Visual arts grade 5

Theme: Drawing. Analysis of the shape of the object.

Lesson type: combined (reasoning, practical work, exercise game to consolidate the topic of the lesson)

Occupation: Study of geometric bodies, shapes. Analysis of the shape of objects. Constructive construction.

Purpose: To teach to analyze the shape of objects, and, based on the analysis, to perform constructive construction.

Tasks: Learn to carefully consider nature, analyze the shape of the depicted object, move from a flat image to a volumetric one.

Develop spatial thinking, logic, the ability to compare, compare, think. Object building skills, pencil drawing skills.

To foster respect for the artist's work, perseverance, attention and hard work, self-criticism.

Equipment: for students - album, graphite pencil; for the teacher - a set of templates of geometric bodies, geometric shapes, a set of models of geometric bodies. Riddle drawing (poster).

Visuals: presentation of the topic, statements of artists on the importance of the topic, children's works.

During the classes

The French artist Ingres often told his students that if he intended to hang a sign on the door of his studio, he would write: "SCHOOL OF DRAWING."

Let's imagine that we are in the school of drawing. Today in the lesson we will learn to carefully consider the shape of objects, analyze it. The topic of our lesson is "Analysis of the geometric shape of an object."

Let's take a look at the tables that are presented before you. In all drawings, a careful construction and study of nature can be traced. Constructive construction. Therefore, without knowing the basics of drawing, we will not be able to perform any composition that would later attract the attention of the viewer.

(demo of working with errors)

a) Why do you think this work did not pass the qualifying round and was not exhibited? (the composition is not thought out, the elements of the picture are not built)

In whatever technique you do your work, the main thing is to create a sketch, outline and constructive construction.

Drawing is the basis of everything

Now, let's remember what geometric shapes do you know? (circle, square, triangle, quadrilateral, rectangle, oval, rhombus, trapezoid).

Name the geometric shapes shown in the table.

What geometric bodies do you know? (ball, cube, cylinder, cone (full and truncated), pyramids, prisms)

Name the geometric bodies shown in the table.

There are geometric bodies on the table, geometric shapes on the board. How do geometric bodies differ from geometric shapes? (bodies - voluminous, figures - flat)

The next step in our lesson is solving the problem. On one shelf were geometric bodies, and on the other were geometric shapes. Now they are all mixed up. Let's arrange them on the shelves. On the first - the bodies, on the second figures. Explain your answers.

We are now moving on to practical work. In the course of this work, you can see how important it is in the visual arts to be able to correctly consider and analyze the depicted objects. Let's analyze the shape of the vase. (on screen) Is it made up of geometric bodies or shapes? (shapes) Name them. Does the vase look flat or three-dimensional? (flat) How to turn a flat vase into a volumetric one? (add ellipses)

I have a round dish in my hands. If we look at the dish directly, we see a circle, but if the dish is slowly lowered onto the plane, then the circle visually narrows. Close one eye and with a pencil (sighting method), on an outstretched hand, circle the edges of the dish. Which shape did the pencil circle? (oval). The same contraction of the circle occurs when constructing a vase. (on the screen)

What has changed in the image of the vase? (she became voluminous)

What geometric bodies does it consist of?

Having considered the geom. Body, geom. Shape, perspective reduction of the circle, having analyzed the shape of the vase, answer the question. What does it mean to analyze the shape of an object?

(on the screen)

Now try to come up with and build a sketch of a vase yourself. First, make it out of geometric shapes, and then turn it into a volumetric one. Let it be some kind of magical, not ordinary vase.

8 . Lesson summary. Exhibition - viewing works of students. Analysis.

D.z. Make a sketch of an animal from geometric bodies, shapes.

(on the screen) Constantly drawing from nature is the highest and most faithful school. I. Repin

In the next lesson, you and I will draw from nature a still life of geometric bodies. And the topic of today's lesson will be useful to you in the future in the lessons of fine arts, mathematics, in high school in geometry and drawing lessons.

"A drawing is a candle that is lit in order not to stumble in the dark."

