At the end of the 18th century, the Great Revolution took place in France. The years that followed were by no means peaceful. and his campaigns of conquest, which ended in defeat after the "Hundred Days", led the victorious powers to impose the restoration of the Bourbons on the country. But even in the reign of Louis XVIII, passions did not subside. The aristocrats who regained influence longed for revenge, they carried out repressions against the Republicans, and this only fueled the protest. The king was too ill to fully deal with even the most pressing problems, he could not move his country forward either economically or politically. But when he died of illness in 1824, he became the last French king not to be overthrown in a revolution or coup. Why did the July Revolution (1830) take place after his death, which historians call the “Three Glorious Days”?

Background of the July Revolution of 1830: the role of the bourgeoisie

Which reasons for the July By the 1830s, capitalism in the countries of Western Europe had strengthened its position. In England, the industrial revolution was coming to an end, in France, factory production also developed rapidly (in this respect, the country was ahead of Belgium and Prussia).

This led to an increase in the influence of the industrial bourgeoisie, which was now striving for power, while the government protected the interests of exclusively landed aristocrats and the higher clergy. This negatively affected the economic development of the state. Protest moods were fueled by the defiant behavior of emigrants from the aristocratic environment, who threatened to restore the pre-revolutionary order.

In addition, the bourgeoisie, and in this environment there were many republicans who supported the revolution, was dissatisfied with the increased role of the Jesuits in the royal court, in administrative institutions, and also in schools.

Law on Remuneration of Former Emigrants

In 1825, a law was passed in the country, according to which emigrants from the former aristocracy received compensation in the amount of about a billion francs for the damage caused, that is, for confiscated land. This law was supposed to once again strengthen the position of the aristocracy in the country. However, he aroused discontent among two classes at once - the peasants and the bourgeoisie. The latter was dissatisfied with the fact that cash payments to the nobility, in fact, were made at the expense of rentiers, since it was assumed that the funds for this would be provided by the conversion of state rent from 5 to 3%, and this directly affected the incomes of the bourgeoisie.

The "Sacrilege Law" adopted at the same time, in which very severe punishments were adopted for offenses against religion, also fueled the discontent of this estate, since this was seen as a return to former times.

The Industrial Crisis as a Prerequisite for the July Revolution

The reasons for the July Revolution of 1830 also lay in the fact that in 1826 an industrial crisis occurred in the country. It was a classic crisis of overproduction, but the first cyclical crisis that France faced after England. It gave way to a phase of prolonged depression. The crisis coincided with several years of crop failure, which worsened the position of the bourgeoisie, workers and peasantry. In the cities, many faced the inability to find work, in the villages - with hunger.

The industrial bourgeoisie blamed the authorities for what had happened, reproaching the government for the fact that due to high customs duties on grain, fuel and raw materials, the cost of French goods was growing, and their competitiveness in world markets was falling.

First barricades and changes in government

In 1827 there was, if I may say so, a rehearsal of the revolution. Then, in connection with the elections to the Chamber of Deputies in Paris, there were by no means peaceful demonstrations, barricades were erected in the workers' quarters, and the rebels entered into a bloody confrontation with the police.

In the same year, 1827, the liberals won many votes in the elections, who demanded the expansion of the electoral right, the responsibility of the government to parliament, the right for local self-government, and much more. As a result, King Charles X was forced to dismiss the ultra-royalist government. But the new government, headed by Count Martinac, which unsuccessfully sought compromises between the bourgeoisie and the nobles, did not suit the king. And he again dismissed the government, formed a new cabinet of ultra-royalists and put at the head of his favorite, the Duke of Polignac, a man devoted to him personally.

Meanwhile, the tension in the country was growing, and changes in the government contributed to this.

Ordinances of 26 July and repeal of the Charter of 1814

The king believed that protest moods could be dealt with by tightening the regime. And so, on July 26, 1830, ordinances were published in the Monitor newspaper, which, in fact, abolished the provisions of the constitutional Charter of 1814. But it was under these conditions that the states that defeated Napoleon revived the monarchy in France. The citizens of the country perceived these ordinances as an attempted coup. Moreover, these acts, depriving France of free state institutions, were precisely such.

The first ordinance abolished the freedom of the press, the second dissolved the House of Parliament, and the third, in fact, was a new electoral law, according to which the number of deputies was reduced and the number of voters was reduced, in addition, the chamber was deprived of the right to amend bills passed. The fourth ordinance was the opening of the session of the chambers.

