Introduction
Napoleon III Bonaparte (fr. Napoleon III Bonaparte, full name Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, fr. Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte; April 20, 1808 - January 9, 1873) - President of the French Republic from December 20, 1848 to December 1, 1852, Emperor of the French from December 1, 1852 to September 4, 1870 (he was in captivity from September 2, 1870). The nephew of Napoleon I, after a series of conspiracies to seize power, came to her peacefully as President of the Republic (1848). Having made the coup of 1851 and eliminated the legislature, he established an authoritarian police regime by means of "direct democracy" (plebiscite), and a year later proclaimed himself emperor of the Second Empire.
After ten years of rather tight control, the Second Empire, which became the embodiment of the ideology of Bonapartism, moved to some democratization (1860s), which was accompanied by the development of the French economy and industry. A few months after the adoption of the liberal constitution of 1870, which returned the rights to parliament, the Franco-Prussian war put an end to Napoleon's rule, during which the emperor was captured by the Germans and never returned to France. Napoleon III was the last monarch of France.
1. Biography
1.1. early years
He was born Charles Louis Napoleon. Baptized November 4, 1810 in the chapel of the Saint-Cloud Palace. He almost did not know his father, since the forced marriage of his parents was unhappy and his mother lived in constant separation from her husband; three years after the birth of Louis Napoleon, she had an illegitimate son, Charles de Morny (whose father was the natural son of Talleyrand). Louis Napoleon himself was recognized as the father, although later, in literature hostile to him (by the way, in V. Hugo), doubts were expressed about the legality of his birth, and not without factual grounds. Growing up in the splendor of the court of Napoleon I, under the influence of his mother, Louis Napoleon from childhood showed as passionate and as romantic a devotion to his uncle as his mother. By nature, he was a kind, gentle and meek person, although occasionally and quick-tempered; was generous. All his instincts and feelings were outweighed by a fanatical faith in his star and devotion to "Napoleonic ideas", the former guiding ideas of his life. A passionate man and at the same time full of self-control (according to V. Hugo, the Dutchman curbed the Corsican in him), from his youth he strove for one cherished goal, confidently and firmly clearing the way to it and not embarrassed at the same time in choosing means.
All his youth, starting in 1814, Louis Napoleon spent in wandering, which, however, was not associated with material deprivation, since his mother managed to accumulate a huge fortune. Queen Hortense could not stay in France after the fall of the emperor, despite Alexander I's personal sympathy for her. She was also expelled from the German states, and therefore, having changed several places of residence, she bought herself the castle of Arenenberg, in the Swiss canton of Thurgau, on the shores of Lake Constance, where she settled with her two sons. Louis Napoleon, during these wanderings, could not receive a systematic school education, he did not attend the gymnasium in Augsburg for long. His personal tutors (except for his mother) were Abbé Bertrand and Leba, the son of a terrorist. In Switzerland, Louis Napoleon entered the military service and was a captain of artillery. The result of his study of military affairs was his pamphlet: “Considérations politiques et militaires sur la Suisse” (P., 1833) and the book: “Manuel d’artillerie” (P., 1836; both works are reprinted in the collection of his works).
In 1830-31. Louis Napoleon, together with his older brother, Napoleon-Louis, took part in the conspiracy of the Modena revolutionary Ciro Menotti and on an expedition to Romagna; the purpose of the expedition was the liberation of Rome from the secular power of the popes. After the failure of the expedition, during which his older brother died, Louis Napoleon managed to escape with an English passport through all of Italy to France, from where he was immediately expelled.
1.2. First steps into power
In 1832, the Duke of Reichstadt died, and the role of representative of Napoleonic ideas and claims passed to Louis Napoleon. In 1832, he declared this with the pamphlet Rêveries politiques, which, like the pamphlet: Des idées Napoléoniennes (P., 1839), best expresses the ideals and aspirations of the young Napoleon. “If the Rhine,” he says, “were the sea, if virtue were the only stimulus to human activity, if only merit paved the way to power, I would strive for a republic.” In fact, this is not so - and therefore Louis Napoleon prefers a monarchical form, which, at the same time, would implement republican principles. The people, the legislative body, the emperor - these are the three powers that must exist in the state. “The people have the right to elect and the right to sanction, the legislature has the right to discuss laws, the emperor has the executive power. The country will be happy when harmony prevails between these three authorities... Harmony between the government and the people exists in two cases: either the people govern by the will of one, or one governs by the will of the people. In the first case it is despotism, in the second it is freedom.” The government of Louis Philippe I did not attach serious importance to the young contender for power, but the enemies of the government, both from the Republican (Lafayette, Armand Carrel, later George Sand) and from the Legitimist camp (Chateaubriand), believing in the personal honesty and patriotism of Louis Napoleon or hoping to use it to overthrow the existing government, they inflated its importance and spread its glory.