Developed by:

Late Lyubov Vasilievna,

MOU gymnasium number 11

Milovanova Nadezhda Petrovna,

art teacher

MOU SOSH No. 102

Volgograd 2013

Topic of the quarter: “The world of things. Still life "(8 hours).

Lesson number 11/3.

Lesson script.

Topic: “The concept of form. The variety of forms of the surrounding world ”.

Equipment: computer; projector; presentation on the topic of the lesson; handout - a set of geometric bodies and shapes; white sample paper; sets of blanks for the contours of jugs and vases (in envelopes for each pair of students); objects and blanks of figures for a still life; magnets; tape recorder, sound recordings.

For students: white or colored paper; for the background colored paper, size A3; envelopes with cut flat figures of vases, fruits, vegetables; PVA glue; stapler; scissors; pencil.

Goal.

To master the practical skills of analyzing the geometric shapes of objects based on their characteristic features.

To teach to highlight the simplest geometric bodies in real objects.

To teach how to create a composition of geometric bodies to create a still life.

Tasks.

To acquaint students with the diversity of forms in the world and explain the concept shapes, linear, planar and volumetric shapes.

To acquaint students with the variety of geometric shapes and the simplest geometric bodies, to recognize them.

Learn to see simple geometric bodies at the base of various objects of the surrounding world.

Reveal the design of an object through the ratio of simple geometric shapes.

Organize work on the formation of skills in the construction of simple geometric bodies from paper.

Cultivate observation.

Develop students' spatial imagination and representations;

Contribute to the deepening of metasubject connections (mathematics, drawing, fine arts, history, geometry).

Teacher. How diverse is the world around! We are surrounded by many objects. They differ in shape, size, material from which they are made, color ... How to teach to depict all this? All creations of the nature around us and the entire objective world can be built on the basis of simple geometric bodies. This is how artists of all eras solved the difficulties of understanding the form. Observing the objects around you, establish the similarity of the outlines (outline) of various objects with simple geometric shapes. For example, an apple is round, a table, a house, a book are rectangular. And here is a pear. Its outline consists, as it were, of two forms, that is, it has a complex constructive form. If you look at the jug, you will see even more of its constituent parts. Everything that surrounds us can be seen as the ratio of the main geometric shapes - rectangles, triangles, circles and ovals. In order to learn to draw, it is necessary to learn to see the external structure of each object - its construction.

Slide number 1. Lesson topic: “The concept of form. The variety of forms of the surrounding world. "

The word "construction" is translated as "structure", structure, that is, the mutual arrangement of parts of the object, their relationship. This is important to know and understand when depicting any shape. If you look closely at objects, even the most complex ones, you can always see their construction.

Every object around us is determined three dimensions - length, width, height - and form... You see a huge variety of forms around you: both complex and simple. Why we need knowledge of the form, you will learn today in the lesson. Together we will learn to build a still life from the simplest geometric bodies.

Let's talk about form first. In the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by S.I.Ozhegov and N.Yu.Shvedova: FORM is a way of existence of content, inseparable from it and serving as its expression (unity of form and content), external outline, external appearance of an object. Form (from Latin forma) - form, appearance, image - outlines, appearance, contour of an object.

Question. What is common between a panel house, a matchbox, a wardrobe?

Disciple. A panel house, a matchbox, and a wardrobe are united by a shape that resembles a parallelepiped.

Slide number 2. "Houseware. Parallelepiped".

Teacher. Remember from mathematics, what is a parallelepiped?

Disciple. A parallelepiped in mathematics is an object in which the sides are pairwise equal and parallel to each other.

Teacher. Right. When you were little, you probably enjoyed playing dice. What are the signs of the cube?

Disciple.All sides of a cube are equal.

Slide number 3. "Houseware. Cylinder".

Teacher. (Shows a quadrangular prism).Consider another geometric body: at the bases - squares, side surfaces - rectangles. This body is called a "quadrangular regular prism". (Shows triangular and hexagonal prisms). It has a side surface - rectangles - and two bases - squares. What if the bases contain triangles or hexagons? What will the bodies be called?

