The number of styles and trends is enormous, if not infinite. Styles in art do not have clear boundaries, they smoothly merge into one another and are in continuous development, mixing and opposition. Within the framework of one historical art style, a new one is always born, and that, in turn, passes into the next. Many styles coexist at the same time and therefore there are no “pure styles” at all.
Abstractionism (from Lat. abstractio - removal, distraction) - an artistic direction in art, which refused to depict forms close to reality.
Avant-garde, avant-garde (from the French avant-garde - vanguard) - the general name of artistic trends in the art of the 20th century, which are characterized by the search for new forms and means of artistic display, underestimation or complete rejection of traditions and the absolutization of innovation.
Academicism (from the French academisme) - a trend in European painting of the 16th-19th centuries. It was based on dogmatic adherence to the external forms of classical art. Followers characterized this style as a reasoning over the art form of the ancient antique world and the Renaissance. Academism made up for the traditions of ancient art, in which the image of nature was idealized, while compensating for the norm of beauty. Annibale, Agostino and Lodovico Carracci wrote in this style.
Actionism (from the English action art - the art of action) - happening, performance, event, process art, art of demonstration and a number of other forms that emerged in the avant-garde art of the 1960s. In accordance with the ideology of actionism, the artist must organize events and processes. Actionism seeks to blur the line between art and reality.
Empire style (from French. empire - empire) - a style in architecture and decorative arts that arose in France at the beginning of the 19th century, during the First Empire of Napoleon Bonaparte. Empire style is the final development of classicism. For the embodiment of majesty, sophistication, luxury, power and military strength, the Empire is characterized by an appeal to ancient art: ancient Egyptian decorative forms (trophies of war, winged sphinxes ...), Etruscan vases, Pompeian painting, Greek and Roman decor, Renaissance frescoes and ornaments. The main representative of this style was J.L. David (paintings "The Oath of the Horatii" (1784), "Brutus" (1789))
Underground (from the English underground - underground, underground) - a number of artistic trends in contemporary art, opposing themselves to mass culture, the mainstream. The underground rejects and violates the political, moral and ethical orientations and types of behavior accepted in society, introducing asocial behavior into everyday life. During the Soviet period, due to the severity of the regime, almost anything unofficial, i.e. not recognized by the authorities, art turned out to be underground.
Art Nouveau (from the French art nouveau, literally - new art) - the name of the modern style, widespread in many countries (Belgium, France, England, USA, etc.). The most famous artist in this area of \u200b\u200bpainting: Alphonse Mucha.
Art Deco (from French art deco, abbr. from decoratif) - a trend in art in the middle of the 20th century, which marked the synthesis of avant-garde and neoclassicism, replaced constructivism. Distinctive features of this trend: fatigue, geometric lines, luxury, chic, expensive materials (ivory, crocodile skin). The most famous artist in this direction is Tamara de Lempicka (1898-1980).
Baroque (from Italian barocco - strange, bizarre or from port.perola barroca - pearl of irregular shape, there are other assumptions about the origin of this word) - an artistic style in the art of the late Renaissance. Distinctive features of this style: exaggeration of size, broken lines, an abundance of decorative details, heaviness and colossality.
The Renaissance, or the Renaissance (from the French renaissance, Italian rinascimento) is an era in the history of European culture that replaced the culture of the Middle Ages and preceded the culture of modern times. The approximate chronological framework of the era - XIV-XVI centuries. A distinctive feature of the Renaissance is the secular nature of culture and its anthropocentrism (that is, interest, first of all, in a person and his activities). There is an interest in ancient culture, there is, as it were, its "revival" - and the term appeared. Drawing pictures of traditional religious themes, artists began to use new artistic techniques: building a volumetric composition, using a landscape in the background, which allowed them to make images more realistic and animated. This sharply distinguished their work from the previous iconographic tradition, replete with conventions in the image. The most famous artists of this period: Sandro Botticelli (1447-1515), Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Raphael Santi (1483-1520), Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564), Titian (1477-1576), Antonio Correggio (1489 -1534), Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516), Albrecht Durer (1471-1528).
Woodland (from English - forest land) is a style in art that originates in the symbolism of rock paintings, myths and legends of North American Indians.
Gothic (from Italian gotico - unusual, barbaric) - a period in the development of medieval art, covering almost all areas of culture and developing in Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe from the XII to the XV century. Gothic completed the development of European medieval art, emerging on the basis of the achievements of Romanesque culture, and in the Renaissance, medieval art was considered "barbaric". Gothic art was cult in purpose and religious in topic. It turned to the highest divine powers, eternity, the Christian worldview. Gothic in its development is subdivided into Early Gothic, Flourishing, Late Gothic.
Impressionism (from the French impression - impression) is a trend in European painting, which originated in France in the middle of the 19th century, the main purpose of which was to convey fleeting, changeable impressions.
Kitsch, kitsch (from German kitsch - bad taste) is a term denoting one of the most odious phenomena of mass culture, a synonym for pseudo-art, in which the main attention is paid to the extravagance of the external appearance, the loudness of its elements. In fact, kitsch is a kind of postmodernism. Kitsch is a mass art for a select few. A work belonging to kitsch must be made at a high artistic level, it must have a fascinating plot, but this is not a real work of art in a high sense, but a skillful imitation of it. There can be deep psychological collisions in kitsch, but there are no genuine artistic discoveries and revelations.
Classicism (from Latin classicus - exemplary) is an artistic style in art, the basis of which was the appeal, as an ideal aesthetic standard, to the images and forms of ancient art and the Renaissance, requiring strict adherence to a number of rules and canons.
Cosmism (from the Greek kosmos - organized world, kosma - decoration) is an artistic and philosophical worldview, which is based on knowledge of the Cosmos and the idea of \u200b\u200ba person as a citizen of the World, as well as a microcosm, similar to the Macrocosm. Cosmism is associated with astronomical knowledge of the Universe.
Cubism (from the French cube - cube) is a modernist direction in art, depicting objects of reality decomposed into the simplest geometric shapes.
Lettrism (from the English letter - letter, message) is a trend in modernism, based on the use of images similar to a font, unreadable text, as well as compositions based on letters and text.
Metarealism, metaphysical realism (from the Greek meta - between and gealis - material, real) is a trend in art, the main idea of \u200b\u200bwhich is to express the superconsciousness, the superphysical nature of things.
