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The meaning of the word konoval

horseman in the crossword dictionary

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

konoval

horseman, m.

A healer treating horses (region).

About a bad, ignorant doctor (colloquial disdain).

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova.

konoval

A, m. (outdated). A healer who heals horses. Not a doctor, but a doctor (about a bad, ignorant doctor; colloquial disdain).

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

konoval

unfold Bad, ignorant doctor.

obsolete Self-taught horse doctor.

Konoval

Konoval- a doctor who traditionally treated livestock in Russian villages.

Now his duties are performed by a veterinarian, but the essential difference between the konovals was that they were self-taught, that is, they did not receive the appropriate systematic education. Most often, the art of treating domestic animals was traditionally passed down from generation to generation, or according to the tradition of apprenticeship from the butcher to his assistants.

One of the main duties of the horseman was the castration (castration) of males to the ground.

As a rule, horse-dressers went around the villages in the vicinity of their own place of residence, offering their services. Due to the specifics of the craft associated with the opposition to the reproduction of life, the work of the konoval was overgrown with myths and tales of a mystical nature.

In modern language and literature, the word "konoval" can be used as an insult to a doctor or veterinarian, while it is understood that he does not have the proper qualifications and does not cope well with his duties.

Konoval (disambiguation)

Konoval:

Konoval is a doctor who traditionally treated livestock in Russian villages.
Konoval, Vladimir Ivanovich (1940-2014) - builder, Hero of Socialist Labor.
Konoval, Karin (born 1961) is an American actress.
Konoval, Philip (1888-1959) - Canadian of Ukrainian origin, holder of the Victoria Cross.

Examples of the use of the word konoval in the literature.

Kerensky stood facing her, Konovalov, Kishkin, General Bagratuni, Kerensky's adjutants and other military men unfamiliar to Malyantovich.

And soldiers were now walking behind the soldiers - doctors with pharmacies, professionals with whips, trumpeters with pipes, priests with censers, auditors with laws, oboists with oboes, clerks with inkwells, blacksmiths with hammers, barbers with scissors, saddlers with awls, konoval with cutters, carpenters with axes, cab drivers with reins, diggers with shovels, captains with statements.

His pupils Vlad Raspadov, Sveta Zhurkina, Alyosha Konovalov, someone else, I don't remember.

In the Zmievsky district, the Limansky volost, a gang of unknown numbers operates Konoval.

These gypsies dragged themselves to Tobolsk and Irbit, continuing from time immemorial their free wandering life, with the eternal learned bear and nothing learned children, with horse-dressers, divination and petty theft.

They brought everything in a hurry - and piled it up in heaps, where the officer ordered, every now and then as if calling plaintively: - Konovalov, and lining material?

Konovalov listened to me, widening his eyes in fear, and smacking his lips in condolence.

At the very moment when Konovalov, having unfolded the canvas curtain, entered the tent, the battalion commander hung bare branches with multi-colored caps from lighting rockets.

Sokolov knew that the supply of the capital was deliberately disorganized by both the military-industrial committees and the Zemgoris, headed by the same conspirators: Guchkov, Konovalov, Lviv, Tereshchenko.

Konovalov, without taking his eyes off the rubber neck, from where, gurgling and exuding a fusel smell, a cloudy liquid poured into the substituted glasses.

One by one, Shrewsbury, one by one, until now, apparently, had not met and had already met in the monastery, in front of everyone: the tailor Walter Bagot, the glove maker John Schur and konoval William Hales.

A trinity of artisans: Walter Bagt, tailor, John Schuur, glover, yes William Hales, konoval, -- will take up their true trade, dice, and fall straight into Hugh's hands.

That night at the hospice, Brother Denis missed four guests: the Guildford merchant Simon Poer, the tailor Walter Bagot, the glover John Shua, and konoval William Hales.

At this time, it happened to go to the inn konovolu who was about to bachelor the piglets, and, entering, he blew several times into his waxwing, after which Don Quixote was completely convinced that he was in some kind of glorious castle, that music was playing at the feast in his honor, that the cod was trout, that the bread was from snow-white torment, that indecent girls are ladies, that the owner of the inn is the owner of the castle, and his first trip, as well as the very idea of embarking on wanderings, seemed to him extremely successful.