Disciple.Both bodies will be called prisms, in the first case - a triangular prism, in the second - hexagonal.

Teacher.Right. Where in your life have you seen objects or structures that have a similar shape?

Disciple.The following objects have the shape of a hexagonal prism: a pencil, a nut, a concrete electric pole; the shape of a triangular prism - a glass prism for refracting daylight, mirrors in a kaleidoscope, a glass flower vase, etc.

Teacher.Right! How is the surface of the considered simplest geometric bodies formed?

Disciple.The surface of a cube is formed by squares, a parallelepiped - by rectangles, prisms - by rectangles - a side surface, and bases - by triangles, quadrangles and hexagons. The name of the prism is determined by the figure that lies at the base of the prism.

Teacher. Well done! And if the lateral surface of the quadrangular prism is replaced by triangles, what kind of body will it turn out?

Disciple.If you replace the side surface of a quadrangular prism with triangles, you get a geometric body called a pyramid. This is the shape of the Egyptian pyramids.

Teacher.Right. Pyramid - a polyhedron, the base of which is a polygon, and the remaining faces are triangles with a common vertex.

All surfaces of the considered simplest geometric bodies are formed by flat figures, which are called faces, therefore they are called flat-faced. Each planar body has a face, an edge is the intersection of two faces, and a vertex is the intersection of three faces. So, (show) - face, edge, vertex.

What geometric body does a pine trunk, stump, mug resemble?

Disciple. These objects have a general geometric shape and resemble a cylinder.

Teacher. Right. A cylinder is the simplest geometric body formed by rotating a rectangle around one of its sides or generating around an axis (show). The generator moves around the axis in a circle, and the resulting figure is called a circle. This is how (show) the cylinder surface is formed.

Question: where have you seen objects, objects, structures similar to a cylinder in everyday life?

Pupils.The columns of buildings, a hat-cylinder, a bucket, a tree trunk, pillars, an umbrella handle, etc. look like a cylinder.

Teacher.In front of you an apple, an orange, a ball. What is the general geometric shape?

Disciple. All of these items are in the shape of a ball.

Teacher. A ball is the simplest geometric body formed by rotating a segment (half a circle) around an axis (show).

How would you define the shape of a cone, a tree, a sharpened part of a pencil?

Disciple. These items are shaped like a cone.

Teacher. The surface of the cone is formed by the rotation of the triangle around one of its legs or generatrix around the axis of rotation. Moreover, one vertex of the generator is located on the axis and is motionless, and the second lags behind it by a certain distance and describes a circle. When rotating around the axis of this generatrix, a surface is formed in space, which determines the shape of the cone. A pyramid is a special case of a cone.
Question: what is common between a cylinder, a ball and a cone?

Disciple.The cylinder, ball and cone have an axis of rotation.

Teacher.... and a curved surface. These simplest geometric bodies are called bodies of revolution. Make a conclusion.

Slide number 4. "The simplest geometric bodies."

Disciple.Observing any depicted objects, we can make sure that by simplifying, generalizing their shapes, we can come to the simplest geometric bodies: a cube, a parallelepiped, a prism, a pyramid, a cylinder, a cone, a ball.

Teacher.Give examples of various objects around us that have one form or another. Match them with the shapes of geometric bodies.

Disciple. The pedestal of the Motherland-Mother monument has the shape of a quadrangular prism, a house, a book, a loaf of bread - the shape of a parallelepiped, tea bags for brewing have the shape of a pyramid, a triangle for billiard rooms balls - a triangular prism shape, a tree - a cone shape, a pipe - a cylinder.

Teacher. Well done! When we look at an object, we see its outline, or outline, which is a geometric figure. What shape do you see in the cube? (show, depict).

Slide number 5. "Geometric figures".

Disciple. Square.

Teacher. (shows a parallelepiped). What shape do you see? (show, depict).

Disciple. Rectangles.

Teacher. (shows triangular, quadrangular, hexagonal prisms).What shapes do you see in prisms?