The beginning of social unrest: the situation in the capital

The king was confident in the strength of the government. No measures were envisaged for possible unrest among the masses, since the prefect of police, Mangin, declared that the Parisians would not move. The Duke of Polignac believed this, because he thought that the people as a whole were indifferent to the electoral system. This was true of the lower classes, but the ordinances seriously affected the interests of the bourgeoisie.

True, the government believed that the bourgeois would not dare to take up arms. Therefore, there were only 14 thousand soldiers in the capital, and no measures were taken to transfer additional forces to Paris. The king went hunting in Rambouliers, from where he planned to go to his residence in Saint-Cloud.

The impact of the ordinances and the manifestation at the Palais Royal

The ordinances did not reach the public immediately. But the reaction to them was strong. The stock market has fallen sharply. In the meantime, the journalists, whose meeting was held in the editorial office of the newspaper "Constitutionalist", decided to publish a protest against the ordinances, and drawn up in rather harsh terms.

On the same day, several meetings of deputies took place. However, they could not come to any common solution and joined the protesters only when it seemed to them that the uprising could achieve its goal. Interestingly, the judges supported the rebels. At the request of the newspapers Tan, Courier France and others, the commercial court and the court of first instance ordered the printing houses to print regular issues with the text of the protest, since the ordinances contradicted the Charter and could not be binding on citizens.

On the evening of the twenty-sixth of July, demonstrations began in the Palais Royal. The protesters shouted slogans "Down with the ministers!" The Duke of Polignac, who was riding in his carriage along the boulevards, miraculously escaped the crowd.

Events of July 27: Barricades

The July Revolution in France in 1830 began on 27 July. On this day, the printing houses were closed. Their workers took to the streets, dragging other workers and artisans with them. The townspeople discussed the ordinances and the protest published by journalists. At the same time, the Parisians learned that Marmont, who was unpopular with the people, would command the troops in the capital. However, Marmont himself did not approve of the ordinances and restrained the officers, ordering them not to start shooting until the rebels themselves began to shoot, and by a shootout he meant at least fifty shots.

On this day, barricades rose in the streets of Paris. By evening, they started fighting, the instigators of which were mostly students. The barricades on the rue Saint-Honoré were taken by the troops. But the unrest in the city continued, and Polignac announced that Paris was under a state of siege. The King remained at Saint-Cloud, following his usual schedule and carefully concealing any signs of anxiety.

Events of July 28: the riot continues

The uprising that engulfed Paris was attended not only by students and journalists, but also by the petty bourgeoisie, including merchants. Soldiers and officers went over to the side of the rebels - the latter led the armed struggle. But the big financial bourgeoisie took a wait-and-see attitude.

But already on the twenty-eighth of July it became clear that the uprising was massive. It was time to decide who to join.

Events July 29: Tuileries and the Louvre

The next day, the rebels captured with a fight. The tricolor of the times of the Great French Revolution was raised above it. The troops were defeated. They were forced to retreat to the royal residence of Saint-Cloud, but several regiments joined the rebels. Meanwhile, the Parisians began a firefight with the Swiss guards, who were concentrated behind the Louvre colonnade, and forced the military to flee.

These events showed the deputies that the force is on the side of the rebels. The bankers also made their decision. They took over the leadership of the victorious uprising, including administrative functions and providing food for the rebellious city.

July 30 events: actions of the authorities

While those close to Saint Cloud were trying to influence Charles X by explaining to him the true state of affairs, a new cabinet of ministers was formed in Paris, headed by the Duke of Mortemar, a supporter of the Charter of 1814. The Bourbon dynasty could no longer be saved.

The July Revolution of 1830, which began as an uprising against the restriction of freedoms and against the government of Polignac, turned to slogans about the overthrow of the king. Duke Louis was declared viceroy of the kingdom, and he had little choice - either rule in accordance with the idea of ​​​​the rebellious bourgeoisie about the nature of such power, or exile.

On August 1, Charles X was forced to sign the corresponding ordinance. But he himself abdicated in favor of his grandson. However, it no longer mattered. Two weeks later, Charles X emigrated to England with his family, Louis Philippe became king, the precarious order was restored, the so-called lasting until 1848.