Minimalism (derived from the English minimal art - minimal art) is an artistic movement that proceeds from the minimal transformation of the materials used in the process of creativity, simplicity and uniformity of forms, monochrome, creative self-restraint of the artist. Minimalism is characterized by the rejection of subjectivity, representation, illusionism. Rejecting classical techniques and traditional art materials, minimalists use industrial and natural materials of simple geometric shapes and neutral colors (black, gray), small volumes, use serial, conveyor methods of industrial production.
Modern (derived from the French moderne - the newest, modern) is an artistic style in art, in which traits of art of different epoxies are interpreted and stylized with the help of practical ideas, basic principles.
Neoplasticism is one of the earliest varieties of abstract art. Created by 1917 by the Dutch painter P. Mondrian and other artists who were members of the "Style" association. Neoplasticism is characterized, according to its creators, by a striving for "universal harmony", expressed in strictly balanced combinations of large rectangular figures, clearly separated by perpendicular black lines and painted in local colors of the main spectrum (with the addition of white and gray tones).
Primitivism, naive art, naive - a style of painting in which the painting is deliberately simplified, its forms are made primitive, like folk art, the work of a child or primitive man.
Op-art (from the English optical art - optical art) is a neo-avant-garde trend in the visual arts, in which the effects of spatial movement, merging and "soaring" of forms are achieved by the introduction of sharp color and tonal contrasts, rhythmic repetitions, the intersection of spiral and lattice configurations, wriggling lines.
Orientalism (from Latin oriens - east) is a direction in European art that uses themes, symbols and motives of the East and Indochina
Orphism (from French orphisme, from Orp? Ee - Orpheus) is a trend in French painting of the 1910s. The title was given in 1912 by the French poet Apollinaire to the painting of the artist Robert Delaunay. Orphism is associated with Cubism, Futurism and Expressionism. The main features of this style of painting are aestheticism, plasticity, rhythm, gracefulness of silhouettes and lines.
Orphism masters: Robert Delaunay, Sonia Terk-Delaunay, Frantisek Kupka, Francis Picabia, Vladimir Baranov-Rossine, Fernand Léger, Morgan Russell.
Pop art (from the English pop - abrupt sound, light cotton) is a neo-avant-garde trend in the visual arts, in which the reality is typical objects of modern urbanized life, samples of mass culture and the entire artificial material environment surrounding a person
Postmodernism (from the French postmodernisme - after modernism) is a new artistic style, which differs from modernism by a return to the beauty of secondary reality, narrative, an appeal to the plot, melody, harmony of secondary forms. Postmodernism is characterized by the unification of styles, figurative motives and artistic techniques borrowed from different eras, regions and subcultures within one work.
Realism (from Lat. Gealis - material, real) is a trend in art, characterized by the image of social, psychological and other phenomena that correspond to reality as much as possible.
Rococo (derived from the French rococo, rocaille) is a style in art and architecture that originated in France in the early 18th century. Distinguished by grace, lightness, intimate and flirtatious character. Replacing the heavy baroque, Rococo was both the logical result of its development and its artistic antipode. Rococo is united with the baroque style by the striving for completeness of forms, however, if the baroque gravitates towards monumental solemnity, then the rococo prefers grace and lightness.
Symbolism (from the French symbolisme - a sign, an identifying omen) is an artistic direction in art, based on the embodiment of the main ideas of the work through the multi-valued and multifaceted associative aesthetics of symbols.
Socialist realism, socialist realism is an artistic trend in art, which is an aesthetic expression of the socialistically conscious concept of the world and man, conditioned by the era of socialist society.
Hyperrealism, superrealism, photorealism (from the English hyperrealism - over realism) - a trend in art based on accurate photographic reproduction of reality.
Surrealism (from the French surrealisme - super + realism) is one of the directions of modernism, the main idea of \u200b\u200bwhich is to express the subconscious (to combine dream and reality).
Transavant-garde (from Latin trans - through, through and French avantgarde - avant-garde) is one of the modern trends of postmodernism, which arose as a reaction to conceptualism and pop art. Trans-avant-garde embraces the mixing and transformation of styles born in the avant-garde, such as Cubism, Fauvism, Futurism, Expressionism, etc.
Expressionism (derived from the French expression - expressiveness) is a modernist trend in art that considers the image of the outside world only as a means for expressing the subjective states of the author.
They are very varied and multifaceted. The single principle of artistic thinking is the very key feature according to which the works of masters can be attributed to one or another trend. Historically, the main directions in painting replaced each other depending on the change in the perception of art. Certain events also played a role in this issue.
Directions in painting of the 19th century
In the nineteenth century, France remained a leading country that made a significant contribution to the development of European culture. Painting took the first place in artistic life. The trends in painting of the 19th century are classicism, romanticism, realism, academicism and decadence. Eugene Delacroix was considered the main figure of romanticism. His most famous painting "Freedom on the Barricades" was written based on real events. In the middle of the nineteenth century, the main directions in painting are classicism and realism. The position of realism in Europe was strengthened by Gustave Courbet. And in the second half of the century, the same currents moved from France to Russia. Directions in art, painting, architecture and other spheres of the cultural life of Europe this century are quite diverse. The last third of the nineteenth century balanced on the brink of realism and decadence. As a result of such balancing, a completely new direction arose - impressionism. But the main trend in Russian painting of this period was still realism.
Classicism
This trend developed in France from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century. It was characterized by harmony and striving for the ideal. Classicism defined its own hierarchy, according to which religious, historical and mythological genres were ranked high. But the portrait, still life, as well as the landscape were considered insignificant and even everyday. It was forbidden to combine genres. Many traditions of artists owe their appearance to classicism. In particular, we are talking about the completeness of the composition and the agreed forms. The works of classicism call for harmony and consonance.
Academicism
Directions in painting did not just change in turn over time. They penetrated each other, closely intertwined and followed for a while together. And it often happened that one direction arose from another. It happened with academicism. It arose as a consequence of classical art. This is all the same classicism, but more elaborate and systematized. The key points that fully characterize this trend were the idealization of nature, as well as high skill in technical performance. The most famous artists in this direction were K. Bryullov, A. Ivanov, P. Delaroche and others. Of course, modern academicism no longer occupies the (leading) role that was assigned to it during the inception of this style.
Romanticism
It is impossible to consider the main directions of painting of the 19th century without mentioning romanticism. The era of Romanticism originated in Germany. Gradually, it penetrated England, France, Russia and other countries. Thanks to this introduction, the world of painting and art has been enriched with bright colors, new storylines and a bold depiction of nudity. Artists of this trend depicted all human emotions and feelings in bright colors. They turned all inner fears, love and hate inside out, enriching the canvases with a huge number of special effects.