Disciple.In a triangular prism we see triangles, in a quadrangular one - squares at the bases and rectangles as a lateral surface, in a hexagonal one - a hexagon at the base, lateral surfaces are rectangles, and we see three faces at once.

Teacher. (shows a cone).What shapes do you see in the cone?

Disciple. The triangle and circle are the shapes that define the cone.

Teacher. (shows the cylinder).How would you characterize a cylinder?

Disciple. We see the cylinder as a rectangle and two circles.

Teacher.A practical task. At the factory, a turner grinds various details, for example, these (show the bushing, pin, etc. ).

Question. What kind of blank do you need to take to make parts?

Disciple. To make these parts, you need to take a billet in the form of a cylinder (and others).

Teacher. Well done!Practical exercise. (shows in practice the manufacture of geometric bodies). Take a white sheet of paper, fold it in half and cut it with scissors. Make two cylinders from the blanks, securing the ends with a stapler or glue, and then, folding one of them, get a rectangular prism out of it.

Take another sheet of white paper and fold it in half. Find the middle on the fold and mark it. Take a compass, the needle of which is put at the marked point, and with a pencil draw an arc with a radius equal to half the sheet (show). Using scissors, cut the sheet of paper in an arc and then along the fold. Make two cones from the resulting blanks, preferably with different base sizes. Make a pyramid out of one cone.

Exercise: compose a still life from the made geometric bodies. Work in pairs. (Comment).

Slide number 6. "Still lifes from geometric bodies".

You have made four geometric bodies, made up a still life. In the next lesson, you will need a cylinder, a cone, a pyramid, and a prism to learn how to draw them.

Teacher.Now we will get acquainted with the method of geometric structuring and reading the complex shape of an object. We will learn to see the structure of a complex shape.

What is construction and how to identify the construction of an object? The word "construction" is translated as "structure", "structure", i.e. mutual arrangement of parts of the subject, their relationship. This is important to know and understand when depicting any shape. Upon close examination of objects, even the most complex ones, one can always see their design in them.

The task. There are two jugs of complex shape on the board (from colored paper of different colors). What are the simple shapes these jugs consist of. Read from top to bottom. Dissect this jug into simple geometric shapes.

Disciple.(names geometric shapes). The first jug is composed of: a trapezoid, a rectangle, a trapezoid of a larger size, a rectangle, a trapezoid with a smaller base down, a trapezoid of a smaller size.

Disciple. (calls geometric shapes). The second pitcher consists of a rectangle, a trapezoid, a larger trapezoid, a rectangle, a high trapezoid with a smaller base down, a small trapezoid and a rectangle. (Shows the dismemberment of the jug on the board).

Teacher.Separate geometric figures are attached to the board by magnets (two sets of different colors made of colored paper). Make two jugs of complex shape from the blanks. Two students are invited.

Pupils. (jugs of complex shape are made from simple figures).

Teacher. (refers to the class). Do you like work?

Pupils.We like the resulting jug shapes.

Teacher. Now look at the creations of humanity (music score. ”Grace!

Slide number 7. "Vases and Jugs".

Slide number 8. "Variety of forms".

Teacher. Practical task.The envelopes on your desk contain a set of simple geometric shapes, please open the envelopes and place the shapes on the table. Choose a background from colored A4 paper. Assemble a jug of a complex and interesting shape on a sheet. Attach the shapes with glue to the background paper.

(During the practical task, calm music sounds).

Place completed tasks at the exhibition.

Review and discussion of works.

Teacher.Let's summarize the lesson. What new have you learned in the lesson?

Disciple.In the lesson, we got acquainted with the variety of forms in the world.

Disciple. Haveknew the concept of form, linear, planar and volumetric forms.

Disciple.We got acquainted with simple geometric shapes: square, rectangle, trapezoid, circle, triangle.

Disciple.We got acquainted with the simplest geometric bodies: a cube, a parallelepiped, prisms, pyramids, a cylinder, a cone, a ball.

Disciple.We learned to see simple geometric bodies at the base of various objects of the surrounding world.

Disciple.We learned to identify the construction of an object through the ratio of simple geometric shapes.

Disciple.Got the skills to construct simple geometric bodies from paper.