Consequences of the July Revolution of 1830

What are the results of the July Revolution? In fact, large financial circles came to power in France. They prevented the establishment of a republic and the deepening of the revolution, but a more liberal Charter was adopted, which reduced the property qualification for voters and expanded the rights of the Chamber of Deputies. The rights of the Catholic clergy were limited. More rights were given to local self-government, although in the end, all power in the municipal councils was still received by large taxpayers. But no one thought to revise the harsh laws against workers.

July Revolution of 1830 in France accelerated the uprising in neighboring Belgium, where, however, the revolutionaries advocated the formation of an independent state. Revolutionary uprisings began in Saxony and other German states, in Poland they revolted against the Russian Empire, and in England the struggle for parliamentary reform intensified.

"Three Glorious Days"

Contemporaries called "Three glorious" three revolutionary days in Paris, during which the revolution of 1830 took place.

In the era of the Restoration, starting in 1815, two brothers of Louis XVI changed on the throne of France: the Count of Provence, who became Louis XVIII (1815-1824), and the Count d "Artois, who took the name of Charles X (1824-1830). Revolution of 1830 replaced the Bourbons with the Duke of Orleans, who became Louis Philippe I with the title of "King of the French"; the white banner of the Bourbons was replaced by a tricolor.

Restoration

Louis XVIII, restored to the throne with the help of the allies who defeated Napoleon, even before returning to Paris in 1814, was forced to promise the establishment of a constitutional order in the country. The big bourgeoisie, among whom there were many who had enriched themselves during the years of Napoleon's rule, wanted a regime that would guarantee order, but along with confirmation of the gains of the revolution, including those that Napoleon had destroyed. We are talking about the inviolability of property acquired during the years of the revolution, the preservation of civil equality and representative bodies of power. The constitutional charter, "granted" by Louis XVIII, established a parliament of two chambers: the chamber of deputies, elected on the basis of a high property qualification, and the chamber of peers, appointed by the king.

Restored to the throne in 1815, after Waterloo, Louis XVIII relied more on the "constitutionalists" who demanded the implementation of the Charter than on the "ultra-royalists" (abbreviated "ultra"), "more royalists than the king himself", who dreamed of a return to old order.

Everything changed under the limited and stubborn Charles X. Various measures were taken that seemed to mean backward movement: billions of dollars in compensation were paid to emigrants for lands confiscated during the revolution, an attempt was made to return to the abolished rule of inheritance by seniority, and freedom of the press was limited.

In 1829, Charles X installed an ultra-royalist government in power. At the next elections, however, these changes were not supported by the voters who gave the majority of votes to the liberals. Then, on July 25, 1830, Charles X signed a number of decrees (ordinances), which were a gross violation of the Charter: the new Chamber of Deputies, not yet assembled, was dissolved, the freedom of the press was abolished.

Three revolutionary days

The liberal bourgeoisie limited itself to protests through the issuance of manifestos and leaflets. The decisive thing was the action of the Parisian masses.

Already on July 27, the population of Paris and the suburbs went to the demonstration; on the night of July 27-28, weapons stores were destroyed, barricades were built from the paving stones, which made it impossible for artillery and cavalry to pass.

By the morning of July 28, the center of Paris was occupied by armed rebels and the national guard under the tricolor banner. At noon, the royal troops tried to clear the city center and captured the city hall. However, the barricades were restored after the passage of the soldiers: in the narrow streets, rain fell on them from fragments of tiles, bricks, and furniture thrown from windows and roofs. In the end, the troops were forced to retreat.

On July 29, two regiments of royal troops went over to the side of the people; The Bourbon Palace, where the Chamber of Deputies met, then the Louvre were occupied by the rebels. The troops retreated to Saint-Cloud, where the residence of Charles X was located.

The confiscated revolution

The Parisian rebels were republicans. However, the bourgeoisie was afraid of the republic ... The bourgeois liberals, in order to divide the republicans, put forward the candidacy of the Duke of Orleans, a descendant of the brother of Louis XIV, the son of the Duke of Orleans, to the throne, the very one who in 1789 took part in the revolution, sat on the benches of the Montagnards in the Convention under the name " Philip Egalite" (Equality) and was subsequently executed. His son, Louis Philippe, who bore the title of Duke of Chartres in 1789, fought in the revolutionary army at the battles of Valmy and Jemappe.

On the morning of July 30, his candidacy was put forward in a manifesto pasted on the walls of houses and handed out on the streets. The manifesto was written by the historian and journalist Adolphe Thiers, it said: "Charles X can no longer return to Paris, on his orders the blood of the people was shed. The Republic will lead us to terrible strife and quarrel with all of Europe."