Realism
Considering the main directions of painting in the second half of the 19th century, realism should be mentioned first. And although the emergence of this style dates back to the eighteenth century, its greatest flowering occurs in the middle and second half of the nineteenth century. The main rule of realism of this period was the depiction of modern reality in all the variety of its manifestations. The revolution that took place in France in one thousand eight hundred and forty-eight had a great influence on the formation of this movement in painting. But in Russia, the development of this trend in art was closely connected with the trend of democratic ideas.
Decadence
The period of decadence is characterized by images of hopelessness and disappointment. This style of art is imbued with a decline in vitality. It emerged in the late nineteenth century as a form of resistance to public morality. And although in painting decadence has never formed into a separate direction, artistic history still distinguishes individual creators in this area of \u200b\u200bart. For example, Aubrey Beardsley or Mikhail Vrubel. But it should be noted that decadent artists, not afraid to experiment with reason, often teetered on the edge. But this is precisely what allowed them to shock the public with their vision of the world.
Impressionism
Although Impressionism is considered the initial stage of modern art, the preconditions for this trend originated in the nineteenth century. The origin of impressionism was romanticism. Because it was he who put the individual personality at the center of art. In 1872, Monet painted his painting Impression. Sunrise". It was this work that gave the name to the whole direction. All impressionism was built on perception. The artists who worked in this style were not going to cover the philosophical problems of humanity. The most important thing was not what to portray, but how to do it. Each painting was supposed to reveal the inner world of the artist. But the Impressionists also wanted recognition. Therefore, they tried to find compromise topics that would be interesting for all segments of the population. On their canvases, artists depicted holidays or parties. And if everyday situations did find their place in their paintings, then they were presented only from the positive side. Thus, impressionism can be called "inner" romanticism.
The main directions of Russian painting of the 19th century (first half)
The first half of the nineteenth century is considered a particularly bright page in the culture of Russia. At the very beginning of the century, classicism remained the main trend in Russian painting. But by the thirties, its significance had been lost. The whole culture of Russia sighed in a new way with the advent of romanticism. His main postulate was the affirmation of the individual personality, as well as human thoughts as the main value in all art. There was a special interest in the inner world of man. The directions of Russian painting of the first half of the nineteenth century were headed by romanticism. Moreover, at first he had a heroic character, and later transformed into tragic romanticism.
Speaking about the first half of the nineteenth century in the history of Russian culture, researchers divide it into two quarters. But no matter what divisions exist, it is almost impossible to determine the time line between the three styles in the visual arts. The directions of Russian painting of the 19th century (classicism, romanticism and realism) in the first half of it were so strongly intertwined that it was possible to distinguish between them only conditionally.
We can say with confidence that in the first half of the nineteenth century, painting in the life of society took much more place than in the eighteenth century. Thanks to the victory in the war of 1812, Russian self-awareness received a strong impetus for development, as a result of which the people's interest in their own culture increased greatly. For the first time, organizations arose in society, which considered their primary task to develop domestic art. The first magazines appeared, which told about the painting of contemporaries, as well as the first attempts to arrange exhibitions of works by artists.
Portrait painting achieved outstanding achievements during this period. This genre most closely united the artist and society. This is due to the fact that the largest number of orders during that period was precisely the portrait genre. One of the outstanding portrait painters of the first half of the 19th century was Vladimir Borovikovsky. It should also be noted such famous artists as A. Orlovsky, V. Tropinin and O. Kiprensky.
It was at the beginning of the century that Russian landscape painting also developed. Among the artists who worked in this genre, Fyodor Alekseev should be distinguished first of all. He was a master of urban landscape, as well as one of the ancestors of this genre in Russian painting. Other famous landscape painters of the period mentioned were Shchedrin and Aivazovsky.
The best artists in Russia in the second quarter of the nineteenth century were considered Bryullov, Fedotov and A. Ivanov. Each of them made his own special contribution to the development of painting.
Karl Bryullov was not only a bright enough, but also a highly controversial painter. And although the main direction in Russian painting in the second quarter of the nineteenth century was romanticism, the artist nevertheless remained faithful to some of the canons of classicism. Perhaps that is why his work was so highly valued.
Alexander Ivanov managed to enrich not only Russian, but also European painting of the nineteenth century with the depth of philosophical thought. He had a very wide creative potential and was not only an innovator of the historical genre and landscape painting, but also an excellent portrait painter. None of the artists of his generation knew how to perceive the world around him in the same way as Ivanov, and did not possess such a variety of techniques.
An important stage in the development of realistic painting in Russia is associated with the name of Pavel Fedotov. This artist was the first to be able to give a critical expression to the everyday genre, since he had the talent of a satirist. The characters in his paintings were usually townspeople: merchants, officers, the poor and others.
Second half of the 19th century
At the end of the fifties of the nineteenth century, a completely new chapter began in the history of realistic painting in Russia. The defeat of Tsarist Russia in the Crimean War had a global impact on these events. It served as the reason for the democratic upsurge and peasant reform. In 1863, fourteen artists rebelled against the demands to paint on given themes and, wanting to create exclusively at their own discretion, created an art artel, headed by Kramskoy. If realism in Russia in the first half of the nineteenth century strove to reveal the exceptionally beautiful in man and was called poetic, then the one that replaced it in the second half of the century was called critical. But the poetic beginning has not left this trend. Now it manifested itself in the indignant feelings of the creator, which he invested in his work. The main trend in Russian painting in the second half of the nineteenth century was realism, which followed the path of criticism and denunciation. In fact, it was a struggle for the recognition of the genre of everyday life, which would reflect the natural state of affairs in Russia.
In the seventies, the direction of painting changed somewhat. The artists of the sixties in their works reflected the belief in the coming of the common good after the disappearance of serfdom. And the people of the seventies who replaced them were disappointed with the disasters of the peasants that followed the reform, and their brushes were already directed against the approaching new future. One of the brightest representatives of this genre painting was Myasoyedov, and his best picture, reflecting the whole reality of that time, was called "Zemstvo is having lunch."
The eighties shifted the attention of art from a person who worried about the people to the people themselves. This is the heyday of I. Repin's creativity. All the strength of this artist lay in the objectivity of his works. All images of his paintings were vitally convincing. A number of his canvases were devoted to revolutionary themes. With his art, Repin tried to answer all the questions that worried him and the rest of the people that arose in the everyday life of that era. At the same time, other artists have looked for the same answers in the past. This was the feature and strength of the great painter's art. Another famous artist of this period was Vasnetsov. His work was based on folk art. Through his canvases, Vasnetsov tried to convey the idea of \u200b\u200bthe great power of the Russian people and its heroic greatness. Legends and traditions served as the basis of his works. In his creations, the artist not only used stylization elements, but also managed to achieve the integrity of the image. As a background in his canvases, Vasnetsov, as a rule, depicted the landscape of central Russia.