Slide number 9. "Output".

Teacher. Output.By "construction" or the structure of an object is meant the relative position and connection of its parts. The concept of "construction" applies to all existing objects, created by nature or man.

Homework.Bring A4 size pencil, rubber band.

§4 Elements of shaping. Simple and complex shapes

Objects of a simple shape are based on one geometric figure, and objects of complex shape have several geometric shapes.

More complex objects are usually called combined, meaning that this object is basically a sum of geometric bodies. Such objects include, for example, a car of any kind, animals and many other objects of reality.

It is no coincidence that artists, emphasizing the geometric shape of objects, say: "This object has a cubic shape, this one is cylindrical, and that one is spherical, etc."

The geometric basis of the structure of objects of the surrounding world does not mean at all that when drawing it is necessary to depict geometric shapes. The problem is as follows: behind the external outlines of the object it is necessary to see its structure, and then in the drawing to construct the object's shape in the form of simplified geometric bodies, figures or planes, complicating it to a complete realistic image.

Before starting to depict a jug from nature, it is useful to analyze what geometric shapes it consists of. If we mentally dismember the shape of the jug, discarding the spout and the handle, we can imagine that the throat is a cylinder, and the main part of the vessel consists of a ball and two truncated cones (Fig. 39).

39. Analysis of the structure of the form of a jug

Let's make an analysis of the shape of objects included in a simple still life (Fig. 40).

The arrows show the main directions of shaping. Green arrows show in which directions external forces "force" the surface to bend, and red ones represent forces inside the object itself, which seem to push the shape apart.

In order to most accurately convey the volume of objects in a drawing, one should mentally carry out such an analysis.

A difficult object to represent is a horse. You can imagine the features of its structure using geometrization and generalization of the form. Compare the geometric design of the horse shape and its realistic representation.

40. Still life

"Chopping" the shape helps to better represent the volumetric image, perspective reduction of surfaces. The horse's head is a truncated pyramid, the body is a cylinder.

41 a. Geometric generalization of the horse's shape (A. Laptev) b. Realistic horse image

42. The sequence of movement of a running horse (according to A. Laptev)

Drawings by the outstanding Japanese artist K. Hokusai represent a significant phenomenon in world graphics. Many of them are examples for textbooks. Hokusai's compositions and drawings are based on plastic analysis and constructive analysis of the form. He shows that all living forms are based on geometric shapes. However, the analysis does not overshadow the feeling of nature, the poetic perception of nature. The clarity of the wizard's method is visible from the comparison of schematic drawings and completed works.

43. K. HOKUSAI. Animals. From the "Fast-Track Drawing Guide" album. 1812-1814

In addition to the design and general shape of objects, we see and transmit in the drawing a contour (outline), that is, an external outline.

44. Apple Transformations

It is interesting to note that it is possible to form a new shape not only by adding volume, as in sculpting, but also by subtracting volume, as in sculpture. In this case, the external outlines of the object can change beyond recognition. Look at what metamorphoses happened to the apple (Fig. 44). How its round shape has changed!

Please note that the outline of the objects in the drawing must correspond to their structure and general shape.

A complex object, from the point of view of shaping, is a person. You can imagine that the head is a ball, the neck is a cylinder, the chest is a barrel, the arms and legs are also cylindrical in shape, etc.

On the example of a generalized geometrized plaster head "stubbing" (Fig. 46), it can be seen that the head as a whole is built on the principle of geometric volumes and its image consists of a combination of complicated geometric bodies. In such a geometrized-generalized form, the volumetric structure of the head and its details is very clearly and clearly deciphered.

In the future, drawing a living head, it is necessary not to lose the feeling of those large planes that are so clearly visible in the "stubbing".

45. RUBENS. Schematic drawing of a human head

Geometric schemes also help in drawing a person. This funny drawing shows the transformation of a face into an ornament.

46. \u200b\u200bA. DURER. Analytical drawing of building a human head

47. Human skeleton

The shape and movement of the human body is largely determined by the skeleton. It also plays the role of a skeleton in the structure of the figure (Fig. 47).

