Why did Pechorin treat Maxim Maksimych so coldly during their last meeting? and got the best answer

Answer from Lynx Lynx [guru]
And it seems to me that there was no friendship or very warm relations between Pechorin and M.M. After all, we know about the events of the times of "Bela" only from the words of MM. Perhaps even earlier Pechorin treated him quite evenly, and the simple-minded and kind MM would invent something for himself. Pechorin is not at all the kind of person who would throw himself on anyone's neck. Somehow it became customary to consider M.M. the ideal of a simple Russian person and reproach Pechorin for his cold attitude towards him, and after all M.M. is a good, but narrow-minded person, with whom Pechorin became close only because the social circle there was limited.

Answer from Alexander Stupin[expert]
link here is full of works on literature. you will find something you need.

Answer from IronTor[active]
Because Maxim Maksimych was a reminder to him of the past, of his love for Bela.

Answer from Tenderness[guru]
matured, and he still hurts (this is my opinion, not for an answer in the lesson ...)

Answer from Marina[guru]
One of the most important for understanding the image of Pechorin and the entire Lermontov novel as a whole is the question of the author's attitude to his hero. It is very difficult to answer it, because the author emphatically moves away from direct evaluations of the hero, either taking the position of a listener in "Bela", then giving the floor to the hero himself in "Pechorin's Journal", then making an ironic curtsey towards the readers expecting this evaluation, in the preface to the novel: “It will also happen that the disease is indicated, but how to cure it - that is, God knows! ”.
The attitude of the author to the hero becomes clear precisely in the story “Maxim Maksimych”. Describing the meeting between Pechorin and Maxim Maksimych from the point of view of the latter, the author thereby initially takes his position - first in the perception of what is happening, and then in a moral assessment. “We parted rather dryly. Good Maksim Maksimych has become a stubborn, quarrelsome staff captain! And why? Because Pechorin, absent-mindedly or for some other reason, extended his hand to him when he wanted to throw himself on his neck! It is sad to see when a young man loses his best hopes and dreams ... But what can replace them in Maxim Maksimych's summer? Involuntarily, the heart will harden and the soul will close ... ”. Of course, the author does not in the least accuse Pechorin of heartlessness and cruelty, maintaining the position of an outside observer, however, he does not approve of Pechorin's act. The striking change that occurs in Maxim Maksimych after Pechorin's departure gives rise to disappointing thoughts in the author. How little an ordinary person needed to be happy and how easy it is to make him unhappy - this is the author's conclusion.
Obviously, the author does not approve of the destructive side of Pechorin's character, which over the years more and more prevails in him and ultimately leads the hero to self-destruction. In “Maksim Maksimych” Pechorin is no longer capable of those spiritual movements that distinguished him earlier, he is a self-contained, lonely and cold misanthrope, in front of whom one road is open - to death.

Vyacheslav Vlashchenko

St. Petersburg

In "Hero of Our Time", the first philosophical and psychological novel in Russian literature, Lermontov on the path of "an in-depth and detailed, almost scientific analysis of the human soul" (D. Maksimov) acts as a direct predecessor of Tolstoy and Dostoevsky, who made the main artistic discoveries in Russian prose of the 19th century ... If Tolstoy discovered the dialectics of the soul, that is, he showed how “some feelings and thoughts develop from others” (N. Chernyshevsky), then Dostoevsky discovers the duality of the human soul, which turns into a duality of personality, character. If Tolstoy explains everything and largely destroys uncertainty, if his powerful analytical (“masculine”) principle is more strongly expressed, then in Dostoevsky's heroes we often see mystery, uncertainty, unpredictability, and the transition from one pole to another occurs unexpectedly, in a leap, through the word "suddenly" - one of the key words in the artistic world of Dostoevsky.

Lermontov's novel still contains many secrets and mysteries. One of them will be discussed in this article.

In the story "Taman", which opens the "Pechorin's Journal", the protagonist of the novel describes one of the adventures that happened to him during his journey from St. Petersburg "to the acting detachment." Here the character of the hero is revealed not so much from the inside as through actions and deeds. In Pechorin, a man "with great oddities," childish curiosity, interest in the life of "honest smugglers", a thirst for adventure and struggle are clearly manifested, and at the same time in the story the last phrase sounds like a sharp dissonance: "And what do I care about joys and human disasters, to me, a wandering officer, and even on the road, according to the government's need! .. "

The highest appraisal of the artistic side of the story was given by Belinsky ("It's like some kind of lyric poem, all the charm of which is destroyed by one verse released or changed not by the poet's hand ...") and Chekhov, who in a letter to Y. Polonsky admired her language, "proving the close relationship of the luscious Russian language with elegant prose", and in a conversation with Bunin he spoke of the dream "to write such a thing ... and die."

The opposite opinion was expressed by one of the best Russian stylists of the 20th century V. Nabokov, who in 1958 translated Lermontov's novel into English and called Taman “the most unfortunate of all stories”, and Chekhov's idea of \u200b\u200bits perfection was “ridiculous” (Preface to “ To the hero of our time "// Novy Mir. 1988. No. 4. P.194, 195).