Strasbourg conspiracy
In 1836, Louis Napoleon made a romantic and reckless attempt to seize power. With the help of his loyal supporter, the former officer Persigny, he plotted in Strasbourg, in which he attracted several officers, including Colonel Vaudret, who commanded one of the artillery regiments of the Strasbourg garrison. On October 30, Louis Napoleon, who had arrived in Strasbourg the day before, appeared at the barracks of the regiment in a suit reminiscent of that of Napoleon I, with a historical cocked hat on his head; he was accompanied by a retinue consisting of conspirators who carried the imperial eagle. Vaudret was waiting for him at the head of the soldiers to whom he had just distributed money. Seeing Louis Napoleon, Vaudret exclaimed that a revolution had broken out in France, Louis Philippe I had been deposed and power should pass to the heir of the great emperor, whom Vaudret called Napoleon II. The soldiers greeted the applicant with exclamations: "Long live the emperor!" In another regiment, the soldiers, insufficiently processed by the conspirators, arrested Louis Napoleon and his supporters. Louis Philippe I released him from prison, limiting himself to deporting him to America. The participants in the conspiracy were put on trial, but, in view of the release of the main culprit, as well as in view of the humiliated letter read at the trial, in which Louis Napoleon repented of his crime, praised the generosity and mercy of the king and asked for mercy for his supporters, the court could only justify them all.
In 1837, Louis Napoleon returned from America to Europe and settled in Switzerland, which he, at the request of the French government, was soon forced to leave, and moved to England.
Boulogne landing and imprisonment
In 1840, when the government of Louis Philippe I, by its decision to transport the body of Napoleon I to France, itself gave a new impetus to the spread of the Napoleonic cult, Louis Napoleon considered it timely to repeat his attempt to seize power. He hired a steamer, organized an expedition in London and, having attracted several officers of the Boulogne garrison to his side, on August 6, 1840, he landed in Boulogne. Proclamations were circulated around the city, in which the government was accused of a sharp increase in taxes, of the ruin of the people, of an absurd African war, of despotism, and a promise was made that Louis Napoleon would “rely solely on the will and interests of the people and create an unshakable building; without exposing France to the accidents of war, he will give her a lasting peace." Not limited to a suit, a hat and the usual signs of imperial dignity, Louis Napoleon had a tamed eagle with him, which, released at a certain moment, was supposed to soar above his head. But this moment did not come, since the second attempt ended even more deplorably than the first. The soldiers of the first regiment, who introduced himself to Louis Napoleon, arrested him and his supporters, and Louis Napoleon, during the scuffle, shot at one of the soldiers. The conspirators were put on trial in the House of Peers; Berrier, Marie, Jules Favre were among the defenders. The peers, extremely harsh towards ordinary revolutionaries, were very lenient towards Louis Napoleon and his supporters and sentenced Louis Napoleon to a punishment that did not exist in the French code, namely, to life imprisonment without restriction of rights.
Louis Napoleon was imprisoned in the Gam fortress, where he spent 6 years. He enjoyed very considerable freedom there: he received friends, wrote articles, published books. Inflated by obliging journalists, the suffering of the Gama prisoner attracted many friends to his side; at this time, several press organs arose with the special purpose of propagating his ideas. He was rendered the greatest service by the Progrès du Pas-de-Calais, whose editor, the sincere republican De Georges, believed that Louis Napoleon's mistakes were redeemed by his sufferings and that "he is no longer a pretender, but a member of our party, a fighter for our banner" .
Louis Napoleon himself wrote a lot in this journal. During his imprisonment, Louis Napoleon significantly expanded his insufficiently systematic education. His main works published during this time are the treatise "Analyse de la question des sucres" (Paris, 1842) and the brochure "Extinction du paupérisme" (P., 1844). This latter contains a critique of economic relations that is not without seriousness, leading to the fact that “remuneration for labor depends on chance and arbitrariness ... The working class owns nothing; he should be made the owner." To this end, Louis Napoleon proposes a rather fantastic, albeit supported by statistical tables, plan for the organization, at the expense of the state, of numerous farms on which the proletarians would be settled. The brochure, compiled under the undoubted influence of Louis Blanc, aroused sympathy for N. in many socialists. In 1846, Louis Napoleon, disguised as a worker, with a board on his shoulder, managed, with the help of friends, to escape from the fortress and move to England.