It is useful, when conveying the shape of a human body and any other object in a drawing, not only to take into account, but also to outline its frame, even in those cases when it is inside and can only be imagined.

With the help of such men (Fig. 48), it is easy to convey any movement. First, we draw a kind of wire skeleton, and then we turn it into a human, increasing the volume.

48. Wire men

49. Hockey Players

50. Cheerful little people Such funny little people, drawn with the help of ovals, also help to convey a variety of movements.

From the book The Way of Song Poetry. Author's song and song poetry of ascent author Grachev Alexey Pavlovich

2. FORMS OF LIFE OF THE AUTHOR'S SONG Clubs of the author's song Clubs of the author's song (originally called amateur song clubs - KSP) became the first natural form of life for the author's song movement, which grew out of constant meetings of authors, performers and amateurs

From the book On Art [Volume 1. Art in the West] author Lunacharsky Anatoly Vasilievich

From the book Drawing Basics for Students in Grades 5-8 author Sokolnikova Natalia Mikhailovna

From the book Fundamentals of Composition. Tutorial author Olga Golubeva

From the book Articles from the magazine "Cinema Art" author Bykov Dmitry Lvovich

§2 Perception of form. Variety of forms Everything that surrounds us amazes with a variety of forms: the majestic outlines of mountains, the bulk of multi-storey buildings, the streamlined shapes of airplanes and cars, the graceful outlines of flowers, butterflies, birds, the plasticity of the human body and

From The Art of Fiction [A Guide for Writers and Readers.] author Rand Ayn

Stylization of the form Stylization means decorative generalization and emphasizing the peculiarities of the form of objects using a number of conventional techniques. You can simplify or complicate the shape, color, details of the object, and also refuse to transfer volume. 60. Principles of stylization: a -

From the book Digital Photography Without Photoshop author Gazarov Artur Yurievich

From the book The Secret Russian Calendar. Major dates author Bykov Dmitry Lvovich

Simple things Mikhailov stands near the metro and asks for alms. They serve him sparingly, because a young, healthy and still decently dressed man does not evoke compassion. But after what happened, he cannot get any job - sometimes, however, he is hired as a loader,

From the book Fundamentals of Computer-Based Graphic Design author Yatsyuk Olga Grigorievna

From the book Wish for a Miracle author Bondarchuk Sergei Fedorovich

From the book Aesthetics and Theory of Art of the 20th Century [Reader] author Migunov A.S.

From the book Architecture and Iconography. "Symbol body" in the mirror of classical methodology author Vaneyan Stepan S.

Chapter 1 Visual perception of shape and space The computer allows you to quickly transform the geometry of an object, pick up a color, perform complex graphic constructions, simulate various visual effects, animate an image. Unfortunately, seeming

Class: 6

Lesson presentation

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Goal:the formation of the ability to explore the objective world.

Lesson type:a lesson in the study and primary consolidation of new knowledge

UUD

Personal UUD:

Awareness of oneself as a part of the world among the variety of surrounding objects;

Formation of the ability to act as a scientist, the role of a classmate, the ability to build interpersonal relationships;

Regulatory UUD:

Control in the form of comparing the method of action and its result with a given standard in order to detect deviations and differences from the standard.

Communicative UUD:

Planning educational cooperation with the teacher and peers - defining the goal, functions of the participants, ways of interaction;

Partner behavior management - control, correction, assessment of his actions.

Cognitive UUD:

- general educational universal actions:

Reflection of methods and conditions of action, control and assessment of processes and results of activities, interaction, control, correction of the assessment of the partner's activities;

- logical universal actions:analysis of objects in order to identify signs, synthesis, selection of grounds and criteria for comparison, classification of objects;

Statement and solution of the problem: independent solution of the problem of correlation of the knowledge gained in the lesson with the visual creativity of the objective world

Planned results:

Personal results:

Formation of work skills when performing practical and creative work;

Ability to cognize the world through images and forms of fine art.

