Creator of DNA genealogy Anatoly Klesov about the Tatar project, the mistakes of the Norman theory and the descendants of the Bulgarians, exterminated in Hungary

The conclusions of the Moscow genetics that the Crimean, Siberian and Volga Tatars have no common ancestor, is wrong, the famous chemist, ex-professor of Moscow State University and Ex-professor of the Harvard School of Medicine Anatoly Klesov. In an interview with Business Online, the Russian-American scientist spoke about the search for 13 million rubles for the study of Tatars, the origin of Russians from the three main births and differences between DNA genealogy from population genetics.

Anatoly Klesov: "Beauty standards in each ethnicity of their own. Therefore, and marry their own, as a rule, if it is, of course, not the abduction. Even in Tatars we see, what are all different " Photo: Igor Dubski

"Genghis Khan belonged to one family, and the Tatar has a lot of different kinds"

- Anatoly Alekseevich, a group of scientists, led by Oleg and Elena Balanovski, studied Tatar Eurasia. We wrote about this, but the reaction of local historians, the ethnologists of Tatarstan was negative, the text collected a lot of comments. Do you agree with the conclusion of genetics that the Crimean, Siberian and Volga Tatars have no common ancestor?

- No, I do not agree. I wrote in the "Bulletin of the Academy of DNA Genealogy", why I think so. To begin with, the situation itself is incorrect, because all the Tatars and the Crimean, Astrakhan, and Kasimovsky, Siberian, and the Misharians, and others are a set of childbirth. They cannot have a common ancestor. Every kind is your overall ancestor. So there is always a bouquet of common ancestors. Therefore, to say that the Tatars do not have a common ancestor, there is no point, because they cannot have a common ancestor. It is like Russians have three main sorts. To say that the Russians have one common ancestor, it is also meaningless.

The question of genetics is incorrectly delivered, it is necessary to ask: and more or less a common set of ancestors from everyone? Not a general ancestor one, and if the overall ancestors on their set are more or less the same and there and there, there is certainly between them, of course. And what is written in that article [Balanovsky] is incorrect, since the question itself is not necessary. Therefore, Tatars and indignant - they are the same one-unified community. As they say, when our beat, it does not matter whether the general ancestors. In such a situation, defending, we can give our life and life. Russian or Soviet soldiers on the battlefield beat not for the fact that they have a common ancestor, but for the fact that our beat.

Tatar population composite itself, but everywhere this composite is similar. My article in the "Herald" is directed at all against Balanovsky, I simply believe that his setting of the problem is incorrect. So I understand why the article was met by indignation. It is necessary to carefully treat these issues. One thing is a dry scientific study, the other is an explanation that the Tatar has a childbirth, what common ancestors and when they diverged how the Tatars from the Golden Horde fell into Lithuania and now they are not talking about Turkic, but in Lithuanian, Polish and Belarusian languages. How did it happen? In general, the lot of interesting questions.

- Do you have any answers to these questions?

- No, but there is a part. I did not do this specially. But we have already formulated the Tatar project. This year I wanted to fly to the Crimean Tatars to connect them to him, but they were not ready. Probably due to the fact that Moscow Tatars were not ready. In June, I came up before the last - took the first step to prepare them.

- Our publication is especially interested in Kazan Tatars. Do you have an idea where they came from? Genetic, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Yevgeny Lilin somehow said me: "Try some Tatarin, say that Genghis Khan was not a relative of all the Tatars, you will immediately get into the face." So where did they come from? What are the haplogroups?

- Genghis Khan belonged to one genus, and the Tatar has a lot of different kinds. So all the Tatars can be descendants of Genghis Khan. Someone - yes. But this is just one line. I understand that this can annoy Tatars, but it seems that Genghis Khan was not even Mongol. Literally 10 years after his death, a book was published a detailed Arab historian who studied Genghis Khan. So he wrote that Genghis Khan did not completely have the features of Stepnyak, he did not seem to be a stepman. When they chased him, he fled and hid in the forests and was not bad, it was focused on, his beloved occupation was to collect mushrooms and berries. You find me Mongola, which in the forest collects mushrooms and berries. With my brother, they caught a small fish. Find a steppe, which catches fish. There are many such facts. Moreover, he was Burgegin - blue-eyed, which is also somehow not very knit. Who he was, I do not know, but it seems that either he was in the group R1a or R1B ( names of haplogrupp — approx. ed.). But the fact that he was not a stepper, most likely. Therefore, it should not be upset by the Tatars, since they have both R1A and R1B. That is, he is not alien by the birth of Tatars. And so if we find out more precisely, then I think the Tatars will be interested.

But the Siberian, Volga and Lithuanian Tatars really have a set of a common ancestor close to each other.

"As soon as one science is trying to impose their own decision, there are always dissenting"

- It is said that the Crimean Tatars ancestors are completely different.

- No, they have the same groups R1A, but another thing is that the Crimean is more threaded - childbirth more than others, that is, a lot of mixes. But in the Crimea and the Greeks were, and whom only was not. So the Crimean Tatars can be more multifaceted in their origin.

I think that Tatars must be engaged, this is a difficult problem. Therefore, we made the Tatar project and wait when he interests the Tatar. Then it will be possible to discuss the project in more detail, all these issues, the organization, how to make technically. We have a laboratory. Question: How to ensure financing? I would not want to take money from every Tatarin, and I would like the Government of Tatarstan immediately allocated a large amount of money. 13 million rubles are not a giant money for Tatarstan, you can already study a thousand people. You can make a thousand Kazan Tatars, a thousand - Astrakhansky, a thousand - Crimean, a thousand - Lithuanian, and this will already be a group that in the world and is not close in terms of material. That's then there will be a lot of options for discussion. I would like the initiative to come from the Tatar.

But the study should be carried out with the participation of Tatar linguists, archaeologists, ethnologists, anthropologists, someone from the government to achieve consensus on each issue. We do not need conflicts. Let's sit together and discuss. We can not be right in interpretation - wonderful, let's look for a decision together. Support is needed everywhere. I know from the experience that as soon as some kind of science is trying to impose its own decision, there are always dissenters.

- So still there were some Mongol tracks in Tatars or Russians? Genetics say that there are no such traces.

- If there is, then at a very low level. Suppose 100 years ago some Mongol arrived to study at the institute and remained. Technically, such traces can be. But there is no data so that the Mongols are noticeable. Among the Russian Tatar blood is also extremely small. Therefore, the saying "Dark Russian - you will find Tatarina", which introduced the great historian Nikolai Karamzin, is wrong. He also lived according to the concepts: he came from what was needed, there was an invasion, there was violence, children were born. Therefore, in Russian everywhere there is a Tatar trail, postroy - you will find. None nor another nor the third is incorrectly, because in the group, most represented and among the Russians, and the Tatars, it is R1a, where R is a big genus, he has a Podrode - R1, which includes another appearance. So it's in Russian and Tatars different. They have different indices. Russians are mostly Z280, and the Tatars - Z93. They originated from one common ancestor, but Z280 is one line, and the Z93 is another. They diverged about 5 thousand years ago, long before those times when there was a need. Genetics, studying mutations, build a phylogenetic tree - what mutation when it happened and what a twig where it went from. It turns out like a tree. So now 5 thousand years ago there was a general ancestor for Z280, and for Z93. Then the lines that became dominant among the Russians and Tatars were separated.

- Why did they diverge? Any thoughts?

- They diverge all the time. Why does the tree diverge on the branches? It happened.

"All this fables that the Scandinavians lived in Russia."

- So who is the total long-range ancestor?

- The most ancient, which has already been studied is not bad - it is Z645. He lived 5.5 thousand years ago. According to all data, it was the beginning of Arii. Their origin is written in the book of Lev Samuilovich Klein. So no relation to the fascism, as some hot heads say, it does not have a historic old tribe. These historians, linguists, the ethnologists agree that 5.5 thousand years ago there was a single tribe that had labels in DNA genealogy, it spoke in the language of the Indo-European Group. From them 5 thousand years ago branches were separated - Z280, Z93 and Z284. And Z284 is the Scandinavians, this group remained there, did not go anywhere. So all this fables that Scandinavians lived in Russia.

