Intercultural communication

Intercultural communication communication between representatives of different human cultures (personal contacts between people, less often indirect forms of communication (such as writing) and mass communication). The features of intercultural communication are studied at an interdisciplinary level and within the framework of such sciences as cultural studies, psychology, linguistics, ethnology, anthropology, sociology, each of which uses its own approaches to their study.

It is believed that this concept was introduced in the 1950s by the American cultural anthropologist Edward T. Hall as part of the program he developed for the US State Department to adapt American diplomats and businessmen to other countries.

Initially, the so-called. Was used to describe intercultural communication. the classical understanding of culture as a more or less stable system of conscious and unconscious rules, norms, values, structures, artifacts, national or ethnic culture.

Currently, the so-called. dynamic understanding of culture as a way of life and the system of behavior, norms, values, etc. of any social group (for example, urban culture, culture of generations, culture of the organization). The dynamic concept of culture does not imply a strict stability of the cultural system; to a certain extent, it can change and be modified depending on the social situation.

As a scientific discipline, intercultural communication is at the stage of formation and is distinguished by two characteristic features: an applied nature (the goal of facilitating communication between representatives of different cultures, reducing the potential for conflict) and interdisciplinarity.

Research on intercultural communication has recently become increasingly important in connection with the processes of globalization and intensive migration.

Communication types:

1. By the number of participants and distant relationships between them: a. interpersonal (2 people, family) - the minimum number of participants, close relationships. The nature of development is a narrowing or widening of the distance. b. intergroup / intragroup - the distances are greater, as is the number of participants c. professional (in business) d. mass (through an intermediary - media, television) e. intercultural (between different cultures, includes all of the previous) 2. With a functional approach: a. informative b. affective-evaluative (feelings, opinions) c. recreational (information for recreation, in a playful way) d. persuasive (between people of different statuses, ideological attitudes) e. ritual (various traditions, customs) 3. By the use of language: a. verbal (35%) - pure information b. non-verbal (65%) - the formation of emotions 3. Peculiarities of non-verbal communication 1. non-verbal communication supplements verbal communication 2. non-verbal communication contradicts verbal communication 3. non-verbal communication replaces verbal communication 4. non-verbal communication serves as a regulator of verbal communication

Non-verbal communication:

1.kinesics (facial expressions, gaze, gestures, posture) 2.prosody (vocal and intonation means) 3.takesics (touch) 4.sensics (sensory perception, manifestation of sensations) 5.prosemics (spatial structure of communication) 6. chronology (temporal communication structure)

Basic concepts

Communication is the act or process of transferring information to other people or living beings, communication between two or more individuals based on mutual understanding, communication of information from one person to another or a number of persons. Information is the result of the reflection of a variable object by a changing object, mediated by forms of communication, in order to preserve their system integrity. Information is primary and meaningful, this is a category, therefore, it is introduced into the categorical apparatus of science by portrait description, through related categories: matter, system, structure, reflection. In the material world (of a person), information materializes through its carrier and thanks to it exists. The essence of the material world appears to the researcher in the unity of form and content. Information is transmitted through the carrier. The material medium gives form to information. In the process of shaping, the information carrier is changed. The term information has no definition, since it is not a concept. There is information in the communication channels of control systems. The category information should not be confused with the concept of knowledge. Knowledge is defined through the category information. Information - according to the legislation of the Russian Federation - information about persons, objects, facts, events, phenomena and processes, regardless of the form of their presentation. Information reduces the degree of uncertainty, incompleteness of knowledge about persons, objects, events, etc. Information is everything that leads to a change or preservation of the state of an object involved in communication. Language is the totality of all the words of the people and their correct combination to convey thoughts, a communication system consisting of small fragments and a set of rules that regulate the way these fragments are used to compose a statement that has meaning. The system of sounds and written signs used by the population of a certain country, area for the purpose of communication with each other. Culture is a way of life, especially the common customs and beliefs of a certain group of people at a certain time. Customs, beliefs, art.

Intercultural competence is the ability to successfully communicate with people of other cultures, in a narrow sense, the ability to successfully communicate with people from other cultures. This ability can appear from a young age or it can be developed. Emotional competence and intercultural sensitivity are the foundation for successful intercultural communication.

An interculturally competent person is a person who embraces and understands specific programs of perception, thinking and actions of people from cultures alien to her. Previously acquired experiences are expanded.

WHAT DO YOU THINK? INTERESTING or NOT? You can make a report on this topic or a speech at a faculty conference, publish an article or abstracts within the framework of the conference. There will be a publication. How good!

The interaction of civilizations is becoming the imperative of modern world politics. This interaction reveals contradictions that, while not new, can become central in the 21st century. In summary, they can be formulated as follows:

the contradiction between the global and the local is gaining the level of a citizen of the world without losing one's own roots. The processes of economic modernization and social change are increasingly eroding the traditional relationships that people are used to. This leads to some weakening of the role of the nation state as a source of human identification;

the contradiction between the universal and the individual: the globalization of culture is becoming universal.

On the one hand, the world is becoming more and more united on the basis of economic, technological, informational integration. On the other hand, increased integration leads to an increase in cultural self-awareness. In this process, a conglomerate of cultural societies that are different in their history, traditions, language, religion is formed, which develop, interact and influence each other on the basis of intercultural communication according to their inherent laws. They are relatively independent, and while remaining different, they collide in a single information space. These differences affect attitudes towards the myriad of issues - human rights, trade, environmental protection, and the like - that are at the heart of modern politics.

Given the unity of the world today, cultural differences necessarily involve clashes, given the fact that cultural characteristics are less subject to change than economic and political ones. It is becoming more and more obvious that, along with economics and politics, intercultural communication is an important factor in the regulation of both internal life and relations between countries. The velvet curtain of culture has now replaced the iron curtain of ideology as the main demarcation line in Europe.1

In the context of the transformation of modern Russian society, painfully seeking its socio-cultural identity, striving to create an effective system of social organization, the need to study the problems of intercultural communication is especially growing.

More than a hundred ethnic groups and many other cultural groups live in Russia, adhering to various religions, cultural traditions and customs. As the experience of recent years has shown, the problems of intercultural communication turn out to be no less important, and sometimes even more intense, than political and economic ones. They are manifested in interaction with the countries of the near abroad, which assert their identity, cultural specificity, their own state language, and form the national intelligentsia. This requires an understanding of the existing intercultural communication.

Russia's integration into European and global processes has led to the problem of mastering the cultural characteristics of other countries. Entering the common space is impossible without mastering its cultural context. Awareness of belonging to a single world space requires achieving understanding between the carriers of different cultures.

Practice shows that many of our compatriots were not ready for intercultural contacts, they are poorly aware of their own and other people's national and cultural characteristics. In the materials of the European

1 Huntington, S. The Clash and Civilization? // Foreign Affairs. 1993, 3. P. 22. cultural convention draws attention to the need to develop interaction through the dialogue of cultures, contributing to the establishment of contacts, awareness of the universal "we" and the desire to understand each other. The development of these abilities is inseparable from the development of a "foreign" culture, for "the ability of one people to master the achievements of another is one of the main indicators of the viability of its culture, the most obvious indicator of the progress of culture."

The implementation of intercultural communication brings hope for the enrichment of national cultures. At the same time, this process can pose the danger of oblivion and displacement of their own cultural origins. Intercultural communication can lead to both positive and negative consequences.

Thus, the practical needs of intercultural communication set the direction of new theoretical searches, lead to a rethinking of traditional ideas and reveal an urgent need for an appropriate scientific paradigm based on the heuristic possibilities of communication and culture.

Academic interest in intercultural communication arose after World War II, when projects were developed in the United States to help developing countries. The main attention of the researchers was focused on the development of skills and abilities of intercultural communication, taking into account the cultural characteristics of countries. Anthropologists, psychologists, cultural studies, linguists were involved in this work. Information for teaching intercultural communication came from different sciences, therefore intercultural communication as a field of scientific research from the very beginning had an interdisciplinary character. This affected both the borrowing of concepts and categories, and research methods.

1 Oizerman T.I. Are there universals in the field of culture? // Questions of philosophy. 1989, 2.P.54.

Over the years, interdisciplinarity is not only not overcome, but also increases, which indicates the exceptional complexity of the phenomenon of intercultural communication. The richness of shades of theoretical understanding of intercultural communication is nothing more than a reflection of its real multi-quality.

The integration of knowledge accumulated in the field of intercultural communication is carried out by identifying intercultural differences, the specifics of cultures as prerequisites for their mutual understanding and interaction, determining the mechanism of intercultural communication and factors contributing to the successful adaptation of subjects of intercultural communication.

With the development of intercultural research, new forms of training are emerging, called intercultural or cross-cultural. A new profession is emerging - a specialist in intercultural communication, the International Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research (SIETAR) is created, its branch in Europe (SIETAR Europe), Intercultural Press publishing house are opened.

In Russia, the ideas of intercultural communication began to actively develop in the mid-90s. Initially, they were associated with a change in the paradigm of teaching foreign languages: for the effective establishment of intercultural contacts, not only language, but also cultural skills and abilities are required.

However, long before the emergence of scientific interest in the communication of cultures in domestic science, fundamental works appeared, indicating the prospects of this kind of research. These include studies of dialogue as a sustainable factor in the interaction of cultures (M.M.Bakhtin, Yu.M. Lotman, B.C. Bibler).

At present, in Russia, intercultural communication has the status of an academic discipline, relies on a developing network of research centers and higher educational institutions, and has a publishing base. However, the practical institutionalization of this area of \u200b\u200bscientific knowledge is ahead of its theoretical and methodological substantiation. The problem of creating a theoretical foundation remains relevant.

The study of intercultural communication in the subject field of social philosophy is designed to solve a number of important theoretical and methodological problems. They are associated not so much with the unification of the results and their reduction to a single discourse, but with a well-grounded analysis of the subject and object of research, its interpretation in the mainstream of social philosophy, based on its inherent problematics and conceptual tools corresponding to this disciplinary tradition.

Today, when the prerequisites for the implementation of complex studies of the most complex socio-cultural systems are being formed and when the systematic approach allows philosophy to build an appropriate model of the integral existence of culture, it becomes possible to establish productive links between the branches of knowledge that study culture and communication in both synchronic and anachronistic aspects.

Thus, the relevance of the research topic is due to:

a) the exceptional value of intercultural communication in the development of human civilization as a guarantor of the existence of the cultures themselves. A long and complex process of interaction and mutual influence of cultures requires a thorough study of their prerequisites, paths, centers, personal origin, national identity, etc .;

b) the need for a philosophical understanding of the problem, since from the very beginning the studies of intercultural communication were of an interdisciplinary nature. Deepening knowledge about the nature, essence, dynamics, structure of intercultural communication requires a socio-philosophical approach, its analysis as a whole and at the same time each of its

parts and facets, as well as the patterns of its modification in ethnosocial space and historical time;

c) the need to systematize the theoretical and methodological foundations, principles and criteria of intercultural communication, developed by domestic and foreign researchers;

d) social demand for the training of specialists who are able to function effectively in the context of the development of intercultural contacts at all levels.

The state of scientific elaboration of the problem.

The concept of "intercultural communication" entered the scientific discourse in 1954, with the publication of the book by E. Hall and D. Trager "Culture as Communication: Model and Analysis", in which intercultural communication was considered as a special area of \u200b\u200bhuman relations1.

Later, in his work "Silent Language", E. Hall develops ideas about the relationship between culture and communication and for the first time brings the problem of intercultural communication not only to the level of scientific research, but also to an independent academic discipline. Further development of the theoretical foundations of intercultural communication was continued by J. Condon and J. Fati in the work "Introduction to Intercultural Communication" 3.

Initially, research in the mainstream of intercultural communication focused on the problems of intercultural differences, the analysis of the relationship between them and the characteristic behavior of cultural carriers (R. Benedict, D. Gorer, M. Mead, etc.) 4.

