First of all, you need to indicate the conjunctions that form additional subordinate clauses and relative clauses of reason:

• ass- what
• ob- whether
• weil- because
• da- because

And now the fun begins. In the main clause, everything is as usual, but in the subordinate clause, the word order changes in a special way. The subject comes right after the conjunction, and the inflected part of the predicate takes the last place:

• Ich weiß, dass er in zwei Wochen nach Deutschland fahrt. - I know that he is going to Germany in two weeks.
• Ich möchte wissen, ob wir am Samstag Unterricht haben. - I would like to know if we have classes on Saturday.
• Sie kommt heute nicht, weil sie krank ist. - She won't come today because she is sick.

It looks even more original if a complex tense form, a construction with a modal verb, etc. appears in the sentence:

• Ich weiß, dass er vor zwei Wochen nach Deutschland gefahren ist. - I know that he left for Germany two weeks ago.
• Ich weiss nicht, ob sie das Auto gekauft haben. - I don't know if they bought the car.
• Sie lernt Englisch und Deutsch, weil sie zwei Fremdsprachen beherrschen will. - She studies English and German because she wants to speak two foreign languages.

If we compare this with the direct word order: "Er fährt ...", "Sie ist ...", "Sie will ...", then you can see the frame construction, where the frame is formed by the subject (at the beginning of the subordinate clause) and " predicate set from "(at the end).

The negation in the subordinate clause comes before the predicate or before the invariable part of the predicate - in a word, not in the last place, because the last place is always “reserved” behind the invariable part of the predicate:

• Ich habe gehört, dass er nach Deutschland nothing fart. - I heard that he is not going to Germany.
• Ich habe nicht geantwortet, weil ich diese E-Mail nothing bekommen habe. - I didn't reply because I didn't receive that e-mail.

Separable prefixes and verb components in subordinate clauses are not separated:

• Ich denke, dass ich mitgehe. - I think I will go with you.
• Wir wissen nicht, ob er mitfährt. - We don't know if he's coming with us.
• Ich habe die Lampe ausgeschaltet, weil ich fernsehe. - I turned off the lamp because I am watching TV.

The reflexive pronoun sich is in the subordinate clause after subject, if the subject is expressed by a pronoun:

• Ich habe gehort, dass Sie sich mit diesen Problemen beschäftigen. - I heard that you are dealing with these issues.

But if the subject in the subordinate clause is expressed by a noun, then sich usually stands before subject to:

• Ich weiss, dass sich unser Freund mit diesen Problemen beschäftigt. - I know that our friend is dealing with these problems.

Additional subordinate clauses can be introduced not only with the union dass, but also with a question word:

Ich habe nicht gehort, was er gesagt hat. - I didn't hear what he said.

Ich weiss nothing, wann er commt. - I don't know when he will come.

Konnen Sie erklaren, warum Sie sich immer verspaten? - Can you explain why you are always late?

Wissen Sie, Herr Doktor, was ich heute Morgen geschossen habe? - Do you know, doctor, what I shot this morning?

Ja, das weiss ich. Ich habe ihn heute Mittag behandelt. - Yes I know. I looked at it during the day.

play a role in such proposals and pronominal adverbs. They are formed by adding wo(r)- or da(r)- to the corresponding suggestion:

• Erfahrt mit dem Bus. - Womit farther? - Erfahrt damit. - He rides the bus. - What is he driving? – On it (= on the bus).
• Ich interessiere mich fur Fremdsprachen. - Wofur interessieren Sie sich? - Ich interessiere mich dafur. - I am interested in foreign languages. - What are you interested in? - I'm interested in it.
• Sie warten auf den Zug. - Worauf warten sie? - Sie warten darauf. - They are waiting for the train. – What are they waiting for? They are waiting for him (= train).

Pronominal adverbs can introduce additional subordinate clauses:

• Er fragment, wovon ich das weiss. - He asks how I know this.
• Man hat mich gefragt, womit ich mich beschäftige. - I was asked what I do.

Union da - because usually introduces a subordinate clause if it comes before the main one. That is, in this case, all our argumentation begins with the conjunction da. The variable parts of the predicate in the main and subordinate clause tend to each other and are located at the junction:

Da er ein junger Wissenschaftler ist, hat er ein Forschungsstipendium bekommen. - Since he is a young scientist, he received a research scholarship.

Da er dies Stipendium bekommen hat, fahrt er nach Deutschland. - Since he received this scholarship, he is going to Germany.

After unions aber - but, und - and, but, sondern - but, but, denn - because, oder - or, or subordinate clauses use direct word order.

Die Eltern fahren nach Italien fur die Kinder

Parents go to Italy, and aunt will look after the children

Reverse word order

In subordinate clauses after conjunctions darum, deshalb, deswegen, sonst, trotzdem, dann, folglich used reverse word order. That is, the subject and predicate in the subordinate clause are reversed.

Präsens (Present)

Ich habe keines Auto. mit dem Bus zur Arbeit

Ich habe keines Auto, mit dem Bus zur Arbeit

I don't have a car, so I take the bus to work.

Perfect (Past tense)

In this case auxiliary (haben/sein) stand on first place after the union third form verb leaves In the end adjunctive proposal.

