Specially protected natural territories of the Far East. Protected areas of the Russian Far East and their soil cover Dendrological parks and botanical gardens
Specially protected natural territories of the Far East. Protected areas of the Russian Far East and their soil cover Dendrological parks and botanical gardens
On territories of thousands of square kilometers, hundreds of species of animals and plants are protected here and a lot of research work is being carried out. The reserves have a well-deserved reputation as popular places for tourism and recreation. Every year, tens of thousands of travelers from all over Russia and from abroad visit them.
On the other side of the continent
The most famous reserves of the Far East are special nature protection zones where you can observe the wildlife in its natural habitat and admire landscapes worthy of decorating the best photo albums:
The Khanka nature reserve in - this is more than 330 species of birds nesting on the shores of Lake Khanka. Among them are Japanese and Daurian cranes and spoonbill, listed in the International Red Book. The star of the flora world of this reserve of the Far East is a blooming lotus on the lake surface.
The Sikhote-Alin Reserve was established in 1935 with the sole purpose of preserving and restoring the sable population. Today it is included in the UNESCO lists as an object of world value, and local biologists are engaged not only in working with sable, but also in observing Amur tigers. The specially protected plants on the territory of the reserve are cedars, yews and spruces, which form groves and forests, and lakes of saline and lagoon origin are unique reservoirs inhabited by many endemic biological species.
The largest migrating group of the Siberian roe deer on the planet is the pride of the employees of the Norsky Reserve in. Watching and protecting these rare mammals is not the only concern of biologists. Among their wards are black and Far Eastern storks, fish owl and Japanese cranes.
tiger fiefdom
The Ussuri Nature Reserve in the Far East is the most famous among tourists. Many protected species of animals live here, the king of which is considered to be the Amur tiger. And in the forests of the reserve there are East Siberian leopard and mandarin duck, black stork and Ussuri clawed newt, listed in the Red Book of Russia. For tourists, the unique natural formations of the Ussuriysky Reserve are of undoubted interest. Limestone massifs form picturesque rocks here, many of which have their own names, for example, Serpentine Mountain and Sleeping Beauty Cave.
The book was published in separate editions in Russian and in English. The partners of the publication were the Kronotsky State Nature Reserve and the ANO Expocentre Zapovedniki Rossii, representatives of the PAs of the Far East took part in the work on the guide.
At the Eastern Economic Forum, the book “Reserves of the Far East. A Modern Guide" was presented by Chairman of the Government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Vladimir Solodov and Director of the Department of State Policy and Regulation in the Development of Specially Protected Natural Areas (SPNA) and the Baikal Natural Territory of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia Alexei Titovsky.
According to Vladimir Solodov, the guide is built according to the best standards of international publishing houses and combines two qualities - colorful and practical. “The appearance of such a book in Russia is an important step,” said the head of the government of Yakutia. – On behalf of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), I can definitely say that we are interested in promoting this topic. A third of the territory of the Republic is in the regime of specially protected natural areas, our famous Lena Pillars park has just received federal status by the decision of Dmitry Medvedev. And we are determined to make ecological tourism one of the priority areas for the development of the industry.”
“The published Atlas is made brightly, professionally, objectively and concisely presents information about the features of each PA in the Far East. This publication will become a reliable and convenient guide for eco-tourists,” stressed Alexey Titovsky. The director of the relevant department of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia expressed confidence that it would be useful for tourists to have such a product when planning trips to the Far Eastern reserves and national parks.
On the territory of the Far East there are amazing landscapes and natural monuments. Several objects at once - Kamchatka volcanoes, Lena Pillars, the Sikhote-Alin ridge, Wrangel Island, Cape Stolbchaty - are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List and are included in nature reserves, natural and national parks. By the way, the share of specially protected natural areas (PAs) in the Far East is higher than in other regions of the country.
