In explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, stylistically colored words are accompanied by stylistic marks. Stylistic notes - this is an indication from the normative dictionary of the stylistic coloring of a word or phraseological expression. Litter decomposition - colloquial indicates the colloquial nature of the word and the appropriateness of its use in a conversational style. Litter scientific- scientific means that the word is a scientific term and is used in a scientific style. It should be borne in mind that language is a developing phenomenon, therefore stylistic marks in dictionaries of different years reflect the stylistic connotation of the word that it had at the time of the creation of the dictionary. The stylistic coloring of words changes over time.
876. Some scientists argue that words prestige, privilege, principle, problem, perspective, situation, trend, elementary, element(in the meaning of “natural phenomenon”), etc., which in the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” edited by D.N. Ushakov (1934-1940) were certified as book ones, later lost this stylistic coloring and turned into stylistically neutral. Do you agree with this point of view? Check the correctness of your point of view using a modern explanatory dictionary.
877. Words competence And compilation, starting with the fourth edition of the “Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S.I. Ozhegov, they began to be marked with the mark bookish. Is it possible to say on this basis that at first they were stylistically neutral, and then became bookish? Write down from the current dictionary words that do not have stylistic marks, but are perceived by native speakers as bookish or colloquial. Prove the correctness of your point of view.
878. In the first edition of S.I. Ozhegov’s “Dictionary of the Russian Language” the word TV accompanied by droppings special, denoting that a word belongs to a certain circle of professional (scientific, technical, etc.) use. In subsequent editions this mark was eliminated. What explains this? Give your examples of changes in the stylistic coloring of words that have come into active use in the last 15-20 years. To do this, take explanatory dictionaries from different years (1970s or 1980s editions) and compare the words you have chosen from them and dictionaries published in recent years.
879. In explanatory dictionaries of the modern Russian literary language the word outback is given without stylistic markings. On this basis, can we agree with the compilers of dictionaries that it is stylistically neutral? Prove the correctness of your answer and write a short text using this word. Where can such a text be heard?
880. In the “Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S.I. Ozhegov, which appeared in 1949, the word become arrogant was given without stylistic marks. In 1952, in the second and in 1953 in the third editions, the mark appeared with the word disapproving. In the 1960 edition and in all subsequent editions, the mark is given instead colloquial.
What do you think explains such changes: a change in the stylistic coloring of the word or a clarification of the stylistic characteristics of the word?
Is it possible to say that this word has a neutral (zero) emotional and evaluative connotation? Prove it.
881. The author of one of the popular science brochures classified the words below as book vocabulary. Do you agree that each of these words, speaking in its literal meaning, is bookish? Check your answer in a dictionary and give examples of the use of these words. Make up sentences and write them down.
Freedom, labor, party, Russian, order, court, verdict, lawyer, judge, investigator, treaty, diplomat, order, visit, delegation.
Self-test questions
1. What synonyms are called stylistic? How do they differ from other words with similar meanings?
2. Why does a literate person need knowledge of stylistic synonyms? Prove it.
3. What is the stylistic coloring of a word?
4. What types of stylistic coloring do Russian words have?
5. What marks mark the stylistic coloring of words in the dictionary?
6. Is the stylistic coloring of a word a permanent feature of this word? What does this depend on? Give examples.
7. Why do you need to know whether a word has a stylistic connotation? Prove it.
882. Read fragments of articles from synonymous dictionaries. Analyze them and answer these questions.
1. Which of the instructions do you consider indisputable and why?
2. Which instructions seem unreasonable to you and why?
3.What would need to be added to the characteristics of individual words?
Find literary and journalistic examples of the use of these words today or make up your own sentences.
Farmer, tiller, tiller, earth-grower (region), grain-grower.
Word farmer in modern language it has a bookish and official character, it is used when a general description of a person’s occupation and position is given; even more rarely used tiller; more often than others, especially in the press, are used digger And grain grower, which are gradually losing their regional character; word farmer outdated and usually used in relation to the past... (Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language: In 2 volumes / Edited by A. P. Evgenieva. - L., 1970. - T. 1. - P. 400).
PEASANT, farmer, ploughman, plowman, grain grower; digger (region); man (establishment and region); farmer, peasant, villager, villager (established); oratay, ratay (oral, poet, and folk poet.); landscape (verbal, humorous and ironic) / to plural. collected:. manly (verbal, simple)(Aleksandrova Z.E. Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. - 4th ed. - M., 1975. - P. 205).
883. Place the data below the words in the table you created. Look up the meanings of unfamiliar words in an explanatory dictionary.
Destiny, lady, reverence, children, creator, present, missus, close look, little hand, panacea, warrior, dressed up, grabber, degeneration, loud voice, thief, nonsense, clique, sculptor, ruler, warrior, vaunted, boldly.
Which column has few examples? Select missing examples from works of fiction, newspapers and magazines.
Conversational style
Sphere of life colloquial style of speech - everyday life, informal communication, mainly orally. In everyday speech, words and forms are often used that give speech a relaxed character and allow you to express different emotions and feelings: blond-blonde, window-window, procrastinate. Colloquial words usually include words with subjective assessment suffixes: hand-hand-hand-hand, tiny – small-small, verbal forms like jump, knock, kick and so on. The sentences that make up colloquial speech are usually simple in composition, and incomplete sentences are often encountered. This is explained by the specifics of colloquial speech - it is predominantly conversational in nature. If everyday speech is presented in written form (personal letters, diary entries), then, as a rule, its lexical and grammatical character remains the same as in oral form.