1.3. Revolution of 1848 and rise to power
After the revolution on February 24, 1848, Louis Napoleon hurried to Paris, but the provisional government ordered him to leave France. In May 1848, he was elected a deputy in four departments, including the department of the Seine; but resigned. In September, re-elected in five departments, he joined the constituent assembly. In his speeches and messages of this period, he stated that he could only put forward his claims as heir to the empire in the presence of the king; but in view of the republic, based on the will of the whole French people, he renounces these pretensions, and, as a faithful servant of the people, is a sincere and ardent republican. He abstained from voting on practical matters. In November 1848, he was a candidate for the presidency of the republic. His electoral manifesto, without giving a single definite promise, tried by vague phrases to arouse hope and sympathy in all parties; he promised “after four years to transfer to his successor the power - firm, freedom - inviolable, progress - realized in practice”, spoke about the patronage of religion, family, property, freedom of religion and teaching, about economy, about measures in favor of the workers. On the 10th of December the voting took place; Louis Napoleon received 5,430,000 votes (75%), against 1,450,000 received by General Cavaignac and 440,000 by other candidates. These were the first direct (although not universal, due to the electoral qualification and lack of voting rights for women) elections of the head of the French state. The next direct presidential elections were held only in 1965.
| Prince of Parma |
Tuileries, Paris, France
Schönbrunn, Vienna, Austria
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After the defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon abdicated in favor of his son, whom he proclaimed emperor under the name of Napoleon II; but the King of Rome was not in France, and renunciation, under the conditions of that time, could not be of practical importance.
Eaglet in Austria
After the first abdication of Napoleon I in 1814, Marie-Louise moved to Austria and settled with her son near Vienna, in Schönbrunn Castle. When Napoleon I returned to France in 1815, he demanded the return of his wife and son from the Austrian government, but to no avail. The four-year-old Roman king stayed with his mother in Austria and was brought up there by Matthew Collinus.
When Marie-Louise, in 1816, moved to Parma, her son remained in Vienna with his grandfather Franz I of Austria. A treaty concluded in 1817 between the allies deprived him of his hereditary rights to Parma; for this the Austrian Emperor rewarded him with the Bohemian Duchy of Reichstadt, with the title of "Lordship".
At the court of his grandfather, in Vienna, they tried not to mention his father in his presence, he was considered "the son of Her Highness the Archduchess", from childhood he was taught the German name Franz, not Napoleon. Despite this, he knew about his father, was his ardent admirer and was burdened by the Austrian court. From the age of 12, the Duke of Reichstadt was considered in military service, in which by 1830 he had risen to the rank of major. Legends constantly formed around his name; everyone was well aware that in the event of any political complications, the name of Napoleon II alone could serve as a banner for a dangerous movement. It was for this reason that the timid attempt of the Bonapartists to put forward his candidacy for the throne of Belgium was immediately thwarted by Vienna, Paris and London. Napoleon II himself, who knew about his origin, carefully studied military affairs and constantly dreamed of glory and exploits. But he was a very sickly youth; his premature death on July 22, 1832 from tuberculosis at the age of 21 in Schönbrunn saved diplomacy and the Austrian court from many difficulties. There were rumors that he was poisoned.
posthumous fate
His cousin Prince Louis Napoleon, on proclaiming himself emperor in 1852, took the name Napoleon III; thus, he considered, after the fact, Napoleon II as the head of the dynasty in -1832, and himself as his heir.
In 1940, on the orders of Adolf Hitler, the remains of the Duke of Reichstadt were transferred from Vienna (then part of the Third Reich) to Paris (German-occupied) and buried in Les Invalides near the tomb of his father; at the same time, the heart of the deceased, kept separately, according to the then custom, remained in Vienna. This happened exactly 100 years after the ashes of Napoleon himself were transferred to the Les Invalides.
The fate of Napoleon II inspired Edmond Rostand to the drama "Eaglet" ( L'Aiglon). Through this work, Marina Tsvetaeva became a fan of the personality of both Napoleons - father and son. It is believed that Janusz Korczak's book "King Matt I" was inspired by the fate of Napoleon II.
Awards
see also
Write a review on the article "Napoleon II"
Notes
Literature
- Andre Castelo.. - M .: Zakharov, 2007. - 668 p. - ISBN 978-5-8159-0737-9.