On the same day, both Houses of Parliament appointed the Duke of Orleans "lieutenant-general" (viceroy) of the kingdom.

On the morning of July 31, when the republicans, indignant at this trick, were preparing to proclaim a republic, the Duke of Orleans arrived at the city hall and went out onto the balcony to the people, along with the elderly Lafayette, whom he warmly embraced. The crowd cheered for him.

In vain, Charles X tried to save the Bourbon dynasty by abdicating the throne and appointing Louis Philippe of Orleans lieutenant general and regent for his young grandson the Duke of Bordeaux (later known as the Count of Chambord). Nothing helped, and Charles X fled to England.

At the same time, the chambers called on Louis Philippe to the throne, revising the Charter and repealing the articles most hated by the opponents of the "old system". In particular, the electoral qualification was reduced and it was forbidden to govern the country through royal decrees.

Despite the fact that Louis Philippe received the title of "King of the French" and the tricolor flag was restored, the regime of the "July Monarchy" with its "bourgeois king" soon turned into a conservative one. Repeated uprisings led in 1835 to a complete ban on the Republicans, among whom socialist tendencies are manifested.

Revolution of 1830 in Europe

In Europe, under the yoke of the Holy Alliance, the French Revolution of 1830 had the same effect in liberal circles as the storming of the Bastille in 1789.

Liberal liberation movements broke out in Germany and Italy, but the authorities managed to suppress them. The same thing happened in Poland, where the uprising against the tsar was crushed.

The only success is the Belgian revolution.

The former "Austrian Netherlands" inhabited by Catholics in 1815 were united with Holland into the Kingdom of the Netherlands under the rule of the Orange dynasty (once the stadtholders of the United Provinces).

Now the Belgian Catholics and liberals, who had been at war for many years, united to throw off the yoke of the Dutch state, which was headed by conservatives and Protestants. The population of Brussels revolted on August 25, 1830. It took French intervention to stop the Dutch military expedition. France and England recognized the independence of Belgium and its neutrality. However, England opposed the accession to the throne of the new state of the French prince, fearing a disguised annexation. She insisted on the election of a German prince, a relative of the English royal family, Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, who in 1831 became "King of the Belgians" under the name of Leopold I. A constitution was adopted along the lines of the French Revised Charter. It was a representative but conservative regime.

The July Revolution of 1830, the liberal revolution in France that overthrew the Restoration regime. It was caused by a crisis in relations between the royal power and the liberal-republican opposition. The crisis escalated in 1824 after the accession to the throne of Charles X, relying on former royalist emigrants and the highest circles of the Catholic clergy. After the appointment in August 1829 of the head of the cabinet of J. de Polignac, who adhered to extreme right-wing views, an attack began on the few remaining political freedoms, the situation in the country became extremely tense. The political crisis was exacerbated by the economic depression and crop failures of 1828-29. In March 1830, the Chamber of Deputies demanded the resignation of Polignac's unpopular cabinet, but on May 16 the parliament was dissolved by the king. Despite the victory of the opposition in early elections in June - July 1830, Polignac remained in his post. In an effort to distract French society from internal problems, the king began the conquest of Algeria, sending a military expedition to its shores in mid-May 1830. On July 25, 1830, Charles X signed 6 ordinances (published on July 26), which became fatal for the entire Restoration regime. According to these decrees, the newly elected Chamber of Deputies was declared dissolved; elections were scheduled for September 1830 on the basis of a new law that sharply limited the number of voters by introducing a higher property qualification; the number of deputy seats was reduced from 428 to 258; the election procedure became more complicated; strict censorship was introduced for periodicals. These ordinances were perceived in society as a gross infringement on the constitutional Charter of 1814, and an attempt to enforce them ran into resolute opposition from the liberals. Opposition journalists defiantly refused to comply with the instructions contained in the decrees relating to the press. On July 27, 1830, an uprising of radical students, artisans and workers broke out in Paris. The Royal Tuileries Palace and other government buildings were taken by storm. Part of the troops arbitrarily left the capital, part - joined the rebels. Real power passed to the Municipal Commission, composed of the leaders of the liberal opposition (generals M. J. Lafayette and M. Lobo, banker J. Laffite, K. Perrier, and others). During the street battles in the capital, approximately 200 soldiers and officers of government troops and about 800 rebels were killed. The weakness and disorganization of the Republicans allowed the leaders of the liberals (Laffitte, A. Thiers, and others) to seize the initiative and take advantage of the fruits of the popular uprising. Enlisting the support of the country's popular veteran of the French Revolution of the 18th century, General Lafayette, the Chamber of Deputies and the Chamber of Peers, they appointed the Duke of Orleans "viceroy of the kingdom" (July 31). On August 2, Charles X abdicated; on August 9, the duke was proclaimed "King of the French" under the name of Louis Philippe. On August 14, the Constitutional Charter of 1830 was adopted, significantly expanding freedoms and the circle of voters, introducing local and regional self-government, etc. The regime of the July Monarchy was established in France. The July Revolution gave impetus to the Belgian Revolution of 1830 and the Polish uprising of 1830-31, as well as revolutionary uprisings in Germany and Italy, dealt a tangible blow to the system of the Holy Alliance.

