German scientists have created an interactive map of the genetic mixing of peoples throughout history. Their article on the methodology for its creation was published in the scientific journal Science.
To create it, scientists had to take DNA samples from 1,490 individuals living in 90 different places around the world.
After conducting DNA sequencing, as well as identifying similarities and differences, the researchers managed to create a kind of global atlas.
On its interactive basis, you can see the likely genetic consequences historical events, including European colonialism, the emergence of the Mongol Empire, the Arab conquests, and trade along the Silk Road.
Interesting data were obtained in a study of 20 residents of Georgia: most of the genes that came to them were from the Circassians, then from the Greeks, then from Armenians and southern Italians.
The Circassians have the most genes that came from Georgians, Hungarians and Turks.
Lezgins have the most genes that came from Austrian Germans, Armenians and Georgians
Armenians have genes from Iranians, Georgians and Poles, but the origin of the Armenians themselves is not clear, as stated in the site of this map
Academician K.Scriabin
“The first and most important conclusion is the ascertainment of the significant unity of the Russians throughout Russia and the impossibility of distinguishing even the corresponding regional types, clearly demarcated from each other”
Anthropologist V. Deryabin
We constantly hear that the Russians are not a blood-solid people, related by blood, but a conglomerate of people united by a common culture and territory. Everyone remembers Putin's catchphrases “There are no pure Russians!” and "scratch every Russian, you will certainly find a Tatar".
Say we "very different by blood", "not sprouted from one root", but they were a melting pot for the Tatar, Caucasian, German, Finnish, Buryat, Mordovian and other peoples who ever ran in, came in, strayed on our land, and we accepted them all, let them into the house, took them into relatives.
It has become almost an axiom in use by politicians who blur the concept of Russian, and at the same time for everyone it was an entrance ticket to the environment of the Russian people.This approach, raised to the flag by numerous Russophobic a la "human rights" organizations and Russian Russophobic SMDI, flooded the air. But, sooner or later, Putin and others like him will still have to answer for their words of humiliation of the Russian people. The verdict of scientists is merciless:
1) In 2009, a complete "reading" was completed (sequencing) genome of a representative of the Russian ethnic group. That is, the sequence of all six billion nucleotides in the genome of the Russian man has been determined. His entire genetic economy is now in full view.
(The human genome consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes: 23 from the mother, 23 from the father. Each chromosome contains one DNA molecule formed by a chain of 50-250 million nucleotides. The genome of the Russian man was sequenced. The Russian genome was deciphered on the basis of the National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", on the initiative of Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" Mikhail Kovalchuk. According to information received from the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Kurchatov Institute spent approximately $ 20 million on the purchase of sequencing equipment alone. Center "Kurchatov Institute" has a recognized scientific status in the world.)
It is known that this is the seventh deciphered gene behind the Ural ridge: before that there were Yakuts, Buryats, Chinese, Kazakhs, Old Believers, Khanty. That is, all the prerequisites for the first ethnic map of Russia have been created. But all these were, so to speak, composite genomes: pieces assembled after deciphering the genetic material of different representatives of the same population.
The full genetic portrait of a particular Russian man is only the eighth in the world. Now there is someone to compare the Russians with: with an American, an African, a Korean, a European ...
“We did not find noticeable Tatar introductions in the Russian genome, which refutes theories about the destructive influence of the Mongol yoke,” emphasizes Academician Konstantin Skryabin, head of the genomic direction at the Kurchatov Institute. -Siberians are genetically identical to the Old Believers, they have one Russian genome. There are no differences between the genomes of Russians and Ukrainians - one genome. We have scanty differences with the Poles.”
Academician Konstantin Skryabin, believes that “In five or six years, it will be compiled genetic map of all the peoples of the world is a decisive step towards understanding the susceptibility of any ethnic group to medicines, diseases and products.. Feel what it costs... Americans in the 1990s gave the following estimates: the cost of sequencing one nucleotide is $1; according to other sources - up to 3-5 dollars.
(Sequencing (reading by letter of the genetic code) of mitochondrial DNA and DNA of the human Y-chromosome is the most advanced DNA analysis methods to date .. Mitochondrial DNA is transmitted through the female line from generation to generation, practically unchanged since the time when "the progenitor of mankind Eve "Climbed off a tree in East Africa. And the Y chromosome is only found in men and therefore is also transmitted to male offspring practically unchanged, while all other chromosomes, when transmitted from father and mother to their children, are shuffled by nature, like a deck of cards before distribution. Thus , unlike indirect signs (appearance, body proportions), sequencing of mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA indisputably and directly indicates the degree of relatedness of people.)
A hundred years later, and now the modern anthropologist V. Deryabin, using the latest method of mathematical multidimensional analysis of mixed features, comes to the same conclusion: “The first and most important conclusion is to ascertain the significant unity of Russians throughout Russia and the impossibility to single out even the corresponding regional types, clearly separated from each other (“Issues of Anthropology.” Issue 88, 1995). How is this Russian anthropological unity expressed, the unity of hereditary genetic traits, expressed in the appearance of a person, in the structure of his body?
First of all - hair color and eye color, the shape of the structure of the skull. According to these features, we Russians differ both from European peoples and from the Mongoloids. And we cannot be compared with Negroes and Semites at all, the differences are too striking. Academician V.P. Alekseev proved a high degree of similarity in the structure of the skull in all representatives of the modern Russian people, while specifying that The “proto-Slavic type” is very stable and has its roots in the Neolithic, and possibly the Mesolithic. According to the calculations of the anthropologist Deryabin, bright eyes (gray, grey-blue, light blue and blue) Russians are found in 45 percent, in Western Europe light-eyed only 35 percent. Dark, black hair in Russians is found in five percent, in the population of foreign Europe - in 45 percent. The popular opinion about "snub" Russians. In 75 percent of Russians, a straight nose profile is found.
Conclusion of anthropologists:
“Russians in their racial composition are typical Caucasoids, who, according to most anthropological characteristics, occupy a central position among the peoples of Europe and are distinguished by a slightly lighter pigmentation of their eyes and hair. It should also recognize the significant unity of the racial type of Russians throughout European Russia.
“A Russian is a European, but a European with physical characteristics peculiar only to him. These signs make up what we call a typical hare.”
