -
3) plastic of small forms -

Answer options

Constant Models of Spiritual Life

Small figures and pictures of animals -3

The conventional name of the stylized images of animals widespread in the art of antiquity -2

Human-like or human-like images -1

Establish a correspondence between the forms of religious beliefs and their definitions:
1) magic;
2) totemism;
3) animism.

Answer options

Belief in the existence of spirits and souls -3

Belief in the ability of special worshipers to communicate with the spirit world

Belief in the kinship of a group of people and any animals or plants -2

Belief in the ability to achieve the goal in a supernatural way -1

Establish a correspondence between the type of primitive art and its content:

1) painting -

2) sculpture -

Answer options

Drawings and silhouettes

Figures carved from stone or sculpted from clay -2

Stone and bone carving -3

Color images made with mineral paints -1

212. Establish a correspondence between the definition and the type of megalithic structure:
1) a structure of several stone blocks or slabs, installed vertically and covered with a horizontal slab;
2) a stone circle made of stones 6–7 m in height, placed vertically;
3) a huge, upright oblong stone.

Answer options

Dolmen -1

Menhir -3

Cromlech -2

213. Establish a correspondence between the era and the characteristics of the development of instruments of labor.
1) paleolithic
2) mesolithic
3) neolithic

Answer options

Bow and Arrow -2

Bone and stone tools -2

Spinning and weaving -3

214. Establish a correspondence between the era and the characteristics of the development of culture.
1) paleolithic
2) mesolithic
3) neolithic

Answer options

Development of cattle breeding and agriculture -3

Domestication of animals, cooking food -2

Hunting and gathering -2

215. Establish a correspondence between the era and the development of culture.
1) paleolithic
2) mesolithic
3) neolithic

Answer options

The emergence of molded ceramics -2

The appearance of megalithic structures -3

The appearance of cave paintings of a magical nature -1

216. Establish a correspondence between the term and its definition:
1) maternal gender -
2) exogamy -
3) one-line kinship account -
Answer options

Collective of relatives linked by a common origin on the maternal side-1

Prohibition of marriage within the gens -2

Female kinship score -3

217. Establish a correspondence between achievements in the field of material culture and the eras of the history of human society:
1) the appearance of a bone needle with an eye
2) the appearance of a bow and arrow
3) the emergence of agriculture
Answer options

Mesolithic -2

Neolithic -3

Paleolithic -1

Establish a correspondence between the musical elements of primitive culture and their content:
1) imitation of the sounds of nature -
2) artificial intonation form -
3) intonational creativity -
Answer options

Two- and three-sound motives -3

Onomatopoeic motives -1

Motifs with fixed pitch position -2

Establish a correspondence between the title of the work and its author:

1) "The Barber of Seville" -
2) "Nebuchadnezzar" -
3) "Tosca" -

Answer options

Giuseppe Verdi -2

Giacomo Puccini -3

Gioacchino Rossini -1

Establish a correspondence between the work and its author.
1) "Sid";
2) "Phaedra";
3) "Misanthrope".

Answer options

Moliere -3

Jean Racine -2

Pierre Corneille -1

220. Establish a correspondence between the work and its author
1) "Ivanhoe" -
2) "Treasure Island" -
3) "Memoirs of the French Ambassador" -

Answer options

R. L. Stevenson -2

W. Scott -1

S. D. Wyman -3

221. Establish a correspondence between the title of a work by its author:
1) "Smoker" -
2) "Walk of prisoners" -
3) "Tahitian pastoral" -

Answer options

V. Van Gogh -2

P. Cezanne -1

P. Gauguin -3

222. Establish a correspondence between the title of the work and its author:
1) "Rye field" -
2) "Shipwreck" -
3) "Last Look at England" -

Answer options

W. Turner -2

J. Constable -1

F.M.Brown -3

223. Establish a correspondence between the title of the work and its author:
1) "Reflections, or Moral sayings" -
2) "Princess of Cleves" -
3) "Tartuffe, or deceiver" -
Answer options

Marie Madeleine de Lafayette -2

Francois de La Rochefoucauld -1

Moliere -3

224. Establish a correspondence between the title of the work and its author:
1) "Perseus and Andromeda" -
2) "Madonna of the Partridge" -
3) "Adoration of the Shepherds" -