- That is, you are not a supporter of the Norman theory?

- Absolutely. This is not at all and can not. Scandinavians have clearly pronounced labels, there are no Russians at all. Scandinavians did not go here so that it was noticeable. And where are they, there are darkness of labels - by itself, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, North of France and all British islands. There they are darkness. They went to the other side, but not in our. So all this is the bikes that there were many of them here, tens of thousands of people that they brought the crafts and so on. No them! When I tell about this population geneticists, they are silent and not challenged, but they do not comment, because it is not consistent with the concept adopted. Population genetics, including Balanovsky, do not move away from the adopted concept.

"At least some Western Slavs among the Tatars for some reason can be found"

- Let's return to the ancestor of Russian and Tatars, to the general race. Tell us, he lived on this territory all the time? Where did he come from?

- A pronounced vector of motion of the descendants of the Z645 group is visible, they went huge way to the east to Altai and on to China.

- Where did they go from? From the Balkans?

- It seems that with the Balkans. It is not quite clear. But they were obviously from Europe, apparently with the Balkans. They walked east. During this movement, they formed Z280 and Z93. Z280 is the northern part of Belarus to the Urals. And the Z93 is the southern part. It so happened that some went there, others - there. The Z93 group moved along the forest and forest-steppe territories, reached the Urals through Central Asia, she went to India, Iran, China, to the Middle East and became Altaic Scythians. These are all the relatives of the Tatar, closer than the Russians, because they are all Z93. Although everyone originates from the overall ancestor, but the Tatars one step closer just to those who moved. The enemies would say that the Russians were lazy, sitting in the same place in the north and did not move anywhere. And the Z93 passed the giant path, apparently, they were more passionate for some reason. Here from them the Tatars and occurred, because they dominate the Z93. When they reached Altai, they became Scythians, so they called historians. Then they went back, became nomads, and Kyrgyz were formed from them. This is a huge passionary group, they created Iran and Persians, they created ancient Syria. In Syria, there was a Mintanian kingdom, these were also z93. In Iran - Z93, in India, the highest castes - Z93, Kyrgyz, Tajiks and Pushtuns - Z93.

That is, the Z280 remained above, they promoted to Baltic - the Baltic Slavs appeared, they had their own range, they went south, in Adriatic. Ventes and Ventena are all Z280. Therefore, it turned out that Russians, Poles, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Czechs, Slovaks and others, is a huge range of Z280. They had the very first Fatyan culture - these are actually olders. So z280 and z93 are two parallel branches, they practically did not intersect.

- But the Tatars are quite diverse in appearance. What is this explained?

- This is explained by the fact that nowhere is uniformity. Z93 went to Russian lands, then married or in Russians, or in Polish, or on Ukrainian women. They were not isolated. So they hit the Slavic lines, especially West Slavic. It is not even z280 and not z93, and M458 is Western Slavs. At the Tatars, they are also represented by 10-15 percent. In fact, it would be more correct to say that there are three main groups: Z280 (as if northern Russians and central), Z93 (Tatars and Eastern part) and M458 (Western Slavs). Therefore, here the saying "Prs-Russian Russian - you will find Tatarina" Neverlin: I don't find Square.

- Then postroy Tatarin - you will find Russian, it turns out?

- Yes, it turns out, at least some Western Slavs among the Tatars for some reason can be found as well as some Russians. Especially there were a lot of mixed marriages. And I have a feeling that the Tatars took Russian wives more often than Russian men are a tatar. Tatars can argue with me, maybe they will be right, but I have a feeling of these figures that it was rather a woman came to Tatars. But this, too, must be studied, I would not insist on it. So the picture is complex, interesting.

"Men - descendants of the Bulgar in Hungary destroyed everyone"

- What do you say about the Bulgarians, the Tatars ranks their descendants?

- There are many talk about this much, but they study little. Ideally, it would be necessary to raise the Bulgarian burials (and such a full), museums are full of bones. DNA is extracted from them, and it is immediately visible who these are - Z280, Z93 or someone else, and maybe M458. I can't deny it in any way.

Bulgars passed from the Urals and Volga to Hungary. The paradox is that at least the Bulgars passed to Hungary, they brought the Finno-Ugric languages \u200b\u200bthere, formed Hungary, but there are no men of this group there. There are such legends that the Tatar-Mongols destroyed them. When they came to them, they did not surrender, they did not pay tribute, they entered the battle, and Tataro-Mongol had a principle: or the city gives up, or destroyed. Therefore, it seems that men-descendants of the Bulgarians in Hungary have destroyed everyone, and women continued to transfer the language. Often, this fact underestimate that women through children pass the language.

If you raise the bones, it will be clear who these Bulgars were, what a route was, because they walked, the train remained, and it was clear to him who were these people.

- So they are related to the current Tatars?

- This is what you need to find out. Tatars believe that they have. As a rule, if they believe, it means there are foundations, no fire smoke does not happen. I think that, most likely, and will work out. It is unlikely that stable legends and myths suddenly become incorrect, rarely it happens.

- So before they were sure that the land is flat, which turned out not so ...

- Of course, it happens, so always caped. So because science is built: so far, and tomorrow, new data appear.

"Men moved more compact, women, as a rule, came to the village to her husband. Therefore, women are harder to trace their historical concrete trail. Woman turns carousel all the time »/ Photo:" Business Online "

"In the Russian three main groups - R1A., I.2a. And N.1C1 "

- Not only Tatars live in Tatarstan, but also the Russians. How many Russian homogeneous? And who are Russians?

- Russians are a family of three main births and many small things. As with any ethnos, there are dominant, and there are less dominant. Take the same Lithuanians and Latvians. Russians came to the Baltic and added their lines. As experience shows, Russian ancestors are much more ancient than the Balts. Excavations show that those orders live there for another 8 thousand years, when there was no finno-thieves and in the messenger. So they came and formed a family. So, in the Baltic, mostly two groups - R1a and N1c. As for the second, then the yakuts of the same group. What seems to which relationship between Yakuts, Latvians and Lithuanians? Again, women change anthropology. There were Mongolki, the children of the Mongoloid appearance went from them, despite the fact that the originally the Yakuts could be eurosoid. I will cite as an example of Alexander Pushkin: he has a no -roid part, but he has R1a. Here Hannibal across the female lines brought Pushkin Negroid. And the initial haplogroup is R1a.

If you go somewhere in Russian villages, there will not find many blacks, American Indians, Australian Aborigines - did not reach. They usually marry their own. If you take Russian, it is unlikely that he will be married to Mongolka, Mongols have even a standard of beauty, for example, a face like a moon, and Russians are completely different: Turgenev girls did not have such a person like the moon. And in general, beauty standards in each ethnicity of their own. Therefore, and marry their own, as a rule, if it is, of course, not the abduction. Even in Tatars we see, what are all different there.

And the Russians have developed from three different births. One of them is those who can be linguistically called Eastern Slavs - R1A-Z280. It was added to them - too, R1A, but already M458 - Western Slavs, there are a lot of them in Belarus, Poland, but there are a lot of them among the Russians. In principle, all the same, but the shares are somewhat different. The second race is the Southern Slavs, Danube - those about which "Tale of Bygone Years" tells. This is a haplogroup I2A. They are the youngest, only 2 thousand years ago were formed. But in fact, they are very ancient, they are found since the time of the glacier, but they were destroyed, and we see the darkness of the bones in the excavations, and among the modern people they manifested themselves only 2 thousand years ago. Someone survived, gave abundant offspring. And when you look, where there was a general alert, - only 2 thousand years ago, then the gap - and found fossils 7-8 thousand years ago. If you ever recognize the velels of the book, then the interesting thing will be: Velesova The book is Eastern Slavs, and the "Tale of Bygone Years" - Southern Slavs.