Anthropologists seriously scratched the Russian, and - there is no Tatar, that is, a Mongoloid, in the Russians. One of the typical signs of a Mongoloid is the epicanthus - a Mongolian fold at the inner corner of the eye. In typical Mongoloids, this fold is found in 95 percent, in a study of eight and a half thousand Russians, such a fold was found in only 12 people, and in an embryonic form.
Another example. Russians literally have a special blood - the predominance of the 1st and 2nd groups, which is evidenced by the many years of practice of blood transfusion stations. In Jews, for example, the predominant blood type is the 4th, and a negative Rh factor is more common. In biochemical blood tests, it turned out that Russians, like all European peoples, are characterized by a special gene RN-c, this gene is practically absent in Mongoloids (O. V. Borisova "Polymorphism of erythrocyte acid phosphatase in various population groups Soviet Union". "Problems of Anthropology". Issue. 53, 1976).
It turns out, no matter how you scrape a Russian, you still won’t find a Tatar, you won’t find anyone else in him. This is also confirmed by the encyclopedia “Peoples of Russia”, in the chapter “Racial Composition of the Population of Russia” it is noted: “Representatives of the Caucasoid race make up more than 90 percent of the country's population and about 9 percent are representatives of forms mixed between Caucasoids and Mongoloids. The number of pure Mongoloids does not exceed 1 million people. (“Peoples of Russia”. M., 1994). It is easy to calculate that if there are 84 percent of Russians in Russia, then all of them are exclusively a people of the European type. The peoples of Siberia, the Volga region, the Caucasus, the Urals are a mixture of the European and Mongolian races. This was perfectly expressed by the anthropologist A.P. Bogdanov in the 19th century, studying the peoples of Russia, he wrote, refuting from his far, far away the current myth that the Russians poured foreign blood into their people during the era of invasions and colonizations: “Maybe many Russians both married native women and became settled, but most of the primitive Russian colonialists throughout Russia and Siberia were not like that. It was a trading, industrial people, anxious to arrange themselves according to their own, in accordance with their own ideal of well-being created for themselves. And this ideal of a Russian person is not at all such that it is easy to twist his life with some kind of "trash", as even now a Russian person honors a non-believer quite often. He will conduct business with him, will be affectionate and friendly with him, will enter into friendship with him in everything, except for intermarrying, in order to introduce a foreign element into his family. Ordinary Russian people are still strong for this, and when it comes to the family, to the rooting of their home, here he has a kind of aristocracy. Often settlers of different tribes live in the neighborhood, but marriages between them are rare.
For thousands of years, the Russian physical type has remained stable and unchanged, and has never been a cross between different tribes that inhabited our land from time to time. The myth has been dispelled, we must understand that the call of blood is not an empty phrase, that our national idea of the Russian type is the reality of the Russian breed. We must learn to see this breed, admire it, appreciate it in our close and distant Russian relatives. And then, perhaps, our Russian appeal to completely alien, but our own people for us will be revived - father, mother, brother, sister, son and daughter. After all, in fact, we are all from a single root, from one kind - the Russian kind.
3) Anthropologists have managed to reveal the appearance of a typical Russian person. To do this, they had to translate into a single scale all the photographs from the photo library of the Museum of Anthropology with full-face and profile images. typical representatives of the population of the Russian regions of the country and, combining them in the pupils of the eyes, put them on top of each other. The final photo portraits turned out, of course, blurry, but they gave an idea of the appearance of the reference Russian people. This was the first truly sensational discovery. Indeed, similar attempts by French scientists led to a result that they had to hide from the citizens of their country: after thousands of combinations with the received photographs of the reference Jacques and Marianne, gray faceless ovals of faces looked. Such a picture, even among the French most distant from anthropology, could cause an unnecessary question: is there a French nation at all?
Unfortunately, anthropologists did not go further than creating photographic portraits of typical representatives of the Russian population in different regions of the country and did not superimpose them on top of each other in order to obtain the appearance of an absolute Russian person. In the end, they were forced to admit that such a photo could get them into trouble at work. By the way, the "regional" sketches of the Russian people were published in the general press only in 2002, and before that they were published in small editions only in scientific publications for specialists. Now you can judge for yourself how similar they are to the typical cinematic Ivanushka and Marya.
Sketch of a typical Russian person, created on the basis of images of typical representatives of the population of different regions of Russia.
Typical representatives
Vologda-Vyatka zone.
Typical representatives
Ilmensko-Belozerskaya zone.
Typical representatives of the Valdai zone.
Unfortunately, mostly black and white old archival photos of the faces of Russian people do not allow us to convey the height, physique, skin color, hair and eyes of a Russian person. However, anthropologists have created a verbal portrait of Russian men and women. These are of medium build and medium height, light brown-haired with light eyes - gray or blue. By the way, in the course of the research, a verbal portrait of a typical Ukrainian was also obtained. The reference Ukrainian differs from the Russian only in the color of his skin, hair and eyes - he is a swarthy brunette with regular features and brown eyes. The snub nose turned out to be absolutely not typical for an Eastern Slav (found only in 7% of Russians and Ukrainians), this sign is more typical for Germans (25%) .
4) In 2000, the Russian Fund fundamental research” allocated about half a million rubles from the state budget for the study of the gene pool of the Russian people. It is impossible to implement a serious program with such funding. But it was more of a landmark than just a financial decision, indicating a change in the country's scientific priorities. Scientists from the laboratory who received the RFBR grant population genetics human of the Medical Genetic Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences for the first time in national history were able to fully concentrate on studying the gene pool of the Russian people, and not small peoples, for three years. And limited funding only spurred their ingenuity. They supplemented their molecular genetic studies with an analysis of the frequency distribution of Russian surnames in the country. This method was very cheap, but its information content exceeded all expectations: a comparison of the geography of surnames with the geography of genetic DNA markers showed their almost complete coincidence.