- Charles Laurent. Son of Napoleon. Tashkent, Main edition of the publishing and printing concern "Sharq", 1994
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An excerpt characterizing Napoleon II
– To my great regret, Madonna Isidora! exclaimed the cardinal, with feigned disappointment. "Will you allow me to visit you sometime?" They say you have a very gifted daughter? I would love to meet and talk with her. I hope she's as beautiful as her mother...“My daughter, Anna, is only ten years old, my lord,” I replied as calmly as possible.
And my soul screamed from animal horror! .. He knew everything about me! .. Why, well, why did crazy Karaffa need me? .. Why was he interested in my little Anna ?!
Is it because I was reputed to be the famous Vidunya, and he considered me his worst enemy? .. After all, it didn’t matter to him what they called me, for the “Grand Inquisitor” I was just a witch, and he burned witches at the stake .. .
I strongly and wholeheartedly loved Life! And I, like every normal person, really wanted it to last as long as possible. After all, even the most notorious scoundrel, who may have taken the lives of others, cherishes every minute lived, every day lived of his precious life for him! .. But it was at that moment that I suddenly realized very clearly that it was he, Karaffa, and will take her away, my short and such a valuable, unlived life for me...
- A great spirit is born in a small body, Madonna Isidora. Even holy Jesus was once a child. I will be very happy to visit you! - and bowing gracefully, Caraffa left.
The world was collapsing... It crumbled into small pieces, each of which reflected a predatory, thin, intelligent face....
I tried to somehow calm down and not panic, but for some reason it did not work. This time my usual self-confidence and in my abilities let me down, and this made it even more terrible. The day was as sunny and bright as just a few minutes ago, but darkness settled in my soul. As it turned out, I had been waiting for the appearance of this man for a long time. And all my nightmarish visions about fires were only a premonition... to today's meeting with him.
Returning home, I immediately persuaded my husband to take little Anna and take her somewhere far away, where the evil tentacles of Karaffa could not get her. And she herself began to prepare for the worst, because she knew for sure that his arrival would not be long in coming. And I wasn't wrong...
A few days later, my beloved black maid Kay (at that time it was very fashionable to have black servants in rich houses) reported that "His Eminence, the Cardinal, is waiting for me in the pink drawing room." And I felt that something was going to happen right now...
I was wearing a light yellow silk dress and I knew that this color suits me very well. But if there was one single person in the world in front of whom I did not want to look attractive, then it was certainly Caraffa. But there was no time left for changing clothes, and I had to go out just like that.
He was waiting, calmly leaning back in his chair, studying some old manuscript, of which there were a myriad of in our house. I put on a pleasant smile and went down to the living room. Seeing me, Caraffa for some reason froze without uttering a word. The silence dragged on, and it seemed to me that the cardinal was about to hear my frightened heart beating treacherously loudly ... But then, finally, his enthusiastic, hoarse voice rang out:
- You are amazing, Madonna Isidora! Even this sunny morning loses next to you!
“I never thought cardinals were allowed to compliment ladies!” - with the greatest effort, continuing to smile, I squeezed out.
- Cardinals are people too, Madonna, and they know how to distinguish beauty from simplicity ... And where is your wonderful daughter? Will I be able to enjoy double beauty today?
“She is not in Venice, Your Eminence. She and her father went to Florence to visit her sick cousin.
- As far as I know, there are no patients in your family at the moment. Who fell ill so suddenly, Madonna Isidora? There was an undisguised threat in his voice...
Caraffa began to play openly. And I had no choice but to meet the danger face to face ...
“What do you want from me, Your Eminence?” Wouldn't it be easier to say it directly, saving us both from this unnecessary, cheap game? We are smart enough people that, even with a difference in views, we can respect each other.
My legs were trembling with horror, but for some reason Caraffa did not notice this. He glared at my face with a burning gaze, not answering and not noticing anything around. I could not understand what was happening, and all this dangerous comedy frightened me more and more ... But then something completely unforeseen happened, something completely beyond the usual framework ... Caraffa came very close to me, everything in the same way, without taking his burning eyes off, and almost without breathing, he whispered:
– You cannot be from God... You are too beautiful! You are a witch!!! A woman has no right to be so beautiful! You are from the Devil!