The modern researcher A. Zholkovsky believes that the story “forms another link in the Russian (anti) romantic tradition, developing in a new way the familiar theme of the hero's collision with the“ other ”life, personified in the form of an exotic heroine ... In the story, in essence, there is nothing does not happen: the hero finds himself in Taman only out of necessity and only out of boredom becomes interested in the heroine; they do not fall in love with each other; the hero fails to seduce the heroine, and she fails to kill him; the hero cannot swim, and his gun, instead of shooting, goes to the bottom; in general, the hero does not control events, but he is also indifferent to their unsuccessful outcome "(Wandering dreams and other works. M., 1994. P.277, 279).

It is from this story that we unexpectedly learn that Pechorin cannot swim: "Oh, then a terrible suspicion crept into my soul, blood gushed into my head! I look around - we are about fifty fathoms from the shore, but I cannot swim!"

Pechorin in a specific situation - a few meters from the shore - suddenly turns out to be helpless, like a child, because he cannot swim. And this is the same Pechorin who subordinates everything that surrounds him to his will, in whom, according to Vera, "there is invincible power", there is a consciousness of his exclusivity and a feeling of unconditional superiority over others, in whom ambition, pride and pride are clearly manifested, who at the end of the story "Princess Mary" so picturesquely likens himself to "a sailor born and raised on the deck of a robber brig", whom Lermontov compares to a tiger in drafts for the novel.

Can you imagine a sailor or a tiger who cannot swim?

Usually researchers do not see this as a problem and do not ask the question: why? We have repeatedly raised this question in various school and student audiences and have not heard convincing psychological explanations of this fact. It can be assumed that this is due to the problem of the artistic method of the novel, "synthesizing, romantic-realistic method" (B. Udodov), that this is a trait and property of a romantic hero, that it is a purely "romantic element" of a philosophical and psychological novel. And then this strangeness of the hero does not require conditions of realistic plausibility and psychological motivations for explanation. According to A. Gurvich and V. Korovin, the authors of one of the articles in the "Lermontov Encyclopedia", "in nature Pechorin is a lot of mysterious, rationally inexplicable, psychologically similar to the heroes of romantic works. Romantic and realistic principles are in him in a complex interaction, in a state of mobile, dynamic balance "(p. 477).

But this same detail - the hero's inability to swim - in the context of the entire work, according to the laws of Russian classical literature, should carry a certain artistic idea, a multi-valued idea. Let's try to select several of its faces.

The inability to swim speaks of the childish helplessness and defenselessness of Pechorin in front of the water element, one of the main elements of the universe. If in the everyday world - in the philistine environment of dragoon captains, princesses, romantic phrase-mongers and drunken Cossacks - he wins everyone, experiencing pleasure in the struggle itself ("... I love enemies, although not in a Christian way. They amuse me, excite my blood "), risking his life (" The bullet scratched my knee ";" The shot rang out right above my ear, the bullet tore off the epaulette "), then in the world of being Pechorin is a child who cannot" swim ", experiencing an irresistible metaphysical fear of death.

In general, in Pechorin there was a lot of children - high and low. This is a childish smile ("There was something childish in his smile"); and a child's appearance ("He was so thin, white, his uniform was so new ..."); and children's fear of fortune-telling ("When I was still a child, one old woman wondered about me to my mother; she predicted my death from an evil wife; this struck me deeply ..."); and children's amusements ("Once, for a laugh, Grigory Alexandrovich promised to give him a gold piece if he steals a goat from his father's flock ..."); and children's curiosity, interest in people, in life, in oneself ("After this, is it worth the work to live? and you still live - out of curiosity: you expect something new ..."; "I weigh, analyze my own passions and actions with strict curiosity, but without participation "); and childish egoism ("Listen, Grigory Alexandrovich, admit that it's not good ..." - "But when do I like her? .." . ";" ... you loved me as a property, as a source of joys, worries and sorrows ... "); and childish, "angelic" purity and immediacy in the perception of nature ("It's fun to live in such a land! Some kind of joyful feeling is poured in all my veins. The air is clean and fresh, like a kiss of a child; the sun is bright, the sky is blue - what would it seem , more? Why are there passions, desires, regrets? .. ";" Whatever sorrow lies in the heart, whatever anxiety the thought torments, everything will dissipate in a minute; the soul will become light, the fatigue of the body will defeat the anxiety of the mind. There is no woman's gaze , which I would not forget at the sight of curly mountains, illuminated by the southern sun, at the sight of a blue sky, or listening to the sound of a stream falling from a cliff to a cliff ").