Unfortunately, the interpretations of family analysis that appeared in the media after the first publication of the data in a specialized scientific journal could create a false impression of the goals and results of the huge work of scientists. The project manager, Doctor of Sciences Elena Balanovskaya, explained that the main thing was not that the surname Smirnov turned out to be more common among Russian people than Ivanov, but that it was first compiled full list true Russian surnames by regions of the country. First, lists were compiled for five conditional regions - Northern, Central, Central-Western, Central-Eastern and Southern. In total, about 15 thousand Russian surnames were accumulated in all regions, most of which were found only in one of the regions and were absent in others. When regional lists were superimposed on each other, scientists identified a total of 257 so-called "all-Russian surnames". Interestingly, on final stage research, they decided to add the names of residents of the Krasnodar Territory to the list of the Southern Region, expecting that the predominance of Ukrainian surnames of the descendants of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks evicted here by Catherine II would significantly reduce the all-Russian list. But this additional restriction reduced the list of all-Russian surnames by only 7 units - to 250. From which the obvious and not pleasant conclusion followed that the Kuban was inhabited mainly by Russian people. And where did the Ukrainians go and were there at all here - the big question.
For three years, the participants of the project "Russian gene pool" (on the photo - its leader Elena Balanovskaya) they went around with a syringe and a test tube almost the entire European territory of the Russian Federation and made a very representative sample of Russian blood.
However, cheap indirect methods for studying the genetics of the Russian people (according to surnames and dermatoglyphics) were only auxiliary for the first study in Russia of the gene pool of the titular nationality. His main molecular genetic results are available in the monograph "Russian Gene Pool" (Ed. "Ray"). Unfortunately, due to the lack of state funding, the scientists had to carry out part of the study jointly with foreign colleagues, who imposed a moratorium on many results until joint publications were published in the scientific press. Nothing prevents us from describing these data in words. So, according to the Y-chromosome, the genetic distance between Russians and Finns is 30 conventional units. And the genetic distance between a Russian person and the so-called Finno-Ugric peoples (Mari, Veps, etc.) living on the territory of the Russian Federation is 2-3 units. Simply put, genetically they are almost identical. The results of the analysis of mitochondrial DNA show that the Russians from the Tatars are at the same genetic distance of 30 conventional units that separate us from the Finns, but between the Ukrainians from Lviv and the Tatars the genetic distance is only 10 units. And at the same time, Ukrainians from the left-bank Ukraine are genetically as close to Russians as Komi-Zyryans, Mordvins and Mari.
Based on materials from http://www.genofond.ru, http://www.cell.com/AJHG/, http://www.yhrd.org, http://narodinfo.ru, http://www.vechnayamolodost .ru, http://www.medgenetics.ru, http://www.kiae.ru
Taken in a magazine
We hear all the time that Russians are not a people united by blood, kindred by blood, but a conglomerate of people united by a common culture and territory. Everyone remembers Putin's catch phrases "There are no pure Russians!" and "scratch every Russian, you will certainly find a Tatar."
They say that we are “very different in blood”, “not sprouted from the same root”, but were a melting pot for the Tatar, Caucasian, German, Finnish, Buryat, Mordovian and other peoples who ever ran, entered, strayed on our land, and we accepted them all, let them into the house, took them into relatives.
It has become almost an axiom in use by politicians who blur the concept of Russian, and at the same time for everyone it was an entrance ticket to the environment of the Russian people.
This approach, raised to the flag by numerous Russophobic a la "human rights" organizations and Russian Russophobic media outlets, flooded the airwaves. But, sooner or later, Putin and others like him will still have to answer for their words of humiliation of the Russian people. The verdict of scientists is merciless:
1) In 2009, a complete “reading” (sequencing) of the genome of a representative of the Russian ethnic group was completed. That is, the sequence of all six billion nucleotides in the genome of the Russian man has been determined. His entire genetic economy is now in full view.
(The human genome consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes: 23 from the mother, 23 from the father. Each chromosome contains one DNA molecule formed by a chain of 50-250 million nucleotides. The genome of the Russian man was sequenced. The Russian genome was deciphered on the basis of the National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", on the initiative of Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" Mikhail Kovalchuk. According to information received from the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Kurchatov Institute spent approximately $ 20 million on the purchase of sequencing equipment alone. Center "Kurchatov Institute" has a recognized scientific status in the world.)
It is known that this is the seventh deciphered gene behind the Ural ridge: before that there were Yakuts, Buryats, Chinese, Kazakhs, Old Believers, Khanty. That is, all the prerequisites for the first ethnic map of Russia have been created. But all these were, so to speak, composite genomes: pieces assembled after deciphering the genetic material of different representatives of the same population.
The full genetic portrait of a particular Russian man is only the eighth in the world. Now there is someone to compare the Russians with: with an American, an African, a Korean, a European ...
“We did not find noticeable Tatar introductions in the Russian genome, which refutes theories about the destructive influence of the Mongol yoke,” emphasizes Academician Konstantin Skryabin, head of the genomic department at the Kurchatov Institute. -Siberians are genetically identical to the Old Believers, they have one Russian genome. There are no differences between the genomes of Russians and Ukrainians - one genome. Our differences with the Poles are scanty.”
Academician Konstantin Skryabin believes that "in five or six years a genetic map of all the peoples of the world will be drawn up - this is a decisive step towards understanding the susceptibility of any ethnic group to medicines, diseases and products." Feel what it costs... Americans in the 1990s gave the following estimates: the cost of sequencing one nucleotide is $1; according to other sources - up to 3-5 dollars.
(Sequencing (reading by letter of the genetic code) of mitochondrial DNA and DNA of the human Y-chromosome is the most advanced DNA analysis methods to date .. Mitochondrial DNA is transmitted through the female line from generation to generation, practically unchanged since the time when "the progenitor of mankind Eve "Climbed off a tree in East Africa. And the Y chromosome is only found in men and therefore is also transmitted to male offspring practically unchanged, while all other chromosomes, when transmitted from father and mother to their children, are shuffled by nature, like a deck of cards before distribution. Thus , unlike indirect signs (appearance, body proportions), sequencing of mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA indisputably and directly indicates the degree of relatedness of people.)
2) An outstanding anthropologist, researcher of human biological nature, A.P. Bogdanov wrote at the end of the 19th century: “We often use expressions: this is purely Russian beauty, this is the spitting image of a hare, a typical Russian face. One can be convinced that not something fantastic, but real, lies in this general expression Russian physiognomy. In each of us, in the sphere of our “unconscious”, there is a rather definite concept of the Russian type ”(A.P. Bogdanov“ Anthropological Physiognomy ”. M., 1878).