Lit.: Courson J.-L. de. 1830: la revolution tricolore. R., 1965; Pinkney D.N. The French Revolution of 1830. Princeton, 1972; Backouche I. La monarchie parlementaire, 1815-1848: de Louis XVIII à Louis-Philippe. R., 2000; Waresquiel E. de, Yvert B. Histoire de la Restauration (1814-1830). R., 2002.

Re-in-lu-tion in France, overthrowing the regime of Res-tav-ra-tion.

You-call-on a crisis in from-no-she-ni-yah to-ro-left-authority and li-be-ral-no-re-public-can-sky op- in a zi-tion. The crisis arose in 1824 after the accession to the throne of Charles X, opi-rav-she-go-sya on the former emig-ran-tov-roy -lists and higher circles of a personal spirit-ho-ven-st-va. After the signing in August 1829, the head of the ka-bi-ne-ta J. de Pau-ling-ya-ka, someone-ry-holding the edge - not the right views, na-cha-moose on-stu-p-le-tion on not-many-storing-storing-ly-tic-free-bo-dy, about -sta-new-ka in the country pre-del-but on-ka-li-las. The political crisis of the usu-lip-lyal eco-no-mic de-press-si-her and no-harvest-mi of 1828-1829.

In March 1830, Pa-la-ta de-pu-ta-tov in-tre-bo-val from-stay-ki-not-popular-no-go ka-bi-ne-ta Po-lin- I-ka, but on May 16, par-la-ment was dis-pushed by ko-ro-lyom. Regardless of the be-du op-po-zi-tion on the out-of-the-red-you-bo-ra in June-July-le 1830, Po-lin-yak os-tal -sya in your own way. In an effort to divert the French society from internal problems, the king began to win over Al-zhy-ra, on-right-viv in se-re-di - not in May 1830, the military ex-pe-di-tion to its be-re-gum. 07/25/1830, Charles X signed 6 or-do-nan-owls (published-li-ko-va-ny on July 26), which became ro-ko-you-mi for the whole re -zhi-ma Res-tav-ra-tion. In accordance with these decrees, just from the swearing Pa-la-ta de-pu-ta-tov was declared-la-la-la-la-push-noy; as of September 1830, you-bo-ry-know-were on the basis-but-ve but-in-go-for-to-on, abruptly og-ra-ni-chi-vav-she-th number -lo from-bi-ra-te-lei pu-tem enter-de-niya more you-with-who-of-property qualification; the number of de-pu-tat places of co-kra-moose from 428 to 258; us-lie-nya-las about-tse-du-ra you-bo-ditch; enter-di-las strict cen-zu-ra for periodical out-da-ny.

These or-do-nan-sy would be perceived-by-nya-you in general-st-ve as a rude-fight in-sya-ga-tel-st-in on con-sti-tu-qi- he-th Charter of 1814, and in-torture about-the weight of them in life on-pushed-well-laid on the re-shi-tel-noe co-pro-tiv-le-ni-be -ra-lov. Op-positional magazines-on-li-stas de-mon-st-ra-tiv-but from-ka-for-you-full-to-take the content in the decrees before pi-sa-niya, from-but-siv-shie-sya to the press. 07/27/1830, in Pa-ri, the resurrection of the ra-di-kal-but on-stroy-en-students, re-mes-len-ni-kov and ra-bo-chih. The storm-mom would have taken the royal palace of Tu-il-ri and other government buildings. Part of the troops sa-mo-vol-but in-ki-nu-la hundred-li-tsu, part - joined-well-la to the rebels. The re-al-naya power went to the Mu-nitsi-pal-noy co-mission, with-becoming-len-noy izru-ko-vo-di-te-lei-be-ral-noy op-po-zi-tion (gen-ne-ra-ly M. J. La-fay-et and M. Lo-bo, ban-kir J. Laf-fit, K. Perrier, etc.).