And the third group N is just the Balts, Pomor, Komi. This vector also came from Altai, but another way - Northern. They passed from Altai to the north, passed along the Ural Mountains and passed somewhere through them. In general, R1A and R1B, and N, and Q, and Q, and Q, and q were reached with Altai. It was generally such a cradle of peoples, kindergarten, let's say. From there, many really came out. The Q Group also left Altai, went to the north through Bering Strait and became American Indians. R1a went from there to the southern way and went to Europe. R1B also went from Altai, but through the North Kazakhstan, the Volga region, also went to Europe. And n, as I said, went north and divided: some became Finns, others - Lithuanians and Latvians, and the third - Bulgarians. The study of ancient remains and modern peoples gives a clearer view who and where he walked.

So the Russian three main groups - R1A, I2A and N1C1 (this year was renamed N1A1). These three main sorts have developed in Slavs, although there are three different kinds. So the Serbs are ours, Bulgarians - in general too. The same Poles. But the Poles and Russians disconnected religion, in fact, people are the same.

- I know what you think: Russian, Ukrainians and Belarusians are one people.

- The data is proved. And the Poles there. But I usually do not mention the Poles, because they are less interested in people. And in fact, the Poles, and the Czechs, and Slovaks, and the eastern Germans are relatives. In East Germany, former Slavs, too, all "laugh." There were also solid Slavic lands. Remember, Pushkin wrote about Buyan Island? So, in fact, Ruyan, he is a Rügen - Slavic Island. When Ilya Sergeevich Glazunov was there during the excavations, he asked what was found, and he answered the archaeologists: "There is all the Slavica to Magma." The way it is. There was also a huge settlement of the pagans. They were stormed by Western, so that Christianity impose, they died there. Then, if you take from Berlin above the Baltic, see the names of the cities and towns: yet Slavic - ends on-and-and -Ev, so called last names. When I tell about it, I say that during the tragedy of the Great Patriotic War, his against his fought: R1a - former Slavs - there and here. It would be a civil war if people knew that they were really brothers. Eastern Germans are more like Russians, those who happen there, see absolutely another psychotic, rather than in West Germany.

"The Tatar has more similar to the aggregate, and Bashkirs are shifted to the side, they are not the Tatars"

- The group of Balanovsky investigated the Tatars of the Volga region and concluded that the group N dominates1C. and R.1A., less r1b.. Agree with such a layout?

- This means that in this sample, which was investigated, such a split. If you take another and get the same, it means everything is correct. And they can go mobile to the other side, which also happens. This is only a descriptive model.

- But Rafael Khakimov said that the study of the Tatar gene pool to engage is useless without knowledge of history.

- Correctly.

- But you know that the story is a large political science.

- I would say that: the study of peoples should be at certainwise the combination of information on history, linguistics, DNA genealogy, anthropology. Each separately can not make us there. But such, unfortunately, almost no. Once academician Ivanova asked: why are you not considering anthropology data with your studies, linguistics? And he says: "They have others." That's the problem, and should be the same thing.

- What is the connection of Tatars and Bashkir?

- Many common, also dominates R1A and Z93, but Bashkir has more R1B, this is another let's talk. From where they appear, you also need to find out. I would not give an explanation now, because a lot is still unclear. But they have some skew for a totality of different kinds. I would say that the Tatar has more similar to the aggregate, and Bashkirs are shifted to the side, they are not a Tatars.

- But the Tatars are Siberian, Astrakhan, and others.

- The question is: what about them?

- So they only have the name in common?

- Not only name. The same and Slavs are the general not only name, but also a language, although history is divided into different directions. Therefore, Bashkirs are in many respects similar to the Tatars, but others for the combination of labor. They have a lot of R1B, which Russians have only 5 percent, the Tatars also have a little. So we can only guess where they appeared. Either these are ancient groups, or came to the Middle Ages, with Peter Type of Demidov People, Military Specialists, and they brought their group from Europe. For example, we take a literary character of Fandorin for analogy - he brought his Dutch group to Russia, children went, the head hero of Fandorin is already Russian, and he most likely was R1B.

- Y.-Hromosoma is transmitted only by the male line. Does this mean that only men can find out their origin?

- Not. Y-chromosome is a male label. Why is it used more widely? Because men moved more compactly, women, as a rule, came to the village to her husband, they did not move around, did not go somewhere columns, there were no individual female migrations. Where would they separately go? And men's migrations were. For example, the army of Alexander Macedonsky from Greece to India went, and the train, and fossils, and women around all the time. Take the harem: there is a master, if the emann is correct and will not spoil the picture, then everyone will have one y-chromosome of the Harem owner, and from each woman his own, that is, in the offspring there will be darkness of mitochondrial DNA and only one Y-chromosome. Therefore, women are harder to trace their historical concrete trail. A woman turns the carousel all the time.

"I am not a sword, I do not pretend to genetics"

- The Balanovsky genetics mentioned in our conversation criticize you are considered to be false scientists. Why do you think?

- This is, if we say direct text, a small but shouting group. And there is a large segment of my silent support. Balanovsky carry out very aggressive attacks on DNA genealogy and personally. There are several reasons for it. When I started doing DNA genealogy, and this is my profession ...

- They also say that there is no such science as DNA genealogy.

- Welcome to science. There were no quantum mechanics recently. Science appear, people create new directions, a methodology appears. Sciences are not divided by objects. For example, physics are studied by a hydrogen atom in one way, and chemists are different. Therefore, chemists are poorly understood by physicists, and vice versa. There was such a laureate of the Nobel Prize in Medicine Albert Saint-Didardi, he said: "Give the chemist Dynamo-car, and the first thing that he will do is soluble it in hydrochloric acid." Do you understand? Chemist solvent in hydrochloric acid, because its task is to check out what it consists of which elements are there. The same DNA genealogy. Population genetics is one thing, and DNA genealogy is completely different. The whole point is that DNA genealogy is another area.

- This is not a population genetics?

- Yes, not a population genetics, we have another methodology, other calculated and descriptive devices. In encyclopedias it is written that the main task of population genetics is to find a connection between the genotype and the phenotype. Genenotype is your genes, DNA, and a phenotype is how you look, as well as what kind of hereditary diseases you have. Take, for example, Jews, they have many hereditary diseases, and the Tatars have completely different hereditary diseases. Why? Here is a question of population genetics: what do they have different, what, say, a bouquet of diseases of another? In general, the phenotype is the manifestation of the genotype. Hair color, anthropology - these are questions of population genetics.

- Don't you do this?

- Absolutely no. We generally do not engage in genes.

- So there is a connection between the genotype and the phenotype?

- Of course have. The way you look is the reflection of your genes, what Dad's and Mom gave. You do not have black skin color, you are not a black woman. And if the dad was a black (or mom), so you would have a pronounced seventuries, and even in general the black skin color. There are genes that are responsible for the skin color, the width of the nose, the abnormal arcs, for the shape of the neck - everything is reflected in the genes. This DNA genealogy is not engaged. The fact is that DNA genealogy does not do genes at all, and the population genetics is even by the name of genetics. In science, it is accepted that the second word determines the science. For example, physical chemistry is chemistry, and chemical physics is physics.

- So what does DNA genealogy do?

- Population genetics are also engaged in DNA, but in a different way, more desusively. What makes a population genetic? He comes, let's say, in the village of Gadyukino, Yaroslavl region and records: the carrier of the haplogroup is such something - such a percentage, the other is such a percentage. They make descriptive information, but it is not a DNA genealogy. And genealogy is a historic science in fact, but based on DNA.

- so you are also learning y-Hromosomes?

- Yes, but I study the DNA fragments isolated by their chromosomes. In general, chromosomes are not as interesting to me. We are not engaged in genes. What is DNA genealogy? When fragments are studied on the bottom of the DNA and they show who was the ancestor of a man where he was moved, which archaeological cultures were on this path, in which languages \u200b\u200bwere those people. This is not a genetics at all, so the focus is completely different.

I am at the origin of a chemist with considerable experience in medical sciences. I never engaged in genetics. And when the critics write that he, they say, not a geneticist, I say: "And what's the difference? I am not a sword, I do not pretend to genetically. " Therefore, the reproach is that I am not a geneticist, funny. I do not pretend to genetics, I am a chemist, a person who is engaged in medicine, cancer diseases, their reasons, inflammatory pathologies, for which I get most of the salary. Therefore, I can pay for DNA genealogy. So I have no relation to genetics. And genetics do not understand, apparently, completely. They say that a non-specialist climbed into genetics. Yes, I did not get! I do not understand her, I'm not going to understand. I don't need it, there are thousands of genetics. I do what other than me, no one can do. I always work at the junction of science.