Subject results:

Ability to characterize the concept of a simple and complex spatial form;

Know the basic geometric shapes and volumetric bodies;

Reveal the design of an object through the ratio of simple geometric shapes;

Construct a complex object shape as a ratio of simple geometric shapes.

Metasubject results:

- the ability to build and substantiate the theoretical aspects of the studied material through the construction of a communicative dialogue: teacher-student; apprentice-apprentice.

- the ability to extract material learned in mathematics and adapt it to the language of fine arts;
- the ability to analyze, synthesize, research.

Interdisciplinary connections: with mathematics.

For students: plasticine, geometric shapes cut out of colored paper, colored cardboard, scissors, glue.

During the classes

1. Organizational part.

• Greeting
• Lesson readiness check
• Checking student presence
• Select an active group to analyze the work and assess students

2. Repetition of the passed material:

Guys, let's remember what genre we met in the last lesson? And give it a definition.

Answer: with the genre of still life. Still life is a depiction of "dead nature"

Today in the lesson we will continue to work on this genre.

3. Post new material

You are presented with items that are identical in purpose. What is their difference? (slide number 2,3).

Answer: These items have different shapes.

Right. Today in the lesson we will talk on the topic: The concept of form. The variety of forms of the surrounding world. How do you understand what form is?

Form is the unity of the inner structure and the outer surface of an object.

In the entire surrounding world, we strive to seek and establish the similarity of forms. More often, the surrounding objects are associated with simple geometric shapes or appear to us as a combination of several shapes. This is because we tend to seek order and simplicity in the variety that surrounds us. What geometric shapes do you know from mathematics? (slide number 4)

Let's imagine what objects are associated with a round shape, a square, etc. (slide 5.6)

Also, the shape can be linear, flat and volumetric (examples). Remember that the first sensations of volume we get when we pick up and feel objects or do modeling, creating a three-dimensional volume. You know that the appearance of an object and the outlines that characterize its shape, depend on length, width and height, that is, it is these measurements that make it three-dimensional.

The shape of the object conveys its characteristic features, makes it recognizable.

In the drawing, the shape of objects is conveyed by lines and light and shade. Each depicted object has a certain structure - design.

The structure is the basis of the form, the backbone, the frame that connects the individual elements and parts into a single whole.

To transfer a three-dimensional form in a drawing, it is necessary to present its internal structure, in other words, you need to understand the structure of the object. (Slide number 7)

Before starting to depict a jug from nature, it is useful to analyze what geometric shapes it consists of. If we mentally dismember the shape of the jug, discarding the nose and the handle, then we can imagine that the throat is a cylinder, and the main part of the vessel consists of a ball and two truncated cones.

It turns out that in the course of our life we \u200b\u200baccumulate ideas about various forms, and sometimes only a hint, dots, spots are enough for our eye to recognize familiar objects in them. (slide number 8)

The designers have spied on many interesting forms in nature, on the basis of which they have constructed objects and machines, distinguished by the beauty and expediency of the form.

For example, a modern airplane is like a bird. Its streamlined shape is best suited for flight.

Knowing how to analyze the form and construction of an object, the artist can easily stylize this form. Stylization means decorative generalization and emphasizing the features of the shape of objects using a number of conventional techniques. You can simplify or complicate the shape, color, details of the object, and also refuse to transfer volume. (Slide 9, 10) One example of stylization can be the process of creating iconic images in graphic design.

As designers, we will try to be with you in today's lesson.

4. Statement of the problem:

using the knowledge gained in the lesson, transform the prepared geometric shapes into silhouettes of objects for a thematic still life (work in a group is possible)

Modeling an object with a complex structure, which is based on simple geometric shapes

5. Application of knowledge and skills in a new situation

Individual or group work of students

Teacher control

6. Reflection.Assessment of student work (active group of the class works)

• What methods were used to stylize the objects of your still life?
• What geometric shapes were included in the object that was made of plasticine?
• What results do students deserve, and why?

7. End of the lesson

In order to learn how to correctly depict objects from nature on a plane, you need to have an idea of \u200b\u200btheir shape, volume and design. This information will help in the future to solve educational problems when working on a drawing, will allow you to better understand and understand the structure of object forms in the image. Otherwise, students can switch to mechanical and thoughtless copying of natural objects.