The basis for intercultural research in the post-war period is the problem of culture and personality, the creation of so

1 See: Trager, G., Hall E. Culture as Communication: A Model and Analysis. New York, 1954.

2 See; Hall, E. The Silent Language. New York, 1959.

3 See: Condon, J. and Fathi, Y. An Introduction to Intercultural Communication. N. Y. 1975.

4 See: Benedict, R. Patterns of Culture. Boston, 1934.

called "cultural model" of personality: each culture forms a certain type of personality, as well as a unique system of values, priorities of behavior models. Thus, the main idea of \u200b\u200bAmerican intercultural research in the 40s of the 20th century is developing - the idea of \u200b\u200bcultural relativism, an ethnorelativistic approach to the description, interpretation and assessment of cultural differences.

Researchers dealing with the problems of intercultural differences inevitably came to the need to address the issue of the relationship between culture and communication, their relationship and interaction. It should be noted that the very concept of communication in the XX century has undergone significant changes. Today it is applied in three methodological contexts. These three approaches even contradict each other in certain aspects, which has not yet allowed building a coherent theory of communication.

The first methodological approach is based on the classical positivist methodology of subject-object relations. It is represented by the concept of structural functionalism, uses the system method, the concept of the information society, etc. (D. Bell, A. Toffler1). The ontology of communication in this approach is based on systemic connections and functions. Information is the basis of culture and all cultural values.

The second (nonclassical) methodological approach (J. Habermas2) is based on the cognitive model of subject-object relations, in which the sphere of communication is distinguished as a special ontological object.Its study is based on the methods of hermeneutic interpretation of meanings, critical reflection, rational reconstruction.

The third (post-nonclassical) approach reduces the nature of the social to subject-object relations, that is, to the principle of intersubjectivity and excludes objectivity. Society is viewed as a network of communications, and communications create an opportunity for self-description of society and its self-reproduction (N. Luhmann). Communication appears not as an obedient object of managerial decisions, but as an active self-organizing environment1. This consideration of the nature of communication takes it to a new level and gives it a societal role.

As a separate research direction, we can single out the problems of speech communication, the emergence of which was preceded by the idea of \u200b\u200bthe plurality of functions of language and its interactions with life, put forward by the Austrian philosopher and logician L. Wittgenstein. In the works of this direction, the nature of the impact of sociocultural factors on the communication process and the sociocultural conditioning of verbal and non-verbal communication means at any level of functioning are revealed.

In Russian studies of intercultural communication, Western scientific traditions are mainly preserved in approaches to this complex and multifaceted phenomenon. Their main feature is aspectualization. They reflect the following research aspects: sociological (social, ethnic and other factors in intercultural communication); linguistic (verbal and non-verbal means of communication, language styles, ways to increase the effectiveness of intercultural communication); psychological (cognitive and emotional components of intercultural communication, value orientations and motivation); communicative

(communication skills and abilities, conflict management, development of intergroup ties). Accordingly, the approaches to defining the subject of research and the objectives of the research are differentiated.

Research in the history and theory of culture makes a significant contribution to the development of problem areas of intercultural communication. The field of cultural analysis is expanding: a systemic examination of the internal structure of culture and its functioning as a subsystem of being reveals its multidimensionality. The concept of "integral field of culture" introduced by VM Mezhuev makes it possible not to oppose, but to link into a single whole "axiological and existential (ontological) aspects of human socio-historical activity" 1.

Many interesting observations and generalizations that reveal the symbolism of culture and give a non-trivial interpretation of various cultural phenomena of the past are contained in the books and articles of S. Averintsev, M. Mamardashvili2, in the works of representatives of the Tartu-Moscow semiotic school Yu. Lotman, B. Uspensky3 and other scientists. The myth as a cultural phenomenon, which belongs not only to ancient times, but also persists in any society (here it should be noted the publication of F. Losev's works written earlier4), is subjected to detailed study. In the works of S. Artanovsky, G. Pomerants, A. Bystrov, A. Rapoport and other researchers, forms and types of culture are considered in connection with intercultural contacts5.

Among the works devoted to the study of the concept and emerging on the problem of intercultural communication, one can single out the publications of D.S. Likhacheva, N.I. Tolstoy, Yu.S. Stepanova, V.V. Kolesov, in which the conceptual sphere of Russian culture is analyzed1.

The morphological analysis of culture is significantly deepened, allowing one to get to the nature of its dialogism. Development is received by those formulated by B.C. Stepin and A. Ya. Gurevich's ideas about the categories of culture and the role of philosophy in their explication and rationalization2. In the works of M. Kagan, a deep analysis of the semiosis of culture (the composition of the linguistic means used by it) was carried out, which revealed its "polyglotness" and, in particular, the existence of two types of language in it - monological and dialogical3.

With the development of mass media, scientific interest in the communicative function of culture, the problems of broadcasting and preserving cultural values \u200b\u200bis increasing. Attempts are being made to analyze the evolution of culture on the basis of the hypothesis of information selection, where the mechanisms of cultural dynamics are the speed of communication, the processing of information, the visibility of its display, the use of feedback (A. Drikker) 4.

An information-semiotic approach to culture is being developed. Initially associated with literary criticism, in the future, through its central concept of "text" (language), it covers a much larger volume of cultural phenomena. At the origins of this approach in the West were E. Cassirer, A. Moll, G. Gadamer, in our country - representatives of the Tartu-Moscow semiotic school Y. Lotman and other researchers.

Information-semiotic analysis of cultural processes made it possible to consider cultural phenomena as signs that carry meaning, information1, and to come up with information models of cultural processes.

In recent years, a significant number of interesting works have appeared, distinguished by their novelty, the expansion of ideas about intercultural communication2. A special problem field unfolds around intercultural dialogue3, globalization of culture and interaction of civilizations4.

Two areas should be distinguished here: 1) study of the culture of Russia and the West (interaction, mutual perception, mutual influence); 2) study of the originality of Russia as a special world and, at the same time, as an integral part of world civilization.

This indicates that a huge amount of scientific material at various levels of generalization has been accumulated. It requires a theoretical understanding of the essential characteristics of intercultural communication, the identification and analysis of the main methodological and worldview core of its theory. However, this aspect was not reflected in any work on problem areas of intercultural communication, therefore, in a certain sense, the problem of intercultural communication in the socio-philosophical aspect is new.

All this in aggregate determined the choice of the research topic, determined its goals and objectives.

The purpose of the study is to determine the essence, nature, nature of intercultural communication as an integral part of a holistic vision of global processes taking place in the world.

Research objectives:

analyze the theoretical and methodological foundations of the phenomenon of intercultural communication;

Define and research those zones of human life, society in which intercultural communication functions and develops;

To reveal the interaction and mutual influence of culture and communication, communication and communication, to reveal the tendencies of their interconnections;

Explore the essential characteristics of intercultural communication as a factor of socio-cultural changes, revealing the universal and unique in the interaction of cultural and civilizational complexes;

Analyze dialogue as the basis of intercultural communication, its features in a communicative mode;

Explore intercultural communication at the interpersonal level, substantiate intercultural communication as a special type of discourse, reveal its meaning and conditions of opportunity;

Based on the essential characteristics of intercultural communication, analyze the mutual enrichment of cultures in the process of their interaction;

Investigate socio-cultural factors that contribute to and hinder the effectiveness of intercultural communication;

Analyze spiritual and social changes in the structure of intercultural communication in the context of globalization;

Identify and study the problems and contradictions of intercultural communication arising in the process of interaction of cultures in the context of globalization.

The object of research is the socio-cultural space as a general and national-specific, re-creating the picture of the world and the subject himself, belonging to a specific cultural community.

The subject of the research is the social nature and functioning of intercultural communication.

Scientific hypothesis. The presence of structural and functional

interrelationships and interdependencies between culture and civilization, culture and communication, communication and communication allow us to consider intercultural communication as a social phenomenon. It provides interaction between subsystems of culture within society, individuals within one culture or at the level of intercultural communication, as well as between different and multi-temporal cultures.

In the process of intercultural communication, sociocultural experience is transmitted and assimilated, there is a change in the interacting subjects, new personal qualities are formed. As the community develops as a global one, intercultural communication also develops, which is expressed in the growing socio-cultural significance of the common achievements of civilizations for all mankind.

Intercultural communication appears as a dialectical process in which various vectors of socio-cultural interaction (integration-differentiation; universalization-particularization; conflicts-cooperation) do not exclude, but mutually condition each other.

We regard the dynamics of intercultural communication as a process of continuous development, improving the quality of intercultural interaction, increasing mutual understanding in various spheres of social

life and at different levels (civilizational, national, intergroup, interpersonal). In each case, putting forward the goal of achieving and expanding mutual understanding, we take into account the possibility of inversion, that is, degradation of relations. Nevertheless, it is possible that with the emergence of new factors and impulses for interaction and communication, mutual understanding will still deepen.

Theoretical and methodological base of the research.

The dissertation research is based on general scientific principles of cognition of social phenomena in combination with a systems approach, dialectical, historical and logical methods.

The work analyzes the works of domestic and foreign scientists, allowing to reveal the versatility of the phenomenon of intercultural communication, its social nature, structure, mechanisms of functioning.

The works of N. Berdyaev, N. Danilevsky, K. Marx, F. Nietzsche, A. Toynbee, O. Spengler, K. Jaspers, and other scientists, in which dramatic dialectics are revealed, became the source for the development of the theoretical and methodological foundations of intercultural communication as a social phenomenon civilization and culture.

In the study of the social nature and the relationship between culture and communication, the author relied on the provisions of the theory of communicative action by J. Habermas, the cultural theory of communication by A. Mol and M. McLuhan, as well as the communicative paradigm of N. Luhmann.

Considering culture as a basic category of intercultural communication, the author is based on the concepts of culture developed by Y. Lotman, B. Malinovsky, T. Parsons, P. Sorokin, V. Stepin. These concepts make it possible to talk about ...

COMMUNICATION AND ITS TYPES

Communication is a socially conditioned process of transmission and perception of information both in interpersonal and in mass communication, and through different channels with the help of various verbs and nonverbs in the communication.

Intercultural communication is a set of various forms of relations and communication between individuals and groups belonging to different cultures

In rel kmm stsch 2 against the approach:

1. "Romantic" is considered as a dynamic phenomenon of nah-xia in constant evolution and is predetermined by the creative energy of gov-go (Humboldt, Potemnya, Vosler)

2. Structural - in the use of language, consider how the creation of predefined models of def-x structures from discrete fixed units that are not subject to serious changes (De Saussure, Jacobson)

The essence of monologue and dialogic speech. Bakhtin says that the monologue of speech is not real.

K-tion is considered as a process of interaction and inter-coding of an individual fuss from each of the communicants (Leontiev)

There is no transfer of thought between the speaker and his listener. The listener himself has created information by reducing the neopr-ty by interacting in his own cognitive field. Consensus arises only through cooperative interactions in which the resulting behavior of each of the organisms serves to maintain both of them (Maturana)

COMMUNICATION AS A MUTUAL OF "GOV-X CONSCIOUSNESSES"

This term belongs to Ak-ku Bakhtin. He gov that any comm-I is represented by the interaction of "gov-x consciousnesses". The concept of "gov conscience" imitates several pulls and one of them is language. The distinction between languages \u200b\u200bis accepted in three ways:

1. "Global" understanding of language - in which any sign system is named, as well as their scoop (music language, architecture language)

2. "Broad understanding" yaz-a - in which it is understood as a definite specific class of signs of the composition of phonemes, morphemes, lexemes. Those. we are talking about a single universal person or language in general

3. language as a really existing sign-i system - used in a certain society at some time and in a certain space (Kibrik)

Culture

According to Kurevich's calculations, there are more than 1000 definitions of the concept of "to-ra":

1. K-ra is composed of components and is understood as a scoop of these components, namely knowledge, beliefs, art, morality, knowledge, traditions and customs, abilities and habits (Taylor)

2. The "broad" understanding of the space according to Lotman: "the originality of the w-as-to-which entity requires opposing it to the world of nature, pushed as outside space. Lotman differentiated between K-py and nature. values \u200b\u200bcalled to remove the question of the separation of the material and the spirit of the to-ry because in the human consciousness there is no border between the mother and the spirit (ideal) and the value of any material object as a phenomenon is determined by the meaning or value of which it is endowed in this society

3. social and individual x-r to-ry, i.e. to-ra m. to be understood as a form of common existence of people and as a form of appropriation by a person of collective experience

4. nat and univers xr k-ry. Within the framework of the National and the University of K-ry, the trace is issued by the so-called ethnodifferentiating and ethnointegrating f-ii to-ry.