Anatoly GANULICH

In our time, the word "konoval" certainly evokes the idea of a bad, ignorant doctor. However, in the old days, this was the name of a representative of a very common, especially in rural areas, profession. Konoval was a veterinary craftsman who, without a special veterinary education, was engaged in the treatment of livestock, mainly horses. Peasants walking around the villages, as well as nomadic gypsies, hunted horse racing. This casual trade was brought to life, on the one hand, by the great need of rural and partly urban residents of Russia for veterinary care, and on the other hand, by a clear shortage or inaccessibility of professional veterinarians. The result of unsatisfied demand was the emergence of a very large detachment of self-taught doctors.

The initial and main occupation of the konoval was the emasculation, that is, castration, of stallions and males of other farm animals. Such an operation was absolutely necessary, because young males that were not emasculated were often restless, dangerous, and poorly fattening weight. Foals were singled mainly in the second or third year of life. As a matter of fact, the very word “konoval”, or, as they also said, “horse hoard”, explained the nature of this operation. A horse or other animal had to be first knocked down, put on the ground, in order to then turn a stallion into a gelding, a bull into an ox, a wild boar into a hog (boar), a ram into a boar. This difficult operation, which was also called masonry, baptism, lightening, castration, cleaning, required great physical strength, outstanding dexterity, and a special temperament from the farrier.

An idea of the rates for this delicate work in villages and villages is given by figures typical of the 70s of the 19th century. So, the Sannikov horse-dressers of the Yaroslavl province took 1-5 rubles for the emasculation of a stallion, 15-40 kopecks for a bull, 5-25 kopecks for a pig, 2-5 kopecks for a ram, 2 kopecks for a cat. However, the horseman usually did not deal with cats and dogs.

In addition to cooling, horse-dressers were engaged in the treatment of cattle, and from all diseases - both external and internal. A common method of treating animals, as well as treating people, was bleeding. The same Sannikov horse-dressers charged 10-15 kopecks for bleeding a horse. Belly piercing was also used to release accumulated gases. But the horsemen most widely used vegetable and mineral drugs, especially various kinds of herbs and poisons.

In 1850, A. Evreinov’s Moscow printing house published a book with the long title “A New Practical Guide to Livestock Breeding and the Treatment of Livestock Diseases, such as: horses, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and dogs, for the benefit of urban, and especially rural owners with detailed instructions on how to keep, feed and breed healthy and strong livestock, how to recognize, prevent and treat their diseases, gleaned from the best foreign and Russian writers N.V. Danilevsky. The book contains the “Konovalnaya Pharmacy”, consisting of 122 items of various mixtures, powders, swills, ointments, pills, elixirs, essences, lotions, plasters, tinctures (tinctures), stones, decoctions and other medicines with a detailed indication of their composition and use . With the help of these medicines, they treated tumors, wounds and many other diseases, stopped nosebleeds, removed worms, and provided assistance with bites from poisonous or rabid animals.

Let us give a number of examples from the Konovalnaya Pharmacy. So, the book stated that the lead extract in the form of a lotion relieves inflammation, starting anton fire (gangrene), corroding acute sputum, treats itching, biting midges, malignant purulent abscesses, exterminates wild meat in wounds. Water eye blue serves from all eye diseases, and is also used to treat wounds instead of lotions. An antihelminthic porridge kills and removes worms and worms from the insides. Ethiopian mineral has a good effect on dashing (skin diseases), scabs and unclean skin, kills worms in the stomach, cleanses the blood, thins thick juices and produces perspiration.

However, it is doubtful that horse-dressers used this book, because for the most part they were illiterate, if not completely illiterate. Knowledge and skills were passed on from one konoval to another, often the konoval trade was hereditary. The typical set of potions that the horsemen took with them on their journey included various dried herbs, leaves, roots, pebbles, blue clay paint, alabaster, sublimate, arsenic, sabur, antimony, alum, vitriol, combustible sulfur, and so on.