The main task in teaching drawing is to learn how to correctly see the volumetric shape of an object and be able to logically consistently depict it on the plane of a sheet of paper. To do this, we will consider in more detail the structure of objects.

In physical nature, it is impossible to imagine any body that has an abstract form, such as emptiness.

Without being distracted by such objects, let's move on to real objects that surround us everywhere, including the forms of living nature.

The shape of an object should be understood as the geometric essence of the surface of an object, which characterizes its appearance. Any object or object in nature, from microparticles to gigantic cosmic bodies, has a definite shape, and the shape of the human body is no exception. Therefore, any object is form, and form implies volume.

These two concepts - form and volume - are inextricably interconnected, constitute a single whole and do not exist separately in nature. For example, let's take a flat object - a sheet of paper, the appearance of which is characterized by flat outlines of a rectangular or abrupt shape. Its volume will be determined by the thickness of the section, no matter how thin it may be. Of course, this example in relation to the specific topic under consideration is not entirely successful. It would be better if the sheet of paper was crumpled or given a different volumetric shape. In this case, the subject would look more expressive. Take a book, the outlines of which, upon initial examination, have the same shape as a sheet of paper. However, the thickness of the book together with the total area creates its volume, making this example more illustrative.

The volume of an object is a three-dimensional quantity, which is limited in space by surfaces of various shapes (any objects have height, width and length, even in their relative dimension).

The form of any object is basically understood or considered as its geometric essence, its appearance or external outlines. The well-known artist and teacher D.N. Kardovsky believed that a form is a mass that has this or that character, like geometric bodies, such as a cube, a ball, a cylinder, etc. This applies equally to living forms, which, for all their complexity at the base (scheme) is a hidden geometric entity. So, for example, the shape of a human body can be represented in the form of several geometric shapes: a cylinder, a parallelepiped, or a flattened prism more close to the shape of the body (Fig. 1). However, the named geometric shapes in the human body do not have clear outlines; there are depressions, protrusions and other deviations in it that prevent inexperienced draftsmen from seeing these geometric bodies in living form. Nevertheless, a careful analysis of the shape of the body reveals its geometric essence, which is close to the shape of a prism. Applying these geometric shapes when constructing a human figure, concretizing and generalizing the available deviations, you can give the figure real outlines.

Comprehending the external outlines of objects, it is also necessary to comprehend the essence of their internal structure, the design of the form and the connection of the individual elements that make up this or that form. The design of an object usually determines the nature of its shape. In the educational drawing, the concept of the design of a form acquires special significance from the point of view of its spatial organization, geometric structure, external plastic structure, material and its functional purpose. This allows students to be more mindful when working on a drawing.

With a careful analysis of the shapes of objects, for all their apparent complexity, one can always see in them a geometric constructive basis or a combination of several such foundations that form this shape. For example, let's take a jug based on several geometric bodies of different shapes in the following combination: neck - cylinder, body - ball, base ~ cone. The constructive form of a two-storey house is ~~ rectangle, its roof is a triangular prism.

The geometric basis of the construction of simple objects is obvious; it is more difficult to discern it in living forms. In Fig. 2, images of animal skulls are clearly shown, whose complex shapes also have a hidden geometric basis, which greatly simplifies the understanding of the structural and constructive essence of these objects. The methods of constructing its shape on a plane largely depend on the structure of the object. Therefore, when analyzing the shape of an object, no matter how complex it may be at first glance, it is first of all necessary to penetrate into the essence of its internal structure, without being distracted by small details that interfere with understanding the geometric basis of its design. This will allow students to obtain more complete information about the subject and consciously complete the drawing. Only after that you can start solving visual problems and freely and confidently draw both from nature and from imagination, which is extremely important for professional creative activity.

For a better understanding of the construction of objects and the acquisition of the skills of competently depicting their shape, it is also necessary to recall the knowledge gained at school in geometry, such as the concepts of points, lines and volumetric shapes.