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION. PERSONAL FACTORS OF COMMUNICATION

The IWC appears in the form of interpersonal comms.

MLK is a process of simultaneous interaction of communicants and their impact on others.

MLK is implemented in various forms:

1. Linear - ie. e-e within which the sender encodes his thoughts and feelings and sends them to receive. Lm wear one-way x-r, i.e. from sending to receiving.

2. Transactional - ie e-I in which there is simultaneously sending and receiving information, those people form their relationships.

3. Interactive (circular) - the presence of feedback, r-ii from the side of the recipient and mutual influence. Key figure yavl. sent, tk. from him the head of the district I received.

For any communicator model, there is a trace of the chain:

Send - Coding - message - channel - decoder (understanding and playback) - received

During interlich and IWC priority m. one or several aspects of communication:

Informational - exchange of information

Interactive - interaction of communication participants for communication with def. purpose.

Gnossiological - h-k vyst as a subject and object of cognition

Axiological - the process of studying communication as a factor in the exchange of values

Normative - stereotypes of behavior, communication manners are analyzed or studied, in other words, it is etiquette that is accepted in a given society

The main purposes of communication: exchange and transfer of information; form-e rel-I to myself, people and society; exchange of activities, technologies; exchange of emotions; change in motivation behavior.

F-ii communication: informational; social; expressive (mental), pragmatic - regulates the behavior of the person in the context of the general situation; interceptual - understanding of the partner, his intentions, attitudes.

The main types of communication:

1. Informative

2. Affective-evaluative - based on the expression of positive or negative feelings in relation to others. In the quality of the basic forms of AO vyd: a) ethnic prejudices b) stereotypes c) prejudices d) common opinion e) rumors

3. Recreational - includes various forms of recreational communication. To the main forms of R. rel: discussions, contests, competitions

4. Persuasive - appears as a communicator, for example, on stimulating k-l d-i, those people are trying to influence persuasion or d-I other people (mainly m / u boss and subordinate)

5. Ritual - vyr-Xia in the observance and implementation of socially established norms of behavior.

The style of communication is very important (the way of transferring information in the percentage of comm-s)

Within the framework of the ICC issued 10 COs:

1. Dominant - striving to reduce the rally dr h-ka

2. Dramatic - exaggerated emotion coloring of the message (how are you? Super !!!)

3. Controversial - ie. aggressive or proving pt.

4. Calming - reducing anxiety in society and in others

5. Impressive - striving to make an impression on the interlocutor

6. Accurate - striving for precision and accuracy of communication

7. Attentive - the ability to listen to the interlocutor

8. Inspired - frequent use of non-verbal meanings

9. Friendly - aspiring to encourage the interlocutor to further common

10. Open - striving to express their feelings, opinions, emotions

Goody Kunst, goal scientist: In the USA - attention, dispute, dominance, impress; in Japan - calm, dramatic, open

Personal factors of communication:

Evaluating the characteristics of the personality and their influence on the communication processes, the main phenomena of the so-called. formal personality traits, namely gender, age, marital status. There are instilled in w, m, children societies. In addition to these x-k essence, the individual's psychological traits of x-ra

1. Sociability - get out of contact with other people. O. based on the type of temperament

2. Contact - the ability to get into contact with the parochial and to form a trusting basis on the basis of mutual agreement.

3. Communicative compatibility - willingness and ability to create a relaxed atmosphere of mutual satisfaction with others

4. Adaptability - the willingness to revise the usual ideas and districts, to be able to respond flexibly to changing conditions. Chorus adaptability means a measure of personal freedom in contacts

5. Self-control - self-observation and introspection in the sit-ii general, which are carried out in order to achieve social adequacy

6. Self-consciousness of the individual - to direct the stable personality of the individual vn-e to his own inner or outer e-I and actions. Self-consciousness by them 3 aspects: - personal with - outside to yourself and to your thoughts; - public s - knowledge about oneself as a subject of perception by other people; - social anxiety - discomfort in the presence of other people. In different areas, these 3 aspects have different priorities

7. Communicative understanding is a typical orientation for every person towards the objectified way of general. Comm understands the higher the more people are inclined to loneliness, are in social isolation. In other words, people who are closed, conservative, and inclined to isolation feel better and more accurately than socially successful people.

Situational factors of communication

Communication of people k.p occurs in a specific environment or in a specific social environment. In addition, we have a general-e in which a different number of people are taken into account.

Social groups are two or more individuals with common interests, which are norms and values, who perceive themselves as members of this group. One h-k m. member of different groups (race, family, students, gender)

In accordance with the communicative role, each person is expected to determine the type or model of behavior. In different areas these types or models can be used. different. Ogr means in any to-re games of the role of connection with a sexual possession. It is believed that in individuals it is more meaningful to show the horizon (equal in rights) ties, and for collectives, vertical (boss - subordinate) ties.

Amer psychologist Bern cites a trace of the standard sit-i (forms of social behavior):

1. Closure is a borderline sit-I when there is no explicit communication between people (on the train)

2. Rituals are habitual repetitive d-i that do not carry a semantic load. Rituals allow people to spend time together without getting close (greeting, goodbye, tricks)

3. Pastime - the so-called. semi-ritual conversations about problems and events known to everyone. The pastime is always socially programmed because permits talking only in a defensive style and on acceptable topics (a party at which unknown people gathered) Calling support for friends and making signs and connections

4. Joint activity - interaction between people at work for the sake of achieving the goal

5. Games - the most difficult type of general in which each party tries to excel and get rewarded

6. Proximity is a borderline sit-I, free from the games of communication, connection with warm interested relationships between people. This is the most perfect form of people relative.

INCULTURATION AND SOCIOLIZATION

Each person will have to live in the society, so social integration is an important factor. From early childhood, ch-k assimilates the accepted manners of behavior, patterns of thinking until most of them become habitual. Those. this process of mastering by an individual the necessary amount of knowledge, abilities, skills and norms of common life to-ry are designated in the humanities by the concepts of inculturation and sociolization.

Pattern - stable scoops of technologies of thinking, behavior, sequencing and building judgments, various cultural formulas and symbols reflecting certain ideas about reality

Socialization is the harmonious entry of an individual into the social environment, his assimilation of the society's value system, allowing him to function successfully as a member.

Each to-re has its own ways of teaching an acceptable sociolized behavior.

In the exclusion of sociolization, the concept of "inculturation" is a subdivision of teaching the trad-yam and norms to lead to the conc. Inculturation includes the formation of the fundamental human factors such as the types of common with other people, the form of behavior with other people, the evaluation of the relation to the different phenomena of the environment of the world.

Prots I. yavl more complex and protracted than S., tk. assimilation of k-th norms, values, traditions, customs occur much more slowly.

The content of the inception process is the acquisition of the following knowledge and skills:

Life support - professional d-t, home labor, purchase and consumption of goods and services.

Personal development - acquiring a general and professional image, general act, amateur activities (hobbies)

Social communication - formal and informal communication, travel, sports

Recovery of energy costs - food consumption, personal hygiene, passive rest and sleep

The goals of integration and sociolization

Amer the scientist Nid understands social learning in general by integration, and by inculturation, the real process of learning occurs in a specific to-re.

Practically all cx is on the fact that social is more universal, and inc is to-but specific.

In rez inc-ii ch-k-st able to freely orient himself in the environment of his social environment, use a large number of objects to-ry conscious previous generations and exchange rez-t physical and mental labor.

As a socialist, he becomes a full-fledged member of the society, freely performing the social roles required of him. At the same time, the specificity is not addressed to the specificity.

PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF INCULTURATION

Ch-k changes his views on life, habits, tastes in the course of life. All changes occur under the imperative of the socio-environment, outside of which inc. Is impossible.

Ways of transferring any information:

Vertical transmission - during which social information is transmitted from family to children

Horizontal transmission - the development of the cult of experience is in communication with peers

Indirect transmission - an individual learns from the environment of his people (neighbors, teachers)

The percentage of inc-ii involves a large number of people and general institutions that have received the name of agents and institutions, respectively. They can be subdivided into several groups depending on the function performed:

1. Guardians - f-i: caring for the child, satisfying his physical and emotional consumption

3. Disciplines - distribution of punishments

4. educators - purposeful transfer of social knowledge and skills

5. Companions - agents and institutions occupying an equal position with the h-com and implement the joint d-th

6. Roommates - living in the same house with an individual

All these f-ii in the scoop are carried out by the family, school, media, interest groups. At different stages of the life path, these functions received different implementation.

Relation with my family (up to 5 years old) is decisive. The main goal of the early period of inc-ii was the formation of motivation for attachment to other people. Expressed in trust, obedience, desire to do something nice.

5 - 15 years old per child, other factors of inc-s - common with peers, school, contacts with strangers. They acquire the skills of operating with objects in order to achieve practical rez-that, master abstract thinking, develop the emotional sphere.

Crazy fur-we inc-ai:

1. Imitation - a child's conscious desire to imitate the defining model of behavior. As an example, efficiency. parents, then teachers, people. Years later, he will teach his children in the same imitative positions that he has absorbed.

2. Identification - a way for children to assimilate parental behavior, attitudes and values \u200b\u200bas their own

3. Shame, a sense of shame - appeared if caught at the crime scene, exposed and disgraced

4. Feeling of guilt is a connection with the same experiences, but for its appearance you do not need exposure, the voice of your conscience is enough which says that you acted badly and you will suffer from the consciousness of the bad deed you committed. Those. it is about punishing yourself.

CULTURAL DYNAMICS

AND ITS MAIN FORMS

Cultural dynamics - changes occurring in the cut of a particular people. KD subdivided all types of changes occur in the cut and ch-ke under the influence of internal and external factors.

In anthropology, it is accepted to trace the sources of the dynamics:

1. Innovation - the invention of new images, symbols, norms and rules of behavior, new forms of activity, for example, to change the life of people and the formation of a new type of thinking or perception of the world

2. Appeal to cultural heritage - reassessment and use in new conditions of the entire scoop of the achievements of the society and its historical experience

3. Cultural borrowing - the use of objects, norms of behavior, values \u200b\u200bcreated and tested in others. This type of to-noy dynamics is developed in those cases when one to-ra gives in to the other's more developed. KZ takes place both with direct contact and with indirect contact (media, consumed goods, image of the institution). However, in the percentage of borrowing, the recipient of the borrowings is not all in a row, but only what is close to him, can bring a clear or hidden benefit and will give in re-those reception before other peoples. X-r, st-n and the effectiveness of k-n borrowings are determined by the following factors:

a) the intensity of contacts

b) conv-i mkk contacts (whether it was done voluntarily or by violence)

c) st-n differentiation about-va, i.e. the presence of social groups ready to accept the innovation

4. Synthesis - the interaction and the connection of dissimilar el-tos, in which there is a new phenomenon, which is different from the constituent components and their own quality. Kp synthesis they take place in the event that k-l k-ra develops achievements in those areas that are not sufficiently developed in itself, but at the same time remains original (Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, Macau)

Cultural diffusion and its contemporary contexts

K-naya diffusion - mutual penetration of a phenomenon-th to-ry or whole to-ry complexes from one to-ry to another during their interaction

K-nye interaction is a k-ny contact that can pass without a trace or end with a strong power of interaction (republics of the USSR)

The channels of diffusion are: migration, tourism, missionaries, trade, war, national conferences, fairs, exchange of specialists, etc.

K-th diffusion of the former 2 types:

Vertical (stratification) - in which one edge is subject to another

Horizontal - at which equal relations are established between to-mi

CONCEPT AND ESSENCE OF ACCULTURE

The study of the processes of acculturation dates back to the beginning of the twentieth century and was started by the amer anthropologists Redfield, Linton and Herskovitz. At the beginning of the acc-yu considered as a result of long-term contact of groups representing different cells, which was expressed in a change in the original models in both groups. It was believed that these processes are automatic, to-ry are mixed and the composition-e to-noy and ethnic homogeneity is achieved. Otherwise gov, acc-I was understood as a group phenomenon. At the present time, they began to consider the Ur-not of the psychology of the individual.

Acc-I is a process and result of mutual ownership of different cut-outs in which all or some of the representatives of one cut adopt the norms, values \u200b\u200band traditions of other cut-outs which are called the donor ...