And turning around, he rushed out of the house without looking back, as if Satan himself was chasing him ... I stood in complete shock, still expecting to hear his steps, but nothing happened. Gradually coming to my senses, and finally managing to relax my stiff body, I took a deep breath and... lost consciousness. I woke up in bed, drinking hot wine from the hands of my sweet maid Kei. But then, remembering what had happened, she jumped to her feet and began to rush around the room, not really understanding what to do ... Time passed, and I had to do something, think of something in order to somehow protect myself and his family from this bipedal monster. I knew for sure that now every game was over, that the war had begun. But our forces, to my great regret, were very, very unequal... Naturally, I could defeat him in my own way... I could even just stop his bloodthirsty heart. And all these horrors would immediately end. But the fact is that, even at thirty-six, I was still too pure and kind to kill ... I never took life, on the contrary - very often gave it back. And even such a terrible person as Karaffa was, she could not yet execute ...
The next morning there was a loud knock on the door. My heart has stopped. I knew it was the Inquisition... They took me away, accusing me of "verbiage and witchcraft, intoxicating honest citizens with false predictions and heresy"... That was the end.
The room in which I was settled was very damp and dark, but for some reason it seemed to me that I would not stay in it for a long time. Caraffa came at noon...
Abstract on the topic:
Plan:
- Introduction
- 1 Roman king and nominal emperor
- 2 Eaglet in Austria
- 3 posthumous fate Literature
Introduction
Napoleon II(fr. Napoleon II), full name Napoleon Francois Joseph Charles Bonaparte, King of Rome(fr. Napoleon Francois Joseph Charles Bonaparte ), he is Franz, Duke of Reichstadt, (German. Franz Herzog von Reichstadt; March 20, 1811( 18110320 ) , Tuileries Castle, Paris - July 22, 1832, Schönbrunn Castle, Vienna) - son (only legitimate child) of Napoleon I Bonaparte, Emperor of the French. He went down in history under the dynastic name given to him by the Bonapartists. In fact, he never reigned (although from June 22 to July 7, 1815, the Paris legislature recognized him as emperor). Known in Bonapartist circles as "Eaglet".
1. Roman king and nominal emperor
He was born on March 20, 1811 from his second marriage to Marie Louise of Austria in Paris at the Tuileries Castle. Immediately after the birth, the long-awaited son was proclaimed King of Rome by Napoleon (fr. Roi de Rome) and heir to the empire. Twice: the first time in 1814 and the second time in 1815, after the Hundred Days, Napoleon abdicated in favor of his son, but both times the allies proclaimed the Bonapartes deposed, and Louis XVIII as the legitimate monarch of France.
After the defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon abdicated in favor of his son, whom he proclaimed emperor under the name of Napoleon II; but the King of Rome was not present in France, and the abdication, under the conditions of that time, could not be of practical importance. .
2. "Eaglet" in Austria
Napoleon II as a child.
After the first fall of Napoleon I in 1814, Napoleon Francois was brought to Austria and settled, together with his mother, near Vienna, in Schönbrunn Castle. When Napoleon I returned to France in 1815, he demanded the return of his wife and son from the Austrian government, but to no avail. The four-year-old Roman king stayed with his mother in Austria and was brought up there by Matthew Collinus.
When Marie-Louise, in 1816, moved to Parma, her son stayed in Vienna with his grandfather Franz I of Austria. A treaty concluded in 1817 between the allies deprived him of his hereditary rights to Parma; for this the Austrian Emperor rewarded him with the Bohemian Duchy of Reichstadt, with the title of "Lordship".
At the court of his grandfather, in Vienna, they tried not to mention his father in his presence, he was considered “the son of Her Highness the Archduchess”, from childhood he was taught the German name Franz, not Napoleon. Despite this, he knew about his father, was his ardent admirer and was burdened by the Austrian court. From the age of 12, the Duke of Reichstadt was considered in military service, in which by 1830 he had risen to the rank of major. Legends constantly formed around his name; everyone was well aware that in the event of any political complications, the name of Napoleon II alone could serve as a banner for a dangerous movement. Napoleon II himself, who knew about his origin, carefully studied military affairs and constantly dreamed of glory and exploits. But he was a very sickly youth; his premature death on 22 July 1832 from tuberculosis at the age of 21 at Schonbrunn Castle in Vienna saved diplomacy and the Austrian court from many embarrassments. There have been rumors of poisoning, but they are baseless [ ] .
3. Posthumous fate
Duke of Reichstadt.
His cousin Prince Louis Napoleon, having proclaimed himself emperor in 1852, took the name Napoleon III; thus, he considered, after the fact, Napoleon II as the head of the dynasty in 1821-1832, and himself as his heir.
In 1940, on the orders of Adolf Hitler, the remains of the Duke of Reichstadt were transferred from Vienna (then part of the Third Reich) to Paris (German-occupied) and buried in Les Invalides near the tomb of his father; at the same time, the heart of the deceased, kept separately, according to the then custom, remained in Vienna. This happened exactly 100 years after the ashes of Napoleon himself were transferred to the Les Invalides.