In the course of street battles in a hundred, for example, 200 soldiers and officers of governments died. troops and about 800 rebels. Weakness and non-or-ga-ni-zo-van-ness of res-pub-li-kan-tsev in-z-whether-whether-de-ram li-be-ra-lov (Laf-fit, A. Thiers and others) re-re-grab ini-tsia-ti-wu and re-use the fruits of the people's revolt. For-ru-chiv-shis support-koy-po-lyar-no-go in the country of ve-te-ra-on the French re-vo-lu-tion of the XVIII century General La-fay -e-ta, Pa-la-you de-pu-ta-tov and Pa-la-you pe-ditch, they na-zna-chi-whether “on-me-st-none-ko-ro-lion -st-va "duke-ga Or-le-en-sko-go (July 31-la). On August 2, Charles X resigned from pre-sto-la; pa. August 14, pri-nya-ta con-sti-tu-tsi-on-naya Charter of 1830, su-sche-st-ven-but ras-shi-riv-shay of freedom and a circle of bi -ra-te-lei, input-div-shaya me-st-noe and ob-la-st-noe sa-mo-management, etc. In France, us-ta-no-vil -Xia regime of the July monarchy. The July Revolution gave the impetus to the Belgian revolution of 1830 and the Polish revolt of 1830-1831, as well as the revolutionary uprising -p-le-ni-pits in Germany and Italy, on-nes-la felt a blow to the system of the Holy Union.

liberal journalists. One of them, Thiers, on behalf of everyone, made an energetic protest: “the legal order has been violated, and the reign of power has begun, and in such a situation, obedience ceases to be an obligation”; With their protest, the journalists set "an example of resistance to the government, which has deprived itself of the character of the law." The proclamation was posted in the streets, and on the night of July 27, barricades were already being built in Paris, and by evening a street battle began, in which members of the former secret societies, Napoleonic soldiers, students, workers, and the national guard dissolved three years earlier took part; even government detachments began to go over to the side of the rebels.

Freedom leading the people. Painting (1830) by E. Delacroix in honor of the July Revolution

On July 28, the people took possession of many important points, and on the 29th, the Tuileries Palace, on which a white flag Bourbon was replaced by a tricolor, red-blue-white banner revolution and empires. CharlesX, who remained in Saint-Cloud, took back his ordinances and appointed a new ministry, but a kind of provisional government had already formed in the Paris city hall, which included several deputies, and the hero of the first revolution, Lafayette, was appointed chief of the armed forces. The next day, an appeal to the people was published, compiled by Thiers and his friend Mignet. “Charles X,” it said, “cannot return to Paris: he shed the blood of the people. The republic would cause discord between us and quarrel us with Europe. Duke of Orleans, here is a prince devoted to the cause of the revolution ... but he is still silent, waiting for your call. Let's express our desire, and he will accept the charter, as we have always understood it and as we have always wanted it. He will owe his crown to the French people."

France of the Bourbons and Orleans: from the revolution of 1830 to the political crisis. Video tutorial

At that time, there were also republicans in Paris who took a particularly active part in the popular uprising, but they were few and could not prevent the elevation of the Duke of Orleans to the throne. On July 31, the duke accepted from the deputies who managed to gather in Paris the title of viceroy of the kingdom and went out to the people on the balcony of the town hall with a tricolor banner in his hand; Lafayette, who was standing near him, kissed him at the loud cries of the people who greeted this scene. Charles X fled to Rambouillet, where he signed an ordinance appointing the Duke of Orleans as viceroy of the kingdom, and 2 abdicated in favor of his ten-year-old grandson the Duke of Bordeaux, when Lafayette, in order to scare Charles X, organized a campaign of the Parisian population on Rambouillet, the fallen king hastened to leave France and left for England.

Meanwhile, on August 3, the chamber met and hastily remade constitutional charter of 1814, throwing out the introduction from it, which talked about granting it to the king, and changing Article 14, as well as making other changes in it. Finally, on August 9, the Duke of Orleans was enthroned under the name of Louis-Philippe I and with the title of "King of the French" (and not of France, as the Bourbons were titled).