MAIN FORMS OF ACCULTURE

2. Assimilation - var-t acc-ii in which the ch-k fully accepts the values \u200b\u200band norms of a different k-ry, while refusing from his own identity (from the norms and values \u200b\u200bof his own K-ry)

3. Separation - denial of someone else's cut while maintaining identification only with its own cut. A kind of separation at which the dominant cut isolates the representatives of the subordinate cut - segregation (forced separation).

4. Marginalization is a phenomenon that is evidence of the loss of identity with one's own cut and the absence of identifying with a cut of the majority. This is also due to the dominants of the K-ry which is carrying out violence in relation to the representatives of Dr.

5. Integration - identification both with your own and with a new cut.

The result and purpose of acc. Is yavl long-term adaptation to life in someone else's room. Acc is considered in the following aspects:

Psychological - is the achievement of psychological satisfaction within the framework of dr.

Socio-k-naya - the ability to freely navigate in a new complex, to solve everyday problems in the family, at home, at work

Economical - work

In the presence of all these types of adaptation, the person feels satisfaction.

Acc-i as communication

Because of their continued experience, general people consider exactly what is needed in the new services. Any communication to them. 3 aspects:

Cognitive is what we learn

Affective - implies the air of individuals dr on others

Behavioral - implies the acceptance of norms, values, traditions, customs of someone else's. We master skills: technical (Vlad-e yaz-ohm, the ability to call phone numbers, shop, pay taxes); social (a system of rules and conventions which must be adhered to in someone else's complex);

Full adaptation of a ch-ka to someone else's cut means that all 3 aspects of comm-tions proceed simultaneously and are well balanced.

FACTORS OF THE FORMATION OF RUSSIAN CULTURE

geo factors - the historian Klyuchevsky was the first person who turned it into geo factors, he wrote: “it is the russ plain, the river steppe and the interfluve, the forest and the steppe, the river and the endless field, all this formed the russ go people, the type of household and state, as well as the relationship with neighboring peoples. " The household activity took part. Another famous philosopher Berdyaev wrote that the landscape of the Russian soul corresponded to the landscape of the Russian soul, corresponding to the landscape of the Russian land. For all the complexities of the relationship between the Russian and the Russian nature, its cult was so important that it found its reflection in the ethnonym (self-consciousness) of the Russian ethnic group.

history factors - ogre mean for the formation of the Russian mentality and to-ry became Christ in its eastern, that is, the Byzantine version. Result of the baptism of Russia was its entry into the then civilized world. However, the more important factor was its geopolitical position between the West and the East. It is from this that the history of the events Rus, and then Russia chooses an orientation to the east, for example,

religious factors - Khomyakov - the leader of the Slavic-philology of the govs "the true Christ Church is, first of all, a deep spirit bond uniting many believers in love and truth. Of all the concessions, only the Orthodox Church corresponds to this ideal. in Catholicism and Protestantism. In Catholicism, conciliarity is violated in the name of the subordinate to the Pope, and in Protestantism in the name of the triumph of individualism freedom. The result was the consolidation in the quality of the ideal of russ-ry - striving for authoritarianism and collectivity at the same time.

SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS OF RUSSIAN CULTURE

Nat xr - scoop specifically, physical and spirit-x quality, norms of behavior and activities typical for representatives of a particular nation.

Investigated nats x-ra think that all the scoop-t determinants of nats x-ra mb. divided into 2 groups:

Natural and biological factors

Socio-cultural factors

The type of about-va formed in one or another people had an even greater influence on the national xr than the natural-bio factors. Nats xr warehouse-Xia from a set of values, which is the bearer of this or that people. In a measurable form, the manifestation of the national x-ra yavl ethnic stereotypes that contribute to the formation of images of "good" and "bad" peoples and orients the nation towards the search for allies and / or enemies

Ethnic stereotype is a socially conditioned schematic image of one's ethnic community (autostereotype) or an idea of \u200b\u200bother ethnic communities (heterostereotype).

Stereotypes of fuss because of the desire to save thinking: concretization, simplification, description of a large group of people as a single one.

S-py formed either with immediate interpersonal contact - com contact, as well as through unorganized forms of transfer of information (rumors, anecdotes, post, sayings), as well as through prejudices rooted in historical traditions

Ethnic stereotype is a kind of test extended to the whole people in which the efficiency is expressed. psychological features of the perception of other people.

Ethnic identity occupies a special place in Russian to-re and takes the form "ours - not ours". The main criterion for this will be religion, as well as referral to the Western or Eastern world. On this basis, the special Russian concept of "foreigner" is formed. In-tsy are basically people from the west for us.

It was also important that, due to the fall of Byzantium, Russia realized itself as a state in hostility with Christian, but non-Orthodox countries (Germany, Poland, Lithuania). Most pagans are Muslims - Mongols, Tatars became Orthodox.

Russians have always had a restrained and alien attitude to the concept of "foreigner".

For Russia, foreigners are a kind of mirror through which, on the one hand, we want to get approval for our actions, and on the other hand, we are constantly aware of our originality and want to preserve it.

NATIONAL RUSSIAN CHARACTER

The topic of russ nats x-ra in russ general thought

Studying russ x-ra breaking down into 2 stages:

1. Vr-na Mosk Rus - the end of the 19th century - the study of Nega weaver

2. At the beginning of the 20th, in the nats x-r began to receive a more objective assessment where, along with negative ones, were given positive quality rus x-py.

Negat quality, Berdyaev vyd:

The illogical, haphazard and utopian nature of rus thought, lack of the need for free creative thought in russ mind

impulsiveness, laziness, disorganization, inability and unwillingness to finish the job started

sloppiness and slovenliness in an effort to do everything quickly carelessly

formal religiosity wholesale such qualities as striving to cheat, deceive, lack of foreseen

Kaverin vyd:

striving for youth, revelry, endless freedom, remove without end

The very chap conclusion about the quality of rus nats x-ra: duality, impermanence

Put it, Berdyaev:

softness, passivity, femininity

nationalism is connected with messianism, i.e. with the idea of \u200b\u200bthe special mission of Russia in history, therefore messianism in Russians turns into denial of any nationalism and recognition that the Russian people sacrificially served the cause of all peoples

The originality and originality of x-ra is explained by the religiosity underlying the desire to search for absolute good in this regard, the pavement of russ x-ra

unselfishness

lack of interest in mother's values \u200b\u200band private property

apt to sympathy and empathy rus ch-ka

These philosophers declare that the positive quality of rus nats x-ra is a continuation of his shortcomings, and do not compensate for them.

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe naib typical features of the national x-ra are generalized into auto and heterostereotypes.

The factors of auto and heterostereotyping determine the character of the ICC and the way of forming either "good" or "bad" peoples.

In addition to non-personal interpersonal, general auto and heterostereotypes are acquired by people from childhood and show him a specific image of other peoples.

The study of 5 basic qualifications inherent in the great Russian:

Kindness

Patience

Hospitality

Carelessness

A stereotype is a set of general averaged properties or traits of a person, behavior patterns of representatives of a certain nation.

INTERCULTURAL ASPECT OF THE PROBLEM OF PERCEPTION AND UNDERSTANDING IN TRANSLATION

Translation competence

Competencies

Constitutive (fundamental) Receptive (perception and understanding of the foreign language of the text) Expressive (defeat of the text on the TL)

Sub-level (subordinate to the constitutive)

Language Background, sociocultural (outlook, experience)

professional

Epi level (how KU and SU are used in speech, approx-e language unit-ts in speech)

Writing / oral Text-forming (knowledge of the parameters by which the text is created, ch: connectivity and integrity) Genre-style (time, HL, GPL, ODL, NITL)

The first competence is the sum of knowledge, abilities and skills for the implementation of the professional first activity

Receptive competence (perception and understanding) - level 2 of the signaling system:

1. Sensations, representations (consciousness)

2.concepts, attitudes, inferences-I x-ny only for ch-ka (consciousness and thinking)

Understand the resultant thought embodied in judgment

RC understands phase x-p (or stadial):

2. comprehension of what was said or written

3.p-d of verbal speech in the language of internal speech

speech - thought

Internally, speech is simulated xr (folded), Outside speech is successive (expanded xr)

Expressive Competence - Speech Awareness Competence

thought - speech

Composite of several stages:

1. Planning - search for specific concepts of the corresponding word

2.implementation - linear expansion of syntax structures

3.control

Fossilization - "petrification" to-l laz str-r which were originally presented either by the school or by the textbook

Agnonyms are mistakes that have risen and understood

Paranormals - hitting errors

Linguistic competence - subraz chorus knowledge of vocabulary, grammar (morphology, syntax), stylistics

Background competence - subdivision outlook and thesaurus knowledge (a dictionary that contains a complete description of a particular field of activity)

Professional competence - writing / mouth; text-forming; genre-style.

LANGUAGE AND CULTURE, THEIR RELATIONSHIP

Himes went over all the points to understanding the relationship between the language and the key and the 4 basic approach:

1. Yaz is primary, i.e. he was the source, cause, factor of becoming and development of the

2. the rest of the to-ry (except for language) is primary, i.e. language secondary

3.Neither the language, nor the rest of the parts are primary, they are considered as mutually determining

4. Neither the language nor the rest of the parts are primary, both are determined by the factor underlying them (such factors can be a look at the mines or nats xr)

Naib acceptable with t. Z large-va yavl 3. Whitehead: "a civilization is a product of a developing civilization"

LANGUAGE, CONSCIOUSNESS, THINKING

Consciousness, realizing interiorization (assimilation and understanding) of the environment by an individual in the form of a structured and systematized knowledge and ideas, and is responsible for fixing, storing and evaluating the results of the activity of a person enters into complex relationships with a thought.

Yaz, consciousness and thought appear as different hypostases of a certain single essence and an image of a single mental-lingual complex. Morkovkin gov: “thinking is, first of all, a dynamic hypostasis, consciousness is an accumulative-evaluative hypostasis, language is an instrumental and communicative hypostasis.

LANGUAGE PERSONALITY

Yaz-e consciousness, existing as a collective consciousness of a certain linguistic community, reveals itself and is accessible to observation only when it is mediated by a specific identity by a person in its activity. This term was introduced in the 80s. prof Karaulov and is still a buzzword

A personality language is a multi-layered and multi-component set of language skills, readiness for real speech actions of varying degrees of complexity, and actions that are classified from one side according to the types of speech (speaking, listening, reading, writing) , and with others sotr on ur-yam yaz-a.

In addition, the definition of Karaulov proposed the structure of the identity of the person, consisting of 3 levels.

1. verbal-semantic - assuming normal possession of the language for the carrier.

2. cognitive - the units of which yavl concepts, ideas emerging for each personality identity in a more or less ordered systematized "picture of the world" and representing a hierarchy of values \u200b\u200bfor such a person.

3. pragmatic - including goals, motives, attitudes and interests. This ur-n provides a natural transition from assessments of her speech d-ti to understanding the real d-ti.

H-k speaking

lang lich-ty communicator-i lich-ty speech lich-ty

(verbally semantic) (cognitive) (pragmatic)

Karaulov decree on the essence of the common Russian language of the type is a prerequisite for the existence of an invariant part in the structure of each individual. It is this invariant number that will ensure the mutual understanding of the carriers of different dialects of social and k-x codes.

TYPOLOGY OF COMMUNICATIVE

FAILURE IN IWC

First of all, communication failures are caused not only by code (language) reasons, but also by non-code (extralinguistic) reasons. Comm failures are found both in monocoque and in MCC, but the frequency of occurrence of such failures is more common in MCC.

Classification of comm fail:

1. Failures caused by insufficient Vlad in the language, Russian semantic systems (language of gestures, language of body movement, etc.)

2. failures caused by their national differences or those cognitive aspects of the personality of communicants belonging to different nationalities.

3.failures caused by pragma factors of various kinds

4. Failures caused by different behavioral characteristics of foreigners.

CULTURE AND COMMUNICATION

Culture is an essential characteristic of a person associated with a purely human ability to purposefully transform the surrounding world, during which an artificial world of things, symbols, as well as connections and relationships between people is created. Anything made by or related to a person is part of a culture. Communication and communication are an essential part of human life, and therefore a part of culture. Emphasizing their importance, many researchers equate culture with communication (communication). Based on this interpretation, many Western scholars figuratively depict culture as an iceberg, at the base of which are cultural values \u200b\u200band norms, and its top is the individual behavior of a person, based on them and manifested primarily in communication with other people.