Among herbs, leaves and roots, the main role was played by Bogorodskaya grass, St. John's wort, powdered birch and ash leaves, ovary root, burdock root, fern root. Special hopes were placed on some mysterious herbs that bore the exotic names "Jerusalem color", "Adam's head", "Peter's cross". “Jerusalem color” was mixed with incense and used to fumigate not only cattle, but also a person, as well as an “unfit” place. "Adam's head", which grew near the swamp, was revered as the king of all herbs. The root of the "Peter's cross", known to botanists as a scale, should be finely chopped up and used as a powerful tool to overcome demonic enemy forces. Arsenic, being a strong poison, was used in small doses as part of some medicines.

The obligation to collect and prepare the annual supply of herbs and roots was assigned to the family of the horse-dresser who stayed at home, who went to work for a long time. As for sublimate, arsenic, antimony, sabur (evaporated aloe juice) and similar drugs, they were freely purchased from city merchants.

The favorite medicine for horses was the so-called treasure, consisting of a mixture of eggs, wine, antimony, arsenic, vegetable oil. With the help of simple potions, some horsemen were very successful in treating animal diseases, including even glanders and anthrax. Sometimes they began to treat people, especially in remote areas, but these experiments often ended in failure.

Not limited to the actual treatment, horse-dressers also took on such work as washing and cutting off hooves, inserting rings into the nostrils of bulls, and sawing off the horns of vigorous cows.

But the horseman played the role of not only a doctor. Very often he was also a healer. In most dictionaries, he is defined primarily as a medicine man, i.e. a healer who used witchcraft techniques. There were good reasons for this. Firstly, the common people still retained pagan beliefs in all kinds of magicians and magicians, who allegedly had the ability to heal from the action of any enemy force, for example, someone else's brownie. Some horsemen sincerely believed in their mysterious knowledge and possessed the power of suggestion. Secondly, many horsemen cleverly used the ignorance and superstitions of the rural population to impudently deceive the simple-hearted and gullible people. Not without reason, in the dictionary of Vladimir Dahl, it is noted that parasites, that is, parasites, are engaged in horse-riding.

As a healer, the horseman resorted to the help of not only special medicinal herbs, but also conspiracies, lamentations, prayers for the healing of various ailments and the aversion of evil spirits. In prayers, the names of Orthodox saints were widely used, who were considered the patrons of animals: horses - Flor and Laurus, cows - Blasius, pigs - Basil of Caesarea, sheep - Anastasia the Righteous.

Here is one example of a conspiracy to treat a horse: “God bless. Lord, mercy sent, through my sinful lips, through the Name of the Lord. I will provide my handwriting. Gracious father, Frol-Laver's equestrian protector, intercede, save and have mercy from a hot watering place, from a heavy haul. Seventy-seven sorrows, seventy-seven pains, I take away all sorrows and pains, I lower the white-flammable stone to the bottom, so that this white combustible stone does not rise from the bottom, neither in the cartilage, nor in the nostrils, nor in the violent little head does not rise. Merciful equestrian Frol-Laver, intercede, save and have mercy, horses to work, and a silver ruble for care.

Sometimes the horsemen made do with completely meaningless, smartly memorized phrases. They called a set of these phrases a formal conversation. The most experienced horse-dressers took with them some book in French, German or Tatar, which allegedly contained magical secrets. With the help of this book, which they called "The Flower Garden Book", the healers successfully splurge.

***

It is very difficult to establish when the Konovalian craft was born. In any case, it already existed in the 17th century, as evidenced by the “Trilingual Lexicon, that is, Slavic, Hellenic and Latin Treasures” (1704), compiled by F. Polikarpov, in which the words “konoval” and “konovalstvo” were first mentioned.

The horse-dresser set off, as a rule, accompanied by one or two assistants, selected from among experienced and dexterous people, and was usually on the road during autumn, winter and spring.

Many went out to fish in the near and far neighborhoods of their native village. They were known by the locals. However, there were such centers of the Konovalsky seasonal trade, in which the majority of the adult male population was engaged in horseshoeing. Konovaly left these centers far beyond the borders of their provinces, being on the road for many months. Such centers included Ardatovsky and Alatyrsky districts of the Simbirsk province (now Simbirsk Ardatov, unlike Nizhny Novgorod Ardatov, is part of the Republic of Mordovia, and Alatyr is part of the Republic of Chuvashia), Kologrivsky district of the Kostroma province, Poshekhonsky district of the Yaroslavl province, Aleksinsky district of the Tula province, Egorievsk district of the Ryazan province (in our time, Egorievsk is located in the Moscow region). The main reason that these counties were the centers of the Konoval fishing industry was the unsatisfactory local conditions for the development of agriculture.