Answer options

Jacob Jordaens

Antonio Van Dyck -2

Rembrandt -3

Peter Powell Rubens -1

225. Establish a correspondence between the title of the work and its author:
1) "Father Goriot" -
2) "Red and Black" -
3) "Madame Bovary" -

Answer options

Stendhal -2

Honore de Balzac -1

Gustave Flaubert -3

Establish a correspondence between the work and its author:
1) "12 London Symphonies" -
2) "The Magic Flute" -
3) "Appationata" -

Answer options

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart -2

Ludwig Van Beethoven -3

Joseph Haydn -1

Block 3. Case tasks.

He considered culture as an apparatus, partly material, partly spiritual, partly human, aimed at satisfying needs ...

Answer options

A. Kroeber

A. Toynbee

B. Malinovsky

Understanding culture as a system consisting of interconnected elements aimed at satisfying human needs is characteristic of representatives FUNCTIONAL directions.

229. From the point of view of B. Malinovsky, culture is ...

Answer options

Artificial unit of research

way to meet basic and derived needs

system, all elements of which are interconnected

A class of objects and phenomena that depend on a person's ability to symbolize

According to the author of The Lay of Idols, the earliest stages in the development of the pagan religion of the Eastern Slavs were ...

Answer options

Cult of Perun

Adoration of Stribog

cult of the gods of fertility

worship of good and evil spirits

"The Word about Idols", directed against paganism, is a monument of Old Russian literature of the ___ century.

Answer options

An attempt to turn the cult of Perun into a nationwide one was undertaken by the prince ... VLADIMIR.

Block 3) The main keepers of the Confucian commandments were ...

Answer options

officials

Courtiers

Block 3) The main content of Confucianism is ...

Answer options

Theories of non-action

deification of the emperor

Passive contemplation

consecration of the power of the emperor

In the work of J.-F. Lyotard is talking about _________ modernity.

Answer options

the end

Refusal of

Exception

Editing

J.-F. Lyotard is one of the representatives of philosophy ... POST-MODERNISM.

According to J.-F. Lyotard, the current state of society is characterized by ...

Answer options

striving for success

Dominance of Christian values

Domination over nature

dominance of science and technology

The form of protest against art, reduced to the level of an instrument of pleasure and entertainment, was ... MODERNISM.

This cathedral was erected in 1712–1733 on the site of the wooden church of the same name ... The __________ direction in Russian architecture of the 18th century is associated with the name of the architect of the cathedral described and shown in the photo.

baroque

Renaissance

Classic

Romanesque

This cathedral was erected in 1712-1733 on the site of the wooden church of the same name. The cathedral described and shown in the photo is ...

Answer options

Part of the Moscow Kremlin ensemble

tomb of Russian emperors

The residence of the Russian patriarchs

a monument of architecture of the Peter the Great Baroque

This cathedral was erected in 1712-1733 on the site of the wooden church of the same name. The architect of the cathedral described in the text and shown in the photo is ... TRIDING.

242. The construction of this (Sophia) cathedral began between 1017 and 1019, it was consecrated in 1032. The cathedral described in the text and shown in the photo was built during the reign YAROSLAVA THE WISE.

243. The cathedral described and shown in the photo was ... The erection of this cathedral began between 1017 and 1019, it was consecrated in 1032.

Answer options

Part of the defense system of Kiev

The residence of the Russian patriarchs

the tomb of the Kiev princes

storage place of the princely library

244. In honor of the victory over the Pechenegs, which led to their complete defeat, in the XI century. the cathedral was built ...

Answer options

St. Sophia in Chernigov

St. Elijah in Kiev

St. Sophia in Kiev

Uspensky in Vladimir

Block 3) The works of M. Vrubel are characterized by ...

Answer options

Following nature

creating your own fantasy world

Striving for illustrative accuracy

Adoration of color

Block 3) In his work M. Vrubel ...

Answer options

seeks to create eternal images

Seeks to capture the impression of reality

As close as possible to reality

gravitates towards literary subjects

Block 3) The plot of the picture shown in the photo, like a number of other works by M. Vrubel, is based on the works of ... LERMONTOV

Matisse and his followers gave an independent meaning to the value that is not related to reality ... COLOR

The creativity of A. Matisse gave rise to such new style in painting, like ...