In colloquial style texts you can find colloquial and dialect words that are impossible in such book styles as scientific, official business and journalistic: beat-punch-punch-poke-cool; friend-comrade-buddy-sidekick. Such words in most cases are outside the boundaries of the literary language; their use is justified only in colloquial speech and in the language of fiction. The conversational style of speech is not so strict and demanding in the selection of linguistic means; a certain “reduction” distinguishes it from book styles. In addition, in the conversational style, expressively colored means (suffixes, prefixes) predominate, conveying the positive or negative attitude of the author of the speech to what he is talking about. True, we should not forget that the “reduced” conversational style of speech should not be understood too literally, for example, as permissiveness. An educated person needs to remember that a person is always characterized by his speech. By what and how a person speaks, you can always determine what his educational and cultural level is.
In the language of fiction, the conversational style is used by the writer to create the authenticity of the narrative and the speech characteristics of the hero.
884. Read it. Look for signs of a conversational style. Mark them, try to replace colloquial words and phrases with their neutral synonyms. What can you say about the author of the speech?
The doctor is funny. Mostly a specialist in nervous and childhood diseases. Approaches the patient's bed with an open face and friendly laughter. "Well? Are we a little sick? Let's see, now we'll see. Well, show me your tongue. The tongue is good, we’ll prescribe a sweet mixture.”
(A.K. Tolstoy)
885. Read the text. Indicate the language means of conversational style. Write down colloquial and colloquial words, indicate what their coloring is. What can you say about the relationship between the characters? Why did you decide so?
Grandfather Kokovani has a booth set up in the forest near the mowing spoons. So they came there with the girl Darenka and the cat Murenka. They hibernate. But Darenka got used to the forest. She herself says to the old man:
Dedo, you should go to the factory to get a horse. We need to take the corned beef home.
Kokovanya was even surprised:
How smart you are, Daria Grigorievna! How the big one judged. You'll just be afraid, I guess you'll be alone.
“What,” he answers, “to be afraid of.” Still, hurry up and turn around!
As it began to get dark, Darenka became afraid. He just looks - Murenka is lying quietly. She became happier.
(According to P. Bazhov)
886. Read the text and imagine the communication situation, reconstruct it, enter the beginning of the situation, the dialogue of the characters and the end of the communication. The following plan will help you with this: 1. Who is speaking? 2. Who is he talking to? 3. Why does the hero speak this way? 4. How might this dialogue end?
Children, didn’t you receive any telegram without me?.. Answer, tormentors!.. This is where my death is!.. This is who, of course, will bring me to the grave! Stop buzzing and tell me exactly what happened.
(A. Gaidar)
887.
Read the forms of your own name. Use them as addresses in sentences. Indicate those that can be used in an informal setting. What is the coloring of each appeal? Pronounce the sentences so that it is clear in what communication situation they are appropriate and who your addressee is: the director or
a teacher, grandfather or uncle, older stranger, friend or younger brother.
Alexander Alexandrovich; Alexander; grandfather Sasha; grandfather Sanya; Sanek; Sashunya; Sasha; Sashenka; Alex; Sandro.
888. Pay attention to how strangers address each other in an informal setting (in the yard, in a store, in public transport, in a clinic). Mark among the addresses neutral and conversational, positively or negatively colored. Give your recommendations on how to address each other in an informal setting.
889. Replace the given sentences with their colloquial synonyms. Evaluate each option for its appropriateness in certain informal settings.
1. When sending a letter, do not forget to write the return address on the envelope. 2. At the end of classes you must report to the director. 3. Since Petrov was late, he will not be allowed to participate in the competition. 4. In case of unfavorable weather conditions, the ski trip will be postponed to next Saturday. 5. Ivanov is a good athlete, but nevertheless he could not win this tournament. 6. He received a “good” mark on the final exam, so there is no question of a diploma with honors.
890. Highlight the words, phrases and sentences in the sentences that are characteristic of the colloquial style of speech. By what signs did you recognize them?
1. This boy arrived... The boy’s name was Vanka. So small, so short. (Shuksh.) 2. A singing old woman appeared. - Sasha is so pale, so weak, so tender. (Sol.) 3. Having read in Smury’s eyes<...>petty dog scare<...>she answered. (Trif.) 4. So there is a club? - Yes, Pasha. (Shuksh.) 5. There is a little cow and a caretaker at home. (Lich.) 6. And here is another popular pink fairy tale. (PP.)
Self-test questions
1. What areas of a person’s life does the conversational style serve?
2. How does the conversational style differ from other speech styles?
3. Is it necessary to comply with the norms of the literary language in a colloquial style of speech? Why?
4. What are the linguistic features of conversational style (rate of speech, vocabulary, word formation, morphology and syntax)? Give examples.
5. In what written genres is the colloquial style of speech implemented?
6. Why do we find features of a conversational style in works of fiction?
7. What can you learn about a person if you listen carefully to his speech?
Tasks for independent work
891. In N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls”, find a fragment that presents a conversational style. Explain your choice. Prove that the language means you classify as colloquial are indeed colloquial.
892. In the fragments from literary works given below, find the features of the conversational style, indicate them and determine the role of each of them in the literary text.
I. The school yard was already full of children. The guys gathered in groups. Each class is separate. I quickly found my class. The guys saw me and ran towards me with a joyful cry and began clapping me on the shoulders and back. I didn't think it was like this
they will be glad to see me.
Where is Fedya Rybkin? - asked Grisha Vasiliev.
Really, where is Fedya? - the guys shouted. - You always went together. Where did you lose it?