A hundred years later, and now the modern anthropologist V. Deryabin, using the latest method of mathematical multidimensional analysis of mixed features, comes to the same conclusion: “The first and most important conclusion is to ascertain the significant unity of Russians throughout Russia and the impossibility to single out even the corresponding regional types, clearly delimited from each other” (“Issues of Anthropology”, Issue 88, 1995). How is this Russian anthropological unity expressed, the unity of hereditary genetic traits, expressed in the appearance of a person, in the structure of his body?
First of all - hair color and eye color, the shape of the structure of the skull. According to these features, we Russians differ both from European peoples and from the Mongoloids. And we cannot be compared with Negroes and Semites at all, the differences are too striking. Academician V.P. Alekseev proved a high degree of similarity in the structure of the skull among all representatives of the modern Russian people, while specifying that the “Proto-Slavic type” is very stable and has its roots in the Neolithic, and possibly the Mesolithic. According to the calculations of the anthropologist Deryabin, light eyes (gray, gray-blue, blue and blue) are found in 45 percent of Russians, in Western Europe only 35 percent are light-eyed. Dark, black hair in Russians is found in five percent, in the population of foreign Europe - in 45 percent. The conventional wisdom about the "snub-nosedness" of the Russians is not confirmed either. In 75 percent of Russians, a straight nose profile is found.
Conclusion of anthropologists:
“Russians in their racial composition are typical Caucasians, who by most anthropological features occupy a central position among the peoples of Europe and are distinguished by somewhat lighter pigmentation of their eyes and hair. It should also recognize the significant unity of the racial type of Russians throughout European Russia.
“A Russian is a European, but a European with physical characteristics peculiar only to him. These signs make up what we call a typical hare.”
Anthropologists seriously scratched the Russian, and - there is no Tatar, that is, a Mongoloid, in the Russians. One of the typical signs of a Mongoloid is epicanthus - a Mongolian fold at the inner corner of the eye. In typical Mongoloids, this fold is found in 95 percent, in a study of eight and a half thousand Russians, such a fold was found in only 12 people, and in an embryonic form.
Another example. Russians literally have a special blood - the predominance of the 1st and 2nd groups, which is evidenced by the long-term practice of blood transfusion stations. In Jews, for example, the predominant blood type is the 4th, and a negative Rh factor is more common. In biochemical blood tests, it turned out that the Russians, like all European peoples, are characterized by a special gene RN-c, this gene is practically absent in the Mongoloids (O.V. Borisova "Polymorphism of erythrocyte acid phosphatase in various population groups of the Soviet Union." "Issues of anthropology Issue 53, 1976).
It turns out, no matter how you scrape a Russian, you still won’t find a Tatar, you won’t find anyone else in him. This is also confirmed by the encyclopedia “Peoples of Russia”, in the chapter “Racial Composition of the Population of Russia” it is noted: “Representatives of the Caucasoid race make up more than 90 percent of the country's population and about 9 percent are representatives of forms mixed between Caucasoids and Mongoloids. The number of pure Mongoloids does not exceed 1 million people. (“Peoples of Russia”. M., 1994).
It is easy to calculate that if there are 84 percent of Russians in Russia, then all of them are exclusively a people of the European type. The peoples of Siberia, the Volga region, the Caucasus, the Urals are a mixture of the European and Mongolian races. This was beautifully expressed by the anthropologist A.P. Bogdanov in the 19th century, studying the peoples of Russia, he wrote, refuting from his far, far away the current myth that the Russians poured foreign blood into their people during the era of invasions and colonizations:
“Maybe many Russians married native women and became settled, but most of the primitive Russian colonialists throughout Russia and Siberia were not like that. It was a trading, industrial people, anxious to arrange themselves according to their own, in accordance with their own ideal of well-being created for themselves. And this ideal of a Russian person is not at all such that it is easy to twist his life with some kind of “trash”, just as now a Russian person honors a non-believer quite often. He will conduct business with him, will be affectionate and friendly with him, will enter into friendship with him in everything, except for intermarrying, in order to introduce a foreign element into his family. Ordinary Russian people are still strong for this, and when it comes to the family, to the rooting of their home, here he has a kind of aristocracy. Often settlers of different tribes live in the neighborhood, but marriages between them are rare.
For thousands of years, the Russian physical type has remained stable and unchanged, and has never been a cross between different tribes that inhabited our land from time to time. The myth has been dispelled, we must understand that the call of blood is not an empty phrase, that our national idea of the Russian type is the reality of the Russian breed. We must learn to see this breed, admire it, appreciate it in our close and distant Russian relatives. And then, perhaps, our Russian appeal to completely alien, but our own people for us will be revived - father, mother, brother, sister, son and daughter. After all, in fact, we are all from a single root, from one kind - the Russian kind.
3) Anthropologists were able to identify the appearance of a typical Russian person. To do this, they had to translate into a single scale all the photographs from the photo library of the Museum of Anthropology with full-face and profile images of typical representatives of the population of the Russian regions of the country and, combining them in the pupils of the eyes, overlay each other. The final photo portraits turned out, of course, blurry, but they gave an idea of the appearance of the reference Russian people. This was the first truly sensational discovery. Indeed, similar attempts by French scientists led to a result that they had to hide from the citizens of their country: after thousands of combinations with the received photographs of the reference Jacques and Marianne, gray faceless ovals of faces looked. Such a picture, even among the French most distant from anthropology, could cause an unnecessary question: is there a French nation at all?
Unfortunately, anthropologists did not go further than creating photographic portraits of typical representatives of the Russian population in different regions of the country and did not superimpose them on top of each other in order to obtain the appearance of an absolute Russian person. In the end, they were forced to admit that such a photo could get them into trouble at work. By the way, the "regional" sketches of the Russian people were published in the general press only in 2002, and before that they were published in small editions only in scientific publications for specialists. Now you can judge for yourself how similar they are to the typical cinematic Ivanushka and Marya.
Unfortunately, mostly black and white old archival photos of the faces of Russian people do not allow us to convey the height, physique, skin color, hair and eyes of a Russian person. However, anthropologists have created a verbal portrait of Russian men and women. These are of medium build and medium height, light brown-haired with light eyes - gray or blue. By the way, in the course of the research, a verbal portrait of a typical Ukrainian was also obtained. The reference Ukrainian differs from the Russian only in the color of his skin, hair and eyes - he is a swarthy brunette with regular features and brown eyes. The snub nose turned out to be absolutely uncharacteristic of the Eastern Slav (found only in 7% of Russians and Ukrainians), this feature is more typical for Germans (25%).