And the narrator in the story “Bela” writes about the childish feeling of nature in man: “... some kind of joyful feeling spread through all my veins, and it was somehow fun that I was so high above the world: a childish feeling, I don’t argue , but, moving away from the conditions of society and approaching nature, we involuntarily become children: everything acquired falls away from the soul, and it becomes again what it once was and, probably, will someday again. "

The text of the novel depicts only one life situation when Pechorin feels like a weak child. After a duel with Grushnitsky, in which he mercilessly and cold-bloodedly shot the unfortunate Grushnitsky on the edge of the abyss, and Werner "turned away with horror" from the killer, in which Pechorin kills not only his parody double, his "monkey", but also the best feelings in himself ( "I wanted to give myself every right not to spare him, if fate had mercy on me. Who did not conclude such conditions with his conscience?"; "I had a stone in my heart"), he returns to Kislovodsk and receives a farewell letter from Vera. And suddenly Pechorin is transformed, for the only time in the novel he prays and cries: "I prayed, cursed, cried, laughed ... no, nothing expresses my anxiety, despair! .. With the opportunity to lose her forever, Vera has become more dear to me than anything else in the world. - more precious than life, honor, happiness<...> I was left alone in the steppe, having lost my last hope: I tried to walk on foot - my legs gave way: exhausted by the worries of the day and insomnia, I fell on the wet grass and, like a child, cried<...> my soul is exhausted ... "

This episode has deep symbolic meaning. Pechorin forever lost not only Faith, a beloved woman, but also faith in God, hope for the future and love for people, which, as Tolstoy showed in his autobiographical trilogy, is given by nature to every child in childhood. Lermontov's hero irrevocably lost that connection with people, that harmonious attitude, which is characteristic of a person in childhood, when "the soul is easy, fresh and gratifying" and dreams are "filled with pure love and hopes for bright happiness" (L. Tolstoy).

And the helpless cry of Pechorin reflects the state of a person's soul in the era of adolescence, the most difficult and painful era in a person's life, the "desert of adolescence", when he suddenly discovers in himself many vices with horror, and "carnal instincts" and skepticism destroy children's purity and faith, when the child "faces all the abstract questions about the purpose of a person, about the future life, about the immortality of the soul" (L. Tolstoy), but the solution of these questions is not given to the "childish weak mind."

And now Pechorin, having gone through the temptations of passions in his youth and in his youth and unable to withstand these temptations, did not find faith in God, did not find the highest meaning of his existence (“did not guess his high purpose”; “carried away by the lures of empty passions and ungrateful ... as an instrument of execution fell on the heads of doomed victims "), and he is inevitably overtaken by longing and despair, and the wise acceptance of life turns out to be inaccessible, unattainable. Of the many vices and passions in Pechorin, only one remained - the thirst for power: "... and my first pleasure is to subordinate everything that surrounds me to my will; to arouse feelings of love, devotion and fear to myself - isn't this the first sign and the greatest triumph of power ? "

As L. Tolstoy showed in his story "Childhood", one of the strongest feelings in a child is "an unlimited need for love," the desire to be loved by everyone just like the closest people. This need at an unconscious level persists in an adult. It is this childish feeling that is reborn in Pechorin into a thirst for power.

Pechorin's inability to swim evokes associations with the Gospel episode from the life of Jesus Christ - the episode "Walking on Water". Peter, seeing Jesus walking on the water, said: “Lord, if it is You, command me to come to You on the water.” He said: go. And leaving the boat, Peter walked on the water to approach Jesus; but, Seeing the strong wind, he was frightened and, starting to drown, shouted: “Lord, save me.” Jesus immediately stretched out his hand, supported him and said to him: “Unbelieving, why did you doubt?” (Matthew 14: 28–31).

The sea is a symbol of life. Pechorin in a specific situation reached the coast by boat with the help of one oar, but in the "sea of \u200b\u200blife" without faith in God, he, who cannot "swim", is doomed to spiritual death. For him there is no light, no hope, and his whole life turns out to be a "dark night" and a "raging sea", an abyss threatening inevitable death. And he is not able to resist inner evil, his selfish feelings and passions, among which the passion for power dominates.

Alexander Men ended one of his sermons with the following words: “All this was long ago, two thousand years ago, but millions of people continue this path“ by sea ”, millions of people throughout all centuries and now all over the earth see the One who walks among the waves life and tells us, bewildered, and weak, and sinful, - He tells us: "Take courage, it is I, do not be afraid. I am here, next to you. I can reach out to you" "(Alexander Men. Light shines in the darkness. Sermons. M., 1991. S. 191).

Without faith in God, Pechorin "drowns", spiritually perishes ("I have become incapable of noble impulses"), becomes a "moral cripple," playing "the most pitiful and disgusting role" in the lives of other people, a voluptuous "vampire" (".. .she will spend the night awake and cry. This thought gives me immense pleasure "), the merciless" tiger "(" I feel this insatiable greed in myself, consuming everything that comes along the way "), becomes Grushnitsky's murderer and" worse than a murderer ", the" executioner "in relation to Princess Mary.