In the nineties, the concept of creative life changes again. Now the bridges built between painting and society are called upon to be mercilessly destroyed. An association of artists called "The World of Art" is formed, which promotes the purity of works of art, that is, their separation from everyday life. A feature of the creative nature of the artists who were part of this association was the limited scope of intimacy. Museum activity is actively developing, the main task of which is to stir up interest in cultural monuments. Thus, by the beginning of the twentieth century, more and more artists are striving to convey the historical past of Russia on their canvases. The leaders of the World of Art association played a special role in the development of the art of book illustration, as well as theatrical and decorative creativity. Somov was considered one of the best artists in this direction. He never depicted modern life in his works. As a last resort, he could convey it through a historical masquerade. Following the "World of Art", other associations began to form. They were created by artists who have a different point of view regarding painting.
The masters who criticized the work of creators from the above-described union created (as opposed to it) the Blue Rose association. They demanded the return of bright colors to painting and said that art should only one-sidedly convey the inner feelings of the artist. The most talented of these figures was Sapunov.
In spite of the "Blue Rose", another union soon appeared, which was named "Jack of Diamonds". It was distinguished by its frank antipoetic meaning. But his supporters did not want to go back to real things at all. They subjected them to all kinds of distortion and decomposition (in their own way). Thus, thanks to all these warring alliances, Russian modernism arises.
Modern trends
Time passes, and everything that was considered modern before becomes the property of history, and art is no exception. Today, the term "contemporary art" is applicable to everything that has been created by creative individuals since one thousand nine hundred and seventieth year. New directions in painting developed in two stages. The first is modernism, the second is postmodernism. The seventieth year of the twentieth century is considered a turning point in all art. Since this year, artistic movements have practically defied classification. The only thing that can be said with absolute certainty is that the social orientation of art over the past thirty years has been expressed much more intensely than in all past eras. At the same time, painting in contemporary art has ceased to occupy a leading place. More and more artists are now turning to photography, as well as computer technology to realize their designs and ideas.
Despite the versatile trends in painting, we can say that the main task of the artistic life of the nineteenth century was to bring all genres of art as close as possible to everyday life. And it was successfully realized through the appeal of the masters of the brush - and not only - to the contemporary problems of humanity and the inner world of the artist himself. All directions in painting of this time allow you to feel the spirit of the era and get an idea of \u200b\u200bwhat people lived and felt at that time.
Style (trends, trends) in art is a historically established community of artistic features in one form of art or simultaneously in several arts, characteristic of different eras and peoples and due to the unity of the ideological and aesthetic aspirations of the creative minority. At present, a number of stable designations have traditionally developed for objectively existing (and existing) trends in European art, the main features of which every cultured person needs to know. Let us consider the basic terminology in this regard, while adhering to the chronological principle.
The Romanesque style (from Latin Romanus - Roman) manifested itself in the X-XIII centuries. in architecture and sculptural decoration. Buildings of the Romanesque style inherit many features of Roman architecture, are distinguished by simplicity and rationality. The thickness and strength of the walls were the main criteria for the beauty of the building. The main architectural buildings of Romanica are the knight's castle and the monastery church.
The Gothic style (from Italian Gotico - Gothic, barbaric) is associated primarily with religious architecture, sculpture and decorative and applied art of the 12th-14th centuries. The main Gothic architecture is the cathedral. Gothic cathedrals are characterized by an aspiration upward, towards God, an organic connection between architecture and sculpture, pointed arches; windows decorated with multicolored stained-glass windows, lush decor.
Baroque (from Italian Barocco - strange, bizarre) style in architecture, music, painting, literature, decorative arts of the late 16th - mid-18th centuries. It is characterized by aesthetic affectation, richness of decor, usually curvilinear forms. In music and literature - mannerism, capriciousness, ornateness, an abundance of jewelry. In the baroque art, put at the service of religion, the Jesuits saw a powerful tool for influencing the emotional world of a person and forming new ideas of Europeans about the wealth, complexity and variability of the world around them.
Classicism (from Latin classicus - correct, exemplary) style and direction in art and literature of the 17th and early 19th centuries. which marked the return to the ancient heritage as the norm and ideal model. The main aesthetic postulate of classicism is loyalty to nature, the natural rationality of the world with an objectively inherent beauty in it, which is expressed in symmetry, proportion, measure, harmony, which must be recreated in art in a perfect form.
Rococo (from the French rocaille - shell) is a style that occupies, as it were, an intermediate position between baroque and classicism. Distributed mainly in France during the time of Louis XV, the style is sometimes called by his name - “Louis XV style”. The defining feature of this style is the desire for grace, the abundance of decor and the contrast between the external austerity of buildings and the sophistication of their interior decoration. It was most vividly expressed in architecture, painting, arts and crafts.
Sentimentalism (from the French Sentiment- feeling) is an artistic movement of the second half of the 18th century, which developed as a result of disappointment in the positive role of “civilization”, “the kingdom of reason,” proclaimed by the ideologists of the Enlightenment. Ideologically sentimentalism goes back to the famous statement of J.J. Rousseau "Reason can be wrong, feeling - never!" Sentimentalism has not developed its own aesthetics and is rather a special state of mind, melancholic daydreaming, a tendency to solitude, and increased sensitivity. His credo is rejection of any sophistication and depravity, the so-called. "Civilized" society.
Romanticism is a broad ideological and artistic trend in world culture, which embraced all types of art and the humanities in the late 18th and early 20th centuries. Romanticism was a reaction to the results of the French Revolution, which marked capitalist "progress" and the spirit of universal huckstering.
The creed of romanticism is “an atypical hero in atypical circumstances”. Romantics opposed utilitarianism and depersonalization of the individual with a striving for unlimited freedom, the pathos of personal and civil independence.
Realism (from Lat. Realis - real, real) is a style that has formed an attitude towards depicting life in the forms of life itself - "a typical hero in typical circumstances." As a creative method, realism manifested itself most fully in the 19th century and was embodied, first of all, in painting and literature.