Konovalsky fishing reached its greatest development in the Simbirsk province, where the peasants of the villages of Skrypino, Shemarino, the villages of Knyazhukha (Knyazhulya), Maryino, Rostislaevka, Ratmanovo, Nazarovo, Neuspypaevka and others were engaged in it. The number of souls who hunted horses in this area in the 60s of the XIX century reached 800-1000. By the name of the village of Skrypino, they were all known as the Skrypin horse-dressers. Their craft has been passed down from generation to generation. Konovalov even had their own jargon. This Konovalian language consisted of distorted Tatar words and a distorted Tatar account.

Konovalsky houses and yards were in complete desolation, because their owners were absent for a long time, leaving only women and children in their huts. Yes, and returning to the summer from distant wanderings, the men were not so much engaged in arable farming, but tried to squander rich booty before the next campaign. Having paid their dues and received new passports, they again set off on a long journey. Leaving home lightly, the horseman often returned on two or three horses with wagons full of booty: money, clothes, household utensils. The most experienced of them managed to get up to a thousand rubles in banknotes in two or three winter months.

If at first the routes of the Skrypin horse-drawn horses ran through the north-eastern part of Russia - the provinces of Vyatka, Perm, Orenburg, then in the future they increasingly rushed thousands of miles to the east - to Siberia, up to Tobolsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk and even Irkutsk. Going on such long journeys, the horse-dressers were sometimes not at home for a year or two. The fact is that, having earned the bad reputation of charlatans and deceivers from the good-natured and hospitable, but illiterate and superstitious inhabitants of the Vyatka, Perm and Orenburg provinces, they were forced to explore new lands. And having run into already deceived peasants, one could lose not only prey, but also their horses. The Siberian peasants, as well as the workers of Siberian factories and gold mines, were not yet familiar with the tricks of Skrypin's horse-drawn horses.

In the Yaroslavl province, the village of Sannikovo, Shchetinsky volost, Poshekhonsky district, was famous for its horse-drawn horses. Sannikov horse-dressers acquired practical skills from old people. In the late 70s of the 19th century, about 40 people were engaged in Konoval fishing in the village. They were forced to go out to work, as there was not enough feed for livestock, and they had to buy firewood due to a lack of forest. Sannikov's horse-dressers, unlike Skrypin's, did not sit back in the summer, but were engaged in peasant labor. In autumn, winter and spring, they went to their fishing in neighboring provinces, but there were also horse-dressers who constantly worked in the immediate vicinity.

Horse riding was the main, and hereditary, occupation of the male population of four adjacent volosts of the Aleksinsky district of the Tula province with a center in the village of Dmitrovskoye (Solomyanny plant). Aleksin horse-drawn horses roamed all over Russia from autumn to spring. In the 60s of the 19th century, they began to combine equestrianism with book-carrying. Taking with them folk books and popular prints, they sold them in the villages. This business turned out to be so lucrative that many horse-dressers left their craft and engaged exclusively in the peddling book trade, that is, they became ofen. The Gubanov brothers stood out among the Aleksinian horse-dressers, who, despite their illiteracy, turned into well-known popular print publishers in Kyiv and Moscow.

All horse-dressers went out to work in home clothes, hanging a wide belt over their shoulders, necessary for felling animals. Konoval's tools and various drugs were placed in a leather bag, suspended at waist level on a strap through the neck. The horseman's bag was decorated with a massive slotted copper-cast (brass) plaque. Polished to a shine, it was a kind of professional emblem of a wandering farrier, a distinction of a village veterinarian. The Konoval plaque usually depicted a horse and human figures in flattened or convex relief.

Leskov wrote in The Enchanted Wanderer: “I hung myself all over with badges and Konovalsky harness and began to go from fair to fair, and everywhere I lead poor people and collect wealth for myself and drink all the mugs.” Currently, Konoval plaques have become a collector's item.