One of the secrets in Pechorin helps us to understand Dostoevsky's discovery, made by him in his "Notes from the House of the Dead": "There are people like tigers, eager to lick blood. Who has experienced this power once, this boundless domination over the body, blood and spirit of the same as himself, a person, who was also created, a brother according to the law of Christ; whoever has experienced the power and full opportunity to humiliate another being with the highest humiliation, bearing the image of God on himself, he is already unwillingly somehow becomes unpowering in his feelings ... Blood and power drunk; develop coarseness, debauchery; the mind and feelings become accessible and, finally, the most abnormal phenomena are sweet<...> The properties of an executioner are in embryo in almost every modern person. But the animal properties of man do not develop equally "(Part II, Ch. 3).

Pechorin "plays the miserable role of an executioner and a traitor" not only in relation to others, but also to himself, when a real, genuine, but too short-term feeling for Vera mercilessly makes fun of himself: "I, however, am pleased that I can cry! However, perhaps this is due to upset nerves, a night spent without sleep, two minutes against the barrel of a gun and an empty stomach. " With cold irony, he burns out a particle of "a fiery and young soul" in himself.

In the world of being, Pechorin, whose heart turned into a "stone" ("I had a stone in my heart," "but I remained cold as a stone"), "drowns", is doomed to death ("Like a stone thrown into a smooth spring , I alarmed their calmness and, like a stone, I almost sank myself! ").

List of references

Image. In a narrower sense, a symbol is understood as a type of allegory. Sometimes the whole work is a symbol, this happens in those cases when the allegory is hidden deep in the subtext. The images of the sea and sails in the works of M.Yu. Lermontov are symbols. In the following chapters, we will consider how these images realize themselves and what significance they acquire in the poetry and prose of M.Yu. Lermontov. Chapter 1. ...

But it is impossible to say with perfect accuracy who Pechorin is. However, he is definitely a hero. But why? Why is Pechorin a hero of that time? In general, in order to decide why Grigory Alexandrovich is a hero of his time, it is necessary to get acquainted in the most detail with that society, with the environment in which he had to live and exist. Exactly...

Typical features and, albeit indirectly, indicates who, in the author's opinion, the future of Russia. (6-8) The theme of human destiny in one of the works of Russian literature In the January 2001 issue, V. Astafiev's story "A Pioneer - an Example for Everything" was published. The date of writing the story is designated by the author as "the end of 50 - August 2000". As in many of the last works of the famous ...

Society, people. The heroine of the poem "Sasha", the daughter of poor nobles, becomes close to the peasants: she heals them, writes letters for them. This is a new type for Russian literature, the type of woman - a public figure. In the poem "Russian Women", Nekrasov created captivating and majestic images taken from the history of the Russian liberation movement - the images of Princess EI Trubetskoy and Princess MN Volkonskaya. This ...

(An extraordinary person, endowed with intelligence and willpower, a desire for vigorous activity, cannot express himself in the life around him. Pechorin cannot be happy and cannot give anyone happiness. This is his tragedy.)

Conclusion: Generally speaking, Pechorin is an extraordinary, intelligent, educated, strong-willed, brave person ... In addition, he is distinguished by a constant striving for action, Pechorin cannot stay in one place, in the same environment, surrounded by the same people. Isn't that why he cannot be happy with any woman, even with the one with whom he is in love? After a while he gets bored and starts looking for something new. Isn't that why he breaks their fates? Pechorin is not attracted by such a fate, and he acts. Acts without considering the feelings of other people, practically not paying attention to them. Yes, he is selfish. And this is his tragedy. But is Pechorin alone to blame for this?

(video-monologue of Pechorin from the film 2006)

So, "everything". Whom does he mean? Naturally, society. Yes, the very society that hindered Onegin. On the one hand, an extraordinary, intelligent person, on the other hand, an egoist who breaks hearts and destroys lives, he is an "evil genius" and at the same time a victim of society.

4. Pechorin is "an extra person", like Onegin. Compare the two heroes.

Pechorin the Hero?

VІ Lesson summary

1. Problematic issues:

- what is the tragedy of Pechorin?

Positive and negative qualities of Pechorin?

Why does Lermontov violate the sequence of the novel?

Assessment of students.

Final words of the teacher: Pechorin cannot be happy and cannot give happiness to anyone - this is his tragedy. We see two Pechorins. His actions are contradictory. Just now, at the behest of his heart, he rushes in pursuit of Vera. The best human qualities awaken in him.

We see his noble impulse, but ... the horse died, he could not go further, his thoughts gradually return to their usual order, and now he is cold again, again laughing at himself with the usual mockery and judging himself. Only Pechorin can do this.

The episode of farewell to Mary is also important for understanding Pechorin.

We saw that it was like two people. His behavior is contradictory: he succumbs to the impulse of his heart, then with composure he ponders his actions. It combines egoism and humanity, cruelty and the ability to pity, responsiveness.

Nikolayev's Russia did not give Pechorin the opportunity to act, deprived him of his life of a high purpose and meaning, and the hero constantly feels his uselessness, he is bored, he is not satisfied with anything. Neither talent, nor abilities, nor the ability to be the winner in all clashes with fate and people do not bring happiness and joy to Pechorin.

VІІ Homework

Make a card with questions about the novel that have not yet been answered, characterizing the female images of the novel.