“No Fedya,” I answered. - He will no longer study with us.
He left our city with his parents.
How so?
Very simple.
Aren't you lying? - asked Alik Sorokin.
Here's another! I'll lie!
The guys looked at me and smiled incredulously.
“Guys, Vanya Pakhomov is not there either,” said Lenya Astafiev.
And Seryozha Bukatin! - the guys shouted.
(N. Nosov)
II. The truck began to snort, Timokhin climbed into the cab. The truck snorted louder and louder, trying to move... Now it moved: it moved back, then forward and back again. Now he will leave, the gate will be closed, the lantern will be put out, and it will all be over.
Seryozha stood aside under the snow. He remembered his promise with all his might and only occasionally sobbed long, joyless, almost silent sobs. And one single tear seeped onto his eyelashes and shone in the light of the lantern - a difficult tear, no longer a child’s tear, a bitter, caustic and proud tear... And, unable to be here any longer, he turned and walked towards the house, hunched over with grief .
Stop! - Korostelev desperately shouted and drummed on Timokhin. - Sergey! Come on! Alive! Get ready! You'll go!
And he jumped to the ground.
Alive! What's there? Junk. Toys. With one spirit. Come on!
Mitya, what are you doing? Mitya, think! Mitya, you're crazy! - Aunt Pasha and mother, who looked out of the cabin, spoke. He answered excitedly and angrily:
Yah you. What is this, you understand. This is vivisection (an operation on a living animal in order to study the functions of the body, the effect of various substances on it, and the development of treatment methods). You want it, but I can’t. That's all.
Oh my God: my God! He will die there! - Aunt Pasha shouted.
“Go away,” said Korostelev. - I'm responsible for him, okay? There's no way in hell he'll die. Your nonsense. Come on, come on, Seryozhka!
(V. Panova)
893. Read A.S. Pushkin’s story “The Young Lady-Peasant Woman” and watch what Lisa-Akulina’s speech is like. Find the date scene where the heroine was close to revealing her secret. Why did this happen?
Scientific style of speech
Science is served scientific a style of speech that is characterized by abstractness, strict logic of presentation, and a large number of special terms. The scientific style uses predominantly bookish, specialized, and stylistically neutral vocabulary. Syntactic constructions in scientific speech are predominantly complex sentences. Scientific sentences use direct word order; simple two-part sentences are complicated by isolated definitions, expressed participial phrases and homogeneous members with generalizing words. The syntax of scientific speech is distinguished by an impersonal manner of presentation: the phenomenon is called, the fact exists, the theorem is proven.
General properties of scientific speech: accuracy, strict consistency, conciseness, “intellectuality”, regular use of terms, limitation of stylistically colored means of language, etc. Scientific speech differs depending on the field of knowledge not only in terminological composition (each science has its own terms), but also by the nature of the presentation. Let's say, in a mathematical text, the material is presented in the form of conventional signs, symbols, and formulas. A literary or historical text contains a lot of descriptive material; metaphors and comparisons are acceptable.
In the scientific style, various genres are distinguished: monograph, dissertation, review, abstract, abstract, textbook, popular science book, teacher lecture, scientific report, abstract, etc. Each genre has its own specific features. Thus, popular science speech, in contrast to scientific speech itself, is characterized by vividness of presentation, the presence of figurative means, and some closeness to artistic speech.
894. Compare texts from textbooks on physics, literature, biology and history. Indicate the signs of a scientific style of speech and note how a scientific text on physics differs from a text on literature, and a text on biology from a historical one.
895. Find in your textbooks two terms of different sciences: mathematics, physics, history, literature, Russian language, biology, geography. Indicate the meaning of each term and the field of science in which it is used, and make sentences with them.
896. Remember 10 special words related to your future profession, explain their meanings, make sentences with them and write them down.
897. Read the texts. What style of speech would you classify them as? Why? What is this genre called? Note the characteristic features of the genre.
1. We live in a world of crystals, and even our body partly consists of them, but not ordinary, but so-called liquid crystals...
Crystals are called “the flowers of the earth” not so much for their extraordinary external beauty, but for their hidden beauty - the beautiful harmony of geometrically precise structures. A high order of arrangement and strict periodicity of repetition of the same particles is the main feature of a crystal. Then what are “liquid crystals”? Indeed, in liquids and gases there is no strictly ordered arrangement of particles; their main feature is ionic identical properties. Liquid crystals are a kind of intermediate state of matter; they are fluid, like water, like drops, but have an ordered structure and physical properties that are unequal in different directions.
(According to G.Ya. Solganik)
II. There is more dust in space than previously thought. The well-known phenomenon of zodiacal light (the glow of the night sky in the plane of the Zodiac constellations), as recently established, is the reflection of light from particles of cosmic dust.
Albedo is a beautiful word, similar to the name of a Spanish city. However, there is no such city on the map. In Russian, albedo means “whiteness.” This is not a simple word, but a serious scientific term that denotes the ratio of the amount of light reflected by a surface area in all directions to the amount of light incident on this area.
Everyone can distinguish wood from metal, glass from stone, aluminum from copper. Using such properties of a substance as color, brightness, transparency, shine, a person can determine what a given object is made of.
(According to G.Ya. Solganik)
Abstract- This is a brief record of the content of what was read. An outline of an article or book helps to better understand its content, remember the most important provisions and, if necessary, regularly refer to the text.