Ich hatte keines Auto. mit dem Bus zur Arbeit

Ich hatte keines Auto, mit dem Bus zur Arbeit

I didn't have a car so I took the bus to work

Inversion

In subordinate clauses after conjunctions dass (what), weil (because), wenn (if, when), falls (in case), während (yet), bevor (before; before), nachdem (after so), obwohl (though) - used inversion . That is verb in a subordinate clause goes to the end .

Präsens(Present)

Keynes Auto. Ich fahre mit dem Bus zur Arbeit

I do not have a car. I go to work by bus

Ich fahre mit dem Bus zur Arbeit, keines Auto

I go to work by bus because I don't have a car.

Ich weiss, in der Schule

I know that he is in school

Präteritum (Past tense)

Keynes Auto. Ich fuhr mit dem Bus zur Arbeit

I didn't have a car. I went to work by bus

Ich fuhr mit dem Bus zur Arbeit, keines Auto

I took the bus to work because I didn't have a car.

Perfect (Past tense)

In this case both verbs subordinate clause go to the end , but on last place put auxiliary or any other that was with the subject.

Ich habe ein Auto nicht gekauft. mit dem Bus zur Arbeit

I didn't buy a car. I went to work by bus

Ich habe ein Auto nicht gekauft, mit dem Bus zur Arbeit

I didn't buy a car because I took the bus to work.

If a subordinate clause with a union Wenn stands before the main sentence, the main thing often begins with the words so or Dann :

mein bald, ins Kino

If my friend comes soon, then we will go to the cinema

WENN or ALS

Wenn in the meaning of "when" is used if the action in the main and subordinate clauses occurs simultaneously. Also Wenn in the meaning of "when", used to emphasize multiplicity actions:

nach Moskau, mich unbedingt

When he comes to Moscow, he visits me without fail

Als also translated "when", but used in the past tense when single action:

meine Freundin am Sonnstag im Theater

We met my friend when we were at the theater on Sunday

UM...ZU and DAMIT construction

Union um … zu + Inf. and damit expresses goal .

Ergeht nach Deutschland, Deutschland

He is going to Germany to learn German.

Ich schenke ihm ein Lehrbuch der deutschen Sprache, er deutsche Sprache

I give him a German textbook so that he can learn German.

Construction (AN)STATT ... ZU

Anstatt seine Hausaufgaben zu machen, sieht das Mädchen fern

Instead of doing her homework, the girl watches TV

Design OHNE ... ZU

Sie geht, ohne sich zu verabschieden

She leaves without saying goodbye

Inversion with DER(DIE, DAS, DESSEN)

Union der (die, das, dessen, den, dem ) expresses the definition.

Ich fahre in der Stadt, in meine Verwandten

I'm going to the city where my relatives live

Wenn means and when, and if - and introduces a subordinate clause:

Wenn du eine neue Wohnung findest, ruf mich an. When (if) you find a new apartment, call me.

But if you really need to say if, but not when, then there is a special introductory word that sounds somewhat bookish, formal:

Falls(= für den Fall, dass) Sie die Rechnung nicht rechtzeitig bezahlen, werden wir Sie vor Gericht ziehen. - If (in the event that) you do not pay the bill on time, we will bring you to court.

The same can be expressed by simply placing the verbs in both sentences first (as in Russian: do not pay - we will attract):

Bezahlen Sie die Rechnung nicht rechtzeitig, (so) werden wir Sie vor Gericht ziehen. - Do not pay the bill on time, (then) we will bring you to court.

Or, as the German proverb says:

Kommt Zeit, kommt Rat. - The time will come, advice will come (that is, you need to wait, and the solution to the problem will come by itself).

As you have already seen, the connection between the subordinate clause and the main clause can be emphasized with the word so (so). Or a word dann (then):

Hättest du auf mich gehört, (dann) wäre das nicht passiert. - If you had listened to me, (then) this would not have happened.

= Wenn du auf mich gehört hättest, (dann) wäre das nicht passiert. “If you would have listened to me…

There are other ways to express a condition. Compare:

Wenn Sie krank werden, können Sie an dieser Konferenz nicht teilnehmen. – If you fall ill, you will not be able to take part in this conference.

Angenommen, dass Sie krank werden, so können Sie an dieser Konferenz nicht teilnehmen. - Suppose you fall ill, then you will not be able to take part in this conference.

= Angenommen, Sie werden krank, so können Sie an dieser Konferenz nicht teilnehmen.

Please note that in the latter case, the direct word order (in the first part), since this is no longer a subordinate clause (due to the lack of an introductory word dass).

Instead of angenommen, dass... can also be used im Fall, dass… (if) = gesetzt den Fall, dass…; vorausgesetzt, dass…; unter der Bedingung, dass… (provided that). In all these cases dass better not to drop it.

In addition, there is turnover es sei denn, (dass) ... (literally: if it were that). Here, as you can see, the form Konjunktiv 1. But you don’t really need to think about it, you just need to remember it as a whole turnover:

Ich gehe nicht zu ihm, es sei denn, dass er mich um Verzeihung bittet. - I will not go to him, well, unless he asks me for forgiveness.