LESSON number 58

Theme.Speech development lesson. Pechorin and the Byronic hero. Pechorin and Onegin.

Goal: to generalize the image of Pechorin; to reveal the tragedy of a gifted person in the conditions of autocracy; to say the similarity and contrast of the images of Pechorin, Onegin, the "Byronic hero"; develop critical thinking and a tolerant attitude towards others.

Equipment:tables of results of group work from the previous lesson, preparation of three circles ("Circles Vienna"), markers.

Lesson type: development of coherent speech.

Being alone, a person feels less alone.

J. Byron

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Updating basic knowledge

Conversation

Why did Pechorin interfere in the life of the smugglers?

How did his intervention end?

How does Pechorin's relationship with the "water society" develop in the story "Princess Mary"?

What do Pechorin and Werner have in common? Why didn't they become friends?

For what purpose did Lermontov oppose Pechorina Grushnitsky?

What did you like about Pechorin's personality, and what do you not understand?

2. Checking homework

The analysis of records in the Elverman table is carried out (the main work is with the information of the second column). Example:

Motivation for learning activities

Teacher. About the generation to which Pechorin belongs, Herzen wrote: “... We are all, to a greater or lesser extent, Ongini, unless we prefer to be officials or landowners ... We do everything: physics, philosophy, love, military art, mysticism, just to dissipate, to forget about the huge emptiness that oppresses us ... ". Pushkin's novel influenced the formation of Lermontov's idea - to create the image of a "hero of his time." How else to explain the presence in the novel "Hero of Our Time" that was conceived, but not embodied in the final version of the text of "Eugene Onegin"? And if we talk about the common features of both the above-mentioned heroes and the Byronic type of hero, then we should recognize them in something very similar, but at the same time purely individual. (Announcement of the topic, purpose of the lesson and work with the epigraph.)

Working on the topic of the lesson

1. Pechorin and the Byronic hero. Teamwork

Conversation

What features of the Byronic hero did you notice in the image of Pechorin? (Loneliness of an unconquered freedom-loving rebel with a suffering soul, constant dissatisfaction with oneself, one's life and the desire to find "real myself", one's place in life)

What, in your opinion, prevents Pechorin from living a full life? (The contradictions of life: he regards himself as a “moral cripple,” whose “half of his soul has dried up, evaporated, died.” Before the duel, Pechorin wondered: why did he live, for what purpose he was born? He says: “And, indeed, she there was and, probably, was a high appointment for me, because I feel in my soul my powers are limitless. ”And he did not find activities that would correspond to his“ limitless powers. ”He spent them on breaking the lives of“ honest smugglers ”, kidnapping Bela, the murder of Grushnitsky etc. He feels that he brings grief or death to everyone with whom he draws closer. And this testifies to the heightened sense of conscience in the hero.)

2. Pechorin and Onegin. Teamwork followed by generalization

Conversation

What unites the heroes of the novels of Pushkin and Lermontov?

What makes them different?

What is the difference between the duel scenes in the novels "Eugene Onegin" and "A Hero of Our Time"?

Why does Pushkin blame his hero for the murder, while Lermontov forgives Pechorin, finds him an excuse?

What are the problems of personal happiness in Pushkin's novel, and what are in Lermontov's novel? How do heroes solve them?

Why are the heroes of both novels called "heroes of their time"?

Can you call them "extra people"? Why?

Outcome

Eugene Onegin of Pushkina lives a life typical for the "golden youth" of that time: balls, restaurants, walks along Nevsky Prospect, visits to theaters. He stands out from the general mass of aristocratic youth. The author emphasizes his “dedication to dreams, strangeness and harsh, cold reason, honor, nobility of soul. Onegin was not disappointed in the lifestyle and interests of a secular society; he is impressed by the political and social situation in Russia.

Lermontovsky Pechorin first strives for secular pleasures, then becomes disillusioned with them, makes an attempt to engage in science, read books and grow cold towards everything.

Herzen called Pechorin "Onegin's younger brother." Pechorin is “Onegin of our time, a hero of our time,” Belinsky said about him. "Onegin is bored, Pechorin is deeply suffering." Pechorin's condition is more tragic, he is by nature more talented and sensual. This is a strong and strong-willed person who strives for activity. And despite the talent and wealth of spiritual strength, he, by his own admission, is a “moral cripple”. His character and behavior are full of contradictions.

The contradictions of Pechorin, according to Lermontov's definition, were the “illness” of the generation of that time. Pechorin says: "My whole life was just a chain of sad and unsuccessful contradictions to my heart or mind." On the one hand, Pechorin is a skeptic, a disappointed person, on the other, he has a huge thirst for life and activity. In it, a healthy cadre sense fights with feelings, mind and heart. Pechorin explains his attention to women by the need for ambition, but we see that he is capable of deep love. We noticed the same with Onegin. The purpose and meaning of life for Onegin had their own philosophical interest, but did not become the main issue, as for Pechorin. Who is to blame for the fact that Pechorin turned into "clever uselessness", into a "superfluous person"? The hero himself answers the question like this: “My soul is spoiled by the light,” that is, the secular society in which he lived and from which he could not escape. "My colorless youth passed in the struggle with myself and the world: my best feelings, fearing ridicule, I buried in the depths of my heart: they died there."