The guide "Reserves of the Far East" presents 30 reserves and national parks in the region. This book is one of the few publications in Russia that speak about specially protected natural areas not in the dry language of a scientific reference book, but in a lively, bright way, so that it would be interesting to a wide range of readers. The guide is intended for anyone who is interested in the nature of the Far East or is planning a trip to one of the Far Eastern regions. Up-to-date information on specially protected natural areas of the Russian Far East is collected so that a potential tourist can choose the most attractive routes for him. The publication provides detailed information about the climatic and geographical features, flora and fauna of protected areas. The most impressive sights have been selected. Particular attention is paid to tourist routes in the book: a detailed description is given, seasonality is indicated, and key infrastructure is described.
The book is illustrated with excellent photographs of the Far Eastern nature and provided with plans-schemes of protected areas.
For the PressPass publishing house, "Reserves of the Far East" is already the tenth book in the line of tourist guides. The books "Kamchatka", "Kolyma", "Yakutia", "Chukotka", "Sakhalin and the Kuriles", "Primorye", "Khabarovsk Territory", "Crimea" and "Far East" were previously published.
“The Far East is becoming more accessible for tourists from Russia and abroad. The necessary infrastructure is being created, routes are being worked out and equipped. We see that this region is unique and we understand that the demand for eco-tourism will only grow in the coming years. The book prepared by our publishing house, on the one hand, is aimed at the development of tourism in protected areas, and on the other hand, is designed to teach people how to behave in protected areas, appreciate and protect nature,” notes Aleksey Litvinov, general director of the publishing house.
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TIGIREK STATE NATURE RESERVE
"MOUNTAIN ECOSYSTEMS OF SOUTHERN SIBERIA: STUDY, PROTECTION AND RATIONAL NATURE MANAGEMENT"
The second interregional scientific and practical conference dedicated to the 10th anniversary of the organization
Tigireksky Reserve
Proceedings of the Tigirek Reserve Issue 3
Barnaul - 2010
UDC 58+59+91+631.4+502.7
BBK 20.1 (253.7) i431 + 28.088 l64 i431
Mountain ecosystems of Southern Siberia: study, protection and rational nature management. Proceedings of the Tigirek Reserve. Issue. 3. Barnaul, 2010. 303 p.
The collection contains materials presented at the II Interregional Scientific and Practical Conference dedicated to the 10th anniversary of the organization of the Tigirek Reserve "Mountain Ecosystems of Southern Siberia: Study, Protection and Rational Nature Management". The data of modern studies of natural complexes of the Tigireksky GPZ are summarized. The strategy of development and functioning of the system of specially protected natural areas of the Altai-Sayan ecoregion is analyzed. Topical issues of studying the relief, climate and soils of mountainous areas, studying and protecting the flora and fauna of the mountains of Southern Siberia, and the problems of sustainable development of regions are considered.
The collection is intended for a wide range of specialists working in the field of biology, ecology and nature conservation, as well as all those who are not indifferent to the problems of protection and rational use of natural resources.
Editorial Board: E. N. Bochkareva, N. I. Bykov, P. V. Golyakov, E. A. Davydov, N. L. Irisova, T. A. Terekhina
The publication was prepared with the support of Zoloto Kuri LLC
MOUNTAIN ECOSYSTEMS OF SOUTH SIBERIA: STUDY, CONSERVATIN AND RATIONAL NATURE USE
The second interregional scientific-practical conference devoted to the 10-year anniversary of the Tigirek State Natural Reserve establishment
Proceedings of the Tigirek State Natural Reserve Volume 3
Mountain ecosystems of South Siberia: study, conservatin and rational nature use.
Proceedings of the Tigirek State Natural Reserve, 2010. Vol. 3. Barnaul, 2010. 303 pp.
Reports presented at the first interregional scientific-practical conference "Mountain ecosystems of South Siberia: study, conservatin and rational nature use", devoted to the 10-year anniversary of the Tigirek State Natural Reserve establishment, are compiled in the book. Data on present-day investigations of natural complexes in Tigirek ("Tigireksky") reserve are summarized. The developmental strategy and activity of the system of especially protected natural areas in the Altai-Sayan mountainous ecoregion are analyzed. Actual problems of mountainous relief, climate and soil investigation, flora and vegetation, fauna and animal population of South Siberian Mts. study and protection, stable development of the region are considered.