4) In 2000, the Russian Foundation for Basic Research allocated about half a million rubles from state budget funds to study the gene pool of the Russian people. It is impossible to implement a serious program with such funding. But it was more of a landmark than just a financial decision, indicating a change in the country's scientific priorities. For the first time in the Russian Academy of Sciences, scientists from the Laboratory of Human Population Genetics of the Medical Genetic Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, who received a grant from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, were able to fully focus on studying the gene pool of the Russian people, and not small peoples, for three years. And limited funding only spurred their ingenuity. They supplemented their molecular genetic studies with an analysis of the frequency distribution of Russian surnames in the country. This method was very cheap, but its information content exceeded all expectations: a comparison of the geography of surnames with the geography of genetic DNA markers showed their almost complete coincidence.
Unfortunately, the interpretations of family analysis that appeared in the media after the first publication of the data in a specialized scientific journal could create a false impression of the goals and results of the huge work of scientists. The project manager, Doctor of Science Elena Balanovskaya, explained that the main thing was not that the surname Smirnov turned out to be more common among Russian people than Ivanov, but that for the first time a complete list of truly Russian surnames was compiled by region of the country. First, lists were compiled for five conditional regions - Northern, Central, Central-Western, Central-Eastern and Southern. In total, about 15 thousand Russian surnames were accumulated in all regions, most of which were found only in one of the regions and were absent in others. When regional lists were superimposed on each other, scientists identified a total of 257 so-called "all-Russian surnames". Interestingly, at the final stage of the study, they decided to add the names of residents of the Krasnodar Territory to the list of the Southern Region, expecting that the predominance of Ukrainian surnames of the descendants of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks evicted here by Catherine II would significantly reduce the all-Russian list. But this additional restriction reduced the list of all-Russian surnames by only 7 units - to 250. From which the obvious and not pleasant conclusion followed that the Kuban was inhabited mainly by Russian people. And where did the Ukrainians go and were there at all here - the big question.
For three years, the participants of the Russian Gene Pool project went around with a syringe and a test tube almost the entire European territory of the Russian Federation and made a very representative sample of Russian blood.
However, cheap indirect methods for studying the genetics of the Russian people (by surnames and dermatoglyphics) were only auxiliary for the first study in Russia of the gene pool of the titular nationality. His main molecular genetic results are available in the monograph Russian Gene Pool (Luch ed.). Unfortunately, due to the lack of state funding, the scientists had to carry out part of the study jointly with foreign colleagues, who imposed a moratorium on many results until joint publications were published in the scientific press. Nothing prevents us from describing these data in words. So, according to the Y-chromosome, the genetic distance between Russians and Finns is 30 conventional units. And the genetic distance between a Russian person and the so-called Finno-Ugric peoples (Mari, Veps, etc.) living on the territory of the Russian Federation is 2-3 units. Simply put, genetically they are almost identical. The results of the analysis of mitochondrial DNA show that the Russians from the Tatars are at the same genetic distance of 30 conventional units that separate us from the Finns, but between the Ukrainians from Lviv and the Tatars the genetic distance is only 10 units. And at the same time, Ukrainians from the left-bank Ukraine are genetically as close to Russians as Komi-Zyryans, Mordvins and Mari.
Based on materials from http://www.genofond.ru, http://www.cell.com/AJHG/, http://www.yhrd.org, http://narodinfo.ru, http://www.vechnayamolodost .ru, http://www.medgenetics.ru, http://www.kiae.ru
January 5, 2013Print
We constantly hear that the Russians are not a blood-solid people, related by blood, but a conglomerate of people united by a common culture and territory. Everyone remembers Putin's catch phrases "There are no pure Russians!" and "scratch every Russian, you will certainly find a Tatar."
They say that we are “very different in blood”, “not sprouted from the same root”, but were a melting pot for the Tatar, Caucasian, German, Finnish, Buryat, Mordovian and other peoples who ever ran, entered, strayed on our land, and we accepted them all, let them into the house, took them into relatives.
It has become almost an axiom in use by politicians who blur the concept of Russian, and at the same time for everyone it was an entrance ticket to the environment of the Russian people.
This approach, raised to the flag by numerous Russophobic a la "human rights" organizations and Russian Russophobic media outlets, flooded the airwaves. But, sooner or later, Putin and others like him will still have to answer for their words of humiliation of the Russian people. The verdict of scientists is merciless:
1) In 2009, a complete “reading” (sequencing) of the genome of a representative of the Russian ethnic group was completed. That is, the sequence of all six billion nucleotides in the genome of the Russian man has been determined. His entire genetic economy is now in full view.
(The human genome consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes: 23 from the mother, 23 from the father. Each chromosome contains one DNA molecule formed by a chain of 50-250 million nucleotides. The genome of the Russian man was sequenced. The Russian genome was deciphered on the basis of the National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", on the initiative of Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" Mikhail Kovalchuk. According to information received from the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Kurchatov Institute spent approximately $ 20 million only on the purchase of equipment for sequencing. Center "Kurchatov Institute" has a recognized scientific status in the world.)
It is known that this is the seventh deciphered gene behind the Ural ridge: before that there were Yakuts, Buryats, Chinese, Kazakhs, Old Believers, Khanty. That is, all the prerequisites for the first ethnic map of Russia have been created. But all these were, so to speak, composite genomes: pieces assembled after deciphering the genetic material of different representatives of the same population.
The full genetic portrait of a particular Russian man is only the eighth in the world. Now there is someone to compare the Russians with: with an American, an African, a Korean, a European ...
« We did not find noticeable Tatar introductions in the Russian genome, which refutes theories about the destructive influence of the Mongol yoke., - emphasizes the head of the genomic direction at the National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Academician Konstantin Skryabin. -Siberians are genetically identical to the Old Believers, they have one Russian genome. There are no differences between the genomes of Russians and Ukrainians - one genome. Our differences with the Poles are scanty.”
Academician Konstantin Skryabin believes that "in five or six years a genetic map of all the peoples of the world will be drawn up - this is a decisive step towards understanding the susceptibility of any ethnic group to medicines, diseases and products." Feel what it costs... Americans in the 1990s gave the following estimates: the cost of sequencing one nucleotide is $1; according to other sources - up to 3-5 dollars.