In the 20s of the XIX century, the years of Onegin, the Decembrists left the nobility. And Pechorin is a man of the 30s, a typical hero of his time.

Reflection

V. "Circles Vienna"

The Byronic hero, Onegin and Pechorin are compared - three circles have a common surface and individual planes: the circles are first filled collectively, then the work continues in notebooks.

Vi. Return to the lesson epigraph.

Writing an essay with an epigraph as the theme

Homework

Prepare to characterize the female characters of the novel.

Topic: Moral values \u200b\u200bof a person on the example of the main characters of the works of A.S. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin" and M.Yu. Lermontova "Hero of our time".

Information about the author Author (s): Asanova Alla Valerievna Place of work, position: Saratov region Balakovsky district Nikolevsky village MOU "Secondary school Nikolevsky" teacher of history and social studies Region: Saratov region Characteristics of the lesson (classes) Level of education: basic general education Target audience: Student (student) Class (s): Grade 9 Subject (s): Social studies Lesson goal: To consolidate the formation of students' ideas that the main and only subject of moral activity is a person who is responsible for their actions. Lesson type: Lesson generalization and systematization of knowledge Students in the classroom (audience): Used textbooks and teaching aids: Textbooks of literature and social studies by Bogolyubov Grade 9; texts of works by Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" and Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"; critical articles by Belinsky; excerpts from texts by Eugene Onegin and the Hero of Our Time; Methodical literature used: Methodological manual on social studies by Bogolyubov grade 8-9, workbook on social studies by Bogolyubov grade 9, Equipment used: Board with an epigraph and a table (As I. Kant and Z. Freud understood the personality); definitions of concepts on separate sheets attached to the board; textbooks of literature and social studies; texts of works by Pushkin and Lermontov; critical articles by Belinsky; excerpts from texts by Eugene Onegin and the Hero of Our Time; task cards; blanks for the game "Chamomile" 4 pieces; tables "Life values \u200b\u200bof E. Onegin and G. Pechorin"; workbooks. Short description: Integrated lesson of social studies and literature Theme: The moral values \u200b\u200bof the individual on the example of the main characters of the works of Pushkin A.S. "Eugene Onegin" and Lermontova M.Yu. "Hero of our time". Lesson type: generalization and repetition of knowledge Goal: To consolidate the formation of students' perceptions that the main and only subject of moral activity is a person who is responsible for his actions. Tasks: 1 Review terminology, ways of working with text. 2 Develop the ability to reason and draw conclusions, compare, summarize. 3 To foster moral and ethical qualities in students, the need for good deeds. Class: Grade 9 Item integration: social studies and literature Equipment: Board with an epigraph and a table (As I. Kant and Z. Freud understood the personality); definitions of concepts on separate sheets attached to the board; textbooks of literature and social studies; texts of works by Pushkin and Lermontov; critical articles by Belinsky; excerpts from texts by Eugene Onegin and the Hero of Our Time; task cards; blanks for the game "Chamomile" 4 pieces; tables "Life values \u200b\u200bof E. Onegin and G. Pechorin"; workbooks. Concepts: Personality, individual, individualism, man, society, individuality, values, morality, morality, moral standards, moral responsibility. Lesson course Organization of the class. Setting the goals of the lesson. Social studies teacher. Guys, today we will talk again about morality and ethics, we will analyze the connection between personal qualities and values \u200b\u200band the behavior of people using the example of the heroes of the works of Pushkin and Lermontov. Learning new material 1) Personality (concepts and their definitions are posted on the board: person, individual, individuality, personality, individual) Social studies teacher. - How are these concepts related? - Give a brief description of the personalities of E. Onegin and G. Pechorin, using the text of the works and critical literature. - Pay attention to the table on the blackboard, let us trace how I. Kant and Z. Freud understood what a personality is, and reveal the similarities and differences in their points of view. 2) The concept of value. What is value? List your values \u200b\u200bin life. Literature teacher. The following task will help you to understand the values \u200b\u200bof the heroes of Pushkin and Lermontov. Fill out the plate, mark the main values \u200b\u200bof Onegin and Pechorin in it and justify your choice out loud. (signs are distributed to all students) Social studies teacher. 3) What is morality? Questions and assignments for the class Why does a person need morality? Now two of you will receive cards with individual assignments. You must complete them in a notebook and briefly explain to us your understanding of the problem.

Exercise 1

Read the Christian commandments, what do they teach?

-Honor your father and your mother.

- Dont kill.

- Do not commit adultery.

-Do not steal.

- Do not lie.

-Do not envy.

Assignment 2

Many religions of the world have general principles and systems of moral values. What conclusions can be drawn from their analysis.

-Do not do to others what you yourself consider evil (Buddhism)

-What hate you, do not do it to another (Judaism)

- Consider your neighbor's profit as his profit, and his loss as his loss (Taoism)

One cannot be called a believer who does not wish his sister and brother the same as he wishes for himself. (Islam)

Literature teacher.