Only through communication does a person pass inculturation and socialization, becomes a representative of his people and culture. It is communication in all its forms (verbal and non-verbal), types (formal and informal), types (interpersonal, intergroup, intercultural) that most fully reveals the specifics of human society.

Each specific act of communication is determined by the cultural differences of the interlocutors. Depending on the specificity of cultural differences in intercultural communication, it is customary to distinguish between collectivist and individualist types of culture. The collectivist type of culture is widespread mainly among the eastern peoples, in whose cultures the main value is identification with the collective. This type of culture is dominant among the peoples of Japan, China, Russia and most African countries. Collectivist cultures often forget their personal interests for the sake of successful interpersonal interaction. A person in such cultures is judged by his ability to establish contact with other people, and by this ability others judge his character and competence.

On the contrary, in individualist cultures, the emphasis is on the personality, and the main value in them is individualism. There, everyone has their own principles and beliefs. In these cultures, all human actions are self-directed.

It is natural that this or that kind of culture generates its own type of communication. So, representatives of collectivist cultures try to avoid direct interactions and focus on non-verbal means of communication, which, in their opinion, allow them to better find out and understand the intentions of the interlocutor, to determine his attitude towards them. For their part, representatives of individualist cultures prefer direct forms of communication and open ways of resolving conflicts. Therefore, in the process of communication, they use mainly verbal methods.

Communication takes place on three levels:

The communicative level is communication through the language and cultural traditions characteristic of a particular language community. The result of this level of interaction is mutual understanding between people.

The interactive level is communication that takes into account the personal characteristics of people. It leads to certain relationships between people.

The perceptual level provides an opportunity for mutual cognition and rapprochement of people on this rational basis. It is a process of partners' perception of each other, determining the context of the meeting. Perceptual skills are manifested in the ability to manage their perception, "read" the mood of partners by verbal and non-verbal characteristics, understand the psychological effects of perception and take them into account to reduce its distortion.

No culture exists in isolation. In the course of her life, she is forced to constantly turn either to her past or to the experience of other cultures. This appeal to other cultures is called "cultural interaction". In this interaction, the obvious fact is the communication of cultures in different "languages". The fact is that each culture in the process of its development creates various systems of signs, which are its peculiar carriers. The creation of signs is a purely human feature. However, this human ability simultaneously creates the problem of understanding and perceiving foreign cultures. For a person, possession of these signs and sign systems means his inclusion in relations with other people and in culture. Several types of signs have been created and are used depending on the purpose.

5. Language signs

However, by themselves, individual signs have no meaning and do not represent value if they are not interconnected with other signs and are not included in a certain sign system, for example, there is a sign system of greetings: various kinds of bows, handshakes, kisses, pats on the shoulder.

Any sign has its own form and content. The content of the signs represents complex, multifaceted, concentrated information for those who are able to read it. Moreover, the culture of each society can exist only through the continuity of generations.

In the relationship between culture and communication, their mutual influence on each other occurs. So, for example, each culture has its own ideas about politeness.

CULTURAL, ETHNIC AND PERSONAL IDENTITY

Identity - a person's awareness of his belonging to a group, which allows him to determine his place in the social space and freely orient himself in the surrounding world.

Cultural identity is a person's belonging to a particular culture.

The essence of CI is in the conscious acceptance of the corresponding numbers and patterns of behavior, value orientations and language, understanding of one's "I" from the standpoint of those who are accepted in this society, in self-identification yourself with some samples of this particular about-va.

Ethnic identity - a person's awareness of his belonging to an ethnic community.

EI means acceptance of specific group ideas, readiness for a similar way of thinking, shared ethnic feelings, as well as building a system of relations and actions in various interethnic contacts.

With its help, a person determines his place in a multi-ethnic society and learns ways of behaving within and in a non-group.

Personal identity - a scoop of knowledge and ideas of a person about his place and role as a member of the social and ethnic group, about his abilities and deeds of quality

CONCEPT OF CULTURE, FUNCTIONAL COMMUNITY OF CULTURES

Culture is an essential characteristic of a person associated with a purely human ability to purposefully transform the surrounding world, during which an artificial world of things, symbols, as well as connections and relationships between people is created. Anything made by or related to a person is part of a culture. Communication and communication are an essential part of human life, and therefore a part of culture.

Each specific act of communication is determined by the cultural differences of the interlocutors. Depending on the specificity of cultural differences in intercultural communication, it is customary to distinguish between collectivist and individualist types of culture.

In the course of her life, she is forced to constantly turn either to her past or to the experience of other cultures. This appeal to other cultures is called "cultural interaction". In this interaction, the obvious fact is the communication of cultures in different "languages". The fact is that each culture in the process of its development creates various systems of signs, which are its peculiar carriers. However, this human ability at the same time creates the problem of understanding and perceiving foreign cultures. For a person, possession of signs and sign systems means his inclusion in relations with other people and in culture. several types of signs are used.

1. Signs-copies, which reproduce various phenomena of reality, but themselves are not this reality (photographs).

2. Signs-signs that carry some information by agreement about the subject (patient's temperature).

3. Signs-signals containing information by agreement about the subjects about which they inform (school bell)

4. Signs-symbols that carry information about an object based on the selection of some properties or attributes from it (state emblem).

5. Language signs

by themselves, individual signs have no meaning and do not represent value if they are not interconnected with other signs and are not included in a certain sign system, for example, there is a sign system of greetings: various kinds of bows, handshakes, kisses, pats on the shoulder.

All the numerous signs and sign systems that exist in human society make up the culture of this or that time, of this or that society. Each sign contains some kind of meaning that was expressed and fixed in this sign by previous generations. The transfer of to-noy information is carried out through the transfer of signs from one generation to another, as well as from one culture to another. The interaction of cultures plays a vital role in the existence and development of the culture of any people.

There are significant differences between cultures in how and what means of communication are used when communicating with representatives of other cultures.

In the relationship between culture and communication, their mutual influence on each other occurs. For example, each culture has its own ideas about politeness, etc.

CONCEPT OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

In cultural anthropology, these relationships between different cultures are called "intercultural communication", which means the exchange between two or more cultures and the products of their activities, carried out in different forms.

Relationships are intercultural if their participants do not use their own traditions, customs, ideas and ways of behavior, but get acquainted with other people's rules and norms of everyday communication.

For intercultural communication, it is necessary for the sender and recipient of the message to belong to different cultures. It also requires the communication participants to understand each other's cultural differences. In essence, intercultural communication is always interpersonal communication in a special context, when one participant discovers the cultural difference of the other. Intercultural communication should be considered as a collection of various forms of relations between individuals and groups belonging to different cultures.

The origin of language: the current state of the problem

The development of language was a consequence of the general complication of culture and the resulting need to operate with an ever-increasing amount of information, as well as to acquire, store and transmit information.

Anatomy - The biological foundation of language is the parts of the brain that control the production and perception of signs, and in relation to the verbal-sound language, it is also the organs of the chest, larynx and oral cavity that provide the articulation of the necessary phonemes.

The most intensively studied and studied is the development of the brain.

Another organ associated with speech activity is the diaphragm, which provides the precise control of breathing required for rapid, articulate speech. In modern people, one of the consequences of this function of the diaphragm is an increase in the number of bodies of nerve cells in the spinal cord of the thoracic vertebrae.

There are two main terms. regarding the origin of linguistic signs. It lies in the fact that they initially bore a verbal sound character and grew out of various kinds of natural vocalizations characteristic of our distant ancestors, while the other suggests that the sound language was preceded by sign language, which could be formed on the basis of kinetic and facial movements that are so widely represented in communicative the repertoire of many modern monkeys. Proponents of the speech direction usually categorically reject the possibility that the original language could be sign, or at least they are very skeptical about it, but their opponents still have some arguments that are hard not to reckon with.

The origin of the syntax. There is a point of view that the lack of syntax limited not only the effectiveness of the language, but also had an extremely negative effect on thinking, making it impossible, or, in any case, greatly complicating the construction of complex logical chains. There are a number of hypotheses regarding the origin of syntax. Some authors believe that this event was like an explosion, i.e. happened quickly and abruptly, due to some kind of macromutation, which caused the corresponding reorganization of the brain, while others consider it to be the result of a gradual evolutionary process.

The time of the origin of the language. Some archaeologists believe that the first reliable signs of its existence appear only in the Upper Paleolithic (i.e., not earlier than 40 thousand years), along with art and other innovations in culture. Many archaeologists, while not denying the possibility of the existence of language already in the early stages of human evolution, nevertheless believe that a completely modern, developed syntactic language appeared only in people of the modern physical type, and became a catalyst for rapid changes in other spheres of culture recorded for this period ...

LANGUAGE AND THINKING

In linguistics, the most famous concept is called the "Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis".

This concept, which is often called the hypothesis of linguistic relativity, is based on the assumption that the structure of language determines the structure of thinking and the way of knowing the external world. The nature of cognition of reality depends on the language in which the cognizing subject thinks. People divide the world, organize it into concepts and distribute meanings as it is imposed on them by language. Cognition does not have an objective, universal nature: similar phenomena add up to different pictures due to differences in thinking imposed by differences in languages. Hence it follows that complete mutual understanding between representatives of different cultures speaking different languages \u200b\u200bis fundamentally impossible: languages \u200b\u200berect an insurmountable barrier between the thinking of people of different cultures.

Various points about the connection between languages \u200b\u200band thoughts:

The fur of thinking is not connected with the linguistic (verbal, verbal) code and is realized independently of the language.

Without language, not m.b thinking

Myshl m. both verbal and non-verbal (sensual-figurative).

The presence of non-verbal forms of thought-I does not refute the concept of thought-I since. subject-sensible ways of thinking vyp the same f-yu as yaz. In the course of the development of the language and thinking, their interaction did not remain unchanged - the only written language intensified the impact on thinking, and the possibilities themselves increased as and the development of thinking, in turn, had an impact on the language, the meanings of words (polysemy) expanded, the lexicon and phraseological composition of the language increased. Myshl is closely related to knowledge. According to the theory of reflection, the first stage of cognition is the sensory perception of the environment of the world. Outwardly, acting on the organs of the senses in the call in the ch-ke, the senses. These sensations and yavl material for thinking. At ch-ka fuss about an object and on its basis a concept is formed. At the second stage of cognition, in percents, abstracts from the sensuous perception of a specific object, when the most essential and general of its properties are accepted in the external, the concept is clothed in form, i.e. word. The question of language and thinking is closely related to Pavlov's theory of the signaling system. The second signaling system underlies the communication language. It is she who provided the transition from sensory contemplation to abstract thinking and further to the formation of concepts, judgments, inferences that are expressed in words, therefore the word can mean not only a given specific object, but also a whole series of homogeneous objects. (Wood: oak, birch, spruce, ash)

LANGUAGE AND CONCEPTUAL

WORLD PICTURES

each language creates a kind of "linguistic picture of the world", which is one of the reasons for the difficulties encountered in translation. The structure of the language, indeed, is able to determine the possible ways of constructing messages, organizing expressed thoughts in a certain way, sometimes imposing the obligatory use of certain forms on the speakers. But it is also true that the linguistic form of an utterance does not unambiguously determine the content of an utterance, derived from the interpretation of the meanings of its constituent units, but serves only as a starting base for understanding the global meaning. One and the same meaning can be deduced from different linguistic structures, and, conversely, the same structure can serve as the basis for the formation and understanding of different messages. Thus, the dependence of the expressed thoughts on the way of their linguistic expression turns out to be relative and limited. Speakers can be aware of the difference between the form of speech and the essence of the matter, overcome the stereotypes imposed by the language. When a Russian person today says that the sun "rises and sets", this does not mean that he does not agree with Copernicus and seriously believes that the sun moves around the earth. He may be aware that in fact something completely different is happening: rotating around its axis, the earth for some time turns to the sun that part of its surface where it is located. The way of expressing this thought, adopted in the Russian language, may reflect the ideas that once existed about the structure of the universe, but in no way predetermines the thinking of a modern person.