Naturalism (from Lat. Natura - nature) is a creative direction that appeared in the last third of the 19th century. under the influence of the philosophy of positivism O. Comte and G. Spencer. The aesthetics of naturalism, transferring the principles of positivism to the sphere of art, was based on the proposition that the artist should reflect the world around him without any embellishment, typification, conventions and taboos, with maximum objectivity. Representatives of naturalism pretended to tell "the whole story" about a person, showing special attention to the biological aspects of his life. An extreme manifestation of naturalism, already beyond the bounds of art, is all sorts of pornography, the depiction of the "dirty" sides of life and scenes of violence, which have been aptly labeled "chernukha" among the people.
Modernism (from the French Moderne - new, modern) - is a combination of aesthetic schools and trends of the late XIX-XX centuries. (Cubism, Futurism, Expressionism, Constructivism, Fauvism, Dadaism, Abstractionism, etc.), opposing themselves to the art of the past and affirming a new approach to depicting social life.
Postmodernism - (formed in the second half of the 20th century). It is a special type of worldview, focused on the formation of such a living space, in which all kinds of norms and traditions are denied and the main values \u200b\u200bare freedom in everything, spontaneity of activity, playfulness, cultural orientation, towards “deconstruction”, “decentralization”, absolutization of “novelty »As a way of assessing the world (R. Barth).
Painting styles are a very broad topic, one might say eternal. People often use terms that they do not quite understand correctly, which leads to confusion and confusion. That is why I want to briefly and easily tell everything I know about the directions in painting. In order not to turn the article into a dull history lesson, I will succinctly tell you about the most popular and relevant areas of today. Painting styles with illustrations are a convenient and quick way to get acquainted with the most important trends in the visual arts.
Gothic
"Altar of the Merode family". Robert Campin. 1430s.
Gothic Is a trend in art that has covered all countries of Western and Central Europe. Then Gothic was in everything - in sculpture, painting, stained glass, etc. it was used wherever possible, there was a "cultural boom". This popularity is due to the latest evolution from medieval art. The center and main figure of the Gothic style was architecture - high arches, colored stained-glass windows, many details. The Romanesque era could not withstand such an onslaught and remained on the sidelines of history.
Years: 1150 - 1450.
Bartolo di Fredi, Giotto, Jan Polak, Jan van Eyck.
Renaissance (Revival)
"Penitent Mary Magdalene". Titian. 1560s.
Renaissance arose out of the fall of the Byzantine Empire and the cultural commotion that occurred over this in Europe. The Byzantines who were forced to flee, along with cultural ties, brought works of art and libraries to the lands of Europe. Thus, a kind of revival of ancient views took place, but in a modern way. Over the years, many points have been revised and questioned. In general, secular humanism and ideas of prosperity reigned.
Years: 1400 - 1600.
Hieronymus Bosch, Leonardo da Vinci, Titian.
Baroque
"Judith and Holofernes". Caravaggio. 1599 year.
Baroque - European cultural heritage originally from Italy. Characterizes the ironic vicious beauty, unnatural elite and pretentiousness. The characteristic features of such pictures are high contrast, the tension of the plot, the dynamics of the characters stretched to the limit. The church of Santa Maria della Vittoria is considered to be the quintessence of the Baroque; it is located in Rome.
Years: 1600-1740.
Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Rubens, Jan Vermeer.
Classicism
"Mercy of Scipio Africanus". Pompeo Batoni. 1772 year.
Classicismplayed a huge role in art, as a fundamental trend in painting of the 18th century. From the name itself, everything becomes clear (Latin classicus means exemplary, exemplary).
The artists set themselves the goal of attracting the viewer to the high, and their paintings were a guiding star. High morals, restrained culture and traditional antique values \u200b\u200bbecame the basis of classicism. In the era of classicism in Europe, there was a cultural growth and revaluation of values, art reached a completely different level.
Years: 1700 - 1800.
Karl Bryullov, Jean-Baptiste Greuze, Poussin Nicolas.
Realism
"Wandering acrobats". Gustave Dore. 1874 year.
Realismtries with the greatest reliability to convey the mood of the moment, a moment of reality on the canvas. But in turn, it is not limited to a clear framework, the only rules are that there should be no room in the picture for things that exclude realism. In the course of experiments, at the end of the 18th century, this style was divided into naturalism and impressionism. But, realism managed to survive and it is popular even in modern painting.
Years: 1800 - 1880.
William Bouguereau, Gustave Courbet, Jean-Francois Millet.
Impressionism
"Impression. Rising Sun". Claude Monet. 1872 year.
Impressionismoriginated in France, this concept was introduced by Louis Leroy. The Impressionists who worked in this style, wanted to catch a second impression of each object or moment, painted right here and now, regardless of form and meaning. The pictures showed extremely positive and bright moments and moments. But later, on this basis, disagreements began among the Impressionists, over time, masters appeared who could be impressed by social problems, hunger, and disease. However, Impressionism is a kind and positive painting style that shows good and bright moments.
Years: 1860 - 1920.
Claude Monet, Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas.
Post-impressionism
"Self-portrait in a gray felt hat III". Vincent Van Gogh. 1887 year.
Post-impressionismhas absorbed many different styles and techniques. European masters with fresh views on painting gave birth to new trends and actively tried to move away from the then boring impressionism and realism.
Years: 1880 - 1920.
Vincent Van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Roderick O'Conor.
Pointillism
Rio San Trovaso. Venice". Henri Edmond Cross. 1904 year.
Pointillism (point - point) - Stylistic direction in painting, which is the same impressionism, only in a different shell. Instead of ragged strokes, point or rectangular shapes were used. Also, the artists refused to mix colors on the palette, instead, pure colors were superimposed on the canvas and mixed directly on the canvas itself without touching each other.
Years: 1885 - 1930.
Henri Edmond Cross, Georges Seurat, Paul Signac.
Modernism
"Butterflies up close." Odilon Redon. 1910 year.
Modernism is a common characteristic of all genres and styles in painting from 1850 to 1950. It includes such directions in painting - impressionism, expressionism, neo- and post-impressionism, fauvism, cubism, futurism, abstract art, dadaism, surrealism and many others. The existence of these styles marks the complete departure of the visual arts from academism. After leaving academism, it became almost impossible to keep track of all the trends and styles that have been formed and are still being shaped.
Years: 1850 - 1950.
Salvador Dali, Kazimir Malevich, Auguste Renoir and many others.
Academicism
Academicism - a trend in art that follows the rules and customs of antiquity and the Renaissance. Academism seeks to impose clear foundations and boundaries, excludes fantasy and creative flight. Instead, the emphasis is on improving the flaws, the "roughness" of nature - to hide or eliminate. Improving reality towards beautiful perception is the essence of academism. Plots are often taken from ancient mythology, biblical and historical motives are also used.