- What are the sciences? Story...

- Basic - physical chemistry. I as physicochemist engaged in the patterns of DNA mutations, and DNA mutations are determined by the laws of speeds. I look at DNA and see: Here are mutations, for some reason, they slowly go slowly, on others - faster, and on the third - even faster. Genetics do not do this, and this is my specialty. For example, I am developing computer programs that allow you to manually count, but give a DNA fragment and in a second to get information when there is a ancestor. I study archaeological cultures. This does not engage in genetics. Also study why in one culture so many mutations have accumulated, and in the other - other quantity. When in that more than in this, it means that the direction went on the direction, because the mutation increases all the time. I trace how the culture was archeologically, as migration was migrated from Europe to Altai, China, India. I look at what ways people walked. Since they were not silent, but talked, it means that the languages \u200b\u200bwere also walked. I express an assumption, describing what languages \u200b\u200bcould be transferred, at what speed change. I can take a set of languages \u200b\u200band on certain morphemes and lexes to say when they diverged, say Russian and Persian.

- So you also linguist?

- To the extent that I can work with changes and failures. So according to these concepts, I can give a linguist for a linguist. By the way, structural linguistics is similar to, but they consider, for example, not quite right. And I see why they consider it wrong ... because they do not know how to determine the rate of change in words. Therefore, I go out to the science of science between physical chemistry and DNA, but not with genetics, which has its own device.

Anatoly Alekseevich Klesov Born on November 20, 1946 in Chernyakhovsk Kaliningrad Region RSFSR.

In 1969 he graduated from the Moscow State University. In 1972 he defended his master's thesis on the topic "The relationship of the structure and reactivity of the substrates of Alfa-Khamotripsyin", and in 1977 - a doctoral dissertation on the topic "Kinetico-thermodynamic foundations of the substrate specificity of enzymatic catalysis". He worked in Moscow State University, where in 1979-1981 was a professor of the Department of Chemical Enzymology of the Chemical Faculty.

Since 1981, he moved to the Biochemistry Institute. Bach by the USSR Academy of Sciences, where until 1992 he served as head of the laboratory.

In 1990, Klesov moved to Newton, a suburb of Boston in the United States. From 1989 to 1998, he served as invited professor of biochemistry at the Harvard School of Medicine.

From 1996 to 2006 - Manager for research and development and vice-president of the company in the field of polymer composite materials in the industrial sector, Boston. At the same time (since 2000) - the senior vice president of the company and the chief researcher in the development of new anticancer drugs.

Member of the World Academy of Sciences and Arts (Founded by Albert Einstein) since 1987, Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Georgia. Founder of the Russian Academy of DNA Genealogy. Author of more than 30 books in Russian and English.

At the end of the favorite myth of Maidaunov about the "Horde". The word geneticams

Russians are one of the most purebred peoples in Eurasia.
The recent joint studies of Russian, British and Estonian genetic scientists put a large and fat cross on the Upgrant Rusophobian myth, dozens of years introduced into the consciousness of people - they say, "Predro Russian and be sure to find Tatar."

The results of a large-scale experiment published in the scientific journal "The American Journal of Human Genetics" perfectly say that "despite the situation about the strong Tatar and Mongolian impurity in the blood of the Russians who have given their ancestors during the times of the Tatar-Mongolian invasion, the haplogroup of the Turkic peoples And other Asian ethnic groups practically did not leave a trace in the population of the modern North-Western, Central and South regions. "

Like this. In this long-term dispute, you can safely put the point and consider further discussions on this occasion are simply inappropriate.

We are not a Tatars. Tatars are not us. No influence on Russian genes so-called "Mongol-Tatar Igo" - which was not in reality (see Video) did not. There were no impurities of the Turkic "Ordane Blood", the Russians, no.

Moreover, genetic scientists, summarizing their studies, declare the practically complete interface of the genotypes of Russian, Ukrainians and Belarusians, thereby proving that we have been and remain in one people: "Genetic variations of the Y-chromosome of residents of the central and southern regions of ancient Russia were practically Identical as such among Ukrainians and Belarusians. "

One of the project managers, the Russian geneticist Oleg Balanovsky recognized in an interview with Gazeta.ru that the Russians are almost a monolithic people from a genetic point of view, destroying another myth: "Everyone was mixed, the pure Russians are no longer." Just the opposite - the Russians were and the Russians are. One people, a single nation, monolithic nationality with a clearly pronounced special genotype.

Further, exploring the materials of the remains from the oldest burials, scientists found that "Slavic tribes have mastered these lands (Central and South Russia) long before the mass relocation on them in the VII-IX centuries of the main part of the ancient Russians." That is, the lands of central and southern Russia were populated by the Russians (Rusichi) already, at least in the first centuries on R.Kh. If not earlier.

This allows you to promote another Russophobic myth - that Moscow and the areas around it are allegedly, ancient times were populated by the Thro-Finnish tribes and Russians there - "Aliens". We, as genetics proved - not aliens, and completely autochthonous residents of Central Russia, where Rusichi lived from time immemorial. "Despite the fact that these lands were settled before the last glaciation of our planet about 20 thousand years ago, evidence directly indicating any" original "peoples who lived in this territory, no" - is indicated in the report. That is, there is no evidence that there were some other tribes on our lands, which we supposedly ousted or assimilated. If you can put it in this way - we live here from the creation of the world.

Scientists and distant borders of the habitat of our ancestors were determined: "Analysis of bone remains indicates that the main zone of contacts of European views with people of the Mongoloid type was located on the territory of Western Siberia." And if we consider that the archaeologists, who excavated the oldest burials of 1 millennium to R.Kh. On the territory of Altai, they discovered the remains of pronounced European views (not to mention the world-famous arcama) - the conclusion is obvious. Our ancestors (Ancient Rusichi, Protoslav Communion) - Iovofully lived throughout the territory of modern Russia, including Siberia, and quite possible and the Far East. So the campaign of Yermak Timofeevich with comrades for the Urals from this point of view was a completely legitimate return of previously lost territories.

So, friends. Modern science destroys Russophobic stereotypes and myths, knocking out the soil from under our "friends" -liberals. Further speculation of these topics are already finally carried out beyond common sense, presenting interest exclusively for psychiatrists, exploring the mechanisms of obsessive nonsense ...

In our country there are many nations-strangers. It is not right. We should not be someone else's friend. I will start S. tatars - second in the number of ethnos of RussiaThey are almost 6 million. Who are Tatars? The history of this ethnonym, as often happened in the Middle Ages, is the history of ethnographic confusion.

In the XI-XII centuries, the steppe of Central Asia was inhabited by different Mongol-Public Tribes: Nimans, Mongols, Kerimites, Merkites and Tatars. The last nomads along the borders of the Chinese state. Therefore, in China, the Tatars name was postponed to other Mongolian tribes in the value of "Varvara". Actually, the Chinese, the Chinese called the White Tatars, who lived north of Mongols were called black tatars, and inhabit the Mongolian tribes in the Siberian forests - wild tatars.

At the beginning of the XIII century, Genghis Khan took a punitive campaign against the real Tatars for the poisoning of his father. The order was preserved, which Vladyka Mongols gave his soldiers: destroy everyone who is growing above the TV axis. As a result of this massacre, Tatars as military-political force were erased from the face of the earth. But, as the Persian historian is evidenced by Rashid Ad-Dean, "because of their extreme majority and honorary position, other Turkic childbirth, with all the differences in their discharges and names, became known under their name, and everyone was called Tatars."

Mongols themselves never called themselves Tatars. However, the Khorezmian and Arab merchants constantly inserted with the Chinese brought the name "Tatars" to Europe before the advent of Batu-Khan's troops. Europeans have come closer to the ethnonym "Tatars" with the Greek title of hell - Tartar. Later, European historians and geographers used the term Tartarium as a synonym for the "Barbast East". For example, on some European maps of the XV-XVI centuries, Moscow Rus is indicated as "Moscow Tartarium" or "European Tartarium".