TRANSLATION AS MEDIATED BY IWC

Translations play an important role in the host culture, that is, in the culture of the target language. It is known that many national languages \u200b\u200band cultures were formed under the influence of translations, mainly from ancient languages. Translations played a decisive role in the development of the culture of the Slavic peoples. The translations of religious books from Greek into Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian) language, performed by Cyril and Methodius, laid the foundation for the formation of the Russian language, Russian writing and literature.

Different cultures have different requirements for translations at different stages of development. These requirements had to be met not only by the choice of texts for translation, but also by the strategy chosen by the translator. In part, the choice of strategy could be determined by the nature of the translated texts or the theoretical attitudes of the translators themselves. Thus, translators of religious texts, reverently treating each letter of the sacred original, sought to reproduce it as literally as possible, even to the detriment of the meaning and norms of the target language. On the contrary, many translators of fiction have been very loose with the original. Outstanding Russian translators Karamzin and Zhukovsky created brilliant examples of free translation, and Vyazemsky, Gnedich and Fet stubbornly defended the need for literal translation. But in any case, the translators had to take into account the attitude towards their work that prevailed in their culture at a given time.

In modern cultures, the liberties of translators of literary works (who, moreover, are often translated from an interlinear or through a third language) are usually relatively calmly perceived and impose high accuracy requirements on informative (diplomatic, commercial, technical, etc.) translations.

The dependence of a translator's strategy on the degree of prestige of a foreign author in the host culture is also known. Considered classical or exemplary works of renowned and famous authors are translated with increased attention to the reproduction of their content and the author's style, while the translations of lesser known authors often widely use standard, approximate versions that facilitate the translator's task and level the semantic and stylistic features of the original.

G. Turi also points out the dependence of the nature of the translation on the genre of the translated literary work. If the translation belongs to a literary genre that is absent or poorly developed in the host culture, then translators more carefully preserve the genre features of the original. In contrast, in genres well developed in the host culture, translations comply with the requirements of those genres in that culture.

Socio-cultural influence on the strategy of the translator is often reflected in the completeness of reproduction of the original content in the translation, forcing the translator to reduce or completely omit everything that is considered unacceptable in the host culture for ideological, moral or aesthetic reasons.

Various forms of cultural determinism of translation activity constitute a kind of conventional translation norm - a set of requirements imposed by society on translations at a certain stage in history.

NATIONAL, ETHNIC AND TERRITORIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNICANTS

First of all, differences in the use of language means are associated with the residence of people using the same language in different countries or in different parts of the same country. If a language is used in several countries, then in each of them it acquires some distinctive features, as a result of which national variants of this language arise. So, there are British, American and Australian versions of the English language and varieties of the German language in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, the Spanish language in Spain itself, in Cuba and in a number of Latin American countries. Within the same country, there may be some differences in the speech of residents of certain territories - the so-called territorial dialects. English in the northeastern United States is different from that of southern or midwestern states, and Germans in Bavaria speak differently from Berliners. There are only minor phonetic, lexical or grammatical differences between some territorial dialects; in other cases, these differences are so great that the dialect can be considered a separate language. In some countries, dialectal differences are gradually erased, in others they are more stable.

In different countries, the social stratification of society, reflected in linguistic features, can be different.

COMMUNICANTS AND THEIR

SOCIOCULTURAL STATUS

The most widespread are the differences between the speech of people who have received a standard school education and have mastered the general national language norms, and the speech of poorly educated people deviating to one degree or another from the literary norm. Such differences are characteristic of a wide variety of languages, which makes it easier to reproduce them in translation.

For translation practice, it is very important to take into account the fact that there is often a close connection between social and territorial dialects: territorial differences are usually preserved in the speech of poorly educated people and are smoothed out in the process of receiving education. A separate dialect can be delimited both geographically and by social status, that is, it can be both territorial and social at the same time. Such, for example, is the London "Cockney" characteristic of the speech of the "lower classes" of the English capital. Due to the presence of such a connection, additional information, represented by territorial-dialectal forms, can be transmitted in translation by means of poorly educated speech.

Some difficulties in conveying the characteristics of social dialects may arise due to the fact that the degree of social stratification in different countries is different, as well as the degree of such stratification in the language. In such cases, equivalence in translation can be established between completely different types of speech. It is only important that differences in speech forms have an appropriate social status.

The speech of sailors, soldiers, students and similar professional groups may have certain peculiarities, mainly in the field of vocabulary, which distinguish a number of professional dialects (or jargons) in the language. In most cases, major occupational groups can be found in different cultures and forms of the corresponding occupational dialect can be used in translation.

RUSSIAN NEGOTIATION CO.

Nobody believes the promises of the growing parties. According to the obbl amer and him, the special-in-special-mi lead the uch-kov of negotiations yavl:

weak target orientation

lack of the ability to see an alternative, to compare the differences between the options of the district

convinced that by the beginning of negotiations the size of the pie is known and the task of the Russians is to snatch the tidbit

quick change of mood from friendly to hostile

striving for momentary profit

dishonesty, the ability to deceive a partner

EASTERN K-RA NEGOTIATION

For a long enough time, dr.

Arabic style

X-but correct attitude and respect for partners. Before expressing their point of view, they consult with others. They honor traditions. Gl - established trust between partners. The negotiations began with mutual bows. A mouthful of agreement and a handshake are enough for the dr to take effect. Any change in the situation and received new information is provided for the revision of the doctor, which is completely unacceptable in the zap to-re.

WESTERN K-RA NEGOTIATION

Amer nats style of negotiation

Distinguished by high professionalism and competence and self-standing delegation at negotiations when making decisions. The main thing is the achievement of goals, in this sense, for them, extreme pragmatism, disregard for traditions, thorough analysis, scrupulous verification of execution, the power of the word. Produced by too assertive, aggressive and even rude negotiators. As well as openness, energy, kindness. And they prefer not very official atmosphere. Before negotiations, everyone calculates and turns to them for help negatively. Great value for recommendations. This is the volume of texts of agreements. Change of conv. In writing in the attorney's case. Start negotiations immediately.

English nat style of negotiation

Also counting qualifiers. Thoroughly compose short-term and medium-term forecasts, but they are inferior to the Americans in terms of long-term forecasts, where, in addition to economic factors, social, political, world and psychology forecasts are significant. For the English-n-x-on, assertiveness when it comes to immediate profit, about the conclusion of transactions that bring immediate profit. Great value for rituals, trad-yam. Begin negotiations with a discussion of everyday problems. The obvious big profit is not chased after. Except from the Amer unacceptable rel to bribes.

PROBLEMS OF THE THEORY OF UNDERSTANDING THE TEXT

At the moment of reaching the addressee, the message is "empty", but this emptiness represents the readiness for operation of some signifying apparatus, which should highlight the meaning of such a message. For the text to "speak", the work of understanding, performed by a person, is needed. And the body of the text taken by itself, without the ch-ka signifying it, does not contain inner energy and cannot be structurally self-organizing.

Text noun in k-re. It is the collective knowledge that sets the guidelines, in accordance with which the author of the text gives it a definition of the structure that meets the requirements for the formatting of the content of the utterance, and the real d-I for searching and organizing the language of the middle makes the producing text h-k. So The "impact" of a text on the conceptual system of a person appears in the process of denoting a text as a complex linguistic sign, when an individual orbits his verbal and non-verbal, perceptual, cognitive and affective experience with the obligatory combination of the understood with the experience of the understood.

Also important is the specificity of the knowledge on which the recipient of the text relies. Knowledge is understood as dynamically functional formations - a product of the processing of verbal and non-verbal experience. It is believed that they retain their original "roots" and form an image of the world in which no understanding can occur. Such living knowledge provides an understanding of the text through the counter-construction of a situation based on knowledge of the real or imaginary world. So there is not only actualization of knowledge included in the "internal context" of previous experience and the experience of attitudes towards this knowledge in connection with the current situation, but also forecasting of possible ways to continue the message.

In accordance with the two positions of the reader named above, it is necessary to distinguish between two types of understanding of the text:

Understanding - comprehension, including spontaneous interpretation and experience of the understood

Understanding - as a purposeful interpretation, with the recognition that the second type of understanding is impossible without the first, basic.

Understanding is a mental process in which the language appears as one of the sides of a single whole. Thinking, speech, memory, ex-e, perception, understanding, emotions, etc. function in a single ensemble. Understanding the meaning of the text, expressed in words, depending on time, place and subjective current situation. It can be. primary, i.e. spontaneous and secondary, i.e. purposeful in the head of the set goals and positions.

CONCEPT OF CULTURAL SHOCK

AND ITS SIGNS

KSh is a stressful impact of a new to-ry on a ch-ka

The concept of KSh Bylov was introduced in the 60th year by the amer scientist Oberg. There are basic parameters, forms developed by KSh:

stress due to efforts made to achieve psychological adjustment

feeling of loss due to deprivation of friends, position, profession

feeling in loneliness or rejection in a new to-re which can turn into a denial of this to-ry

anxiety turning into indignation and disgust after realizing some values

feelings of inferiority due to inability to cope with the situation

Mech-we development KSh:

Oberg proposed a model of the so-called adaptation curve, a U-shaped curve which consists of 5 steps:

1.Honeymoon - any immigrant is full of hopes, aspirations

2.critical - an unusual environment and the beginning had a negative impact on the h-ka. A period of disappointment, depression. During this period, e-you try to limit the total only with their fellow countrymen

3. supercritical - KSh reaches its swing. At this stage, physical and mental illness often occurred

4.optimistic - to become more confident and satisfied with their position in society and to-re

5. complete adaptation, occurring in 4 - 5 years.

Migrants returning home go through the process of readaptation and experience the shock of their return. W-shaped curve of readaptation

The degree of CABG severity and the duration of adaptation depend on many factors that can be combined into 2 groups.

1. vnutrennye (individual) - gender, age, traits of x-ra. The older a person is, the more difficult it is for women, it is more difficult for women than for men, if a person is sociable, then it is easier for him; among the features of a person, psychologists give out a trace of traits for adaptation: professional competence, high self-esteem, sociability, extraversion, openness views, tolerance, interest in the people of the environment, internal self-control, courage, perseverance. Also to the internal rel-va life experience ch-ka, motives for adaptation. High st-n motivation x-na for students, emigrants for permanent residence

2. external (group) - k-th distance, i.e. article of differences between native and new cut; features to which migrants belong. K. p. people from dominant to-r, so-called. great powers. K. p. representatives of individualist to-rs are poorly adapted.

The concept and essence of the IWC. Types of IWC. Cultural distance. Uncertainty reduction theory. Basic theories of the IWC. IWC axioms

Features of interpersonal communication in intercultural communication. Intercultural communication concept

The desire to understand foreign cultures or their representatives, to understand cultural differences and similarities has existed for as long as there is cultural and ethnic diversity of humanity. Just as ancient as the desire to comprehend other cultures is the desire to disregard other cultures or to consider them as unworthy, while evaluating the carriers of these cultures as second-class people, considering them barbarians who have neither culture nor personal qualities and in general any human dignity. This kind of polarity towards other cultures has existed throughout human history. In a transformed form, this dilemma persists today and is expressed in the fact that the very concept of intercultural communication causes a lot of controversy and discussion in the scientific literature and among practitioners. This concept was born as a result of a compromise. Its synonyms are cross-cultural, interethnic communication, as well as the concept of intercultural interaction.

Most experts believe that talking about intercultural communication (interaction) is possible only if people represent different cultures and are aware of everything that does not belong to their culture as someone else's. Relationships are intercultural if their participants do not use their own traditions, customs, ideas and ways of behavior, but get acquainted with other people's rules and norms of everyday communication. At the same time, both characteristic and unfamiliar properties, both identity and dissent, both familiar and new in relationships, ideas and feelings that arise in people, are constantly revealed.

As we have already noted, the concept of “intercultural communication” was first formulated in 1954 in the work of G. Treiger and E. Hall “Culture and Communication. Analysis Model ". In this work, intercultural communication was understood as the ideal goal to which a person should strive in his desire to adapt to the world around him as best and efficiently as possible. Since then, researchers have advanced quite far in the theoretical development of this phenomenon. As a result of numerous studies, the most characteristic features of intercultural communication have been identified. So, it was noted that for intercultural communication, the sender and recipient of the message must belong to different cultures. It also requires the communication participants to understand each other's cultural differences. In essence, intercultural communication is always interpersonal communication in a special context, when one participant discovers the cultural difference of the other.