The fate of Napoleon II inspired Edmond Rostand to the drama "Eaglet" ( L'Aiglon). Through this work, Marina Tsvetaeva became a fan of the personality of both Napoleons - father and son. It is believed that Janusz Korczak's book "King Matt I" was inspired by the fate of Napoleon II.
Literature
- Andre Castelo Son of Napoleon. Biography. - M .: "Zakharov", 2007. - 668 p. - ISBN 978-5-8159-0737-9
This abstract is based on an article from the Russian Wikipedia. Synchronization completed on 07/09/11 10:00:20
Related essays: Napoleon , Napoleon gas , Napoleon IV , Napoleon 3 , Napoleon V , Napoleon I ,
| Prince of Parma |
Tuileries, Paris, France
Schönbrunn, Vienna, Austria
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After the defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon abdicated in favor of his son, whom he proclaimed emperor under the name of Napoleon II; but the King of Rome was not in France, and renunciation, under the conditions of that time, could not be of practical importance.
Eaglet in Austria
After the first abdication of Napoleon I in 1814, Marie-Louise moved to Austria and settled with her son near Vienna, in Schönbrunn Castle. When Napoleon I returned to France in 1815, he demanded the return of his wife and son from the Austrian government, but to no avail. The four-year-old Roman king stayed with his mother in Austria and was brought up there by Matthew Collinus.
When Marie-Louise, in 1816, moved to Parma, her son remained in Vienna with his grandfather Franz I of Austria. A treaty concluded in 1817 between the allies deprived him of his hereditary rights to Parma; for this the Austrian Emperor rewarded him with the Bohemian Duchy of Reichstadt, with the title of "Lordship".
At the court of his grandfather, in Vienna, they tried not to mention his father in his presence, he was considered "the son of Her Highness the Archduchess", from childhood he was taught the German name Franz, not Napoleon. Despite this, he knew about his father, was his ardent admirer and was burdened by the Austrian court. From the age of 12, the Duke of Reichstadt was considered in military service, in which by 1830 he had risen to the rank of major. Legends constantly formed around his name; everyone was well aware that in the event of any political complications, the name of Napoleon II alone could serve as a banner for a dangerous movement. It was for this reason that the timid attempt of the Bonapartists to put forward his candidacy for the throne of Belgium was immediately thwarted by Vienna, Paris and London. Napoleon II himself, who knew about his origin, carefully studied military affairs and constantly dreamed of glory and exploits. But he was a very sickly youth; his premature death on July 22, 1832 from tuberculosis at the age of 21 in Schönbrunn saved diplomacy and the Austrian court from many difficulties. There were rumors that he was poisoned.
posthumous fate
His cousin Prince Louis Napoleon, on proclaiming himself emperor in 1852, took the name Napoleon III; thus, he considered, after the fact, Napoleon II as the head of the dynasty in -1832, and himself as his heir.
In 1940, on the orders of Adolf Hitler, the remains of the Duke of Reichstadt were transferred from Vienna (then part of the Third Reich) to Paris (German-occupied) and buried in Les Invalides near the tomb of his father; at the same time, the heart of the deceased, kept separately, according to the then custom, remained in Vienna. This happened exactly 100 years after the ashes of Napoleon himself were transferred to the Les Invalides.
The fate of Napoleon II inspired Edmond Rostand to the drama "Eaglet" ( L'Aiglon). Through this work, Marina Tsvetaeva became a fan of the personality of both Napoleons - father and son. It is believed that Janusz Korczak's book "King Matt I" was inspired by the fate of Napoleon II.
Awards
see also
Write a review on the article "Napoleon II"
Notes
Literature
- Andre Castelo.. - M .: Zakharov, 2007. - 668 p. - ISBN 978-5-8159-0737-9.
- Charles Laurent. Son of Napoleon. Tashkent, Main edition of the publishing and printing concern "Sharq", 1994
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An excerpt characterizing Napoleon II
After four days of solitude, boredom, a consciousness of subservience and insignificance, especially palpable after the environment of power in which he had so recently found himself, after several crossings together with the marshal's luggage, with French troops occupying the entire area, Balashev was brought to Vilna, now occupied by the French , to the same outpost on which he left four days ago.The next day, the imperial chamberlain, monsieur de Turenne, came to Balashev and conveyed to him the desire of Emperor Napoleon to honor him with an audience.