As for the modern Tatars, they neither by origin nor in the language do not have absolutely no relation to the Tatars of the XII-XIII centuries. Volga, Crimean, Astrakhan and other modern Tatars inherited from Central Asian Tatars only name.

The modern Tatar people have no single ethnic root. Among his ancestors were Huns, Volga Bulgars, Kipchak, Nogai, Mongols, Kimaki and other Turkic-Mongolian peoples. But even more on the formation of modern Tatars had the influence of Finno-Ugry and Russians. According to anthropological data, more than 60% of the Tatars prevail the European-like features and only in 30% - Türco-Mongolian.

The emergence on the shores of Volga Ulus Juchi was an important milestone in the history of Tatars. In the Epoch of Genghisids, Tatar history became truly worldwide. Reached perfection of the system of public administration and finance, postal (Yamsk) service inherited by Moscow. More than 150 cities arose where the endless half-step steppes recently extended. Some of their names sound like a magic fairy tale: Gulstan (country country), Shed (Palace), Aktyuba (White Arch).

Some cities in their size and population population are far exceeded Western European. For example, if Rome had 35 thousand inhabitants in the XIV century, and Paris - 58 thousand, the capital of the horde, the city of Sarai, more than 100 thousand. According to the testimony of Arab travelers, there were palaces, mosques, temples of other religions, schools, public gardens, baths, water supply. There lived not only merchants and warriors, but also poets. All religions in the Golden Horde used the same freedom. According to the laws of Genghis Khan for the insult religion, the death penalty was relying. The clergy of each religion was freed from paying taxes.

In the era of the Golden Horde, a huge potential for the reproduction of Tatar culture was laid. But Kazan Khanate continued this way for the most part of inertia. Among the fragments of the Golden Horde, who scattered along the borders of Russia, Kazan had the greatest importance for Moscow due to its geographical proximity. Discussed on the banks of the Volga, among the dense forests, the Muslim state was a kinda phenomenon. As state education, Kazan Khanate originated in the 1930s of the XV century and for a short term of its existence managed to show its cultural originality in the Islamic world.

The 120-year-old neighborhood of Moscow and Kazan was noted by fourteen major wars, not counting almost annual border skins. However, for a long time, both sides did not seek to conquer each other. Everything changed when Moscow realized himself "Third Rome", that is, the last defender of the Orthodox faith. Already in 1523, Metropolitan Daniel destroyed the further path of Moscow politics, saying: "The Grand Duke will take the entire land of Kazan." Three decades, Ivan Grozny performed this prediction.

On August 20, 1552, the 50,000-thousand Russian army was located under the walls of Kazan. The city defended 35 thousand selected warriors. About ten thousand Tatar riders were hidden in the surrounding forests and worried Russian sudden raids from the rear.

The siege of Kazan lasted five weeks. After the sudden attacks of the Tatars from the forest, the whole Russian army crossed cold autumn rains. Through the grooved warriors even thought that the bad weather was satisfied with the Kazan sorcerers, who, according to the testimony of Prince Kurbsky, when sunrise, went on the wall and worked out all sorts of hours. All this time was built a subpople under one of the Kazan towers. On the night of October 1, the work was completed. In the subpople laid 48 barrels with gunpowder. At dawn hit a monstrous explosion. It was terrible to see, the chronicler wrote, a lot of insistered corpses and crippled people flying in the air on terrible height.

Russian army rushed to the attack. The royal banners have already fluttering on urban walls, when Ivan Grozny himself came up to the city with the Guards Shelves. The presence of the king gave new forces to Moscow warriors. Despite the desperate resistance of the Tatars, in a few hours Kazan Pala. There were such a lot of those killed on both sides that in some places of piles of bodies lay in shorts with urban walls.

The death of the Kazan Khanate, Dzumens, did not mean the death of the Tatar people. On the contrary, it was as part of Russia, and in fact, the Tatar nation was formed, who finally, the Republic of Tatarstan, and the Republic of Tatarstan.

The Moscow State never closed in the narrow national religious framework. Historians calculated that among the nine hundred of the most ancient noble gods of Russia, Velikors constitute only one third, while 300 surnames are immigrants from Lithuania, while the other 300 are from Tatar lands.

Moscow Ivan Grozny seemed to the Western European asian city not only in his unusual architecture and development, but also in the number of Muslims living in it. One English traveler who visited Moscow in 1557 and invited to the royal feast, noted that the first table was sitting the king and the sons and Kazan kings himself, for the second - Metropolitan Makarius with the Orthodox clergy, and the third table was entirely allocated to Circassian princes. In addition, two thousand noble tatars have drew in other chambers. In the sovereign service, they were rendered not last. Subsequently, the Tatar childbirth gave Russia a huge number of representatives of the intelligentsia, prominent military and socio-political figures.

Over the centuries, the culture of Tatars was also herself in Russia, and now many of the originally Tatar words, household items, culinary dishes entered the consciousness of the Russian man as if their own. According to Valishevsky, going out into the street, the Russian man put on shoes, Armenian, Zipun, Kaftan, Balyk, Cap. In a fight, he launched a fist. Being a judge, ordered to wear on the convicted figure and give him a whip. Going to the long journey, he sat down in Sani to the glazer. And getting out of the postal sled, went into the Kabak, replaced by ancient Russian korchm.

After taking Kazan in 1552, the culture of the Tatar people persisted primarily thanks to Islam. Islam (in his Sunni version) is the traditional religion of Tatars. The exception is a small group, which in the XVI-XVIII centuries was facing Orthodoxy. They also call themselves: "Kryashen" - baptized.

Islam in the Volga region established himself in 922, when the ruler of the Volga Bulgaria voluntarily turned to the Muslim faith. But the "Islamic Revolution" of Khan Uzbek had an even greater importance, which at the beginning of the XIV century made Muslim in the state religion of the Golden Horde (by the way, contrary to the laws of Genghis Khan on the equality of religions). As a result, Kazan Khanate became the most northern stronghold of the World Islam.

In the Russian-Tatar story there was a sad period of acute religious confrontation. The first decades after the capture of Kazan were marked by persecutions on Islam and the violent plantation of Christianity among the Tatars. Only the reforms of Catherine II fully legalized the Muslim clergy. In 1788, the Orenburg Spiritual Assembly opened - the Muslim Office, with the center in Ufa.

And what can I say about the "sirotom of Kazan" or about unwanted guests? The Russians have long been said that "the old proverb is no wonder" and therefore "on the proverb not a court, no violence." It is not the best way to achieve an interethnic understanding of uncomfortable proverbs.

So, the "explanatory dictionary of the Russian language" Ushakov as follows explains the origin of the expression "Sirota Kazan". Initially, it was said "On the Tatar Mirza (Princes), who became the conquest of the Kazan Khanate, was said to get all sorts from Russian kings, complaining about their bitter fate."

Indeed, Moscow State Delibes considered their duty to train Tatar Murz, especially if they decided to change faith. According to the documents, such "Kazan orphans" received about a thousand rubles an annual salary. Whereas, for example, Russian drugs had only 30 rubles a year. Naturally, this state of affairs gave rise to the envy of Russian seruners. Later, Idioma "Kazan orphan" lost historical and ethnic stratum - so they began to talk about anyone who only pretties unhappy, seeking to cause sympathy.

Now about Tatarine and Guest: Which of them is "worse," and who is "better." Tatars of the times of the Golden Horde, if they happened to come to the subordinate country, behaved in it as the Lord. Our chronicles are full of stories about oppression by the Tatar Baskakov and the greed of the Khanian courts. Then they began to say: "Guest on the yard - and trouble on the yard"; "And the guests did not know how the owner were tied up"; "The sewer is not great, and the guest will bring the chest - and the last will take." Well, and - "Uninvited Guest Worse than Tatar." When the times changed, the Tatars in turn knew what he was Russian "Uninvited Guest". The Tatars also have a lot of offensive sayings about Russians. What can you do with this?

History is an irreparable past. What was, it was. Only the truth treats morals, politics, interethnic relations. But it should be remembered that the truth of history is not naked facts, but an understanding of the past in order to live correctly in the present and future.