Years: 1500 - Today.
Karl Bryullov, William Bouguereau, Fyodor Bruni.
Primitivism
"In the Kitchen" Epiphany Drovnyak. 1940 ~ year.
Primitivism- deliberately simplifying the picture to such an extent that it looks as if it is the work of a child. Various folk drawings and illustrations can be attributed to primitivism. Only at first glance do the paintings look simple and ridiculous. But if you look closely, you can see the correct proportions and adherence to the rules of the horizon and composition. Most of the famous masters of primitivism and naive art were great fans of the history of their people and their culture. That is why all their paintings are saturated with the flavor of the area in which they lived. Today this genre has transformed into naive art, often with a touch of symbolism. This is due to the fact that the modern viewer is not ready to perceive primitivism in its pure form.
Years: 1900 - Today.
Epiphany Drovnyak, Anri Russo, Niko Pirosmanishvili.
Cubism
"Seated Woman in a Blue Dress." Pablo Picasso. 1939 year.
Cubismis a direction of modernism, often used in relation to painting and visual arts. The craftsmen divided their plots into geometric shapes, giving each unique element its own dense sector.
Years: 1906 - 1925.
Pablo Picasso, Fernand Léger, Robert Delaunay.
Surrealism
"The Persistence of Memory". Salvador Dali. 1931 year.
Surrealism - mixing dream with reality. In this style, artists released their dreams outward, mixing images from real life with each other, combining the incompatible. Also, personal themes of dreams were touched upon - fears, secret desires, unconscious fantasies, complexes. Everything that a person can see in his dreams. Today surrealists copy the outer shell, using only beautiful forms, without instilling in them the meaning that was characteristic of the masters of the past.
Years: 1920 - Today.
Salvador Dali, Max Ernst, Rene Magritte.
Abstractionism
"Yellow-red-blue". Wassily Kandinsky. 1925 year.
Abstractionism - the direction in art, where there was a rejection of the depiction of reality and the correctness of forms. The main goal is to depict a variety of multi-colored forms that together can tell about the plot of the picture. Russia and America are considered to be the birthplace of abstractionism.
Years: 1910 - Today.
Wassily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, Pete Mondrian.
Expressionism
"Scream". Edvard Munch. 1893 year.
Expressionism sets himself one single task, to convey what the author of the picture felt at the time of its writing. Artists in this style want to express themselves and their feelings, which is why expressionism is the antipode of impressionism, in which the emphasis is on the expression of a purely outer shell. Expressionists are characterized by a tendency towards mysticism, pessimism and despondency.
Years: 1890 - Today.
Egon Schiele, Karl Eugen Kehl, Jerzy Chulevich.
Pop Art
"Green Coca-Cola Bottles". Andy Warhole. 1962 year.
Pop Art - Contemporary art style, using symbols of popular culture and consumer products. Modern technologies helped to manipulate and combine objects, because of this, pop art was often criticized by the guardians of the old school. Over time, pop art absorbed many directions in painting.
Years: 1950 - 1980.
Andy Warhol, Hockney David, Robert Rauschenberg.
Minimalism
"Gran Cairo". Frank Stella. 1962 year.
Minimalismshould minimize the author's interference with the environment. Minimalism denotes only the most important points. The origins lie in constructivism, suprematism, dadaism. It is a very controversial genre of painting, due to the overly minimalist views of some authors of this style. Today, minimalist trends in painting are transforming extremely quickly.
Years: 1960 - Today.
Frank Stella, Carl Andre, Saul Le Witt.
Hyperrealism
"Fruit". Jacques Boden. 2016 year.
Hyperrealismappeared in connection with the popularization of photography, it was interesting for artists to compete with photographers. Hyperrealists create an alternative reality, a realistic illusion.
Years: 1970 - Today.
Gnoli, Gerhard Richter, Delcol.
That's all the directions in painting
This is all that I could and wanted to say on this topic 😉 In fact, there are much more directions in painting, and they are unintentionally developed literally every day. In this article I wanted to talk about the most popular and influential. If you liked the material, share it on social networks, let's develop art together. Thank you all for your support!
One of the main ways we think. Its result is the formation of the most general concepts and judgments (abstractions). In decorative art, abstraction is the process of stylizing natural forms.
Abstraction is constantly present in artistic activity; in its extreme expression in the visual arts, it leads to abstractionism, a special direction in the visual arts of the 20th century, which is characterized by the rejection of the depiction of real objects, the ultimate generalization or complete rejection of form, non-objective compositions (from lines, dots, spots, planes and etc.), experiments with color, spontaneous expression of the artist's inner world, his subconsciousness in chaotic, disorganized abstract forms (abstract expressionism). This trend includes the painting of the Russian artist V. Kandinsky.
Representatives of some trends in abstract art created logically ordered structures, echoing the search for a rational organization of forms in architecture and design (Suprematism of the Russian painter K. Malevich, constructivism, etc.) Abstractionism was expressed less in sculpture than in painting.
Abstract art was a response to the general disharmony of the modern world and was successful because it proclaimed the rejection of the conscious in art and called for "giving up the initiative to forms, colors, colors."
Realism
From fr. realisme, from lat. realis - real. In art, in a broad sense, a truthful, objective, comprehensive reflection of reality by specific means inherent in the types of artistic creation.
The common feature of the method of realism is the reliability in the reproduction of reality. At the same time, realistic art has a huge variety of methods of cognition, generalization, artistic reflection of reality (G.M. Korzhev, M. B. Grekov, A. A. Plastov, A. M. Gerasimov, T. N. Yablonskaya, P. D . Corinne, etc.)
Realistic art of the XX century. acquires bright national features and variety of forms. Realism is the opposite of modernism.
Avant-garde
From fr. avant - advanced, garde - detachment - a concept that defines experimental, modernist endeavors in art. In each era, innovative phenomena arose in the visual arts, but the term "avant-garde" was established only at the beginning of the XX century. At this time, such trends as Fauvism, Cubism, Futurism, Expressionism, and abstractionism appeared. Then, in the 1920s and 1930s, surrealism took the avant-garde positions. In the period from the 60s to the 70s, new varieties of abstractionism were added - various forms of actionism, work with objects (pop art), conceptual art, photorealism, kineticism, etc. Avant-garde artists express a kind of protest against traditional culture with their creativity.
In all avant-garde directions, despite their great variety, one can distinguish common features: rejection of the norms of the classical image, formal novelty, deformation of forms, expression and various game transformations. All this leads to the blurring of the boundaries between art and reality (ready-made, installation, environment), the creation of the ideal of an open work of art that directly invades the environment. The art of avant-garde art is designed for the dialogue between the artist and the viewer, active interaction of a person with a work of art, participation in creativity (for example, kinetic art, happening, etc.).