Answer options

fauvism

Surrealism

For the painting of A. Matisse, as well as for the whole direction to which it gave rise, a sharp generalization of space, volume and the whole drawing is characteristic, the reduction of form to simple outlines while rejecting ...

Answer options

cut-off modeling

linear perspective

251. P. Sorokin saw the essence of the crisis of sensual culture in ...

Answer options

Confrontation between democracy and totalitarianism

The struggle between communism and fascism

changing value systems

The great economic depression

252. The characteristic features of sensual culture, according to P. Sorokin, are ...

Answer options

Symbolism

The Believer's Approach to God

naturalism

desire for sensual pleasure

Answer options

Public service

privacy

Church life

Public life

254. Monument to Russian literature of the 16th century. "Domostroy" is a set of rules of _________ behavior.

Answer options

Civil

Public

moral

household

255. The head of the family in "Domostroy" is the unlimited ruler in the house like Tsar ________ in the state.

256. The ancient ideal of the political system was expressed in the pursuit of ___________ and ___________.

Answer options

aristocracy

Oligarchies

democracy

257. The specificity of ancient democracy is that it is based not on the preferential protection of the interests of an individual, individualism, but on the protection of interests ...

Answer options

Oligarchies

Human freedoms

Aristocracy

policy

258. A visible manifestation of the advantage of the right of the whole was the practice of POLICE ______, which emerged just at the time of the formation of a mature democratic system in Athens.

259. For Italian art at the turn of the XV-XVI centuries. typically ...

Answer options

desire to rely on science

Striving to fulfill the divine ideal

The desire to surprise the viewer with visual effects

desire to imitate nature

260. Awakening interest in antiquity is a distinctive feature of culture ... REVIVAL.

261. This abbey (Saint-Denis) occupied a special place: it was the royal abbey, where the burial vault of the French kings was located. Architectural style, created by the abbot of the cathedral described and shown in the drawing, is called ...

Classicism

light architecture

Romansky

gothic

262. This abbey (Saint-Denis) occupied a special place ... The oldest Gothic temple in Europe, the guardian of the historical heritage of France, shown in the photo, is ____ ROYAL CATHEDRAL.

263. This abbey (Saint-Denis) occupied a special place ... The creator of the Gothic and the most influential abbot of the temple described and presented in the text was ...

Answer options

Guibert Nozhansky

Misfortune venerable

Abbot Suger (Suger)

Bernard of Clairvaux

264. Block 3) Recognition of the dignity of labor is characteristic of the culture of the era ...

Answer options

Antiquity

Reformation

Middle ages

Renaissance

265. Block 3) The fundamental contribution to the formation of Protestant ethics was made by ...

Answer options

Erasmus of Rotterdam

Jean Calvin

Martin Luther

Francois Vignon

266. Block 3) Understanding labor as a person's destiny is characteristic of PROTESTANT ethics.

267. The temple described in the text and shown in the photo is ...

Answer options

Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin

St. Basil's Cathedral

Cathedral of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos on the Moat

Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin

268. The architectural ensemble of this church consists of nine pillar-like temples of various heights. The temple described and shown in the photo was built in memory of (about) ...

Answer options

Victory over the Poles

Liberation from the Mongol-Tatar yoke

capture of Kazan

The accession of the Romanov dynasty

269. The architectural ensemble of this church consists of nine pillar-like temples of various heights. The cathedral described in the text and shown in the photo was erected by Russian architects Barma and POSTNIK.

270. The first seven theses assert that the repentance to which Jesus Christ calls is not performed in an act of sacrament, but lasts the whole life of a Christian ... The author of 95 theses that initiated the Reformation is ...

Answer options

Martin Luther

Jean Calvin

Albrecht Durer

Johannes Fishart

271. The first seven theses assert that the repentance to which Jesus Christ calls is not performed in an act of sacrament, but lasts the whole life of a Christian ... The theses given laid the foundation for the Reformation - the movement for ...