(Sequencing (reading by letter of the genetic code) of mitochondrial DNA and DNA of the human Y chromosome is the most advanced DNA analysis methods to date. Mitochondrial DNA is transmitted through the female line from generation to generation, practically unchanged since the time when "the progenitor of mankind Eve "Climbed off a tree in East Africa. And the Y chromosome is only found in men and therefore is also transmitted to male offspring practically unchanged, while all other chromosomes, when transmitted from father and mother to their children, are shuffled by nature, like a deck of cards before distribution. Thus , unlike indirect signs (appearance, body proportions), sequencing of mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA indisputably and directly indicates the degree of relatedness of people.)
2) An outstanding anthropologist, researcher of human biological nature, A.P. Bogdanov wrote at the end of the 19th century: “We often use expressions: this is purely Russian beauty, this is the spitting image of a hare, a typical Russian face. One can be convinced that not something fantastic, but real, lies in this general expression Russian physiognomy. In each of us, in the sphere of our “unconscious”, there is a rather definite concept of the Russian type ”(A.P. Bogdanov“ Anthropological Physiognomy ”. M., 1878).
A hundred years later, and now the modern anthropologist V. Deryabin, using the latest method of mathematical multidimensional analysis of mixed features, comes to the same conclusion: “The first and most important conclusion is to ascertain the significant unity of Russians throughout Russia and the impossibility to single out even the corresponding regional types, clearly delimited from each other” (“Issues of Anthropology”, Issue 88, 1995). How is this Russian anthropological unity expressed, the unity of hereditary genetic traits, expressed in the appearance of a person, in the structure of his body?
First of all - hair color and eye color, the shape of the structure of the skull. According to these features, we Russians differ both from European peoples and from the Mongoloids. And we cannot be compared with Negroes and Semites at all, the differences are too striking. Academician V.P. Alekseev proved a high degree of similarity in the structure of the skull among all representatives of the modern Russian people, while specifying that the “Proto-Slavic type” is very stable and has its roots in the Neolithic, and possibly the Mesolithic. According to the calculations of the anthropologist Deryabin, light eyes (gray, gray-blue, blue and blue) are found in 45 percent of Russians, in Western Europe only 35 percent are light-eyed. Dark, black hair in Russians is found in five percent, in the population of foreign Europe - in 45 percent. The conventional wisdom about the "snub-nosedness" of the Russians is not confirmed either. In 75 percent of Russians, a straight nose profile is found.
Conclusion of anthropologists:
“Russians in their racial composition are typical Caucasoids, who, according to most anthropological characteristics, occupy a central position among the peoples of Europe and are distinguished by a slightly lighter pigmentation of their eyes and hair. It should also recognize the significant unity of the racial type of Russians throughout European Russia.
“A Russian is a European, but a European with physical characteristics peculiar only to him. These signs make up what we call a typical hare.
Anthropologists seriously scratched the Russian, and - there is no Tatar, that is, a Mongoloid, in the Russians. One of the typical signs of a Mongoloid is the epicanthus - a Mongolian fold at the inner corner of the eye. In typical Mongoloids, this fold is found in 95 percent, in a study of eight and a half thousand Russians, such a fold was found in only 12 people, and in an embryonic form.
Another example. Russians literally have a special blood - the predominance of the 1st and 2nd groups, which is evidenced by the many years of practice of blood transfusion stations. In Jews, for example, the predominant blood type is the 4th, and a negative Rh factor is more common. In biochemical blood tests, it turned out that the Russians, like all European peoples, are characterized by a special gene RN-c, this gene is practically absent in the Mongoloids (O.V. Borisova "Polymorphism of erythrocyte acid phosphatase in various population groups of the Soviet Union." "Issues of anthropology Issue 53, 1976).
It turns out, no matter how you scrape a Russian, you still won’t find a Tatar, you won’t find anyone else in him. This is also confirmed by the encyclopedia “Peoples of Russia”, in the chapter “Racial Composition of the Population of Russia” it is noted: “Representatives of the Caucasoid race make up more than 90 percent of the country's population and about 9 percent are representatives of forms mixed between Caucasoids and Mongoloids. The number of pure Mongoloids does not exceed 1 million people. (“Peoples of Russia”. M., 1994).
It is easy to calculate that if there are 84 percent of Russians in Russia, then all of them are exclusively a people of the European type. The peoples of Siberia, the Volga region, the Caucasus, the Urals are a mixture of the European and Mongolian races. This was beautifully expressed by the anthropologist A.P. Bogdanov in the 19th century, studying the peoples of Russia, he wrote, refuting from his far, far away the current myth that the Russians poured foreign blood into their people during the era of invasions and colonizations:
“Maybe many Russians married native women and became settled, but most of the primitive Russian colonialists throughout Russia and Siberia were not like that. It was a trading, industrial people, anxious to arrange themselves according to their own, in accordance with their own ideal of well-being created for themselves. And this ideal of a Russian person is not at all such that it is easy to twist his life with some kind of "trash", as even now a Russian person honors a non-believer quite often. He will conduct business with him, will be affectionate and friendly with him, will enter into friendship with him in everything, except for intermarrying, in order to introduce a foreign element into his family. Ordinary Russian people are still strong for this, and when it comes to the family, to the rooting of their home, here he has a kind of aristocracy. Often settlers of different tribes live in the neighborhood, but marriages between them are rare.
For thousands of years, the Russian physical type has remained stable and unchanged, and has never been a cross between different tribes that inhabited our land from time to time. The myth has been dispelled, we must understand that the call of blood is not an empty phrase, that our national idea of the Russian type is the reality of the Russian breed. We must learn to see this breed, admire it, appreciate it in our close and distant Russian relatives. And then, perhaps, our Russian appeal to completely alien, but our own people for us will be revived - father, mother, brother, sister, son and daughter. After all, in fact, we are all from a single root, from one kind - the Russian kind.