The works of avant-garde trends sometimes lose their pictorial origin and are equated with the objects of the surrounding reality. Modern trends in avant-garde art are closely intertwined, forming new forms of synthetic art.
Underground
English. underground - underground, dungeon. A concept that means "underground" culture, opposed to the conventions and limitations of traditional culture. Exhibitions of artists of this direction were often held not in salons and galleries, but directly on the ground, as well as in underground passages or the metro, which in some countries is called the underground (underground). Probably, this circumstance also influenced the fact that behind this direction in the art of the 20th century. this name was established.
In Russia, the concept of underground has become a designation for a community of artists representing unofficial art.
Surrealism
Fr. surrealisme - superrealism. Direction in literature and art of the XX century. developed in the 1920s. Originating in France on the initiative of the writer A. Breton, surrealism soon became an international trend. Surrealists believed that creative energy comes from the subconscious, which manifests itself during sleep, hypnosis, painful delirium, sudden insights, automatic actions (random wandering of a pencil on paper, etc.)
Surrealist artists, unlike abstractionists, do not refuse to depict real-life objects, but represent them in chaos, deliberately devoid of logical interconnections. The lack of meaning, the rejection of a reasonable reflection of reality is the main principle of surrealist art. The very name of the direction speaks of its isolation from real life: “sur” in French “over”; the artists did not pretend to reflect reality, but mentally placed their creations “above” realism, passing off delusional fantasies as works of art. Thus, the number of surrealist paintings included similar, defying explanation of works by M. Ernst, J. Miro, I. Tanguy, as well as objects processed by the surrealists beyond recognition (M. Oppenheim).
The surrealist direction, which was headed by S. Dali, was based on the illusory accuracy of reproducing the unreal image that arises in the subconscious. His paintings are distinguished by a careful manner of writing, accurate transmission of light and shade, perspective, which is typical for academic painting. The viewer, succumbing to the persuasiveness of illusory painting, is drawn into a maze of deceptions and insoluble riddles: solid objects spread out, dense objects acquire transparency, incompatible objects twist and twist, massive volumes acquire weightlessness, and all this creates an image impossible in reality.
This fact is known. Once at the exhibition, the viewer stood in front of S. Dali's work for a long time, looking closely and trying to understand the meaning. Finally, in complete despair, he said loudly: "I do not understand what this means!" The exclamation of the viewer was heard by S. Dali, who was at the exhibition. “How can you understand what this means if I don’t understand myself,” the artist said, thus expressing the basic principle of surrealist art: to paint without thinking, without thinking, abandoning reason and logic.
Exhibitions of works by surrealists were accompanied, as a rule, by scandals: viewers were indignant, looking at ridiculous, incomprehensible pictures, believed that they were being deceived, mystified. The surrealists blamed the audience, claiming that they had lagged behind, had not grown to the level of creativity of "advanced" artists.
The general features of surrealist art are absurd fiction, illogism, paradoxical combinations of forms, visual instability, variability of images. Artists turned to imitation of primitive art, the creativity of children and the mentally ill.
The artists of this trend wanted to create on their canvases a reality that did not reflect the reality prompted by the subconscious, but in practice this resulted in the creation of pathologically repulsive images, eclecticism and kitsch (German - kitsch; cheap, tasteless mass production designed for an external effect).
Some of the surrealist finds have been used in commercial areas of decorative art, such as optical illusions, which allow one to see two different images or subjects in one painting, depending on the direction of the gaze.
The works of surrealists evoke the most complex associations, they can be identified in our perception with evil. Frightening visions and idyllic dreams, riot, despair - these feelings in various versions appear in the works of surrealists, actively influencing the viewer, the absurdity of surrealist works affects the associative imagination and psyche.
Surrealism is a controversial artistic phenomenon. Many truly advanced cultural figures, realizing that this trend destroys art, subsequently abandoned surrealistic views (artists P. Picasso, P. Klee and others, poets F. Lorca, P. Neruda, Spanish director L. Buñuel, who shot surreal films ). By the mid-1960s, surrealism was replaced by new, even more catchy directions of modernism, but bizarre, mostly ugly, meaningless works of surrealists still fill the halls of museums.
Modernism
Fr. modernisme, from lat. modernus - new, modern. The collective designation of all the latest trends, trends, schools and activities of individual masters of art of the 20th century, breaking with tradition, realism and considering experiment as the basis of the creative method (fauvism, expressionism, cubism, futurism, abstractionism, dadaism, surrealism, pop art, op- art, kinetic art, hyperrealism, etc.). Modernism is close in meaning to avant-garde and opposite to academism. Modernism was negatively assessed by Soviet art critics as a crisis phenomenon of bourgeois culture. Art has the freedom to choose its own historical paths. The contradictions of modernism, as such, must be viewed not statically, but in historical dynamics.
Pop Art
English. pop art, from popular art is popular art. Direction in the art of Western Europe and the United States since the late 1950s. Pop art flourished in the turbulent 60s, when youth riots broke out in many countries of Europe and America. The youth movement did not have a single goal - it was united by the pathos of denial.
Young people were ready to throw all past culture overboard. All this is reflected in art.
A distinctive feature of pop art is the combination of challenge with indifference. Everything is equally valuable or equally priceless, equally beautiful or equally ugly, equally worthy or not worthy. Perhaps only the advertising business is based on the same dispassionate and businesslike attitude to everything in the world. It is no coincidence that advertising has had a huge impact on pop art, and many of its representatives have worked and still work in advertising centers. Creators of commercials and shows are able to shred and combine washing powder and the famous masterpiece of art, toothpaste and fugue by Bach in the necessary combination. Pop art does the same thing.
Popular culture motives are exploited in different ways by pop art. Real objects are introduced into the picture by means of collages or photographs, as a rule, in unexpected or completely absurd combinations (R. Rauschenberg, E. War Hall, R. Hamilton). Painting can imitate compositional techniques and advertising billboards, a comic strip picture can be enlarged to the size of a large canvas (R. Lichtenstein). The sculpture can be combined with dummies. For example, the artist K. Oldenburg created similar display cases of food products of enormous size from unusual materials.
There is often no borderline between sculpture and painting. A piece of pop art not only has three dimensions, but fills the entire exhibition space. Due to such transformations, the original image of an object of mass culture is transformed and perceived quite differently than in a real everyday environment.