The book may be interesting to a wide range of specialists in the field of biology, ecology, and nature protection, as well as to anyone anxoius in problems of natural resources stable use and protection.
editorial board:
E. N. Bochkaryova, N. I. Bykov, E. A. Davydov, P. V. Golyakov, N. L. Irisova, T. A. Terekhina
This publication has been made with support of Zoloto Kurii L.l.c
aimed at improving the effectiveness of control over compliance with the protection of protected areas and preventing violations of environmental legislation in relation to protected areas. Following the example of many Western countries, the economic value of protected areas is currently being determined in the Republic of Tatarstan
Boyko V.A., Garanin V.I., Lyubarsky E.L. et al. Scientific basis for the formation of a system of protected areas in the Republic of Tatarstan // Specially Protected Natural Territories of the Republic of Tatarstan. -Kazan, 1995. -S. 14-17.
State Register of Specially Protected Natural Territories of the Republic of Tatarstan. Second edition. -Kazan, 2007.-428 p.
Red Book of the Republic of Tatarstan: animals, plants, mushrooms. 1st ed. - Kazan, 1995. - 452 e.; 2nd ed. - Kazan, 2006. - 832 p.
Lyubarsky E.L. On the organization of the steppe reserve of the Republic of Tatarstan // Specially protected natural territories of the Republic of Tatarstan. - Kazan, 1995.-p. 54-55.
There are discussing motives, facts and actions at strategy of development of the EPNT system in Tatarstan Republic.
SPECIALLY PROTECTED TERRITORIES OF THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST: THE CREATION OF THEIR SYSTEM IN THE NEW ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
SPECIALLYPROTECTED TERRITORIES OF RUSSIAN FAREAST: ESTABLISHMENT OF THEIR SYSTEM UNDER NEW ECONOMICAL CONDITIONS
The necessity of creating an ecological framework of the territory (ECT) in the Russian Far East (FER), which includes ecosystems of four levels (global, regional, basin (catchment areas of significant rivers) and local) of outstanding biota quality and protective value, is substantiated. The goal of ECT is to preserve forever the gene pool and the most valuable natural resource potential, the most important task is to protect biological diversity and ecosystems, incl. at the level of nature reserves, national parks and functioning reserves. To date, EKT has been created in the Far East only in the Kamchatka Territory. The need for ECT in a market economy is only increasing. From 16 to 60% of the land should be attributed to the framework and its buffer zone from Primorye to Kamchatka.
Key words: biological diversity, ecological frame of the territory, gene pool, forest conservation, water protection forests, national natural parks, forest protection.
The new edition of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation (2007) considers “sustainable forest management, conservation of forest biological diversity, increase of their potential, preservation of environment-forming, water protection, protective ... and other useful functions of forests” to be of fundamental importance (Art. 1, p. 17) , and "the main territorial units of management in the field of use, protection, protection, reproduction of forests" recognizes forest areas and forest parks (Art. 23, p. 25). At the same time, Articles 71, 72 and 75 on pages 43-46 do not provide for lists of forest tracts that are not subject to sale or lease, which will inevitably lead to the plunder of wood and biota without proper restoration and protective measures, and even more so without fire-fighting arrangements.
This complex problem could be solved by the timely establishment of ecological or ecological-geographical frameworks of territories (EKT) at the federal and regional levels and their delimitation with further fire-fighting arrangements. In that case, perhaps
UDC 502.3 +502.6:574 (571.6)
Urusov V.M. Petropavlovsky B.S. Varchenko L.I.
the forest infrastructure that operated until 1992, effectively saving the Russian forest, would be preserved.
In Primorye, with its more than 13 million hectares of forest with a total stock of 1759 million m3 of stemwood and more than 17 million m3 of its annual growth, instead of 31 forestry enterprises with 137 forestries, in 2007, Primorskoye Lesnichestvo was established with 12 branches and 7 protected areas . At the same time, in the Roshchi branch of Primles, with an area of 1,700 thousand hectares, 10 forestries were cut, in which in 2009 there were 35 foresters. And only tenants preparing the forest - 38. Roshchinsky forester with more than 30 years of experience Lyubov Spirenkova considers the main shortcomings of the new Forest Code to be the absence of a provision on the protection of forests from unauthorized logging, the absence of forest protection, the requirement to develop clear-cut areas of no more than 5 hectares, which, under local conditions, leads to huge costs for forest users when changing cutting areas and drying out of trees in neighboring uncut areas. However, for multi-species forests of different ages in the lowlands of the south of the Far East (Far East), conditionally clear cuts are preferable with the preservation of groups of trees of the most valuable species and with a return to cutting after six years to care for the undergrowth of valuable species, its clarification. After another six years, the departure is repeated. Otherwise, in decades there will be no more than 5% of the stock of conifers (Sibirina, 2003).