Answer options

Restitution of church lands

purification of Christian doctrine

reform of the Catholic Church

Affirmation of an atheistic worldview

272. The first seven theses assert that the repentance to which Jesus Christ calls is not performed in an act of sacrament, but lasts the whole life of a Christian ... Supporters of the author of the theses laid the foundation PROTESTANT direction in Christianity

273. The first works of F. Gericault, including the presented painting "The officer of the equestrian rangers of the imperial guard, going to the attack." 1812, inspired by ...

HORSE.

The behavior model created by previous generations, in demand in changed circumstances, is called ...

-tradition

Creativity was decisive for the flourishing of the Russian Baroque ...

-B. Rastrelli

The philosophy of history has contributed to the establishment of the ____ approach in cultural studies.

-comparative historical

The idea of endless reincarnations of a person, predetermined by actions, has developed in culture ...

-India

According to P.A. Florensky, one can distinguish such types of activities as ...

-theoretical

-liturgical

Human values are formed in the process ...

-socialization

The Western mind is characterized by ...

-practical focus

-logical development of thought

In a primitive society, a person could not imagine his life and could not exist without ...

-the collective

The poor part of the Roman population was called ...

-proletarians

Among the problems of cultural studies, the dominant question is ...

- the essence of culture and its social functions

The system of conventional symbols, signs, meanings that are contained in any subject of material and spiritual human activity is called ...

-cultural code

The applied significance of cultural studies is associated with the fact that it examines ...

- everyday practices of people

The adaptive function of culture presupposes ...

-construction of behavior models

The feeling of uniqueness characteristic of Russian culture is associated with the idea of ...

-special historical mission

A feature of the culture of the New Age, starting from the 17th century, is ...

- multilingual

The dominant significance in cultural anthropology was acquired by the direction that put forward ...

-explanatory task of studying culture

Normative definitions of culture assert that the content of culture is made up of norms and ______ that regulate the life of society.

-regulations

The concept of values as an important, fundamental element of culture was first formulated ...

-I. Kant

The task of semiotics is to research ...

-non-verbal languages of culture

In the process of inculturation, a new cultural element undergoes a procedure ...

-adaptation to the previous lifestyle of an individual, group, community

The tasks of applied cultural studies are ...

-creation of theoretical and methodological substantiation of the decisions made

-definition of principles and models of activity

The emergence of cultural studies is due to ...

- the need to concentrate and systematize knowledge about culture

The philosophy of culture allows ...

- see the most fundamental foundations of culture

The totality of cultural forms that have historically developed in the practice and consciousness of a certain human community is called ...

- cultural system

The function of the symbol in communication is to ...

- distinguish ours from strangers

A stable complex of formal and informal rules, principles, attitudes that regulate various spheres of human activity and organize them into a single system is called an _______ institution.

- social

She held firm positions in Russian culture ...

- imperial ideology

The process of self-renewal of culture is carried out thanks to ...

- transformation of existing forms

- the emergence of new phenomena

The solution of applied problems of cultural studies is traditionally engaged in ...

-cultural institutions

Brahmanas, kshatriyas, vaisyas, sudras are the names of Indian ...

-varn

The founder of classicism in painting is ...

-Nicolas Poussin

The transmission of cultural information is not ______ transmission.

- mechanical

The main contradiction of ancient culture was manifested in ...

- antinomies

A characteristic feature of mythological knowledge is ...

- anthropomorphism

Private and public life in ancient India was regulated by the regulations contained in ...

- "Laws of Manu"

A characteristic feature of primitive art is ...

- syncretism

To store the accumulated useful information, each evolving system must be ...

-adaptable

-sustainable

The research focus of cultural studies is

- people's way of life

The _______ approach allows us to make a diachronous “cut” of the studied cultural object or process, to trace its development.

genetic

The science of signs and sign systems is called

- semiotics

The basis of Hinduism is ...

- the doctrine of the transmigration of souls (samsara)

The party of supporters of the cultural isolation of Russia, which took shape in the middle of the 17th century. Are called

- grecophiles

For the policy of the Soviet government in the field of culture is not typical

- ideological pluralism

A group of masters from

- Italy

Orthodoxy contributed

- the isolation of the Russian people

The course of Russian history for many centuries to come was dramatically determined by NATIONAL AND STATE IDEOLOGY formulated at the end of the 15th century

She held firm positions in Russian culture

- mythological picture of the world

In cultural studies, as a branch of knowledge, ______ and ______ levels can be distinguished.