3) Anthropologists were able to identify the appearance of a typical Russian person. To do this, they had to translate into a single scale all the photographs from the photo library of the Museum of Anthropology with full-face and profile images of typical representatives of the population of the Russian regions of the country and, combining them in the pupils of the eyes, overlay each other. The final photo portraits turned out, of course, blurry, but they gave an idea of the appearance of the reference Russian people. This was the first truly sensational discovery. Indeed, similar attempts by French scientists led to a result that they had to hide from the citizens of their country: after thousands of combinations with the received photographs of the reference Jacques and Marianne, gray faceless ovals of faces looked. Such a picture, even among the French most distant from anthropology, could cause an unnecessary question: is there a French nation at all?
Unfortunately, anthropologists did not go further than creating photographic portraits of typical representatives of the Russian population in different regions of the country and did not superimpose them on top of each other in order to obtain the appearance of an absolute Russian person. In the end, they were forced to admit that such a photo could get them into trouble at work. By the way, the "regional" sketches of the Russian people were published in the general press only in 2002, and before that they were published in small editions only in scientific publications for specialists. Now you can judge for yourself how similar they are to the typical cinematic Ivanushka and Marya.
Unfortunately, mostly black and white old archival photos of the faces of Russian people do not allow us to convey the height, physique, skin color, hair and eyes of a Russian person. However, anthropologists have created a verbal portrait of Russian men and women. They are of medium build and medium height, light brown-haired with light eyes - gray or blue. By the way, in the course of the research, a verbal portrait of a typical Ukrainian was also obtained. The reference Ukrainian differs from the Russian only in the color of his skin, hair and eyes - he is a swarthy brunette with regular features and brown eyes. The snub nose turned out to be absolutely uncharacteristic of the Eastern Slav (found only in 7% of Russians and Ukrainians), this feature is more typical for Germans (25%).
4) In 2000, the Russian Foundation for Basic Research allocated about half a million rubles from state budget funds to study the gene pool of the Russian people. It is impossible to implement a serious program with such funding. But it was more of a landmark than just a financial decision, indicating a change in the country's scientific priorities. For the first time in Russian history, scientists from the Laboratory of Human Population Genetics of the Medical Genetic Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, who received a grant from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, were able to fully concentrate on studying the gene pool of the Russian people, and not small peoples, for three years. And limited funding only spurred their ingenuity. They supplemented their molecular genetic studies with an analysis of the frequency distribution of Russian surnames in the country. This method was very cheap, but its information content exceeded all expectations: a comparison of the geography of surnames with the geography of genetic DNA markers showed their almost complete coincidence.
Unfortunately, the interpretations of family analysis that appeared in the media after the first publication of the data in a specialized scientific journal could create a false impression of the goals and results of the huge work of scientists. The project manager, Doctor of Sciences Elena Balanovskaya, explained that the main thing was not that the surname Smirnov turned out to be more common among Russian people than Ivanov, but that for the first time a complete list of truly Russian surnames was compiled by regions of the country. First, lists were compiled for five conditional regions - Northern, Central, Central-Western, Central-Eastern and Southern. In total, about 15 thousand Russian surnames were accumulated in all regions, most of which were found only in one of the regions and were absent in others. When regional lists were superimposed on each other, scientists identified a total of 257 so-called "all-Russian surnames". Interestingly, at the final stage of the study, they decided to add the names of residents of the Krasnodar Territory to the list of the Southern Region, expecting that the predominance of Ukrainian surnames of the descendants of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks evicted here by Catherine II would significantly reduce the all-Russian list. But this additional restriction reduced the list of all-Russian surnames by only 7 units - to 250. From which followed the obvious and not for everyone pleasant conclusion that the Kuban is inhabited mainly by Russian people. And where did the Ukrainians go and were there at all Ukrainians is a big question.
For three years, the participants of the Russian Gene Pool project went around with a syringe and a test tube almost the entire European territory of the Russian Federation and made a very representative sample of Russian blood.
However, cheap indirect methods for studying the genetics of the Russian people (by surnames and dermatoglyphics) were only auxiliary for the first study in Russia of the gene pool of the titular nationality. His main molecular genetic results are available in the monograph Russian Gene Pool (Luch ed.). Unfortunately, due to the lack of state funding, the scientists had to carry out part of the study jointly with foreign colleagues, who imposed a moratorium on many results until joint publications were published in the scientific press. Nothing prevents us from describing these data in words. So, according to the Y-chromosome, the genetic distance between Russians and Finns is 30 conventional units. And the genetic distance between a Russian person and the so-called Finno-Ugric peoples (Mari, Veps, etc.) living on the territory of the Russian Federation is 2-3 units. Simply put, genetically they are almost identical. The results of the analysis of mitochondrial DNA show that the Russians from the Tatars are at the same genetic distance of 30 conventional units that separate us from the Finns, but between the Ukrainians from Lviv and the Tatars the genetic distance is only 10 units. And at the same time, Ukrainians from the left-bank Ukraine are genetically as close to Russians as Komi-Zyryans, Mordvins and Mari.
Human haplogroups are transmitted through direct male and female lines. But for the genetics of both men and women, the information stored in the autosomes of DNA is responsible. Autosomes are the first 22 pairs of human chromosomes that are passed down from both parents after crossing over, a process of recombination. Thus, approximately half of the genetic information is transmitted from father and mother to descendants.IN this study more than 80,000 autosomal snips are used, fiducial points are very a high resolution, which makes it possible to catch even relatively small influences at the genetic level in the bulk of the people. Comparative analysis data are taken from an open study by V.Verenich, a specialist in comparative analysis genetic components. The genetic calculators themselves are on the GedMatch service, and allow anyone to find out their comparative position on the genetic graph. To do this, it is enough to have the results of an autosomal test from FTDNA, or 23andMe. At the end of the study, maps of geographic distribution and frequency maxima for the main autosomal components from the MDLP World-22 project are provided.
The graphs below show the main components and their average percentage for each of the populations. In one line - percentage breakdown for one population. Each division (vertical bar) corresponds to 10%, and the names of the autosomal components are in the same sequence from left to right as in the legend from top to bottom. The more similar the percentage composition of common genetics in different peoples, the more similar the figure in the above graph looks. So let's get started...
Genetics of Germans, Lithuanians, Russians, Swedes, Finns, etc.