Rules for writing notes:
2. Leave margins on the left and right. On the left, the pages of the original, structural sections of the article or book (titles of paragraphs, subheadings, etc.) are marked, and the main problems are formulated. In the margins on the right you write down your own conclusions, links to other materials, topics and problems for further development of the issue.
3. A brief summary of the content of the text is written in the central part of the outline. It should include quotations from other secret texts.
4. It is necessary to preserve the structure of the source being noted (its composition, sequence of presentation and thematic sections).
5. You should number the pages of the notes and make a list of the notes contained in the same notebook.
898. Familiarize yourself with the rules for taking notes and make a summary of the textbook article indicated by the teacher.
annotation- brief description of the article, book, etc. in terms of its purpose, content, form and other features. The purpose of the annotation is to answer the question of what the article or book is about, i.e., to give a general idea of the article or book. The annotation reflects:
2. Topic of the article (book). The general topic of the source is indicated. The following expressions are used: The article is devoted to a current, controversial, important topic, issue, problem.
3. Issues. The range of issues or problems that are addressed in the article is listed. The following expressions are used: The article analyzes (covers, describes, reveals, considers) the following problems; an analysis is given (characteristics, description); results are presented; the theory (history, methodology, problem) is presented; the question (problem, process, dependence, properties) is investigated.
4. Addressee. It is indicated for whom the text is intended. The following expressions are used: The article is intended for specialists in the field; is of interest to (a wide range of readers, students of secondary schools and secondary specialized educational institutions, university students, graduate students, teachers) and so on.
899. A sample abstract is contained in almost any book. Familiarize yourself with the structure of the abstract and create your own version of the abstract of the article indicated by the teacher.
Essay- this is a brief summary of the contents of an article (book), including basic factual information and conclusions necessary for initial familiarization with it and determining the advisability of referring to it. The purpose of the abstract is to answer the question of what is new and significant in the article (book). An abstract can be compiled from one source (abstract-summary) or from several (abstract-review).
900 . Familiarize yourself with the principles of writing a summary essay and write an essay on a topic, book or article suggested by your teacher.
2. Topic. The general topic of the source is indicated, using the following expressions: dedicated to the topic (issue, problem).
3. Composition. It is indicated how many structural parts are there and which ones. The following expressions are used: consists of (includes, contains) sections (parts, chapters).
4. Main content. The specific results or conclusions of the author are presented in accordance with the structure of the article. The following expressions are used: in the introduction it is indicated (noted) that; in the first chapter (part) the author notes (indicates, concludes) that; the second chapter (part, section) is devoted to (contains), in the opinion of the author; in the third chapter; in conclusion it is indicated (noted, the author comes to the conclusion that) and so on.
5. Availability of illustrative material. The presence of figures, tables, and diagrams is noted. Expressions like: The author illustrates his reasoning with specific facts and examples, provides drawings, photographs, tables etc.
Self-test questions
1. Describe the scope of application of the scientific style of speech, its role in the life of society.
2. What are the main stylistic features of the language of science? Give examples.
3.What is the vocabulary of scientific speech? Give examples.
4. Give examples of linguistic terms or terms used in your future profession. What are the features of the term?
5. What are the syntactic features of scientific speech? Give examples.
6. What genres of scientific speech do you know? Indicate the similarities and differences between genres.
Tasks for independent work
901. In the sentences below, find unnecessary words and expressions, eliminate verbosity and correct errors. Determine the branch of science and the genre of scientific speech in which the given fragments could be used.
1. The photoelasticity method is very effective in studying the dynamic stress state of building structures. 2. The book offered to the attention of readers contains a translation of the first volume of edited lectures on the most pressing issues of modern quantum chemistry. 3. When we systematize chemical substances, then the chemical approach will be completely correct, but when we systematize structural types, then the chemical principle should be completely abandoned. 4. It is impossible not to take into account the fact that conducting research on virgin fauna is also necessary in order to preserve accurate data on the animal population of endangered natural landscapes for future generations.
902. Read and compare the unedited and edited versions of the sentences. Explain what the edit was and why it was necessary.
1. Looking at the curves showing seasonal fluctuations in the average weight of birds, one can see that they have an individual character. - Curves showing seasonal fluctuations in the average weight of birds have an individual character. 2. Pallas completed his education in Holland. - Pallas completed his education in Holland. 3. This discovery belongs to one of the remarkable Russian zoologists of the last century. - This discovery belongs to a remarkable Russian zoologist of the 19th century.
903. Read the sentences. Find errors and fix them. Write down the sentences you edited in your notebook.
1. Three years ago the first conference took place. 2. A number of expeditions were planned. 3. The stripes move closer to each other. 4. The curves shown in this figure show that the process occurs intermittently. 5. Crystalline hydrates of uranyl nitrate are a unique group of compounds. 6. The whole question about this expedition is presented in a new way.
Formal business style
Official business the style serves official-industrial and official-diplomatic relations: industrial, diplomatic, legal, i.e. relations between government authorities and the population, between countries, enterprises, institutions and organizations, between individuals and society. The official business style refers to book styles and functions primarily in written speech. The oral form of official business speech is speeches at ceremonial meetings, sessions, receptions, reports of government and public figures, etc.
Official business style is characterized by highly regulated speech: high standardization, a certain supply of means of expression and ways of constructing them, a large number of stable phrases, cliches - impose a duty, due to absence, to take action; formality (precision of wording, rigor of presentation and expression - words are usually used in their direct meanings, imagery is usually absent) and impersonality.