-empirical

-theoretical

Applied Culturology

- reveals general patterns of development of socio-cultural processes

- creates a methodology for managing sociocultural processes

The sections of cultural studies are

- applied

-historical

It was a matter of honor for the Roman emperors to build

- term

Among the various types of spiritual culture, a special place in the 17th century was taken by

- the science

Archaic consciousness can be characterized as

- figurative

Primitive culture is characterized by

- indivisibility

A drawing that appeared in the culture of primitive society is called

- pictography

The sum of all the cultural achievements of a given society, its historical experience preserved in the arsenal of public memory, including the past that has been re-evaluated, is understood as

Tests
to test the knowledge of students on the course "Cultural Studies"

An axiological approach to culture means: culture is:

A world of values

The formation of ethnic and national cultures is based on ...

Community of religious beliefs,

Cohabitation of people in a certain area,

Unity of language,

Unity of origin.

The ability to easily get along with other ethnic groups in the conditions of social systems is ensured by such a feature of the Russian mentality as ...

Collectivism,

Focus on personal success,

1. Management work, ideology.

2. Specialized education system, home education, customs, traditions, customs.

Belong to the sphere:

Cultures of intergenerational translation of social experience - 2

Political culture - 1

Direction of applied cultural studies is not…

Development of cultural policy,

Ensuring the implementation of cultural programs,

Investigation of the historical processes of relationship

human and culture,

Diagnostics of cultural processes.

The French scientist who heralded the return of man to the bosom of nature is -

J.-J. Russo,

7. In the process of becoming a person as a bio-socio-cultural being

such a change in his physiology as ...

disappearance of claws,

the disappearance of the hairline,

the formation of the asymmetry of the human brain,

change in the shape of the jaws as a result of the transition to meat food.

The evaluative function of cultural studies is:

Embedding culture in history,

Reduction to the understandable,

Comparison of objects of phenomena in context.

In the modern world, there is a process ethnicization opposite in the sense of globalization of culture

ethnicization,

separation of spheres of influence.

As part of the modernization process, the cultural values of a particular people must be considered as ...

Conservation of traditions,

Expression of cultural adaptation of people,

The basis for sociocultural creativity,

Exemplary artistic techniques.

The formation of a global culture took place in ...

The era of the middle ages,

The era of Hellenism,

At the end of the twentieth century.

The meaning of a person's life is to solve the riddle of life, get out of the wheel of birth, stop the path of suffering - this postulate lies at the heart of Indian culture

Indian,

Western European,

The results of philosophical interest in cultural problems are recorded:

cultural anthropology,

sociology of culture,

philosophy of culture,

A person's assignment of himself to a certain collective, the feeling that he is an integral part of it is ...

Cultural dispensation,

Cultural identity,

Psychological adaptation.

Fundamental Cultural Studies explores ...

technologies for managing cultural processes,

processes and forms of integration and interaction of people based on common values,

problems of forecasting sociocultural processes,

problems of management regulation.

16. The state of dissolution of civilization in culture is characteristic of ...

the primitive state of man,

industrial civilization,

traditional culture,

postindustrial society.

The term "Culturology" to designate a special discipline that studies culture as "an independent ordering of phenomena" - suggested using ...

domestic researcher of the 1980s Yu. Lotman,

author of the book "Primitive Culture" E. Taylor,

Nobel laureate W. Oswald at the beginning of the twentieth century,

American anthropologist L. White in 1960

The function of culture, which determines the change of the environment by a person in accordance with his needs, its adaptation to his own needs is ...

Adaptive ,

Communicative,

Socialization of the individual.

Into the structure of cultural studies not included…

Art history and aesthetics,

History of cultural studies and applied cultural studies,

Historical culturology and cultural anthropology,

Cultural anthropology and sociology of culture.

For the terms "culturology" and "sociology of culture" the statement is true ...

Culturology and sociology of culture are two different scientific disciplines with their own subject of study;

Culturology is a part of the sociology of culture, which analyzes culture in the context of social processes;

Culturology and sociology of culture study civilizational processes;

The sociology of culture is based on the understanding of culture and cultural processes developed in cultural studies.