Indeed, there is no doubt that communication will be intercultural if it occurs between bearers of different cultures, and the differences between these cultures lead to any difficulties in communication. These difficulties are due to differences in expectations and prejudices that are common to each person, and, naturally, differ in different cultures. Representatives of different cultures have different ways of decoding received messages. All this becomes significant only in the act of communication and leads to misunderstanding and tension, difficulty and impossibility of communication.

Finally, intercultural communication is based on the process of symbolic interaction between individuals and groups whose cultural differences can be recognized. Perception and attitude towards these differences affect the appearance, form and result of contact. Each participant in cultural contact has his own system of rules, functioning in such a way that messages sent and received can be encoded and decoded. Signs of cross-cultural differences can be interpreted as differences between verbal and non-verbal codes in a specific communication context. In addition to cultural differences, the process of interpretation is influenced by the age, gender, profession, and social status of the communicant. Therefore, the degree of interculturality of each specific act of communication depends on the tolerance, enterprise, and personal experience of its participants.

Based on the foregoing, intercultural communication should be considered as a set of various forms of relations and communication between individuals and groups belonging to different cultures.

As in cultural anthropology, in intercultural communication the spheres of macroculture and microculture are distinguished.

In the modern historical situation, it is obvious that there are vast territories on our planet that are structurally and organically united into one social system with their own cultural traditions. For example, you can talk about American culture, Latin American culture, African culture, European culture, Asian culture, etc. Most often, these types of culture are distinguished on a continental basis and, due to their scale, are called macrocultures. It is quite natural that a significant number of subcultural differences are found within these macrocultures, but similarities are also found, which allow us to talk about the presence of such macrocultures, and consider the population of the corresponding regions as representatives of one culture. There are global differences between macrocultures, which are reflected in their communication with each other. In this case, intercultural communication takes place, regardless of the status of its participants, in the horizontal plane.

At the same time, voluntarily or not, many people are members of certain social groups with their own cultural characteristics. From a structural point of view, these are microcultures (subcultures) as part of a macroculture. Each microculture has both similarities and differences with its mother culture, which ensures that their representatives have the same perception of the world. The mother culture differs from the microculture in different ethnic, religious affiliation, geographic location, economic condition, gender and age characteristics, marital status and social status of their members. In other words, cultures of different social groups and strata within one society are called subcultures. Therefore, the connection between subcultures takes place within this society and is vertical.

Within each area, intercultural communication takes place at different levels. There are several types of intercultural communication at the micro level.

• * Interethnic communication is communication between persons representing different peoples (ethnic groups). Most often, society consists of ethnic groups of various sizes that create and share their subcultures. Ethnic groups pass on their cultural heritage from generation to generation and thanks to this they preserve their identity among the dominant culture. Coexistence within the framework of one society naturally leads to mutual communication of these ethnic groups and the exchange of cultural achievements.
• * Countercultural communication - occurs between representatives of the mother culture and the daughter subculture and is expressed in the disagreement of the daughter subculture with the values \u200b\u200band ideals of the mother. A characteristic feature of this level of communication is the refusal of subcultural groups from the values \u200b\u200bof the dominant culture and the advancement of their own norms and rules opposing them to the values \u200b\u200bof the majority.
• * Communication among social classes and groups - based on the differences between social groups and classes of a society. There is not a single socially homogeneous society in the world. All differences between people arise as a result of their origin, education, profession, social status, etc. In all countries of the world the distance between the elite and the majority of the population, between the rich and the poor, is quite large. It is expressed in opposite views, customs, traditions, etc. Despite the fact that all these people belong to the same culture, such differences divide them into subcultures and are reflected in the communication between them.
• * Communication between representatives of different demographic groups: religious (for example, between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland), gender and age (between men and women, between representatives of different generations). Communication between people in this case is determined by their belonging to a particular group and, consequently, by the peculiarities of the culture of this group.
• * Communication between urban and rural residents - based on the differences between city and country in the style and pace of life, general level of education, a different type of interpersonal relations, different "philosophy of life", which directly affect the process of communication between these population groups.
• * Regional communication - occurs between residents of different regions (localities), whose behavior in the same situation can differ significantly. For example, residents of one American state experience significant difficulties in communicating with representatives of another state. The New England man is put off by the sugary-sweet communication style of the southern states, which they consider insincere. And a southern resident perceives the dry communication style of his northern friend as rude.
• * Communication in business culture - arises due to the fact that each organization (firm) has a number of specific customs and rules related to corporate culture, and when representatives of different enterprises contact, misunderstandings may arise.

A common characteristic feature of all levels and types of intercultural communication is the lack of awareness of cultural differences by its participants. The fact is that most people adhere to naive realism in their perception of the world. It seems to them that their style and way of life is the only possible and correct one, that the values \u200b\u200bthey are guided by are equally understandable and accessible to all people. And only when faced with representatives of other cultures, discovering that habitual patterns of behavior stop working, an ordinary person begins to think about the reasons for his failure.

When representatives of different cultures enter into communication, then different culturally specific views of the world collide. At the same time, each of the partners is not aware of these differences, considers his image of the world to be normal, and as a result, something taken for granted by one side meets something taken for granted by the other side. At first, both sides notice that something is wrong here. Trying to explain this situation, each side does not question its "something self-evident", more willingly thinks about the stupidity, ignorance or evil intent of its partner. This is where the idea of \u200b\u200b"alien" arises, which becomes the key concept to understanding intercultural communication. "Alien" is understood as alien, foreign, still unfamiliar and unusual. And indeed, when faced with a foreign culture, we see a lot of unusual and strange in it. Only by understanding this, we will gradually be able to come to an understanding of the reasons for our inadequacy in the situation of communication.

At present, the expansion of communication in the field of culture and politics, education and science, sports and tourism, as well as the globalization and intensive migration caused by these links in the world determine the problems of intercultural communication as relevant, deserving separate theoretical and practical consideration.

Due to its enormous potential, culture is able to unite people of different nationalities and professions, linguistic and religious communities, age categories, who can build their communication solely on the basis of mutual understanding.

In the field of international relations, business and politics, issues of intercultural communication acquire a professional character.

International educational and scientific ties are today the main forms of intercultural communication, they can also be classified as the most promising, since students and scientists are characterized by academic mobility (internships, exchange), a steady desire to acquire new knowledge.

Sport as an international phenomenon with deep historical roots, as well as international tourism are forms of intercultural communication.

Intercultural communication (IC) is communication between representatives of different cultures; “... adequate mutual understanding of two participants in a communicative act, belonging to different national cultures. The fact is that, even if they speak the same language, people cannot always understand each other correctly, and the reason is often precisely the divergence of cultures. "

Following E.M. Vereshchagin and V.G. Kostomarov, MK researchers believe that good knowledge of a foreign language is not enough for effective communication with native speakers. Each nation has developed its own traditions of communication, which are expressed

Reaction types Comments
Denying cultural differences Protecting your own cultural representation	Reactions are based on the belief of representatives of a certain culture that beliefs, customs
Minimizing cultural differences (typical human response to cross-cultural differences within a country)	and the values \u200b\u200bof people all over the world should be the same. However, a defensive reaction (negative attitude) of a group of the population of one culture to another in the form of aggression (Nazism, Islamism, etc.)
Accepting the existence of intercultural differences	The reaction is characterized by knowledge of another culture, a benevolent attitude towards it, which does not imply active penetration into another cultural environment
Adapting to a new culture	The reaction is associated with the desire of a person to adapt to the conditions of another culture, without fundamentally changing his identity, preserving his traditions, moral and ethical values. Example: Millions of European tourists accept the terms of Asian culture while traveling by greeting in the host language using local gestures
Integration into a different cultural environment	An individual lives outside his historical homeland for a long time, creates a family, is engaged in professional activities (emigration of the 20th century)

in behavior, gestures, facial expressions, way of thinking, etc., etc. Moreover, the authors distinguish six types of reaction to another culture and its representatives.

The most important conditions for full-fledged intercultural communication are knowledge and understanding of the peculiarities of our national culture, as well as respect for the cultural values \u200b\u200bof other peoples with whom we interact, restraint in assessments, appropriate behavior and balanced decision-making at the IC.

American researcher Richard D. Lewis conventionally divides the cultures of the world from the point of view of communication into three types: monoactive, polyactive, and reactive.

Table 4

Monoactive culture	Polyactive culture	Reactive cultures
They plan their lives, act on a schedule. Representatives: Americans, British, Germans, Swiss, Swedes, etc.	They determine the order of affairs not according to the schedule, but according to the degree of their attractiveness at the moment. Representatives: sociable peoples (Italians, Latin Americans, Arabs, etc.)	Attach the greatest importance to courtesy and respect. Representatives: residents of Japan, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Singapore, Korea, Turkey, Finland
The main way of communication is dialogue		A respectful way of communicating: monologue - pause - reflection - monologue

A simple linear diagram of a communicative act in the communication process includes components such as a message, a sender and a recipient of information. However, it is possible to illustrate speech action in the course of intercultural communication by supplementing the sample with some other structural elements. The overall picture will look like this:

Scheme 1. Model of a communicative act in the process of intercultural communication

A native speaker of one language (A), an individual playing a major role in the transmission of a language, linguistic tradition, according to Arutyunov, transmits a message, any information, thoughts, ideas to a native speaker of another language (B), who has its own linguistic foundations and experience, individual features of speech. This idea is confirmed by O. A. Leontovich, who writes that behind each linguistic personality there is a national character (A1, B2), “the character of self-identification of partners” in communication.

National character as an element (variable) of a communication model with intercultural specifics stands aside, has a latent, hidden image, and therefore requires deep understanding, the process of its actualization, so that gaps and gaps do not arise that can lead to misunderstanding, failure in intercultural communication.

When determining the national character, they generalize the typical character traits of one people, a kind of set of universal human traits attributed to one people by other people.

The concept of "national character" first appeared in travel literature in order to express the specifics of the way of life of a particular people. The motive of travel in literature is plot and genre-forming in the poems "The Odyssey" of the ancient Greek poet Homer and "Dead Souls" by N. V. Gogol, in the novel "Gulliver's Travels" by Jonathan Swift, etc.

The concept of "national character" is also considered in publicistic literature. Thus, Vokrug Sveta, one of the first journals in Russia, founded in St. Petersburg in 1861, publishes news about historical events, stories about the fates of famous people, information about new scientific discoveries and technical advances. However, in the first year of publication, nine articles were published in six issues of the magazine from January to November, which were devoted to the lifestyle and reality of a particular people and reflected the national character.

Today, travel sites on the Internet are not only interactive guides in the field of tourism, but also modern sources of information about the national character, since they continue the tradition of articles and essays about its features.

An analysis of publicistic literature also shows that the names of nationalities are followed by their geographical location: Great Britain, Mexico, Germany, America, etc., therefore, the study of the geographical features of national characters is an urgent topic and problematic. Thus, there are studies by Y. Alik, R. McCrae and others, which make the assumption that the nature of a nation is largely determined by temperature, climate, as well as national wealth, values \u200b\u200band beliefs.

Travel sites	Articles
http://www.otpusk.com/ (online guide to the world of tourism)	Features of a national character, or why the British love queues. Mountain people of Indochina. Walk in Japan. About Japan, Japanese and Henna Gaijin. Delhi: a journey into the past and the future
http: // maxyweb. ha / osobennosti-nacionalnogo- (travel portal)	Mexico - National Characteristics. Egypt - National Characteristics
http: //www.vokrugsveta. ha / all_vs_articles (electronic archive of the magazine "Around the world")	Peculiarities of the national character, or Why do the Germans wash the streets with soap. Peculiarities of the national character, or Why the Scandinavians love ice cream. Features of a national character, or How to become a real American. Features of national character, or Unknown Italians

• Richard D. Lewis, the world's largest linguist and specialist in cross-cultural studies.

The concept of intercultural communication, its varieties. Taking into account intercultural characteristics at the level of verbal and non-verbal communication, as well as at the level of customs and traditions.

Business culture concept. Classification of business culture models (Hofstede, Hall).