This graph shows the main genetic components for European peoples and aligned with the decrease in the East European component (North-East-European) in various populations. As you can see, all European peoples are quite different in genetic terms, and having genetic components in their set of the same origin, they are nonetheless in very different percentages. For all Slavs and Balts in general, one of the most significant is this component of Eastern Europe, which is at its maximum among Lithuanians and Belarusians. Probably from the time of the archaeological "Corded Ware culture" the territory of these countries was the center of origin of this component. It is represented by more than 80% among Lithuanians, and only 20% among Italians.The purple color indicates the Atlanto-Mediterranean component, and it increases as it moves from northeast to southwest. So among the Finns it reaches an average of 15%, and among the Italians 40%. The rest of the components are less pronounced.
Genetics of Russian Ukrainians Belarusians
This graph shows the Eastern Slavs - Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians. Attention is drawn to the similarity of the genetic patterns of the three listed peoples, and within the margin of error, they differ very slightly - Ukrainians and southern Russians have a slight increase in the West Asian component, while northern Russians have a slight increase in one of the Siberian components, conditionally called Samoyedic, and an increase components of the Mesolithic of Europe to about 10%, which, according to the latter indicator, brings them closer to the German-speaking population of Scandinavia - the Swedes.
This chart depicts all the Slavs, including the Western - Poles and Czechs, as well as the southern - Serbs, Bulgarians, Macedonians, etc.
All Slavs have 2 main components. These are Eastern European and Atlanto-Mediterranean. The first is at the maximum for Belarusians, and the second for all southern Slavs - Serbs, Macedonians, Bulgarians. The Eastern European component is more primary in origin among the Slavs, and the Atlanto-Mediterranean is in more acquired as the Slavs migrated to the Balkans. Western Ukrainians and Slovaks have a slight increase in the Samoyedic component relative to neighboring Slavic peoples - Belarusians, Czechs, Poles; this is probably the genetic trace of the medieval migrations of the Huns and Ugrians to Central Europe.
Genetics of Slavs, Russians and Tatars, Germans, Caucasians, Jews, etc.
This graph displays the different origins among the peoples of Russia. As can be seen, among the Slavs, the main component is the Eastern European one, while among the peoples of the Volga region, the share of the Siberian components increases. While for Caucasians, the West Asian component, the Mediterranean and the Middle East are the most characteristic.
Genetics of the Finns, Ugrians, Udmurts, Hungarians, Saami, etc.
As can be seen, the Finns, Veps and Karelians are characterized by a similar genetic origin with the Slavs. They also have the largest East European component, decreasing closer to the Urals and the Volga region, with an increase in the Siberian components in this region. Also, all the Finno-Ugric peoples have a significant component of the Mesolithic of Europe, which reaches almost 80% among the Saami and is associated with the pre-Indo-European and pre-Neolithic populations of Europe. For the Hungarians as a whole, a set of those genetic components is characteristic, as for other populations of the Carpathian region and Central Europe.
As can be seen, the entire Caucasus is characterized by a relatively similar genetic origin - this is a large proportion of the West Asian component and the Mediterranean. Only the Nogais stand out a little - they have an increased share of Siberian components.
As can be seen in Ashkenazim and Sephardim, there is a high frequency of the West Asian, Atlanto-Mediterranean and Middle Eastern components. At the same time, the Ashkenazim have a slight increase in the Siberian component, which is probably due to the Khazar heritage and an increase to 30% of the Eastern European component, which, according to this indicator, brings them closer to the countries of southern Europe.
Only Ethiopian Jews and Indian Jews are especially knocked out of their "company". The former have a high proportion of sub-Saharan Africa (up to 40%), while the latter have a share of the South Asian genetic component, conditionally called Indian (up to 50%).
Genetics of Tatars, Bashkirs, Azerbaijanis, Chuvashs, etc.
The Turks in genetic terms turned out to be one of the most heterogeneous ethnic groups, because their genetic components differ significantly. So, given that the primary homeland of the Turks is Siberia, then such peoples as the Yakuts, Tuvans, Khakasses have retained the East Siberian autosomal component in the largest percentage, which reaches from 30 to 65% in them. This genetic component is also the main one among the Kyrgyz and Kazakhs. The remaining components bring the Turks closer to the peoples from the regions of residence. So, for the Yakuts and Tuvans, these are the North Siberian and Samoyed components. In total, these 3 Siberian components among the Yakuts they make up to 90%, among the Tuvans up to 70%, with an increase to 20% of the East-South Asian component, which is associated to a greater extent with the migration flows of the population of East Asia. For the Bashkirs, the share of the 3 Siberian components is up to 45%, and the Southeast Asian component is up to 10%. Tatars have the data of 3 Siberian genetic components on average from 25 to 50%. At the same time, the proportion of components characteristic of the Caucasoid population among the Bashkirs is up to 45%, and among the Tatars, on average, from 50 to 70%. The genetics of Azerbaijanis and Turks practically do not differ within the margin of error; they, like other peoples of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, have a significant presence of the West Asian component (reaches 50%) and the Atlanto-Mediterranean component (up to 20% on average). The share of 3 Siberian components is represented by Azerbaijanis, Turks and Balkars - at the level of 3-7%.
Conclusion
The genetics of peoples does not have a direct and significant correlation with the distribution of language families, or with the percentage of uniparental markers - Y-DNA and mt-DNA haplogroups, represented in a particular population. The greatest correlation can be traced according to the territorial-geographical principle. Thus, the proportion of Siberian components characteristic of the Mongoloid race as a whole gradually decreases from East to West, and the proportion of components characteristic of the Caucasoid race increases accordingly. In the border territories along the line from the north of the Urals to Central Asia, their ratio is approximately equal. In the regions east of Lake Baikal, the genetic components characteristic of the large Caucasoid race are practically not represented, while at the same time, in the regions west of the Pechora-Volga line, the Siberian components characteristic of the large Mongoloid race are disappearing.The spread of the Eastern European genetic component to Siberia occurred to a large extent already in the Bronze Age (the cultures of the Andronov Circle), although individual peaks in the extreme east of Siberia among the Chukchi may already be associated with Russian migrations in the 17th century.
The share of the Sub-Saharan component, characteristic of the Negroid race, is distributed throughout Africa - up to the southern Mediterranean and the northern border of the African continent, reaching a maximum in its equatorial part, and is practically never found outside it; a light background is distributed on the Arabian Peninsula and the southern part of the Iranian plateau.
Geography of genetic components
Alexey Zorrin
Project