= Ich gehe nicht zu ihm, es sei denn, er bittet mich um Verzeihung.

In subordinate conditional sentences, it is often used sollte (should have - Konjunktiv 2)- with a touch of meaning: if it turns out, if it turns out that ...:

Wenn sie anrufen sollte, sagst du, dass ich nicht da bin. - If she calls me (literally: she should call), tell her that I'm not there.

= Wenn sie anruft, sagst du, dass ich nicht da bin.

Sollte es am Abendregnen, so bleiben wir zu Hause. If it rains in the evening, we will stay at home.

Try it yourself:

Make one compound sentence out of two simple ones using wenn, falls(while putting the subordinate clause in both the second and first position) , angenommen, (dass), as well as without the use of introductory words:

Sie kennen den Weg nothing. Sie nehmen ein Taxi (Sie können ein Taxi nehmen). - You don't know the way. You take a taxi.

Sie haben keinen Wagen. Sie gehen zu Fuss. - You don't have a car. You are walking.

Er will eine gute Arbeitsstelle haben. Er muss fleissig studieren. He wants to get a good job. He must study hard.

Sie rauchen zu viel. Sie werden krank. - You smoke too much. You will get sick.

Sie wollen verreisen. Sie sollten schon jetzt Ihr Ticket kaufen. - You want to leave. You would (should) buy your ticket now.

Sie wollen gut verdienen. Kommen Sie zu uns. - You want to make good money. Come to us.

Sie können uns nicht besuchen? Rufen Sie uns an! - Can't you visit us? Call us!

Sie wollen Arzt werden? Dann müssen Sie ein Praktikum machen. - Do you want to become a doctor? Then you have to do an internship.

Morgen scheint die Sonne. Wirgehenschwimmen. - Tomorrow the sun will shine. We'll go swimming.

Dubist brav. Du bekommst zu Weihnachten schöne Geschenke. “You will be well behaved. You will get good presents for Christmas.

Dein Kopf tut weh. Du musst eine Tablette nehmen. - Do you have a headache. You must take a pill.

Du bist mude. Du musst zu bett gehen. - Are you tired. You need to go to sleep.

Du hast eine halbe Flasche Wein getrunken. Du darfst nicht auto fahren. You drank half a bottle of wine. You can't drive.

Say German using sollte(n):

If (it turns out that) he does not know the way, then ...

If he leaves...

Say German using turnover... es sei denn, dass ...:

They will take a taxi, unless (unless) they know the way.

They will walk… they have a car.

He won't get a good job...he studies hard.

You will get sick... You don't smoke much (nicht so viel).

She will buy her ticket now... she doesn't want to leave.

The union, like the preposition, refers to the official parts of speech. The conjunction is used to connect words in a sentence, sentences and their parts. The concept of "union" can include both the union itself and the allied word. Unions in their composition can be one-part and consisting of several words.

Unions: und–i/a, aber- but / however, dass- what/to order- or.

allied words: Darum- that's why, deshalb- because of this / therefore, darauf- following this ferner– further/besides.

Unions from one word: als-when, denn- because / since / because, nachdem- after, sondern- a / but, sowie- as well as.

Conjunctions of several words: als ob- as if / as if ohne dass- and not / and not / although not, und zwar- namely, nicht nur …, sondern auch- not only but, sowohl …, als auch- as ..., and.

In a sentence, conjunctions usually do not perform a syntactic function and therefore do not affect the word order in the sentence.

According to the type of syntactic connection, all unions are divided into coordinating (die koordinierenden Konjunktion) and subordinating (die subordinierenden Konjunktionen).

Once the union writing", which means that he connects something - homogeneous members in a sentence, sentences, phrases, etc.

Die Wohnung ist sehr klein, doch schön ist The apartment is very small, but beautiful.

Sie hat sich ein teuers, doch hochmodisches Kleid gekauft She bought an expensive but very fashionable dress.

In German, coordinating conjunctions are divided into:

1. connecting

und–i/a, also- and also, sowie- as well as / as well as, und zwar- namely, bald…,bald- then ..., then, nicht nur …, sondern auch- not only but;

2. adversative

aber-but/however order- or, (je)doch- however/but dennoch- however/nevertheless (nothing…,) sondern- (not ...,) / a / but, allein- but / however;

3. relationship reasons

denn- because / since / because, namlich- namely / that is;

4. relations of consequence

also– hence/therefore/so folglich- therefore / so / therefore, somit- thereby.

Die Eltern gehen heute abends nicht ins Theater, sondern in die Oper- Tonight, parents are not going to the theater, but to the opera.

Entweder kommt sie noch heute abends, or sie kommt überhaupt nicht mehr She will either come tonight, or she won't come at all.

Also, adverbs / pronominal adverbs can be used as coordinating conjunctions:

daher- (and therefore, Dann- then / besides this, darauf- after this / then, Darum- that's why, deshalb- thereby, ferner- Moreover, sonst- otherwise, trotzdem- Despite this, zudem- besides / besides, zuletzt- eventually.

site, with full or partial copying of the material, a link to the source is required.