Sergey Flowers, Histor

Before exposing this fake, who had seen in the rapid minds of Russians, not without the help of our tolerant "friends", let's see how ethnic Russian people really look like:

One of the most ancient and well-known Russophobic myths, firmly fallen into people's consciousness. Most often, this myth is associated with the invasion of "Tatar-Mongolian Iga" and mass rape of the invaders of Russian women. Supporters of this myth silent about the fact that these women usually died from an overdose of iron in the body. Also, these arguments with interest refute genetics, as Russian Asian genes at the level of European statistical error. So let's consider the possible sources of this historiographic stamp in the Russian people.

Genetics.Homogeneity of European ethno-speaking communities (Germanic, Slavic, Celtic and Romance) on MTDNA:

The analysis of the variability of MTDNA in Europe also made it possible to make a number of conclusions about the formation of a gene pool of European peoples: when analyzing the multidimensional scale (Fig. 3a), four clusters were clearly distinguished. The first cluster turned on only the Saami, which is not surprising, given their genetic originality (Cavalli-Sforza et al., 1994; Tambets et al., 2004). The second cluster included those populations of the eastern frontiers of Europe, which have increased the frequency of East Eurasian haplogroups. The third cluster included the population of the anterior Asia and the Caucasus. All other populations from the main territory of Europe (from the Volga to the Pyrenean Peninsula) entered the fourth "Paneuropean" cluster, the small dimensions of which on the chart indicate low interpopulation variability. These results are confirmed by the homogeneity of the Europe of Europe (Simoni et al., 2000), but indicate the originality of the gene pool of the Sunday and Front Asia.

In addition, it was concluded about the comparative homogeneity of the gene pool of European ethno-speaking communities (German, Slavic, Celtic and Romanesque) on MTDNA. The greatest heterogeneity is the gene effect of Turkic and Finno-Ugric peoples: photo 2

Also, the results of studies do not confirm the assumptions about the presence of a mongoloid component in Russian populations: an analysis of the interaction of the European-water and mongoloid population in the extensive zone of the steppe band of Eurasia, carried out by the help of cartographic analysis, revealed only a minor influence of the Central Asian gene pool, limited to the southeastern steppe areas of Europe. In Russian populations, the components is noticeable (above 1-2%), the component is not detected by either the Y-chromosome, nor MTDNA, and is a typical indicator for the northern peoples of Europe.

O.P. Balanovsky
_________________________________________________________________________________

Famous saying "Dream Russian - you can find Tatar"
This phrase itself is attributed ... really to everyone. And Pushkin, and Karamzin, and Turgenev, and then on the list.

Recently amounted to a complete selection of this fake:

"Dream Russian - find Tatarin" (Karamzin)

"The Great Russian writer N.S.Leskkov said not in vain, that if Russian, you will find Tatarin."

"And when Dostoevsky wrote:" Dream of any Russian - you will see Tatar "

"A.S. Pushkin himself said:" Just Russian - you will find Tatarin "

"As the Klyuchevsky used to say, the Russian dock - you will see Tatar"

"Dressely Russian, and you will find Tatar" (so at Sixov).

"Ivan Bunin's remark - if you raure any Russian, you will find Tatarin"

"Dream of any Russian - scatter Tatar, said Gogol yet"

"This is, as Kubrin said, dying any Russian, it will turn out to be Tatar"

"Rephrasing the saying of V. V. Rozanova" Dressely any Russian, and you will find Tatar ", ..."

"Dream of any Russian, you will find Tatarin," said Vladimir Putin's president said not so long ago.

"Over the Derzhavinsky gentlement" Dream of any Russian - you will find Tatarina ", I guess at least once thought everyone"

This is a sandy. Full and comprehensive. Soon there will be no one Russian classic, which will not glue the authorship of this shit and bad frozic)))

In fact, the phrase is French. Grattez Le Russe Et Vous Verrez Le Tartare. She, too, many fathers were attributed to her and Napoleon, and Prince de Linu, and Marquis de Custine, and Joseph de Mestra. You can understand the French - it hurts them offended. It remained only to hiss through the teeth. And replenish the gnut quotes of RusNews.

Russian and Tatars.

By the way, the Kazakhs have a saying: "Tatarin, you will find Russian." And, oddly enough, in contrast to the crafts "Prytroy Russian, you will find Tatarina," it is consistent with reality, because Y-chromosomal haploofond Tatar is very specific. It has rare lines for the region, such as J-L283, Q-L245. In addition, ordinary for Tatars are such lines as R1A-Z93, N-P43. Where are all these lines of Russians? They are simply not. For Russians and Tatars are typical for the Slavs R1A-Z280, R1A-M458, I-M423. Their presence in the Tatar Haplofand reflects the influence of the Slavs on the Tatars, but not the opposite. In other words, the Russians and Tatars are sitting on the same, Slavic substrate, which suggests that the Tatars were assimilated by the Russians, but the Russians were never assimilated by Tatars.

The Tatars themselves have a significant and balto-Slavic, and German, Finno-Ugric, and East Asian, and the overseas components. Genetically - this is a wild solarium. Initially, their ancestors may have been subject to the population of the Huns of the Empire, which subsequently turned into Turkic.

Anthropological diversity of Tatars is also very high. Here you and North-Generaloids are the descendants of the Germans, the Balts and Slavs, and the front-of-compartios - people from the Caucasus and Central Asia, and quite the Mongoloid types (with the exception of the Volga-Kazan Tatars).

Russian and Germans.

Identification of Mitodnk among the Russians, European is either Asian.

Women's haplog groups among Russians are also completely Slavic, as evidenced by their comparison with the same haplogroups of Poles. (Cm. Http://aquilaaquilonis.livejournal.com/18058.html)

The same uniformity demonstrates the comparison of Mitodnk from Russian and German peoples. The data is taken from the European. Obviously genetics at the German Slavic, which allows you to make some conclusions ...

The frequency of occurrences of the haplogroup R1a (Aryan) in men of various peoples, in descending order (according to one of foreign studies):

Poles ........... 50%

Russians ........ 50%

Slovaks ......... 47%

BELARUSIANS ..... 39%

Czechs .......... 38%

Slovenians ...... 37%

Latvians ........ 41%

Lithuanians .....4%

Norwegians ...... 31%

Ukrainians ...... 30%

Mari ............ 29%

Estonians ....... 27%

Germans ......... 23% Hitler in the coffin turns over !!

Hungarians ...... 22%

Lappps ........... 21%

Icelanders ...... 21%

Romanians ....... 20%

Swedes .......... 18%

Chuvash ......... 18%

Yugoslavs ....... 16%

Dutchmen ........ 13%

Bulgarians ...... 12%

FINNS ........... 10%

East Aglians .... 9%

Greeks ........... 8%

Scots ............ 7%

Danes ............ 7%

Georgians ........ 6%

Armenians ........ 6%

TURKS ............ 5%

FRENCHMEN ........ 5%

Belgians ......... 4%

Ossetians ........ 2%

Cypriots ......... 2%

Spaniards ........ 2%

ITALIANS ......... 1%

PORTUGUESE ....... 1%

Irishmen ......... 1%

Cornish .......... 0%

Basques .......... 0%

Algerians ........ 0%

NORTH AFRICANS ... 0%

The numbers are shown within a reasonable error of 5%

________________________________________ ________________________________________ ___

Actively spread the myth about the Ugro-Finnish, Mongolian or Tatar impurity in Russians, our Ukro-Svidomye "Brothers". But, according to the famous saying, the louder shouts "hold the thief" just thieves.

On the difference between Western Ukrainians and the Eastern Ukrainians (Russian Malorus)

Currently anthropology, paleoanthropology, genetics (data on blood groups, classical markers, autosomal DNA, Y-chromosome, MTDNA, etc.), as well as historical science and archaeology, other branches of science, has been accumulated enough data to make a reasonable conclusion about The fact that (Western) Ukrainians genetically belong to the circle of "Balkan" populations, and the ancestors (Western) Ukrainians migrated to the territory of modern Ukraine, probably from the territory of modern Romania, and originally belonged to the Thracian (Heto-Daci) ethno-linguistic group.