Market relations in the forest, firstly, eliminated its protection, and secondly, formalized the restoration of the best species, the care of renewal and forest stand, and even more forest selection activities, now transferred to the state-owned enterprise KPPK "PrimLHO". And the KPPK will apply for forest inventory and other documents to the branch of the Primorsky forestry, because it does not own the documents itself. Will the tenant create and maintain the fire-fighting systems provided for in Article 53 of the Forest Code, and even more so, will he be able to properly care for at least a forest stand that ensures the maximum yield of stem wood in 4080-120 years? It is unlikely that he came to the forest for this. And from the growth options of 1.5-2.5-3 m3/ha/year in oak forest and 2-5 m3/ha/year and more in ash forest, it is good if the minimum is implemented. And this is despite the fact that the loss of 2-4 m3 of wood growth from 1 ha per year at today's prices is equal to a loss of 100-200 and even 400-800 US dollars.
The branches of the Primorsky forestry themselves rightly consider the return to forest protection and strict control over the export of timber from the region, including the export from the country, to be the solution to local forest problems. And one more thing - the restructuring of forest management is reminiscent of the fate of RAO UES, when, on the way to free competition, they first increased the price of electricity, and then there is a loss of energy capacities instead of the introduction of new ones. And this is considering that timber will forever remain one of the main demanded resources of the Far East, especially the processed timber of its most valuable species, which will not be produced on the proper scale by planting forests in China and other Asia-Pacific countries.
The ecological and geographical frame of the territory is a system of land plots from the tract and above, as well as water areas with a special protection regime, ensuring the conservation of its biological diversity and ecosystems for all time, and also guaranteeing, if not stability, then the resilience of the water balance of the territory. An important element of the ECT is - at least it could be - the forests of the first group.
N.F. Reimers and F.R. Shtilmark (1978) note that “the system of protected natural areas should be considered as a special branch of the national economy that ensures the growth of the national product through maintaining the ecological balance. Natural protected areas are not withdrawn from economic circulation, but are transformed into a special form of national economy, as a rule, more efficient, although not traditional.
We consider a part of the geographic space representing an economic separateness to be a tract. In the conditions of the Far East, the tract is most often the basin of a large spring or a river with tributaries. The length of the river in this case rarely exceeds 20 km. For example, the reserve "Kedrovaya Pad" is mainly a tract-basin of the river. Kedrovaya, where the most valuable ecosystems occupy the upper half of the catchment area and partly watershed ranges. It is for tracts with the main watercourse a few tens of kilometers long that it is most convenient to design and equip elements of the ecological framework. This will determine the basin principle of nature management, including the formation of recreational systems by V.I. Prelovsky, A.M. Korotkogo et al. (1996).
Protected area system: functioning and development strategy
Despite the destruction of the state system of forest protection since 1992, the strange situation with the forests of the first group, which at least can be given to a "private owner", at the moment there are prerequisites for just a detailed allocation and arrangement of ECTs: the concentration of the population in a few places, the closure production, liquidation of settlements in the depths of administrative territories and forests. In 2003, at the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow, a doctoral dissertation was defended on the problems of biodiversity conservation in the new conditions, when “no one’s space” appears between cities, and the polarization of the landscape and the desertedness of inter-agglomeration zones make it possible to move on to the creation of “macroregional ecological networks” (Shvarts, 2003 ). The curtailment of the economy may well contribute to the “stabilization/conservation of natural and semi-natural landscapes and/or nature management regimes at the most suitable stage of urbanization for the conservation of ecosystems - the “compression” of economic space” (Shvarts, 2003, p. 44). It would seem that it is possible to expand existing reserves, create new ones, establish and equip national natural parks (NNPs). But where is the means for this? Yu. Odum (1975) considered it necessary to preserve 1/3 of the territories in their natural state. N.F. Reimers and F.R. Shtilmark (1978) consider it necessary to allocate 80% of land for specially protected areas in the mountains, in the tundra - including reindeer pastures - 98%, in the northern taiga - 80-90%, in the southern taiga - 50%, in deciduous forests - 30-35%, in the forest-steppe - 33%, in the steppe - 20-40%.