Four days ago, guards from the Preobrazhensky Regiment stood at the house to which Balashev was brought, but now there were two French grenadiers in blue uniforms open on their chests and in shaggy hats, a convoy of hussars and lancers and a brilliant retinue of adjutants, pages and generals, waiting for the exit Napoleon around the riding horse standing at the porch and his mameluke Rustav. Napoleon received Balashev in the same house in Vilva from which Alexander sent him.
Despite Balashev's habit of court solemnity, the luxury and splendor of the court of Emperor Napoleon struck him.
Count Turen led him into a large waiting room, where many generals, chamberlains and Polish magnates were waiting, many of whom Balashev had seen at the court of the Russian emperor. Duroc said that Emperor Napoleon would receive the Russian general before his walk.
After several minutes of waiting, the chamberlain on duty went out into the large reception room and, bowing politely to Balashev, invited him to follow him.
Balashev entered a small reception room, from which there was one door leading to an office, the same office from which the Russian emperor sent him. Balashev stood for two minutes, waiting. Hasty footsteps sounded outside the door. Both halves of the door quickly opened, the chamberlain who had opened it respectfully stopped, waiting, everything was quiet, and other, firm, resolute steps sounded from the office: it was Napoleon. He has just finished his riding toilet. He was in a blue uniform, open over a white waistcoat, descending on a round stomach, in white leggings, tight-fitting fat thighs of short legs, and in over the knee boots. His short hair, obviously, had just been combed, but one strand of hair went down over the middle of his wide forehead. His plump white neck protruded sharply from behind the black collar of his uniform; he smelled of cologne. On his youthful full face with a protruding chin was an expression of gracious and majestic imperial greeting.
He went out, trembling rapidly at every step, and throwing back his head a little. His whole plump, short figure, with broad, thick shoulders and an involuntarily protruding belly and chest, had that representative, portly appearance that people of forty years of age who live in the hall have. In addition, it was evident that he was in the best mood that day.
He nodded his head in response to Balashev's low and respectful bow, and, going up to him, immediately began to speak like a man who values every minute of his time and does not condescend to prepare his speeches, but is confident that he will always say well and what to say.
Hello, general! - he said. - I received the letter from Emperor Alexander, which you delivered, and I am very glad to see you. He looked into Balashev's face with his large eyes and immediately began to look ahead past him.
It was obvious that he was not at all interested in the personality of Balashev. It was evident that only what was going on in his soul was of interest to him. Everything that was outside of him did not matter to him, because everything in the world, as it seemed to him, depended only on his will.
“I don’t want and didn’t want war,” he said, “but I was forced into it. Even now (he said this word with emphasis) I am ready to accept all the explanations that you can give me. - And he clearly and briefly began to state the reasons for his displeasure against the Russian government.
Judging by the moderately calm and friendly tone with which the French emperor spoke, Balashev was firmly convinced that he wanted peace and intended to enter into negotiations.
– Sir! L "Empereur, mon maitre, [Your Majesty! The Emperor, my lord,] - Balashev began a long-prepared speech when Napoleon, having finished his speech, looked inquiringly at the Russian ambassador; but the look of the emperor's eyes fixed on him embarrassed him. "You are embarrassed “Recover,” Napoleon seemed to say, looking at Balashev’s uniform and sword with a barely noticeable smile. Balashev recovered and began to speak. He said that Emperor Alexander did not consider Kurakin’s demand for passports to be a sufficient reason for the war, that Kurakin acted like that of his own arbitrariness and without the consent of the sovereign, that the emperor Alexander does not want war and that there are no relations with England.
“Not yet,” put in Napoleon, and, as if afraid to give in to his feeling, he frowned and slightly nodded his head, thus giving Balashev to feel that he could continue.
Having expressed everything that he was ordered, Balashev said that Emperor Alexander wanted peace, but would not start negotiations except on the condition that ... Here Balashev hesitated: he remembered those words that Emperor Alexander did not write in a letter, but which he certainly ordered Saltykov to insert them into the rescript and which he ordered Balashev to hand over to Napoleon. Balashev remembered these words: “until not a single armed enemy remains on Russian soil,” but some kind of complex feeling held him back. He couldn't say those words even though he wanted to. He hesitated and said: on the condition that the French troops retreat beyond the Neman.
Napoleon noticed Balashev's embarrassment when uttering his last words; his face trembled, the left calf of his leg began to tremble measuredly. Without moving from his seat, he began to speak in a voice higher and more hasty than before. During the subsequent speech, Balashev, more than once lowering his eyes, involuntarily observed the trembling of the calf in Napoleon's left leg, which intensified the more he raised his voice.