According to anthropology, Western Ukrainians belong to the Alpine race dominant in the circle of "Balkan" populations (South Slavs), and not to the Baltic and Nordic races, dominant in the Northern Slavs (Great Mostsha, Belarusians, Malorus, Poles).

Ukrainians are included in the Dnieper-Carpathian group of populations. This also includes ... Slovaks and partially Czechs, Serbs and Croats, South, Central and Eastern Hungarians.
This is a rather tall, dark-stock exchanged, the brachiekthic population is a population characterized by a relatively wide face.

It is on the line XIX - XX century. Complex Meet, the Givius of the Ludnostec Central Sciences (Seredniy Tom Visik, BrahіKefalіya, to reach the D. Kolіr Ochoma Ta Hair, Zerty-Lyuboye Nose Form, Serious Distille Tree Hair Crew IT. race". Zayovayuchi promіzhna becoming Mіzh Pіvnіchnimi, the pivdennes of єvropoeoeemi, the nose of the complex is characterized by an appearance of numerical Risnovidіv. So, V. Bunak, Klima Vlasna Alpіyski, visiting the Schiydalpіyski, Abo Karpatski, Rasa, Means of Jaco, on Yoj Dumuka, digest Sermo Ukraine.
http://litopys.org.ua/segeda/se03.htm.

"Pole, Bіlusurus that Rosіyanin anthropologicine standing in a blizzard one to one;
ukrainian, in his fiction, spirit of Vіdrіznznznayv, Vіd Sivіh V. Sousіdiv і, from anthropologic
saying, loan by Tsіlkom Samostiine Misce "(in the village. Rudnitsky, Art. 182).

"Ukrainian, - Nib_lshu Sports Sports
pivdenni, the words "Yamans" (parakіv) of the words "Yamah" (paragraph. F. Vovka, Art.
31).
http://www.ukrcenter.com/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0. /% D0% 92% D1% 96% D0% BA% D1% 82% D0% BE% D1% 80-% D0% 9F% D0% B5% D1% 82% D1% 80% D0% BE% D0% B2 / 19903 /% D0% 90% D0% BD% D1% 82% D1% 80% D0% BE% D0% BF% D0% BE% D0% BB% D0% BE% D0% B3% D1% 96% D1% 87% D0% BD% D1% 96-% D1% 80% D0% B0% D1% 81% D0% BE% D0% B2% D1% 96-% D0% BE% D1% 81% D0% BE% D0% B1% D0% BB% D0% B8% D0% B2% D0% BE% D1% 81% D1% 82% D1% 96-% D1% 83% D0% BA% D1% 80% D0% B0 # Text_Top

Also, see the average Russian anthropological type in comparison with the Middle Ukrainian: http://aquilaaquilonis.livejournal.com/18058.html

The presence of a significant Turkic (mongoloid) impurity in Ukrainians is an indisputable fact based on these industries of science ( ntretology, linguistics, genetics). Discussion:http://slavanthro.mybb3.ru/viewtopic.php?t\u003d798.

Ukrainian-Arіitsі і Slodaani, on Vіdmіn Vіd Moskalіv.

Svidomye often say that the Moskali is "descendants of Tatars, Udmords, threes," and they themselves are purebred Slavs. However, judge for yourself

Ukrainians: up to 20% of MTDNA mongoloid impurities

There is no such nation as "Ukrainians" (as there is no nation "Russians"). Alas, it did not work out. The plantation is a separate interesting topic, I will only say that Ukrainians had neither time or possibility due to the difference of mentality, history, culture, language, religion, etc. Lower a single nation even at the political level. Like other sectarians, Ukrainian Svidimites are divided into three categories:

1) Honest, but do not know. These are those who are deceived (ordinary people, mostly vestigurs)
2) knowledgeable, but dishonest; Calling it to deceive the "younger brother".
3) knowledgeable and honest. These are deceiving themselves.

By the way, how Svidomye rewrite the story: now you can find the Essay of Kostomarov in the Public Library, where the hand of an unknown Ukrainian falsifier did "corrections". Tom wears number 31, 117/2: X.
On page 292, 293 printed: "Velikago principality of Russkago". Crossed "Russian", tops writing "Ukrainian".
Printed: "Great Principality of Russian." Crushed "Russian", tops writing "Ukrainian".
Printed: "With office proceedings in Russian." Crushed "Russian", written by hand "Ukrainian".
In such a form, the prepared history is presented to a simple man, which will never check the accuracy of other people or textbooks on history rewritten by svidomites.

Dream of any Russian and find Tatarin ...

There is a well-known saying: "Dream of any Russian and find Tatarin" ... In the direct, "biological" sense, it can be recognized as reasonable enough: there is a significant adherence to Tatar in Russian blood. And it did not go to the detriment.
Not engaged in specially genealogy, but comprehensively studying the era of Tatar rule and wondering all the aggregate Russian-Tatar tartaries in the past, I met and wrote out of various historical sources and documents 92 princes, 50 boyars, 13 count and more than three hundred ancient nobility gods leading from Tatar ancestors ...

There is no doubt that from the provincial pedigrees it would be easy to remove a few hundred noble names of Tatar origin. Not noble, unfortunately, accounting was not conducted and it is impossible to determine them, but they are undoubtedly calculated by many thousands.
All these numerous descendants of Tatar generics already in the second-third generation appealed to people of pure Russians in spirit and upbringing. They honestly and rightly served the Fatherland, not only fighting for him in countless wars, but also in all fields of peaceful life gave him a lot of outstanding and even ingenious people who glorified Russian culture. I will give only the most famous examples.

In the field of science, the descendants of Tatars were brilliant Russian scientists of Mendeleev, swords, Pavlov and Timiryazev, historians Chanatemir and Karamzin, researchers of the North Chelyuskin and Chirikov. In the literature - Dostoevsky, Turgenev, Derzhavin, Languages, Denis Davydov, Zagoskin, K. Neontyev, Ogarev, Kubrin, Arzybashev, Zamyatin, Bulgakov and a number of other talented writers and poets. In the field of art, only among the brightest, it can be called Ballerin Anna Pavlov, Ulanov and Spesivtsev artists of Kratygin and Yermolov, composers Scriabin and Taneev, artist Shishkin and DR ...

Tatars gave Russia two kings - Boris and Fedor Godunov (and before them was still Semen Bekbulatovich - Note. E.K.), and five tsaritsa: Sabroma Saburov - the first wife of Vasily W, Elena Glinsky - his second wife, Irina Godunov - Wife Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich "Blessed", Natalia Naryshkin - the mother of Peter the Great and the second wife Alexei Mikhailovich and Marfa Apraksin - Wife of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich Romanova. Evdokia Saburova was still the wife of Tsarevich Ivan, killed (in the seizure of anger) with his father - Ivan Grozny.

It is not interesting to note that several Tatars were ranked Russian Church to the face of Orthodox saints. The most famous from them is St. Peter Ordinsky is the nephew of Khan Batya, who accepted Orthodoxy, and later monasticism. Another tatar - sv. Peter Martyr Kazan.

It is worth mentioning that Batya allowed his older son and heir to Hanu Sartak and his wife to accept Orthodoxy. This case is well illustrated by Tatar versoity and once again refutes, then completely erroneous, but firmly rooted the view that the Tatars were religious fanatics and persecutors of Christianity. If not the early death of Sartak, poisoned by his rival, Batya's brother, an Orthodox man would affirm on the throne of great khans. "

In this long quotation of the largest researcher, the Golden Horde MD Karateva, we involuntarily trace the process of formation of the Russian nation. You can add only one generalizing phrase here, that the formation of the Great Russian nation proceeded by combining feudally isolated Russian principalities, initiated by the idea of \u200b\u200bconsolidating the Orthodox community of the Goldenopa province, which ceumated by a powerful human influx from the Golden Horde, that is, the Tatars.

As for the Crimean Nation, the consolidation was concluded on the same laws - the association of fragmented ethnic groups or feudal formations under a single state-forming and a common rational idea. For the Crimean Tatars, this idea was to get rid of claims to power in the Crimea rulers of the shed, that is, the liberation movement.