The famous French linguist Charles Bally wrote: “The official language differs sharply from common speech and has a pronounced social connotation; it possesses a set of speech facts that serve to express in precise and impersonal formulas the circumstances that life in society imposes on a person, starting from notarial acts and police codes to articles of the code and constitution” (Bally S. French stylistics. - M., 1961. - P. 60-61).
Official business style is divided into two substyles - official documentary (the language of diplomacy and the language of laws) and everyday business (office correspondence and business papers).
The language of diplomacy is very diverse; it has its own system of terms and etiquette words. I ask you, Mr. Ambassador, to accept the assurances of my highest regard- this is how it is customary to end a personal note. The syntax of the language of diplomacy is characterized by long, detailed sentences with branched conjunctions, with participial and participial phrases, introductory and isolated constructions. Often a sentence consists of segments, each of which expresses a complete thought, framed in the form of a paragraph, but not separated from the others by a period, but is formally included in the structure of one sentence. For example, the preamble (introductory part) of the Charter of the United Nations has such a syntactic structure:
We, the peoples of the united nations, are determined
to save future generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold grief to humanity, and
to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and in the equal rights of nations large and small, and
create conditions under which fairness and respect for obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be observed, and
to promote social progress and improved living conditions in greater freedom,
and for these purposes
show tolerance and live together in peace with each other, like good neighbors, and
unite our forces to maintain international peace and security, and
to ensure, by the adoption of principles and the establishment of methods, that armed forces are used only in the general interest, and
to use the international apparatus to promote the economic and social progress of all peoples,
decided to join our efforts to achieve our goals.
This entire fragment of text is one sentence, in which the significant parts of the document are highlighted in paragraphs and font: the goals and subject of the contract.
The language of laws is the official language, the language of government, in which it speaks to the people. It requires precision in the expression of thoughts. Another important feature of the language of laws is the generality of the expression: The owner has the right to own, use and dispose of property within the limits established by law.
The language of laws is also characterized by a complete lack of individualization of speech and standard presentation.
The everyday business variety of the official business style serves industrial relations and is implemented in various genres of business papers. Such genres are: resume, application, protocol, agreement, receipt, deed, official correspondence, power of attorney, autobiography, etc. The main feature of all official business documents is the standardization of form and means of expression, brevity (telegraphic style). We will become familiar with the rules for creating basic production documents during the exercises.
Summary- a brief summary of the essence of the issue. In modern conditions, before meeting with a job applicant, managers often ask to send a resume to the company. A resume does not replace an application; it is presented before the application is processed, but often gives the employer information about the need to meet with the applicant. The resume is written in free form. The author of the resume indicates all the information about himself that will most advantageously present him and convince management that this particular applicant should fill the vacant position.
Statement- an official written request for something, which is submitted to the head of the enterprise or a superior person. An application is usually written for employment, leave, etc. The application must briefly and clearly state the essence of the request and provide the necessary facts confirming the legitimacy of the applicant’s application. Each new thought in the statement should be written on a red line. Please note: the application is written by hand.
904. Read the sample resume. Highlight parts of this document. Indicate the features of a formal business style in your resume. Find similarities and differences between resumes and applications.
In 1998, she graduated from secondary school No. 127 in Moscow and received a certificate of secondary education.
In 1998, she entered secondary specialized school No. 15, from which she graduated in 2000, receiving a diploma with honors in the specialty “secretary assistant”.
In 1999, she completed courses and received a certificate in the profession of “computer operator.”
In 2000, she completed German language courses and completed an internship in Germany. I speak German fluently and read professional literature in the language.
In 2001, she completed a car enthusiast course and received a license to drive a car.
In 1999, she successfully completed an internship in the Mosenergo management; the recommendation of the internship supervisor is attached.
From January 1999 to December 2000, she worked as a secretary-assistant at Energon LLC, replacing a temporarily disabled employee. The recommendation of the LLC President is attached.
My address: Moscow, st. Pokrovka, 15, apt. 9, tel. 123-45-67.
905. Read the text of the application, pay attention to the form and content of the document. Note the features of the formal business style in this document.
To the Director of the Moscow Machine-Tool Technical School
Ivanov Pavel Petrovich, living at the address: 103107, Moscow, st. Lesnaya, 64, apt. 18,
statement.
I ask you to allow me to take the entrance exams to the Moscow Machine Tool Technical School for the evening department of the Electromechanical Faculty.
In 2001, I graduated from SPTU No. 23 in Moscow, received a college diploma and a qualification certificate as an electrician of the 5th category.
The following documents are attached to the application:
1) diploma;
2) health certificate;
3) characteristics;
4) 2 photos.
906. Write a job application.
907. Prepare and write a resume addressed to the company where you would like to work.
908. Write an application for leave.
The types and types of dictionaries are determined mainly by two factors: the composition and number of words explained, i.e., the vocabulary of the dictionary, and the nature of the explanation of the meaning of the word (set of synonyms; descriptive interpretation; reference definition
There are two types of dictionaries:
1) encyclopedic
2) philological (linguistic).
The first explains realities (objects, phenomena), provides information about various events: Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Literary encyclopedia, Children's encyclopedia, political dictionary, philosophical dictionary.
Secondly, words are explained and their meanings are interpreted. Linguistic dictionaries, in turn, are divided into two types: bilingual (less often multilingual), i.e. translation ones, which we use when studying a foreign language, when working with foreign language text (Russian-English dictionary, Polish-Russian dictionary, etc. ), and monolingual.
The following linguistic dictionaries are distinguished:
· From the point of view of vocabulary selection:
1) thesaurus-type dictionaries (A thesaurus is a dictionary that contains all the words that appear in a given language at least once.)