The descriptive function of cultural studies is ...

Reduction to the understandable,

Description of the main cultural sites,

Comparison of various cultural objects.

The foundation of a person's cultural competence is not…

Knowledge of languages, cultural codes,

Mastering the national cultural heritage,

Knowledge of the semiotics of cultures,

Possession of modern computer technology.

A person's striving for the highest spiritual values, for merging with the spiritual absolute, the recognition of the external world as an illusion, admiration for the spiritual authority of the brahmanas are characteristic of - Indian local culture.

Indian ,

1.Specialized education system, home education, customs, traditions, customs

2. Everyday rational knowledge about the world, everyday logic

They belong to the sphere ...

Cultures of intergenerational transmission of social experience - 2

Scientific culture - 1

The modern state, when developing social policy, must first of all take into account ...

Use of know-how in the extractive industries;

The use of new political technologies in the formation of the State Duma;

The principles of human solidarity accumulated over the centuries;

Changing climatic conditions on earth

Postmodernism as a direction of modern culture and culturology was formed in ...

70-80s XX century,

Giving a person cultural competence in relation to the institutions of the society of which he is a member, mastering the system of values, etiquette, acquaintance with the basics of state structure - this is ...

Self-identification,

Socialization ,

A culture based on written tradition, professional literature, art, open to external influences, but preserving ethnic identity, is called ...

The National ,

Consumer,

The formation of the views of Westerners took place on the basis of ideas ...

Enlightenment.

In the early stages, cultural genesis determined (o)

The biological program characteristic of human ancestors,

Human desire for creativity,

The will of the primitive collective

The need to adapt to changing conditions of existence.

31. For a person of Western culture not typical ...

Recognition of freedom as one of the highest values,

The desire to know and transform the world around us,

Submitting your interests to the interests of the community,

Striving for self-realization in real life.

A culture focused on reverence for nature, its study, depiction in art - ...

Anthropocentric,

Naturcentric ,

Theocentric,

Cosmocentric.

To the functions of morality not applicable…

recreational

coordination.

Definition of cultural studies as a scientific discipline does not include concept ...

The science that studies the ways of satisfying and the needs of a person, adopted in a given society,

The sciences of the methods of intergenerational transmission of experience,

Sciences about the processes of formation of socially significant knowledge in human collectives,

Sciences about social processes taking place in human communities.

The rules according to which people build their behavior and activities are determined ...

Norms,

The principle of family-state subordination, when the personal is not commensurate with the general, lies at the basis of Western European culture

Western European.

1. Sports, physical education, mass sports tourism.

2. The system of organized leisure, clubs, rest homes, sleep, alcoholism

Belong to the sphere:

culture of physical development - 1

culture of rest, mental recreation and human rehabilitation - 2

The predominant form of modern social relations is ...

Formation of a planetary cultural and information field,

Development of multiculturalism,

Development of technologies for soft social interactions,

Development of processes of spontaneous localization of historical traditions.

The factor forcing today to talk about the need to create environmental ethics is ...

Simplification of spiritual life,

Environmental crisis,

Complication of public relations,

The dictate of cultural norms.

Cultural anthropology explores:

Changing cultural needs and goals of a person in the context of urbanization,

The processes of human adaptation to the cultural environment,

Political and spiritual support for the implementation of cultural programs,

Development of theoretical ideas about culture.

A high level of specialization and social aspirations is characteristic of elite culture

Elite,

Culture ethnic Is a tribal, predominantly agricultural cultural system

Ethnic,

In the opinion of the Slavophils, "Holy Russia" ...

Confronts the inert East,

Goes the European way,

Confronts the "rotten West"

Close to the East.

Complexly structured integrity, including worldview, worldview and worldview - ...

Cultural system,

Picture of the world.

45. On the formation of brain asymmetry in human ancestors didn’t have influence …

Freeing the front limbs,

The disappearance of the claws

Formation of differences between left and right hand,

Establishing functional differences between the front and rear limbs.

Renaissance. Reformation, Enlightenment contributed to the formation of culture….