For Moscow Rus, the idea of \u200b\u200bconsolidation was Orthodoxy in counterweights of Muslim, approved in the metropolis during the reign of Uzbek (1312 - 1341). In Russia, it was the clergy that was the initiator of separation from the metropolis and the formation of a nation. The secular princely power only went on the clergy. And if in the Gold Horde, the dominant religion became Orthodoxy, it is not known how the fate of the Golden Horde and its Northern Province would have arisen. In any case, Moscow would not become a consolidation center.

But as for the Crimea, he would still achieve independence, despite the religious preferences of his population. Moreover, the preferences of the spiritual plan in the Crimea just did not exist: the Crimea was polyconfessional. During the arrival in the Crimea, the Hadji-Hires had the same distribution of four religions, not counting the pagans. These are Jews, rooted in the Crimea during the period of domination here, Khazar Kaganat, Karaites, whom religion was allocated to a special ethnos, Muslims and Christians.

Moreover, Christians were of a very different sense: both Nestorian, and the Orthodox orthodox directions, and the iconoborets, and Catholics are also of various currents, that is, here they found the most controversial marginal flows of Christianity, walking in the most close neighborhood, because in Crimea never even The period of the domination of Islam, there was no religious intolerance. This Crimea has always been distinguished. To present an irreconcilable war between Orthodox and Catholics in Crimea was simply impossible, although in other regions of Europe, for example, in France, where the Warfolomeev night was drowned in the blood of a thousand Huguenov, this was considered as a completely ordinary and normal phenomenon. Yes, and Russia from the very beginning was intolerant both to Catholics and Muslims, although the last and less. This was especially distinguished by the Moscow Diocese. So it was before, it remained so far.

Muslims among the indigenous population of the Crimea, that is, among the highlanders and the population of coastal cities and territories, before the arrival of the Gireev was relatively small. But among the Tatars who captured the steppe part of the Crimea (the Tatars called the Ordans), except for Muslims, there were no other inners. Tatar and Muslim, starting with Khan Uzbek, have become inseparable concepts.

The appearance of Devlet-Hadzhi-Gurya in Crimea made cardinal transformations not only to the state structure of the Crimea, but, which is especially noteworthy to note, in the mindset of people. The struggle for independence of the province shook not only the top of society. She did not leave indifferent even the most ordinary resident. The authority of the new ruler of the Crimea became such a high that he was considered an honor for every Vassal in his religion.

Very many of the feudals of the Crimea of \u200b\u200bthe indigenous population did this. Their example followed the subordinate feudal. So very quickly, Islam won the Crimea. And since Muslim and Tatarin were synonymous, then all sorts of Islam adopted automatically began to call Tatarin, which was quite satisfied with the converts. Therefore, all the Cimmerians, brands, Scythians, Alans, Goths, Greeks, Armenians, Italians, Circassians, and others, who passed from Christianity or paganism in Islam, began to be called Tatars.

And since in the Crimea, they all have long been told on different dialects of the Turkic language (since the 6th century - Razgrin, 1992), then people differed only by religion. For example, in Christian temples, the service was carried out on Turkic language, which was noted by many witnesses of that era. By the way, a single language is one of the reasons for such a quick unification of the Crimea into a single state. Therefore, after declaring an independent state, the process of formation of the nation has become irreversible.

Thus, by the end of Hu century, new nations began to be formed on the territory of the collapsed Gold Horde in new emerging state formations. This is Crimean Tatar and Great Russian. Moreover, the distinctive feature of both young emerging nations was not a language, but religion. In the north-west of the Goldenopa Empire, this was Orthodoxy, and in the south-western province - Islam, which began to move the population of a multiconde-confessional Crimea with a mass order.

However, it has existed the nominally, the Golden Empire, the fate of the newly proclaimed states remained uncertain, because the ruler of the barn could be an end to this process at any moment. It all depended on its military economic potential. And he all the time hesitated, threatening the sovereignty of both states. That is why Moscow and Crimea in that period invariably supported each other in the face of the general enemy. The personal relationship between the rulers of the Crimea and Moscow was then the most benevolent. In a lively correspondence, they invariably called each other "My beloved brother".

As for the Sarajevsky Khanov, they could not really calmly look at the strengthening of their formal vassals. The historian of Veljamin-grains leads the texts of two letters written in 1487 by the last king of the Golden Horde of Murtaz Ivan Sh and Nur-Dellet, who reigned in the Kasimovsky kingdom, where Murthase's desire to restore their domination over the provinces of the empire extensive from under his power. In particular, the Grand Duke, he asks to let go of the Nur-Golden Horde to build that Crimean's throne, and Nur-Dellet writes: "We are one of the family with you, our fathers fought, but then came up. Mengyli-Garya, your brother By changing the oath, the war was again ".

It is interesting to compare both Murthase letters. Ivan W He writes a shortcut, decree, very briefly and compressed. With Nur-Dellet, he also drawn as a king equal to himself, sends him a long diploma, composed in respectful and flattened expressions. And the goal is alone - to push the foreheads of two brothers to weaken the Crimea, and then to restore the domination of the metropolis.

The intrigue of Murthase was so transparent that the reaction to it did not follow. The only thing that Prince Ivan did, said Mengyli-Gire in detail about the source of the Sarajevsky ruler. "The proposal of Murthase did not correspond to the types of Ivan," Weljamin-Zernov writes. "The Union with Mengly-Gyrey was much more profitable for him: Mengli-Garya, fighting with the children of Akhmatov, served as an assistant to Ivan, who was the direct calculation of which Mengli-Gurya was held in Tom to lose weight Golden Horde. This horde for both sovereign was equally hated ... "

But "to kill a hateful" Horde neither the other ruler alone was solved: the forces of all were equal. Mengly-Girey offered Ivan the option of unification of the military forces of Moscow and the Crimea, but for some reason this alliance did not happen. In the end, Mengly-Gired came up with a brilliant plan. And only waiting for the case for its implementation.

This case was turned out in 1502, it is quite possible to be provoked by the Mengli-Gyrey himself.

Hate to Mengli-Gury, Murtaza in this fatal year has collected a huge army for him, deciding once and forever to end even with the rejoicing about the hires in the Crimea. Mengley Garya came to meet, but did not accept the battle, but began to retreat, imitating confusion and unpreparedness of troops to the decisive battle. A rampored Murtaza rushed to pursue a hated enemy, not guessing that he was lured into a trap. So maneuvering the opposing troops crossed the whole Crimea from the north to south and went to the seashore. Here, unexpectedly, Mengly Gurya troops crumbled in the mountains and Murtza decided to become a camp on the banks of the Cote d'Azur. This Mengly-Girey just sought.

Suddenly, the Turkish fleet appeared because of the cape, the existence of which the Ordans did not even guess. The fleet, meanwhile, in front of the eyes of amazedly disconnecting spectators, built in a combat order and no longer thinking discovered a squall fire in the Ordane camp.

The effect turned out to be superior all the expectations of Mengyli-Hire. The shipping batteries were separated in the fluff and dust the entire Ordinsky camp, forcing people in a panic to run beyond its limits. But they were met by anyone from where the Crimean Connence appeared and arranged the shaped beating of the ordinance of the ordinance of the Ordans. Only a limited part of the once Grozny troops was able to escape from the environment. However, Mengly Gires provided this option. In pursuit, he sent a pre-prepared cavalry, designed for prolonged persecution, which was on the tail of the retreating remnants of troops up to the shed itself. And this was also planned.

On the Kulikov field, Mamayevtsy, broken up with the Russian-Tatar Connection from the ambush, was pursued by it about twenty miles. To complete the defeat, it turned out to be sufficient. But Mengly-Giren set the goal not just to defeat the Golden Horde, but to destroy it forever. Therefore, he applied another tactics: chased the retreating enemy without a respite until the heart of the empire, bursting into the barn literally on the shoulders in a panic of the running troops. His in Saraj no one was waiting. Using the sudden factor, he mastered the city without resistance and set up a real pogrom there, destroying everything and everyone.
So the end of the empire was put. "The Horde has no longer rebelled by Mengli-Gyreus, and its very name disappeared," writes the author of the brief history of Russia V.Veljamin Zernov (1883).