In the "Environmental Program for the Far East" (Khudyakov et al., 1989), the ratio of protective, buffer and user lands for Primorye in the Khanka basin is defined as 1:2:3, in the mountainous part of the region - 1:2:1; for the Khabarovsk Territory - 1: 2: 2 in the south and Z: 2: 1 in the north, as for the Amur Region; for the Sakhalin region - 2:1:1 in the south and 3:3:1 in the north and the Kuriles; for the Magadan region - 3:3:1 in the lowlands of the river basin. Kolyma and in the south and 5:2:1 in the middle mountains and in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug; for the Kamchatka region - 4:2:1 in the basin of the river. Kamchatka - 4:2:1 and 6:2:1 - in the rest of the territory. These ratios in general terms reflected the state of the biopotential of the territories and the importance of protecting the watersheds of spawning rivers. And passed by the Forest Code.
And what was the actual ratio of protective, buffer and user lands in the Far East in 1989? In Primorye it was close to 1:0.5:2.5; in the Amur Region - 1:1:8; Magadanskaya - 1:0:8; in Kamchatka - 1:0:4. And since that time, despite the increased number of reserves - their number in the Far East increased from 13 in 1987 to 20 in 1994 (Urusov, 2000), the real situation has worsened, and apparently only protected areas remain protected. Reserves and natural monuments could be important ECT nodes in a planned economy, when they protected ecosystems from state enterprises. Now they cannot protect against individual and mafia poaching. Still, let's hope for the best and see how to fill the EKT and how to use its best links.
Maintaining the ECT, of course, requires a new level of organization of nature protection through the State Committees for Nature Protection and Forestry (which currently do not exist), in particular, the separation of areas of activity for the implementation of ecosystem restoration programs developed in the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and industry institutes and nature conservation. A new quality of infrastructure will also be required (for example, in the system of forestry, coop animal farms, tourism and recreation), and new biotechnical, reacclimatization, and reintroduction programs. The creation of NCEs and tourism enterprises seems to be a very significant way to build a fairly fast self-sustaining ECT, give new prospects and jobs and divert at least part of the funds pumped out by international tourism. However, the content of recreational programs in our not irreproachable climate should be the most diverse: from medical and recreational to educational. And the proposed “image” product should hardly be limited to lingonberries, honey, collections of minerals and photo shoots against the backdrop of bays and volcanoes.
E.N. Sokhina and E.S. Zarkhin (1988) considered it necessary to identify the components of ECT at four levels: global, regional, basin and local. We also adopted this principle of creating ECT territories, although when drawing up a detailed scheme and a frame map, it may be necessary to isolate the supra-regional level (Urusov, 2000).
Today, in the region, ECT is mainly legalized and operates only in the Kamchatka Territory (Smetanin et al., 2008) and includes three reserves - Kronotsky, Komandorsky,
Koryak; five natural parks, 24 nature reserves, 24 natural monuments with a total area of protected areas of 10.336 million hectares. This is 11.8% of the region's area.
LITERATURE
Forest Code of the Russian Federation. New edition. M., Kremlin, December 4, 2006 - Novosibirsk: Publishing House of NSU, 2007. - 75 p. Odum Yu. Fundamentals of ecology. - M.: Mir, 1975. - 740 p.