Primitive society,

Post-industrial type,

Early urban civilizations,

A new era.

Recognized artistic methods postmodernism are ...

Denial of irony

Closed conceptual constructions,

Collage denial

Compilation and citation of cultural specimens.

Culturology it is forbidden called the science of ...

Value foundations of social consolidation of people,

Methods of reproduction of society as a socially stable and culturally specific community,

The mental aspect of human activity,

The processes of the formation of social solidarity.

The researcher who believed that "progress does not consist in all going in one direction, but in the fact that the entire field, which constitutes the field of the historical activity of mankind, proceeds in different directions" ...

N. Danilevsky,

The function of culture that determines the unity of social communities on the basis of common views, beliefs, values is ...

Adaptation of the personality to the environment,

Intergenerational broadcast experience,

Integrative,

In the context of globalization, there is a threat of mass involution, which means ...

Immediate satisfaction of any social needs of the individual,

Full equality of people,

Forgetting one's own interests for the sake of the interests of society,

Disincarnation of the human person.

The sphere of interaction between nature and society, within which reasonable human activity becomes a determining factor in development, is ...

Noosphere ,

The problems of democratization of society, changes in the cultural needs and goals of a person in the context of urbanization explores:

Sociology of culture,

Cultural Anthropology,

Philosophy of culture.

Find the correct cultural level and definition

Exchange of cultural information: education, media, etc. - 1

Morals, customs, worldview, household - 2

Possibilities of unlimited accumulation and processing of information, acquaintance with any cultural traditions became possible in the conditions of culture ...

Early urban civilizations,

New era

Primitive society,

Post-industrial type.

General direction in the development of the science of culture in the XXI century. associated with …

Improving the efficiency of the adaptive function,

Improving the efficiency of its prognostic function,

Increasing the efficiency of the socialization function,

Improving the efficiency of the integrative function.

Innovation is ...

The set of meanings contained in any cultural object,

Regulatory sample,

The emergence and spread of a previously unavailable feature,

The process by which an individual learns traditional ways of thinking.

A culture created by professionals and intended for the general population is massive the culture

Mass,

A feature of the Western type of culture is ...

Self-isolation of a person from the outside world,

Suppression of the individual "I",

External activity of a person, the desire to transform the surrounding world,

Passion for introspection and introspection.

The highest possible level of generalization of cultural processes is achievable in

Cultural Anthropology,

Sociology of culture,

Culturology ,

Philosophy of culture.

Today, many scientists talk about the "cultural apocalypse" of the 21st century, the main reason for which is called ...

massive degradation of the human gene pool in conditions of environmental disasters,

the loss by people of the systemic nature of their value orientations as a result of an increase in social and informational loads on the psyche,

deterioration of the education system, medical care,

exhaustion of the "enlightenment" picture of the world.

The beginnings of religious ideas have appeared ...

Neanderthals

With the rise of modern humans,

With the beginning of anthropogenesis,

In the first world civilizations (Ancient Egypt, Ancient Mesopotamia).

A concept that characterizes the system of worldviews of a certain society, including a set of rational knowledge, religious beliefs, mythological texts, morals, mentalities, etc., is

Cultural system.

The cultural era, in which nature has turned into a simple object of human knowledge, is ...

Revival,

The predictive function of cultural studies is:

Reproduction of the cultural system from the inside,

Comparison of various cultural objects,

Reduction to the understandable,

Determination of prospects and possible ways of development of cultural processes.

Culturology as a science does not study genetic - chronological aspect of human activity

Value-semantic,

Regulatory,

Sign-communicative,

Genetic-chronological.

In the sphere of interests of the philosophy of culture not included …

General laws of the existence of culture,

Forms of broadcasting cultural heritage,

The most general laws and connections of culture,

Private and specific forms of cultural activity.