Reveal the attitude of the heroes Pushkin and Lermontov to the people around them. Show moral and immoral actions, (distribute excerpts from the texts of works to all students)

Social studies teacher.

4) Moral responsibility

What is moral responsibility?

What punishment should be given to a person for violating moral standards?

Literature teacher.

Actions have consequences, sometimes difficult to calculate. But since a person must be responsible for his actions and deeds, he must weigh and calculate all possible options for the consequences of his actions. Let's take the famous Bela Lermontov. The hero, committed a rash act in relation to Bela, he acted rashly, thereby harming himself, brought grief and discord into the family, ruined Bela's life.

The autocharacteristic of Pechorin is given at the end of the story, it kind of opens the curtain, allowing you to penetrate into his inner world, hidden from Maxim Maksimych. Here it is appropriate to pay attention to the variety of methods of depicting the image of Pechorin: the story gives a brief description of him by Maxim Maksimych, shows the attitude of other people towards him, tells about his actions and deeds, gives an auto-characteristic. The landscape also helps to understand the attitude of the author to the hero. All the time, our understanding deepens: from external impressions of Pechorin, we move on to understanding his actions and relationships with people and, finally, we penetrate into his inner world.
But even before meeting Pechorin's confession, the reader had the opportunity to reflect on it. character and to some extent explain and understand it. It is no coincidence that the story about Pechorin is given in two steps. The author notes that he cannot “force the captain to tell the story before he really started telling,” and interrupts Maksim Maksimych's story with a description of the pass over Krestovaya Gora. This deliberate pause is extremely important: the landscape, slowing down the development of the plot, allows you to focus, think about the personality of the protagonist, and explain his character.
The landscape that opens up to travelers from Mount Krestovaya is one of the most magnificent descriptions of nature in the novel. The presence of the author with his thoughts, mood, experiences allows the reader not only to see the described paintings, but also to plunge into an unusually poetic world, full of harmony and perfection, to experience the same “gratifying feeling” that the author possessed when he painted these paintings. This landscape is built on contrast; round dances of stars, virgin snow, on the one hand, and gloomy mysterious abysses on the other; on Good Mountain hangs a gray cloud threatening a nearby storm, and in the east everything is clear and golden; on the one hand, peace, and on the other anxiety. Nature is as contradictory as the character of the protagonist is contradictory. But contradictions in nature do not prevent one from feeling its greatness and grandeur. Nature is beautiful, and communication with her purifies and elevates man. “Moving away from the conditions of society,” people involuntarily become children: “everything acquired falls away from the soul, and it becomes again what it once was and, probably, will someday again”. In saying this, the author helps the reader to feel that in Pechorin a lot is explained by the “conditions of society” in which he lived.
Pictures of nature make us think even more deeply about the questions posed in the novel, understand the psychology of the characters, which gives us the right to call the landscape psychological. In addition, the description of nature at the pass over Krestovaya Gora helps in the development of the plot. Let's remember that it was given after Maksim Maksimych interrupted the story with the words: “Yes, they were happy”. The happiness of Pechorin and Bela corresponds to the picture of a dazzling morning, snows burning with “blush”. But a sudden thundercloud, hail, snow, the whistle of the wind in the gorge, instantly replacing the pink morning, hint at the tragic denouement of the story.
Pechorin is given in "Bela" surrounded by simple and "natural" people. In conclusion of the analysis of the story, one can briefly dwell on the question of how the hero is close to them and how he differs from them. If the teacher allocates a special lesson for the images of highlanders and smugglers, then this issue can be touched on in more detail.
In order to revitalize the work on the story “Bela”, you can use illustrations by artists V. Serov, M. Vrubel, D. Shmarinov and others in the lessons. Using illustrations, it is interesting to reveal the image of Bela. Lermontov's heroine attracted the attention of many artists; from the available works we recommend “Bela” by Agin, two drawings by V. Serov depicting the heroine of Lermontov, “Bela at Pechorin” by D. Shmarinov. Chronologically “Maxim Maksimych” is the last story in the novel. We no longer meet with the hero, but only learn about his death from the preface to "Pechorin's Journal". Compositionally, it is a connecting link between “Bela” and all subsequent stories: it explains how Pechorin's notes came to the author, a passing officer. Unlike all the others, there are almost no events in the story “Maxim Maksimych”. Its plot is extremely simple: three people meet while passing through Vladikavkaz, and soon they each disperse along their own path. There are no sharp clashes or struggles between these persons, no one dies here, as in “Bela”, “Fatalist” or “Princess Mary”, but the meeting of Maxim Maksimych and Pechorin is psychologically so tragic that the whole story turns out to be the most bitter and sad in the novel ... This is easy to see if we compare the endings of all stories. In “Bela”, despite the death of the heroine, there is a softening tragedy of description of nature, alone with which a person becomes “what he once was”; in conclusion, the author draws attention to Maksim Maksimych, saying that he is “a man worthy of respect”. In "Taman" the fate of the smugglers does not inspire a mood of despair, as they "go everywhere, where only the wind blows and the sea makes noise." Pechorin's bitter exclamation: "And what do I care about human joys and misfortunes ..!" - softened by his previous ironic phrase in his own address: "And wouldn't it be funny to complain to the authorities that a blind boy robbed me, and an eighteen-year-old girl almost drowned me?"
The lyrical ending of "Princess Mary" is full of rebellion and anxiety. Her general tone is optimistic. The last phrase of Maxim Maksimych about the death of Vulich in Fatalist: “However, it is clear that it was written in his family that way ...” - speaks of the wise acceptance of what is inevitable and what has already happened, and sounds calm.
And only in the story “Maksim Maksimych” at the end do the notes of hopelessness and true sadness appear: “It is sad to see when a young man loses his best hopes and dreams, when a pink veil draws back before him, through which he looked at human affairs and feelings. But what can replace them in Maxim Maksimych's summer? I left alone.
Everything in the story to some extent sets off and emphasizes the sad outcome of the meeting between Pechorin and Maxim Maksimych. The author, who so vividly and emotionally described pictures of nature in "Bela", is extremely stingy with landscape sketches. And if the polemical rejection of romantic clichés explains the absence of descriptions of nature at the beginning of the story, when the author directly says: “I am saving you from describing the mountains, from exclamations that do not express anything, from pictures that do not depict anything,” then the brevity of the rest of the landscapes and their general character is no longer just a polemic with the romantic tradition, but a means of creating a certain mood. Thus, the day preceding Pechorin's arrival, “was damp and cold,” Low houses were visible from the hotel window; “The sun was hiding behind cold peaks”; in the valleys a "whitish fog" began to spread. From such a picture blows cold, longing. Bright and cheerful colors flickering in nature pass as if unnoticed. “Kazbek in his white cardinal's hat” looked out from behind the mountains. But the author stops at-. The reader's obsession is not on the greatness of this picture, but on his gloomy mood when looking at it: “I mentally said goodbye to them: I felt sorry for them…”.
Here is a morning, "fresh but beautiful." “Golden clouds piled up on the mountains like a new row of mountains in the air; a wide square was spread before the gate; behind her the bazaar was boiling with people, because it was Sunday: barefoot Ossetian boys, carrying knapsacks with honeycomb over their shoulders, were spinning around me ”. The author paints a cheerful, noisy, lively picture "But he immediately takes the reader away from it with his remark:" I drove them away: I had no time for them, I was beginning to share the concern of the kind staff captain. " The sad tone of the story emphasizes the sad outcome of Pechorin's life.