Prelovsky V.I., Korotkiy A.M., Puzanova I.Yu. Basin principle of the formation of recreational systems in Primorye. Book. 2. Vladivostok: TIT FEB RAS, JSC "Primorgrazhdanproekt", 1996. - 149 p. Reimers N.F., Shtilmark F.R. Specially protected natural areas. - M.: Thought, 1978. - 296 p. Sibirina A.A. Optimization of the forest formation process in the cedar-broad-leaved forests after conditionally
of clear-cuttings (on the example of the Verkhneussuriysk station): Ph.D. diss....cand. s.-x. Sciences. - Ussuriysk,
Smetanin A.N. Functional structure of the biota of Kamchatka and the development of a system of measures for the conservation of biological diversity: dissertation in the form of scientific. report for the competition uch. step, d.b.s. - Vladivostok: FEGU, 2008. -98 p.
Sokhina E.N., Zarkhina E.S. Ecological frame of the territory in the system of regulation of nature management // Social ecology and human health in the Far East: abstract. report region, scientific conf. -Khabarovsk, 1988. -S. 9-10.
Urusov V.M. Far East: nature management in a unique landscape. - Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2000. -340 s. Khudyakov G.I., Urusov V.M., Kitaev IV. etc. Ecological program for the Far East. 1-3. Preprint. - Vladivostok: DVNTs AN SSSR, 1989. - S. 27, 56, 63.
Shvarts E.A. Ecological and geographical problems of the conservation of natural biodiversity in Russia: Ph.D. diss... ... doc. biol. Sciences. - M.: IG RAN, 2003. - 49 p.
A necessity of establishing in the Russian Far East the ecological framework of territory - EKT - which includes ecosystems of 4 levels (global, regional, basin (catchment areas of large rivers) and local) significant in high-quality biota and protective value is substantiated . The goal of the EKT is to preserve in perpertuity a gene pool and most valuable natural-resource potential; critical goal is to protect a biodiversy and ecosystems including protection at the level of nature reserves, national parks and wildlife preserves. To date, the EKT in the Far East has only established in Kamchatka Krai. A necessity of the EKT under conditions of the market economy increases. The EFT and its buffer area from Primorye to Kamchatka should include 16-60% of lands.
UDC 581.9 (470.315)
Borisova E.A. Borisova E.A.
SPECIALLY PROTECTED NATURAL TERRITORIES OF THE IVANOVO REGION AND PROBLEMS OF PROTECTION OF RARE PLANTS
SPECIALLY PROTECTED NATURE AREAS OF THE IVANOVO REGION AND THE PROBLEMS OF RARE PLANT SPECIES CONSERVATION
The modern system of specially protected territories of the Ivanovo region, which includes 4 reserves and 146 natural monuments, is characterized. The problems of protection of rare species of local flora, primarily species of the Red Book, are noted. A comprehensive system of effective measures is presented to prevent negative, irreversible processes, preserve phytodiversity and sustainable development of the region.
The Ivanovo Region is located in the center of the European part of Russia, between the Volga and Klyazma rivers. In terms of area, this is one of the smallest regions of Russia, characterized by a high level of urbanization and developed industrial production (the area of the region is 21.4 thousand km2, the population is 1176.2 thousand people, of which more than 80% is urban).
In the reserve and its buffer zone, it is prohibited to take any animals and plants, pollute the natural environment, move ships and vehicles, enter, live on the coast and islands. An extensive buffer zone in the form of the projected Marine Park in the Peter the Great Bay will play an auxiliary, but essential role in the protection of the FESGMZ.
The species composition of animals and plants in the reserve is very diverse, which is associated with a significant variety of living conditions. As a result, there are both warm-water - subtropical and even tropical species, as well as cold-water - boreal and boreal-arctic; from here, their larvae spread to neighboring areas of Peter the Great Bay. The hydrology of the water area of the reserve is also essential for the richness of marine life.
There are 3 main vertical zones in the coastal zone: supralittoral, littoral and sublittoral. The supralittoral, or splash zone, is located above the upper level of the highest calculated tide. However, due to wind waves and especially during storms, the sea throws algae and various bottom invertebrates here. In addition, small crustaceans, some beetles and their larvae, wingless insects, and worms constantly live here. Especially large accumulations of algae and animals thrown out by the sea are noted on sandy beaches.