The main category of pop art is not an artistic image, but its "designation", which relieves the author of the man-made process of its creation, the image of something (M. Duchamp). This process was introduced with the aim of expanding the concept of art and including non-artistic activity in it, the "exit" of art in the field of mass culture. Pop artists have pioneered forms such as happening, object installation, environment, and other forms of conceptual art. Similar trends: underground, hyperrealism, op-art, ready-made, etc.
Op art
English. op art, abbreviated. from optical art - optical art. A trend in the art of the 20th century, which became widespread in the 1960s. Op-art artists used various visual illusions, relying on the peculiarities of perception of flat and spatial figures. The effects of spatial displacement, fusion, and soaring of forms were achieved by introducing rhythmic repetitions, sharp color and tonal contrasts, intersection of spiral and lattice configurations, and wriggling lines. In op-art, the setting of changing light, dynamic constructions were often used (discussed further in the kinetic art section). Illusions of flowing movement, sequential change of images, unstable, continuously reconstructing forms appear in op-art only in the perception of the viewer. The direction continues the technical line of modernism.
Kinetic art
From gr. kinetikos - setting in motion. A trend in contemporary art associated with the widespread use of moving structures and other elements of dynamics. Kineticism as an independent trend took shape in the second half of the 1950s, but it was preceded by experiments in creating dynamic plastic in Russian constructivism (V. Tatlin, K. Melnikov, A. Rodchenko), Dadaism.
Previously, folk art also showed us samples of moving objects and toys, for example, wooden birds of happiness from the Arkhangelsk region, mechanical toys simulating labor processes from the village of Bogorodskoye, etc.
In kinetic art, movement is introduced in different ways, some works are dynamically transformed by the viewer himself, others by vibrations of the air, and still others are set in motion by a motor or electromagnetic forces. There is an endless variety of materials used - from traditional to state-of-the-art technology, right up to computers and lasers. Mirrors are often used in kinetic compositions.
In many cases, the illusion of movement is created by changing lighting - here kineticism merges with op-art. The techniques of kineticism are widely used in the organization of exhibitions, fairs, discos, in the design of squares, parks, public interiors.
Kineticism seeks to synthesize the arts: the movement of an object in space can be complemented by lighting effects, sound, light and music, cinema, etc.
Techniques of modern (avant-garde) art
Hyperrealism
English. hyperrealism. A trend in painting and sculpture that originated in the United States and became an event in the world fine arts of the 70s of the XX century.
Another name for hyperrealism is photorealism.
The artists of this direction imitated the photo by painting means on canvas. They depicted the world of a modern city: shop windows and restaurants, metro stations and traffic lights, residential buildings and passers-by on the streets. At the same time, special attention was paid to shiny surfaces that reflect light: glass, plastic, car polish, etc. The play of reflections on such surfaces creates the impression of interpenetration of spaces.
The goal of the hyperrealists was to depict the world not only reliably, but super-similar, super-real. To do this, they used mechanical methods of copying photographs and enlarging them to the size of a large canvas (overhead projection and a scale grid). The paint, as a rule, was sprayed with an airbrush in order to preserve all the features of the photographic image, to exclude the manifestation of the artist's individual handwriting.
In addition, visitors to exhibitions in this direction could meet in the halls human figures made of modern polymer materials in full size, dressed in a ready-made dress and painted in such a way that they did not differ at all from the audience. This caused a lot of confusion and shocked people.
Photorealism has set itself the task of sharpening our perception of everyday life, symbolizing the modern environment, reflecting our time in the forms of "technical arts" that were widespread precisely in our era of technological progress. Fixing and revealing modernity, hiding the author's emotions, photorealism in its programmatic works found itself on the border of the fine arts and almost crossed it, because it strove to compete with life itself.
Readymade
English. ready made - ready. One of the widespread techniques of modern (avant-garde) art, which consists in the fact that an industrial production object is pulled out of the usual everyday environment and exhibited in the exhibition hall.
The meaning of the readymade is as follows: when the environment changes, the perception of the object also changes. The viewer sees in the object displayed on the podium not a utilitarian thing, but an artistic object, expressiveness of form and color. The name readymade was first applied by M. Duchamp in 1913 - 1917 in relation to his "ready-made objects" (comb, bicycle wheel, bottle dryer). In the 60s, ready-made became widespread in various areas of avant-garde art, especially in Dadaism.
Installation
From the English. installation - installation. Spatial composition created by the artist from various elements - household items, industrial products and materials, natural objects, textual or visual information. The founders of the installation were the Dadaist M. Duchamp and the Surrealists. By creating unusual combinations of ordinary things, the artist gives them a new symbolic meaning. The aesthetic content of the installation is in the play of semantic meanings that change depending on where the object is located - in a familiar everyday environment or in an exhibition hall. The installation was created by many avant-garde artists R. Rauschenberg, D. Dine, G. Ucker, I. Kabakov.
Installation is an art form widespread in the 20th century.
Environment
English. environment - environment, environment. An extensive spatial composition, embracing the viewer like a real environment, is one of the forms characteristic of the avant-garde art of the 60s-70s. The environment of a naturalistic type, imitating the interior with human figures, was created by sculptures by D. Segal, E. Kienholz, K. Oldenburg, D. Hanson. Such repetitions of reality could include elements of delusional fiction. Another type of environment is a play space that involves certain actions of the audience.
Happening
English. happening - happening, happening. A kind of actionism, most widespread in avant-garde art of the 60s-70s. Happening develops as an event, rather provoked than organized, but the initiators of the action necessarily involve the audience in it. Happening emerged in the late 1950s as a form of theater. In the future, the organization of the happening is most often done directly in the urban environment or in nature.
They view this form as a kind of moving work, in which the environment and objects play no less role than the living participants in the action.
The happening of the happening provokes the freedom of each participant and the manipulation of objects. All actions develop according to a previously outlined program, in which, however, great importance is attached to improvisation, which gives an outlet to various unconscious motives. Happening can include elements of humor and folklore. The happening vividly expressed the avant-garde desire to merge art with the course of life itself.
And finally, the most advanced form of contemporary art - Superplane
Super plane
Superflat is a term coined by contemporary Japanese artist Takashi Murakami.
The term Superflat was created to explain the new visual language actively used by a generation of young Japanese artists such as Takashi Murakami: “I thought about the realities of Japanese drawing and painting and how they differ from Western art. For Japan, a sense of flatness is important. Our culture doesn't have 3D shapes. 2D forms, established in historical Japanese painting, are akin to the simple, flat visual language of modern animation, comics and graphic design. "