This description of the appearance could have ended the story of the horse-dressing. However, one cannot fail to say that, in addition to village self-taught horse-dressers, in Russia of the 18th-19th centuries there were also people trained in veterinary art in special schools, who were also called horse-dressers. They were in the public service, especially in the cavalry and artillery units of the Russian army. It was not until 1869 that these horsemen were renamed veterinary paramedics.

By the way, the frequently encountered Russian surname “Konovalov” is an indirect evidence of the wide distribution in Russia of the craft of their ancestors - Konovalov.

Konoval is a doctor who traditionally treated livestock in Russian villages. Now his duties are performed by a veterinarian, however, the essential difference between the horsemen was that they were self-taught, that is, they did not receive ... ... Wikipedia

Witch doctor, veterinarian, doctor, doctor, healer Dictionary of Russian synonyms. horseman 1. see veterinarian. 2. see doctor Dictionary of synonyms r ... Synonym dictionary

KONOVAL, horseman, husband. 1. A healer who treats horses (region). 2. About a bad, ignorant doctor (colloquial disdain). Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

KONOVAL- the veterinarian the craftsman who is engaged in hl. arr. castration of females and males of other s. X. well. Elementary knowledge and skills were transferred from one K. to another; often this craft became hereditary. In Russia in the XVIII XIX centuries. K. was also officially called in ... Handbook of horse breeding

KONOVAL- Danilo Konoval, Smolensk archer. 1610. A. I. II, 357. Vaska Konoval, archer from Verkhoturye. 1620. A. I. III, 87 ... Biographical Dictionary

konoval- a, m. A healer who treats horses. Papa, the horseman has come! shouted Varya from another room. // Chekhov. Language teacher // ... Dictionary of forgotten and difficult words from the works of Russian literature of the 18th-19th centuries

Polish konowaɫ. From the horse and bring down; Polish walic konia to bring down a stallion for castration (Brückner 253; Brandt, RFV 22, 139) ... Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language by Max Fasmer

Comp. "Overview of measures. Chernig. guberna. zem. in the area of village. hoz." and bro. on goat breeding (1903 1911). (Vengerov) ... Big biographical encyclopedia

The cattle doctor is self-taught. In some localities (the village of Sannikovo, Poshekhonsky district of the Yaroslavl province, many villages of the Alatyr district of the Simbirsk province.), the craft of K. has acquired the character of a seasonal trade, to which almost all adults are sent ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Books

, P. I. Zorn. The book offered to the reader, compiled by the Russian military figure and writer P. I. Zorn (1777-1829) from the writings of various authors with his own notes, is ...
A new and complete experienced horse-dresser, a perfect cavalryman, connoisseur, rider, hunter and breeder, Zorn P.I. The book offered to the reader, compiled by the Russian military leader and writer P.I. Zorn (1777-1829) from the writings of various authors with his own notes , represents…

Who is this horseman? Nowadays, a bad doctor is so dismissively characterized. But horse-dressers in Russia had nothing to do with unscrupulous doctors. This was the name of the people who treated cattle in the villages. Here you need to understand that horses, cows, sheep, pigs were of vital importance for the peasants. The existence of people depended on their health and well-being. Therefore, horse-dressing veterinarians enjoyed great prestige in rural areas.

But not everything is as clear and simple as it might seem at first glance. Cattle healers were looked at not as ordinary people, but as personalities with mystical abilities. They were not spoken of as ordinary doctors or veterinarians, but were called sorcerers and healing wizards.

In the stories about the konovalov, there were often evil eyes, conspiracies, slander and damage. The peasants were deeply convinced that these people possessed secret knowledge that was passed down to them from generation to generation. Nowadays, there are almost no old men and women left alive who could tell a lot of interesting and mysterious things about these mysterious healers.

However, it is known that they were divided into two groups. Some healers lived settled in the villages. They had their own houses, ran a household and treated cattle both in their village and in nearby villages. For this, the peasants paid them with money and food.

The second category of healers led a nomadic lifestyle. These people wandered across the vast Russian expanses. They went from one village to another, and someone always had cattle, so the wanderers did not remain without work.