The next zone - the littoral, or the tidal zone - occupies the strip from the highest calculated tide to the lowest low tide. The lower boundary of the littoral is taken as 0 depths, and from it the depth and height marks are counted, plotted on sea charts. The littoral is characterized by certain animals and plants adapted to life in these peculiar conditions. In summer, during low tide, the temperature in the littoral rises significantly, in winter, ice floes moving under the influence of waves have an abrasive effect on animals and plants, and during a storm they are beaten by waves. In this regard, the organisms inhabiting the littoral have adaptive adaptations that allow them to live in this zone. They crawl into crevices and puddles between stones, cling to them or attach themselves to hard surfaces.
The largest number of species of animals and plants inhabits the sublittoral, located from the lower boundary of the littoral to a depth of 200 m. Among the population of the waters of the reserve there are more than 200 species of macroalgae and 200 species of fish, more than 300 species of bivalve and gastropod mollusks, more than 200 species of marine worms, about 100 species crustaceans, 40 - echinoderms, and other groups of cold-water - boreal-arctic and warm-water - subtropical and even tropical invertebrate marine organisms are also numerous. Tropical sharks and sea snakes have been encountered in the waters of the reserve.
2.2. Ussuri Nature Reserve named after V. L. Komarov
The main wealth of the Ussuriysky Reserve is a fairly large array of virgin liana coniferous-broad-leaved forests, which are almost not preserved either in the Russian Far East or in neighboring countries. The reserve bears the name of academician Vladimir Leontievich Komarov, the largest domestic botanist, researcher of the flora of East Asia. He was the first to give a description of this territory, having visited it in 1913. The reserve was created back in 1932, since then its area has significantly increased, which now amounts to 40.4 thousand hectares.
The purpose of the reserve
1. Protection of intact mountain-forest ecosystems of the western macroslope of the Sikhote-Alin, their flora and fauna, largely related to the Manchurian complex, with a high level of endemism.
2. Preservation of rare species of plants and animals.
The reserve is located in the southern part of Primorsky Krai on the territory of two districts (Ussuriysky and Shkotovsky) on the southern slopes of the Przhevalsky mountains. The area of the protected area is 40432 hectares. There are no high mountains here (the maximum height is 498 m, Mount Grabovaya), and swift rivers. Its wealth is a relatively large array of virgin liana coniferous-deciduous forests, almost not preserved on the territory of the Russian Far East and neighboring countries.
868 species of vascular plants grow here, including 15 species listed in the Red Books of the USSR and Russia (true ginseng, dense-flowered pine, high trap, etc.), 252 species of bryophytes, 118 - lichens, 1364 - mushrooms, 210 - algae.
Vertebrate animals are represented by 62 species of mammals (including Red Data Book species - giant shrew, Amur tiger, Far Eastern forest cat, spotted deer, Himalayan bear, etc.); more than 160 species of birds (among them Red Book species - mandarin duck, black stork, needle-footed owl, hawk hawk, crested honey buzzard, etc.), 7 species of reptiles, 6 species of amphibians (including the Ussuri lungless clawed newt listed in the IUCN Red Book), 12 species of fish and cyclostomes.
The world of invertebrates is no less rich, 32 species are rare and endangered (Uvarov's grasshopper, narrow-breasted ground beetle, etc.). On the territory of the reserve live the largest beetle of the fauna of Russia - the relic barbel, large tropical butterflies - Saturnia Artemis, Bramea Tancre, tail-bearer Maak, freshwater mollusk - Primorskaya pearl mussel is found here.
In general, the reserve plays an important role in the protection of rare species of plants and animals. A large amount of scientific research is being carried out here, including those of direct economic importance (in particular, on the study of melliferous, medicinal, and fruit plants).
2.3. National Park "Udege Legend"
The national park "Udege legend" was created on June 09, 2007, located in the Krasnoarmeysky district of the Primorsky Territory of the Russian Federation. It includes part of the basin of the Bolshaya Ussurka River in its middle course and the lower part of the Armu River, as well as the lower part of the Perevalnaya River valley. On the adjacent territory, in the immediate vicinity of the borders of the national park, there are three settlements: the village of Dalniy Kut, the village of Dersu and the village of Ostrovnoye.