2) dictionaries in which vocabulary is selected according to certain parameters:
A) by sphere of use (colloquial, vernacular, dialect, argot...)
B) from a historical perspective (archaisms, historicisms, neologisms)
C) by origin (foreign words, internationalisms)
D) according to the characteristics of word types (abbreviations, onomastics...)
· From the point of view of disclosing individual aspects:
1) Etymological
2) grammatical
3) orthoepic
4) spelling, etc.
· from the point of view of revealing systemic relationships between words:
1) Nesting
2) word-forming
3) synonymous, antonymous (content plan)
4) paronymic, homonymic (plane of expression)
· From the point of view of choosing a unit of description:
4) phraseological units
5) combinations
· From the point of view of describing a separate diachronic section:
1) Historical
2) Different eras of modern language
From a functional point of view:
1) by frequency:
A) frequency
B) rare words
2) by stylistic use:
A) metaphors
B) epithets
B) comparisons
D) expressive vocabulary
3) according to the normative characteristics:
A) difficulties
B) correctness
· In the direction of presentation of the material based on the content:
A) ideographic
B) thematic
DICTIONARY NOTES- used in specialized dictionaries. instructions, remarks characterizing the word from one side or another, complementing and clarifying its meaning.
Grammar litters give information about whether a word belongs to a grammatical group. categories, about its grammatical. form and grammar. meaning. For this purpose, marks of part-verbal affiliation ("adv." - adverb, "prich." - participle, "interjection." - interjection, etc.), species correlations ("owl." - perfective, "nesov." - imperfect) are used. type), indication of transitivity/intransitivity (“transition”, “non-transition”), etc.
Stylistic litters are multifunctional and serve for multidirectional qualification of words with t.zr. its social relevance, functional affiliation, position in the lexicon. system, actually stylistic. status, genre characteristics and expressive properties. Stylistic the characteristics do not form a linear series, but intersect and interact with each other, which causes objective difficulties in attributing a word to one or another stylistic. category. We can distinguish different types of stylistics. characteristics. One of the chapters appointments P.S. - social-functional. characteristics. In this case, the mark serves as a sign that the word, meaning or use either “serves” a particular area of activity or communication, or is characteristic of a specific definition. social environment. This category includes the following marks: “bookish.”, qualifying bookish vocabulary (altruism, dominant, sardonic, truism); "specialist." or “scientific”, marking special. vocabulary, terminology, which usually goes beyond the limits of k.-l. one specialty (isomorphic, discrete, conglomerate); for terms defined region sciences, as a rule, apply specific ones. pointers: "physical." - physical term, "astro." - astronomical, "honey." - medical, etc.; The marks "public" belong to the same category. (journalism), "official." (official), "office." (clerical), "colloquial." and “simple.”, which have a pronounced social and functional relevance. Dr. PS categories characterize a word by its position in the lexical system on the time axis - by the degree of novelty or archaicity (the marks “obsolete” - obsolete, “obsolete”, “nov.” - new) or by territorial affiliation (“region.” " - regional). Actually stylistic. The coloring of a word is demonstrated by its location on the high/low scale. The traditional mark "high.", marking high vocabulary used in celebrations and speeches ("year", "overthrow", "death", "infamy"), is correlated in this regard with the mark "simple.", characterizing different layers of "low" "vocabularies ("drag", "redneck", "shabby", "crazy"). P.S. also serve as signs of emotional evaluation: “disapproved.” (disapprovingly), "despise." (contemptuously), "disdainful." (dismissively), "affection." (affectionately), "scold." (expletive). In different dictionaries in accordance with the tasks and theoretical. The installations of each of them use different P.S. sets in terms of quantity and composition.
Marks are one of the components of an explanatory dictionary.
The emotional and expressive coloring of a word and its belonging to a certain functional style in the lexical system of the Russian language are, as a rule, interdependent. Words that are neutral in terms of emotional expression are usually included in the layer of commonly used vocabulary. The exception is terms: they are always stylistically neutral, but have a clear functional definition. Emotionally expressive words are distributed between book and colloquial (colloquial) vocabulary.
Book vocabulary includes words that are lofty, giving solemnity to speech, as well as emotionally expressive words, expressing both a positive and negative assessment of the named concepts. Thus, in book styles the vocabulary used is ironic (loveliness, words, quixoticism), disapproving (pedantic, mannerism), contemptuous (mask, corrupt), etc. Therefore, it is sometimes incorrectly believed that book vocabulary consists only of words of positive evaluative meaning, although such words, of course, predominate in it (all poetic, rhetorical, solemn vocabulary).
Colloquial vocabulary includes words of endearment (darling, mommy), humorous words (butuz, laugh), as well as some units expressing a negative assessment of the named concepts (but not too rude): zealous, giggle, brag, small fry. Colloquial vocabulary includes sharply reduced words that are outside the literary norm. Among them there may be forms containing a positive assessment of the named concepts (hard worker, brainy), but there are many more forms expressing the speaker’s negative attitude towards the designated concepts (leftist, crazy, flimsy, stupid, etc.).
The word often intersects functional characteristics with emotionally expressive and other stylistic shades. For example, the words satellite epigone and apotheosis are perceived primarily as bookish. But at the same time, we associate the word satellite, used in a figurative sense, with a journalistic style; in the word epigonic we mark a negative assessment, and in the word apotheosis - a positive one. In addition, the use of these words in speech is influenced by their foreign language origin (phonetic design, which is not characteristic of the Russian language, can lead to their inappropriateness in a certain context). And the affectionately ironic words zaznoba, motanya, zaletka, drolya combine colloquial and dialect coloring and folk poetic sound. The richness of stylistic shades of Russian vocabulary requires a particularly attentive attitude to the word.