Essay on literature on the topic: Why Pechorin could not be happy in his environment

Other compositions:

1. I. The story "Princess Mary" is the confession of Pechorin, who ridicules the pretense, falsity and emptiness of secular society. Pechorin and representatives of the "water society": interests, occupations, principles. The reasons for the hostility of the "water society" towards Pechorin. “… Someday we will run into him on a narrow road, and one Read More ......
2. Researchers rightly associate these thoughts of Pechorin with Hegelian philosophy. In Hegel, we also find the opposition of youthful individualism and mature, “reasonable” recognition of objective reality, independently following its own path. Pechorin does not want to be deceived by hopes and is not deceived by them. Not in force Read More ......
3. The novel "A Hero of Our Time" was written in 1840, at a time of political and social reaction, which led to the emergence of the so-called image of the "superfluous person". V.G.Belinsky argued that the main character of the work - Pechorin - is Onegin of his time. Pechorin Read More ......
4. The great Russian poet of the 19th century N.A.Nekrasov has wonderful words: He who lives without sorrow and anger does not love his homeland. The poet Vladimir Mayakovsky lived with “sadness and anger” and passionately loved his homeland. Motives of sadness, dissatisfaction, loneliness, Read More ......
5. The author named one of the stories of his novel after the Circassian girl Bela. This name seems to predetermine the touching and a certain drama of the plot. Indeed, in the course of the narration, which is conducted on behalf of the captain Maksim Maksimych, we get to know the bright, unusual characters. Chief Read More ......
6. Maksim Maksimych and Pechorin (Based on the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" 1. The fate of two heroes. 2. The sincerity and falsity of friendly relations. 3. Pechorin is a victim of time and circumstances. 4. Maksim Maksimych as the antipode of “an extra person" M. Yu. Lermontov's feelings for Russia are filled with sadness, Read More ......
7. If Pechorin is typical for his society and time only as a “typical exception”, then Maksim Maksimych is typical as the most generalized expression of everything that was ordinary, mass (and at the same time, the best) that was in his social circle. He is a representative of the rank and file Read More ......
8. "Of course, because he saved the dog and Mumu was with him all the time!" The reader explains to them that Gerasim experienced happiness from live communication with a defenseless creature, that caring for his beloved dog gave him joy. But a happy year takes up a tiny fraction of Read More ......

Why Pechorin could not be happy in his environment