The main role in its formation is played by the valleys of the rivers Bolshaya Ussurka and its large right tributary - Armu, dividing the territory into three large parts. The highest elevation within the territory is Mount Armu (1330 m). The height of the watershed ridges and mountain peaks varies from 650 to 1100 m. The bottom of the river valleys is located at elevations of 180 - 550 m. The elephants of the mountains are covered with forests with a predominance of coniferous trees, broad-leaved species dominate in the valley part, and rock outcrops and kurumniks can also be found on the slopes of the mountains.
Among the tasks facing the national park are the preservation of the valley complex of the rivers of the western macroslope of the Sikhote-Alin, the creation of conditions for regulated ecological tourism, the introduction of environmental education, environmental education and scientific programs, and the involvement of the local population in environmental protection activities. The historical and archaeological value of the territory also attracts attention - 28 archaeological monuments of various historical eras are registered here, ranging from Stone Age sites to medieval settlements.
Purpose of creation:
Preservation of the valley complex of the rivers of the western macroslope of the Sikhote-Alin; revival of the ethnic culture of the Iman Udege; creation of conditions for regulated ecological tourism; introduction of environmental education, environmental education and scientific programs in the region and the region, involvement of the local population in environmental activities.
The national park plays an important role in the conservation of the Amur tiger, as it is one of its main habitats in winter. In the cedar-broad-leaved forests growing on the territory of the park, more than 40 species of rare and requiring special protection of plant species have been registered, about 70 species of birds nest, including 9 rare ones (fish owl, black stork, mandarin duck, black crane, etc.), over 25 species of mammals and about 10 thousand species of insects, 28 of which are listed in the Red Book of Russia. In the territory of the park, since ancient times, the indigenous people of the Udege have been conducting traditional nature management. The local Udege also have their own sacred places, bequeathed to them by their ancestors, keeping their spirituality, history, energy, capable of influencing the fate of the taiga dweller. The valley of the Bolshaya Ussurka River (the old name is Iman) has been inhabited since the Stone Age. Monuments of archeology, various cultures and peoples are found here everywhere. Currently, 116 people from among the indigenous peoples of the Far East live in the park and its environs. 45 historical and archaeological monuments and 5 ethnological objects used by the Udege for religious rites and rituals were found here. One of these places is the tract "Orochonsky God", widely known among the inhabitants of the Krasnoarmeisky district. Here, tourists usually leave rag bundles, traditional for the Udege, on the branches of a tree and cook a light lunch on a fire near the bank of the Armu River. In the immediate vicinity of the borders of the national park there are three settlements - the village of Dalniy Kut - 230 inhabitants, the village of Dersu - 37 inhabitants with a predominance of the Old Believer population of retirement age and the village of Ostrovnoye - 2 inhabitants.
a. Main objects of protection
The main protected objects are the following types: birds: fish owl, black cormorant, black stork, scaly merganser, mandarin duck, hawk hawk, wild grouse, honey buzzard, white-tailed eagle, osprey, peregrine falcon, Far Eastern stork; mammals: Amur tiger, Himalayan bear; reptiles: Far Eastern tortoise, Amur snake, line; fish: taimen, trout;
4 A.V. Zhirmunsky, E.V. Krasnov, L.P. Perestenko, V.P. Shunts. Far Eastern Marine Reserve. // Reserves of the USSR. Reserves of the Far East. - M, Thought, 1985
5. http://oopt.info/index.php? oopt=1431 Udege Legend National Park
6. http://www.ud-legend.ru/ Udege Legend National Park
7. Petrov V.V. Ecological law of Russia. Textbook. - M., 2005.
8. Natural resource law and legal protection of the environment. Textbook for universities / Under. ed. V.V. Petrov. - M., 2005 ..
9. Article 7 of the Federal Law “On Specially Protected Natural Territories”.
10. Art. 243 "Destruction or damage to monuments of history and culture" of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
Application
Ussuriyskiy im. acad. V.L. Komarova
Far Eastern Marine biosphere reserve
Udege legend national park
Petrov V.V. Ecological law of Russia. Textbook. - M., 2005. S.45-49.
Natural resource law and legal protection of the environment. Textbook for universities / Under. ed. V.V. Petrov. - M., 2005. P.123.
Petrov V.V. Ecological law of Russia. Textbook. - M., 2005. S.203
Article 7 of the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories".