Ancient cultures were based on religious dogmas. Indicate the dogma of which religion is stated in the following passage: “Know that life in this world is a deceptive joy, seduction, a vain outfit, vanity between you, a desire to distinguish yourself with a multitude of property and children: it is like those growths in the rain that captivate the farmer, then they fade, after that you see them darkened, finally they become dry stems. Life in this world is only a deceptive pleasure. "

Islam,

Indicate the sequence of the procedures of the cultural process:

A) selection of the most effective ways to carry out activities

B) understanding by people of interests and needs arising in certain circumstances

C) practical application of technologies and obtaining results

D) creation of technologies, meeting interests and needs

B-G-B-A

The idea of the original perfection and harmony of the world, when the meaning of life becomes maintaining the right relationship with the cosmos, is characteristic of Indian culture

Indian,

Western European,

The situation of the inclusion of culture in civilization, as an integral part of it, is characteristic of ...

Industrial civilization,

Traditional culture,

The primitive state of man,

Post-industrial society,

Postmodernity as a contemporary cultural situation ...

Seeks ways to bridge the gap between elite and popular culture,

Contrasts tradition and innovation,

Leads to an increase in the role of the systemic principle,

Promotes media independence.

Theoretical studies of the nature of man and his essence are carried out within the framework philosophical -anthropology

Philosophical ,

1) Everyday rational knowledge about the world, everyday logic.

2) Sports, physical education, mass sports tourism

Belong to the sphere

Scientific culture - 1

Physical Education Cultures - 2

The phenomenology of culture is ...

The essence and inner defining foundations of culture,

Problems of genesis, dynamics, typology of culture,

Description and systematization of individual cultural forms,

Problems of cultural codes and communication.

A variety of culture that arose on the basis of consanguinity, supplanted by the commonality of territory, customs, morals, is ethnic the culture

Ethnic,

Consumer,

The direction of cultural studies, studying the languages of culture ...

Applied Culturology,

History of cultural studies,

Sociology of Culture,

Semiotics .

The concept that defines the property of an object to satisfy any human need is ...

Meaning.

Supporters of the ideas of Eurasianism ...

Opposed Eurocentrism,

They considered European culture a role model,

It was believed that Western civilization supports the spiritual life of people,

They defended the superiority of Eastern culture.

The narrative function of cultural studies is:

Comparison of various cultural objects,

Reduction to the understandable,

Determination of the prospects for the development of cultural processes,

Embedding culture in history.

The alienation of man from nature led to the emergence of ...

Personifications of nature,

Technized world.

The main goal of cultural policy is ...

Development of pluralism in culture,

Development of processes of controlled localization of historical traditions,

Formation of images of social prestige,

Managing and manipulating people.

83. Consideration of culture as an aggregate of the highest spiritual values, the best human creations is characteristic of axiological definitions

Axiological,

Anthropological.

84. Feature of the history of the eastern world is not…

Continuity of traditions and customs,

Lack of radical revolutionary explosions,

The strong position of religion as the foundation of culture,

The presence of revolutions.

85. Applied culturology solves problems ...

Study and formation of principles and technologies for managing cultural processes,

Descriptions and interpretations of cultural events,

Analysis of the semantics of cultural objects,

Knowledge of the objective laws of the development of cultural phenomena.

86. Write down in chronological order the forms of ethnic communities that existed in history

Clan, tribe, nationality, nation,

Nation, clan, nationality, tribe,

Tribe, nationality, nation, clan,

Nationality, tribe, clan, nation.

87. The feature of modern global culture is ...

Pragmatism,

88. Rationalism, Eurocentrism, acceleration of progress are the characteristic features of culture ...

Of a new era,

Early urban civilizations,

Primitive society,

Post-industrial type.

89. In the context of globalization for culturology, research directions are becoming a topical issue ...

The disappearance of phenomena that do not fit into the system of standards,

Increasing disparities in the economic development of countries,

The international nature of political crises,

Various "cultural texts" that accumulate the historical experience of the collective life of people.

90. The ideas of culturology were manifested by a prominent representative of the national science of the 20th century. - ...

D.S. Likhachev,

The direction that uses concepts such as "natural selection", "struggle for existence" in explaining sociocultural processes is ...

Social anthropology,

Social cultural studies,

Social Darwinism,

92. Culturally and aesthetically, postmodernism acts as a follower ...

Avant-garde.

In modern conditions, priority attention in the field of interethnic relations should be given to ...

Development of principles and norms of social solidarity and cultural identity of a non-confrontational type,

Developing ideas about a special type of technically erudite personality,

Development of technologies for the functioning of a multi-party system,