“I wish peace no less than Emperor Alexander,” he began. “Haven't I been doing everything for eighteen months to get it? I've been waiting eighteen months for an explanation. But in order to start negotiations, what is required of me? he said, frowning and making an energetic questioning gesture with his small white and plump hand.
The name of Napoleon Bonaparte is known to everyone, but few people remember that the emperor had children, in particular, a legitimate son and heir to the throne.
The youngest son of Napoleon Bonaparte, the only one born in a legal marriage, Napoleon Francois Joseph Charles Bonaparte lived a short life. He became heir to the throne and was proclaimed Emperor Napoleon II, but was never crowned. Despite his high origin, he was isolated from the French court and parents and actually became a prisoner at the Austrian court.
A great fate awaited him, but the Eaglet did not justify the hopes of the Bonapartists, having died at the age of 21.
After 13 years of marriage, Napoleon Bonaparte decided to divorce the childless Josephine in order to marry a woman who could give him an heir to the throne. By that time, he already had two illegitimate sons - from Eleanor Denuel de la Plaine and Maria Walewska. At the same time, the marriage was supposed to become dynastic and strengthen the position of Napoleon, making him related to the current legitimate monarch of another state. Napoleon proposed to the sister of the Russian Emperor Alexander I, but was refused. Then his choice fell on the daughter of the Austrian Emperor Franz I, Maria-Louise. Their wedding took place in 1810, and a year later they had a son, Napoleon Francois Joseph Charles, who received the title of King of Rome.
After the economic crisis and military collapse, Napoleon abdicated in 1814 in favor of his legitimate son, but the winners declared the Bonapartes deposed and restored the power of the Bourbons in France. The Empress and son were separated from Napoleon and sent to Austria. The defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 put an end to the power of Napoleon Bonaparte. His second abdication in favor of his son did not find support, and although the Paris legislature recognized Napoleon II as emperor in June 1815, he was never crowned and, in fact, never reigned.
Empress Marie Louise with her son
From the age of 4, Napoleon Francois Joseph, nicknamed the Eaglet because the eagle was the heraldic symbol of the French emperor, grew up without a father. The mother was carried away by a new novel - Count Naiperg became her chosen one, from whom she gave birth to four children, and soon she was completely separated from her first son. In addition to the understandable psychological problems of a child deprived of parental attention, there were also difficulties of a political nature: the Eaglet was constantly under the supervision of the Austrian authorities and from childhood was the object of intrigue.
Thomas Lawrence. Napoleon II as a child
At the Austrian court, they made sure that the name of Napoleon was not mentioned at all, and his son was called by his middle name, in the German way - Franz. The eaglet was forced to forget French and speak only German. He was deprived of hereditary rights to the Duchy of Parma, but was granted the title of Duke of Reichstadt, after the name of one of the estates in Bohemia. He was brought up as an Austrian prince, he grew up in Schönbrunn Castle near Vienna, but despite his high position, he was a virtual prisoner at court. Members of the government did not take their eyes off him, because the Bonapartists had high hopes for Eaglet as a likely candidate for the French throne.
The young man was fond of military history, read a lot and dreamed of a military career and great deeds, but his abilities never showed up. His tutor wrote about him: "Distrustful, perhaps because of his position, which he assessed very sensibly, he directed a close, searching look at people, knew how to persuade them to talk, observe them and recognize them." At the age of 20, Eaglet was already in the rank of lieutenant colonel, but a year later he fell ill with pulmonary tuberculosis and died suddenly in 1832. For some time there were rumors that he was poisoned, but they were not confirmed.
Napoleon II, Duke of Reichstadt
The eaglet never fulfilled either his dreams or the hopes of the Bonapartists placed on him. There were no direct descendants of Napoleon I Bonaparte, and the French throne was occupied by Eaglet's cousin, Prince Louis Napoleon, who proclaimed himself Emperor Napoleon III in 1852. Eaglet was reunited with his father only after his death, when, by order of Hitler, his remains were transported to Paris and buried next to the grave of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Eaglet, Napoleon Francois Joseph
Napoleon II became one of the most enigmatic and romantic figures in French history. His fate inspired Edmond Rostand to create the play in verse "Eaglet", which became the reference book of Marina Tsvetaeva, who in her youth idolized Napoleon and his son and worshiped them with such passion that she even replaced the icon in the icon case with a portrait of Napoleon. Eaglet is dedicated to a number of her poems.
Eaglet, Napoleon Francois Joseph on his deathbed