Stylistic notes
Stylistic notes in the Dictionary serve to characterize that part of the vocabulary of the modern literary language, which, for one reason or another, is limited in its use. These restrictions have a different nature and different reasons: a) restrictions due to the word belonging to those layers of vocabulary that are outside the boundaries of the literary language or stand on its border (regional, colloquial, roughly colloquial words); b) restrictions due to the highly specialized nature of the terms of science, technology, craft, art, etc.; c) restrictions that are due to the fact that something or another word can be used only in a certain style of literary speech.
A stylistic mark is placed after the grammatical characteristics of the word 1) before the numbers marking the meaning of the word, if the mark refers to the word as a whole (with all its meanings); 2) before determining the value (after the number), when the mark refers to this value and all its shades;
As you know, one of the tasks of an explanatory dictionary is to reflect the stylistic stratification of the vocabulary of a language. Currently, there are several methods used by dictionary authors to solve this problem. What are these methods?
The main lexicographic means of stylistic characterization of words is special (stylistic) dictionary marks, which are in all explanatory dictionaries of the modern Russian language. True, each dictionary has its own set of these marks.
Thus, “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language,” ed. D.N. Ushakova (1935) - hereinafter referred to as TSU - proposes the following marking system: 1. Markings indicating varieties of oral speech (colloquial, spacious, familiar, children's, vulgar, argot, school, regional; 2. Marks indicating the types of written language (book, scientific, technical, special, newspaper, public, stationery, official, poet, folk poet. 3. Marks establishing historical); perspective in the words of modern language (new, church-book, ancient, obsolete); 4. Notes on words denoting objects and concepts of alien life (historical, pre-revolutionary, foreign); indicating expressive shades (expression) of words (abusive, ironic, disapproving, joking, contemptuous, disdainful, reproachful, tormenting, rhetorical, euphemist).
“Dictionary of the Russian Language” of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 4 volumes, ed. A.M. Evgenieva - hereinafter MAC - classifies as stylistic: 1. Marks indicating that a word belongs to various layers of the vocabulary of the Russian language (regional, simple, rough simple); 2. Marks indicating the stylistic limitations of the use of words in the literary language (colloquial, book, official and official business, high, traditional poet, folk poet); 3. Marks indicating a special area of application of the word (astro., bakt., buhg., geol., zool., etc.); 4. Marks indicating the emotional connotation of the word (abusive, ironic, joking, disdainful, contemptuous, disapproving, and respectful); 5. The litter is outdated. to words falling out of use in modern Russian.
“Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language” of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 17 volumes - hereinafter BAS - accompanies the words with the following stylistic marks: colloquial, spacious, regional, obsolete, folk poetic, humorous, ironic, abusive, outdated everyday life
At the same time, marks of the same type in different dictionaries may differ from each other. For example, stylistically elevated words and meanings in TSU have the marks torzh. and rhetorician, and in SO - the mark is high.
Very often, stylistic marks for the same word (word meaning) do not coincide in different dictionaries. Thus, the word ammunition in TSU is given without any marking, in BAS it has the mark military, in SO and MAC it is characterized as obsolete. The word disputate in SO and TSU has the mark book, in MAC it is obsolete, but in BAS it does not have the mark.
The existing inconsistency and inconsistency in the use of stylistic marks have been repeatedly noted by linguists (V.P. Berkov, X. Casares, K. Ludwig, F.P. Sorokoletov, L.P. Stupin, F.P. Filin, L.V. Shcherba, I.L. Reznichenko, L.V. Boyko, O.A. Nesterova, G.F. Kuzmina, etc.): “The description of the stylistic quality of the word is presented in almost all existing dictionaries. However (...) this description, compared with the description of other properties of lexical units, is still characterized by a significantly lower degree of validity and orderliness” [Boyko, 1991, p.3]
So, the lexical composition of the language is heterogeneous: some words are of a commonly used nature, while others are used only in a certain situation. Therefore, the same information can be conveyed using different lexical means. Consequently, the stylistic features of words leave a visible imprint on their functioning in speech. In the stylistic assessment of vocabulary, the most important are two criteria: whether a word belongs to one of the functional styles of the Russian language or its absence and the emotional connotation of the word, its expressive capabilities.
It should be noted that dictionaries contribute to a better perception of the vocabulary of a language; they differ in their volume and purpose, they cover the state and development of Russian literary vocabulary differently, and there are certain differences in the lexicographic technique itself. At the same time, they are united by one extremely important feature: each of the dictionaries is not only a manual that reveals exemplary norms for the use of vocabulary of the Russian literary language in its modern state, but also a lexicographic reference book designed to help correctly understand the language and the features of vocabulary.
As we have noticed, the richness of stylistic shades of Russian vocabulary requires a particularly careful attitude to the word. Stylistic notes in the dictionary serve to characterize that part of the vocabulary of the modern literary language, which, for one reason or another, is limited in its use. These restrictions have a different nature and different reasons, that is, there is no unification in the use of such remarks and comments. Even within the same dictionary, stylistically homogeneous information is presented in different ways.
In the second chapter of our work, when considering the issue of reflecting the stylistically colored vocabulary of the Russian language, we will focus on Ozhegov’s Dictionary and the Academic Dictionary. This chapter will analyze the stylistic composition of these dictionaries - the Small Academic Dictionary and the Dictionary of the Russian Language by S.I. Ozhegov - in order to compare the completeness of the disclosure of the stylistic coloring of the Russian language.