It was believed that the wandering healers had stronger magical abilities than the settled ones. The locals were afraid of them and tried to please them in everything. They took them to the huts to stay, assigned the best places, fed them with the products that they saved for the holidays.

If someone offended someone, then he could get angry and punish the culprit in the most cruel way. It was in his power to send damage to horses and cows. And for a peasant family, this meant a catastrophe. People could simply die of hunger or turn into beggars. That is why everyone fawned over the veterinarians and showed them every respect.

But let's move on from the general to the specifics and get acquainted with one story that an ancient old man told to idle listeners in the 50s of the last century.

The story about horseman

The narrator met with one of the horsemen at the end of the 19th century, when he was a young and strong guy. At that time, he left the village, went to work and worked in logging. There were many workers, both male and female.

The women lived in one barrack and the men in another. They worked from dawn to dusk, and their meager leisure was brightened up by rare holidays. It was on one of these holidays that a horseman appeared near the barracks. He politely greeted people, introduced himself and asked to warm himself near the stove, since it was winter, and the frost on the street was considerable.

The men did not object, they invited me to the barracks, poured a cup. They began to ask a new person about the news. There were no radio, television, telephones at that time, so all the latest news was transmitted by just such wanderers.

During conversations, the stranger gradually got tipsy and it seemed to him that less moonshine was poured into his glass than into others. It is quite understandable that a person is offended, and who in such a situation will not be offended and says: “Do you want me to show you a trick now?”

As soon as he uttered these words, the walls near the barracks trembled. Everyone who was there got scared and jumped out into the street. They look at the barracks, and he stands, as if nothing had happened. And the alien prankster chokes on laughter.

The men were offended, began to scold the horseman and reproach that we greeted you, and you do such a thing. In response, he says that he was joking, and offers to go to the neighboring hut to the girls, and at the same time promises that they will all pull up the hems of their dresses to the maximum height.

Interested in this proposal men. They took a drink and the whole crowd went to the girls. Those also celebrated the holiday in their own circle and invited guests to the table. As soon as they sat down and drank a glass of wine, the healer from outside shouted: “Look, girls, there is water on the floor. See how fast it arrives. Now it reaches the knees, now it rises higher. ”

The girls got alarmed, jumped up from the benches, and in order not to soak the hems, they began to raise them higher and higher: no one wants to walk wet in winter. And the men are sitting, looking with all their eyes, but they don’t see any water.

Meanwhile, the women's water has already reached the waist. They rushed into the street in a crowd. Here, the men were no longer laughing. And the alien prankster suddenly shouts: “Stop, girls, the water is leaving. Now it’s completely gone, the floor has become dry. ” After that, the women returned, sat down at the table, and the celebration continued.

This story perfectly characterizes the opportunities that horsemen had in Russia. Therefore, they were all feared, respected and showed respect. But everything passes, the mysterious healers have disappeared from our lives, and there are almost no memories of them. Who remembers these people now? Only the ancient old people, who are becoming less and less.

Witch doctor, veterinarian, doctor, doctor, healer Dictionary of Russian synonyms. horseman 1. see veterinarian. 2. see doctor Dictionary of synonyms r ... Synonym dictionary

KONOVAL, a, husband. (outdated). A healer who heals horses. Not a doctor, but a doctor (about a bad, ignorant doctor; colloquial disdain). Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

KONOVAL- Danilo Konoval, Smolensk archer. 1610. A. I. II, 357. Vaska Konoval, archer from Verkhoturye. 1620. A. I. III, 87 ... Biographical Dictionary

Comp. "Overview of measures. Chernig. guberna. zem. in the area of village. hoz." and bro. on goat breeding (1903 1911). (Vengerov) ... Big biographical encyclopedia

Books

, P. I. Zorn. The book offered to the reader, compiled by the Russian military figure and writer P. I. Zorn (1777-1829) from the writings of various authors with his own notes, is ...
A new and complete experienced horse-dresser, a perfect cavalryman, connoisseur, rider, hunter and breeder, Zorn P.I. The book offered to the reader, compiled by the Russian military leader and writer P.I. Zorn (1777-1829) from the writings of various authors with his own notes , represents…