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION,communication, in conditions of significant culturally determined differences in the communicative competence of its participants, that these differences significantly affect the success or failure of a communicative event... In this case, communicative competence means knowledge of symbolic systems used in communication and the rules of their functioning, and principles of communication... Intercultural communication is characterized by the fact that its participants in direct contact use special language variants and discursive strategies that are different from those that they use when communicating within the same culture.The frequently used term "cross-cultural communication" usually refers to the study of some specific phenomenon in two or more cultures and has the added meaning of comparing the communicative competence of communicating representatives of different cultures.

Intercultural communication - communication between representatives of different human cultures (personal contacts between people, less often - indirect forms of communication (such as writing) and mass communication). Features of intercultural communication are studied at the interdisciplinary level and within the framework of such sciences as cultural studies, psychology, linguistics, ethnology, anthropology, sociology, each of which uses its own approaches to their study.

It is believed that this concept was introduced in the 1950s by the American cultural anthropologist Edward T. Hall as part of the program he developed for the US State Department to adapt American diplomats and businessmen to other countries ...

Initially, the so-called. Was used to describe intercultural communication. classic understanding culture more or less a stable system of conscious and unconscious rules, norms, values, structures, artifacts -national or ethnic culture .

Currently, the so-called. dynamic understanding of culture as a way of life and a system of behavior, norms, values, etc., of any social group (for example, urban culture, culture of generations, culture of the organization). Dynamic concept of culture does not imply a strict stability of the cultural system, it can change and be modified to a certain extent depending on the social situation.

As a scientific discipline, intercultural communication is in the stage of formation and has two characteristic features: applied character (the goal is to facilitate communication between representatives of different cultures, reduce the potential for conflict) and interdisciplinarity.

Research on intercultural communication has recently become increasingly important in connection with the processes globalization and intensive migrations.

Types of communication:

1. By the number of participants and distant relationships between them:

a. interpersonal (2 people, family) - the minimum number of participants, close relationships. The nature of development is a narrowing or widening of the distance.

b. intergroup / intragroup - the distances are greater, as is the number of participants

c. professional (in business)

d. mass (through an intermediary - media, television)

e. intercultural (between different cultures, includes all the previous)

2. With a functional approach:

a. informative

b. affective-evaluative (feelings, opinions)

c. recreational (information for recreation, in a playful way)

d. persuasive (between people of different statuses, ideological attitudes)

e. ritual (various traditions, customs)

3. By language use:

a. verbal

b. non-verbal

3. Functions of non-verbal communication 1.nonverbal communication complements verbal 2.nonverbal communication contradicts verbal 3.nonverbal communication replaces verbal 4.nonverbal communication serves as a regulator of verbal

Non-verbal communication : 1.kinesics (facial expressions, gaze, gestures, posture) 2. prosody (vocal and intonation means) 3. takeshika (touch) 4. sensing (sensory perception, manifestation of sensations) 5. proxemics (spatial structure of communication) 6. chronology ( temporal structure of communication)

Basic concepts

Japanese scholar Matsumoto: “In the field of social psychology and communication, the term interpersonal communication usually refers to communication that occurs between people from the same cultural environment; in this sense, it is synonymous with the term intracultural communication. A.P. Sadokhin's definition of intercultural communication: "Intercultural communication is a set of various forms of relations and communication between individuals and groups belonging to different cultures" The term culture is of Latin origin and it appeared in the era of Roman antiquity. This word comes from the verb "сolere", which meant "cultivation", "processing," leaving. In this sense, it was used by the Roman politician Marcus Porcius Cato (234-149 BC), who wrote the treatise "De agri cultura". The starting point in the formation of scientific ideas about culture is considered to be the treatise "Tusculan Conversations" by the Roman orator and philosopher Mark Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC), who applied this agronomic term metaphorically, i.e. in a different, figurative sense.

Greetings in a number of countries have a national flavor. Handshakes are the main form of greeting. But in some countries it is not customary to shake hands with women, and therefore wait for the woman to hold out her hand to you. In France and the Mediterranean countries, cheek kisses are common, in Latin America - hugs. Two palms pressed together in front of the chest are the Indian national greeting.

About the attitude towards people of a different age. Elders must be respected everywhere. They should be the first to start a conversation. When older people enter the room, stand up.

General advice when accepting unfamiliar food is to eat what is offered to you and do not ask what it is. Cut your portion into small pieces so it can easily enter your stomach.

In many countries, business is influenced by religion - the daily routine and work months and days. Find out more about the religion of the country, but do not enter into discussions on such topics. Know and remember that Buddhist images are sacred: you cannot step on the threshold in Thailand - good spirits live under it; never distract a person facing Mecca; do not photograph or touch religious items without permission.

Everywhere you should have a business card with you, which indicates: the name of your organization, your position, titles. Abbreviations should not be used. In Southeast Asia, Africa and the Middle East, always hold out a business card with your right hand. In Japan, it is served with both hands, with the right side to the partner.

Beware of using gestures that are familiar to you, say `V` (victory sign). In other countries, they may have a completely different, not always decent, meaning.

The strengths of the German national character are well known: hard work, diligence, punctuality, rationality, thrift, orderliness, pedantry, seriousness, prudence, the desire for orderliness.

Term "intercultural communication»Implies interaction between representatives of different ages, nationalities, cultures, religions, etc. It is a process of exchanging cultural characteristics of different nationalities through verbal and non-verbal language.

Modelbusiness cultureproposed byG. Hofstead , includes the following indicators:

power distance (low to high) - the degree to which people with little or no power agree that power is unevenly distributed in society;

collectivism - individualism. Individualism characterizes a society in which the connection between individuals is insignificant: it is assumed that first of all everyone cares about himself and the family; collectivism characterizes a society in which people from birth grow and develop in strong, close-knit groups; these groups care and protect "their" throughout life in exchange for unconditional loyalty;

femininity - masculinity... Masculinity is a characteristic feature of a society in which the sex roles of men and women are clearly separated, that is, men are tough, aggressive, focused on material success and victory in the external environment, and women are modest, gentle and focused on ensuring the quality of life and moral comfort in the family; femininity is a characteristic feature of a society in which the difference in gender roles is insignificant, men and women can be equally focused on material success and on ensuring the quality of life;

avoidance of uncertainty (from weak to strong) - the degree of discomfort, anxiety, fear that people belonging to a given society experience in front of unknown or uncertain circumstances.

An essential advantage of the Hofsteede model is that the poles of each characteristic are described in detail, and the characteristics themselves are expressed in numerical terms. This makes it possible to establish the degree of difference between the business cultures of countries and regions, to predict the areas of possible occurrence of problems in the interaction of businessmen or managers of these countries.

A. Hall distinguishes, in turn, the following cultures:

1))) monochronic (culture of the USA and the countries of Northern Europe.). At each certain period of time, people are busy with one thing, they strictly follow plans and schedules, agreements in order to avoid wasting time. Punctuality is important to them. it low-context culture: whenever people enter into communication, they need detailed information about everything that happens. itSocieties where informal information networks are practically absent. These cultures are less homogeneous, interpersonal contacts in them are strictly differentiated, representatives of these cultures do not mix personal relationships with work and other aspects of everyday life..

These are cultures in which most information is contained in words, people openly express their desires and intentions, not assuming that this can be understood from the communication situation. In this case, the greatest importance is attached to speech, as well as discussion of details.

2))) polychronous (countries of Southern Europe, Latin America, the Middle East). People do several things at the same time, and the relationship between people is more important to them than plans and schedules. These are highly contextual cultures (they change little over time, therefore, when interacting with the outside world, the same stimulus causes the same reaction. These are cultures in which much is determined by the hierarchy and status, the external Sid of the premises, their location and placement. cultures use a lot of hints, hidden meanings, figurative expressions, etc.

The role of non-verbal communication in intercultural communication:

1. The same gesture can have completely different meanings in different cultures.

2. A gesture may mean nothing and make no sense to the person who sees it.

3. A gesture has practically the same meaning in different cultures, and its interpretation rarely causes problems in intercultural communication.

If Western culture clearly measures time and lateness, for example, it is considered a fault (remember "Accuracy is the courtesy of kings"), then among the Arabs, in Latin America and in some Asian countries, lateness will not surprise anyone. Moreover, if you want to be dealt with seriously enough, you need to spend some time in random (ritual) conversations. Not only that, you should not be in a hurry, as cultural conflict can arise: "Arabs see drinking coffee and talking as 'doing something', while Americans see it as a waste of time." Accordingly, the Arabs view the exact timing as a personal offense. Or zfiopers look at what takes a long time to be done as a very prestigious business: the longer, the better, respectively.

Interest in intercultural communication arose after the Second World War, when projects to help developing countries were developed in the United States. The main attention of the researchers was focused on the development of skills and abilities of intercultural communication, taking into account the cultural characteristics of countries.

1954 is considered to be the date of birth of intercultural communication as an academic discipline. This year the book by E. Hall and D. Trager "Culture as communication: model and analysis" was published, in which the authors first proposed for wide use the term "intercultural communication", reflecting, in their opinion, a special area of \u200b\u200bhuman relations. Later, the main provisions and ideas of intercultural communication were more thoroughly developed in the famous work of E. Hall "Silent language" (1959). E. Hall develops ideas about the relationship between culture and communication and for the first time brings the problem of intercultural communication not only to the level of scientific research, but also to an independent academic discipline. Further development of the theoretical foundations of intercultural communication was continued by J. Condon and J. Fati in their work "Introduction to Intercultural Communication". In Europe, the formation of intercultural communication as an academic discipline happened later and was associated with the creation of the European Union, which opened the borders for the free movement of people, capital and goods. Practice has raised the problem of mutual communication between carriers of different cultures. Most specialists dealing with this problem believe that it is possible to talk about intercultural communication (interaction) only if people represent different cultures and understand everything that does not belong to their culture as someone else's. Relationships are intercultural if their participants do not use their own traditions, customs, ideas and ways of behavior, but get acquainted with other people's rules and norms of everyday communication. At the same time, both characteristic and unfamiliar properties, both identity and dissent, both accepted and new in the relationships, ideas and feelings that arise in people, are constantly revealed.

The rapid development of intercultural communication occurs in various spheres of human life: in politics, in informal contacts, in interpersonal communication of people in everyday life, family, tourism, sports, military cooperation, etc. The social, political and economic changes that have taken place in recent years on a global scale have led to an unprecedented migration of peoples, their resettlement, mixing and collision. As a result of these processes, more and more people are crossing the cultural barriers that used to separate them. New cultural phenomena are formed, the boundaries between one's own and another's are erased. The resulting changes encompass virtually all forms of human life.

In Russia, the ideas of intercultural communication began to develop successfully in the mid-90s. In Russian studies of intercultural communication, Western scientific traditions are mainly preserved in approaches to this complex and multifaceted phenomenon. Their main feature is aspectualization. They reflect the following research aspects: sociological (social, ethnic and other factors in intercultural communication); linguistic (verbal and non-verbal means of communication, language styles, ways to increase the effectiveness of intercultural communication); psychological (cognitive and emotional components of intercultural communication, value orientations and motivation); communicative.

Our country is multinational. More than a hundred ethnic groups and many other cultural groups live in Russia, adhering to various religions, cultural traditions and customs. Over the past decades, Russia has been actively moving along the path of mutually beneficial communication, cooperation both in domestic and foreign policy. The problems of intercultural communication turn out to be no less important, and sometimes even more intense, than political and economic ones. Intercultural communication is an important factor in the regulation of the internal life of a country and relations between countries.

Russia's integration into European and global processes has led to the problem of mastering the cultural characteristics of other countries. Entering the common space is impossible without mastering its cultural context. Awareness of belonging to a single world space requires achieving understanding between the carriers of different cultures.

Practice shows that many of our compatriots were not ready for intercultural contacts, they are poorly aware of their own and other people's national and cultural characteristics. "Every person knows that he needs to do not what separates him from people, but what connects him with them." L.N. Tolstoy did not expect that his thought would be very relevant at the border of the XX-XXI centuries. The materials of the European Cultural Convention draw attention to the need to develop interaction through the dialogue of cultures, contributing to the establishment of contacts, awareness of the common human "we" and the desire to understand each other. The implementation of intercultural communication carries the hope of enriching national cultures, while not crowding out or forgetting their own cultural origins.