If necessary, epithets are supplied with a stylistic characteristic (mark). In this case, it is not the stylistic coloring of the adjective as a separate word in general that is indicated, but only its stylistic originality as an epithet for a given noun. Therefore, the same adjective definition in different dictionary entries may have different stylistic qualifications.
The following stylistic marks are used in the Dictionary:
- Litter decomposed (colloquial) indicates that the epithet in combination with this defined word is characteristic of relaxed, everyday colloquial speech. For example: wild cold, deadly boredom, fragile health, hellish work, a trifling wound.
- The term spacious, (colloquial) means that this epithet gives speech a stylistically reduced, rude character. For example: bitter cold, a fearful look, idiotic work.
- The litter is outdated. (obsolete) indicates that this epithet introduces a connotation of archaism into speech, since this phrase is not characteristic of the literary usage of our days, but was used not only in poetry, but also in artistic prose of the 19th century. For example: thick bass, cold winter, lovely lie, shady grove, disastrous hour.
- The litter is outdated. poet, (obsolete poetic) is used in cases where card index material and dictionaries indicate the predominant use of this epithet in the language of poetry of the 19th century. For example: a rebellious mind, light-winged joy, light-winged wind, light-winged dreams, rose-fingered dawn, quiet-flowing river.
- Litter people's poet. (folk-poetic) indicates that this epithet is characteristic of oral folk art (epics, songs, fairy tales, etc.), but in literary language, preserving the flavor of folklore, it is used mainly for stylization. For example: silk eyelashes, a zealous heart.
- Litter historical. (historical) means that this phrase belongs to the terms of Russian antiquity. In the Dictionary, this mark is used when qualifying definitions of a terminological nature. For example, white land, anonymous letter, capitation money.
The grammatical characteristic of epithets is to indicate the limitation or preference of using the adjective in the plural form. When this epithet is used only in the plural form, it is listed in the list in this form with the mark plural. For example: Question. . . cross (plural); Memory. .. fragmentary (plural). If it is preferable to use it in the plural form, the epithet retains the singular form in the list, but is usually marked with the plural. For example: Complaint. . . eternal (usually plural).
Rare (individual author's) epithets are not provided with stylistic and grammatical marks.
The two-dot sign is used: a) to indicate an abbreviation of text inside or at the end of a quotation; b) when shortening long titles of cited works.
- Square brackets are used: a) to disclose personal pronouns, nicknames, nicknames, etc. inside the quote; b) to indicate the name (surname) of the speaking character in dramatic works.
- Broken brackets indicate that the text contained within them does not belong to the author of this work, but to the editors of the publication.
/ - The oblique stroke is used to separate lines in poetry where the lines are not capitalized.
- - An asterisk precedes a category that includes rare
- - A black diamond precedes the list of so-called logs
System of notes about the stylistic affiliation of a word
|
functional-stylistic marks |
emotionally expressive litters |
|
(book), those. bookish means that the word is characteristic of written, bookish presentation; |
often these words, especially those of foreign origin, are synonyms of words of neutral vocabulary;(high |
|
(.), i.e. high means that the word gives speech a shade of solemnity, elation; characteristic of journalistic, oratorical, as well as poetic speech; |
official), those. official means that the word is characteristic of the speech of official relations, as well as clerical and administrative speech; |
|
(contempt) those. colloquial means that the word is characteristic of everyday, colloquial speech, serves as a characteristic of a phenomenon in the circle of everyday relations; it does not go beyond the norms of literary usage, but imparts ease to speech; |
(disapproved) those. disapproving |
|
(simple), those. colloquial means that the word is characteristic of non-literary urban colloquial speech, which contains many recent dialect words, words of slang origin, new formations that arise to characterize various everyday relations, word-forming variants of neutral vocabulary; a colloquial word is used in literary language as a stylistic means to give speech a tone of humorous, dismissive, ironic, rude, etc.; often these words are expressive, expressive synonyms of words of neutral vocabulary; |
(neglect) those. dismissive |
|
(region), those. regional, such a mark is attached to local, dialect words used in speech when it is necessary to designate this or that phenomenon by means not of the literary language, but of the local dialect, dialect; |
(joking) those. humorous |
|
(iron.), those. ironic |
|
|
(bran.), those. expletive |
|
|
(rude) those. rough |
Examples
Three words with one style mark
BARK, -yay, -yay;nesov. (simple).
Shout loudly and abruptly, bark (in 2 meanings). II one-time bark, -well, -no. STUPID, -a, m.(colloquial).
Still an unreasonable child (affectionately). HARMONIZE (-ru, -ruesh, 1 and 2 l. not used.), -ruets; nesov., with what(book).
to be in accordance with something, to be in harmony (in 2 meanings). words are in harmony with actions.
Three words with emotionally expressive marks GENIUS, -i, m. 1. Highest creative ability. Literary city of Tolstoy..).
2. A person who has such ability. Creations of geniuses. Unrecognized Mr. (about someone who estimates his abilities too highly; iron
GIANTOMANIA, -i, g. ( disapproved). the desire for practically unjustified organization of something. in very large sizes.
GLAS, -a, m. (
outdated high). the same as voice (in 1 and 3 values). Three words with emotional-expressive marks and with functional-style marks
GALDEZH, - hedgehog, m. (colloquial disapproved.).
.). multivocal scream, noise. raise d.stop d.- about someone or something. very small or a little.