Sculpture - One of the types of visual art, which artistically recreates the world around the world using a bulk form. Unlike painting and graphics, sculpture volume and it can be viewed from all sides, it is three-dimensional, like things that surround us in everyday life.

To bring the sculptural work to reality, it was painted. So it was, for example, in ancient Egypt. In European art, along with a painted sculpture, the natural color of the material was appreciated from which the statue was created. In addition, there is a sculpture made from different materials. She decorative, sometimes looks like a precious thing. Such was the statue of the Olympic Zeus - one of the seven wonders of the world created from ivory and gold.

M. Antocolsky. Nestor-chronicle

Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini. Apollo and Daphne

Bas-relief from Kiev Mikhailovsky Golder Cathedral

Portal of the Cathedral in Strasbourg (France)

Sculpture is roundif it is possible to get around it, or placed on the plane - then it relief. There are several types of relief: if the image is low rises above the background - in front of us bas-reliefif it acts very strongly and becomes almost round sculpture - high relief, and if the relief is in-depth, it is - counterrelf.

Sculpture may be small - it small plastic; medium size and play an independent role - then like painting and graphics call it machines; Monumentalassociated with the architectural building, the natural environment (monuments, park sculpture, etc.).

Sculpture also differs on the technique of execution. It can be carved from a hard stone, pour out of the gypsum, cut out of wood, sculpt from soft material - clay, plasticine, wax, made from metal.

1. Remember what sculptural monuments are in your city, the village. Which one seems to you the most successful and why?
2. Remember the biography of a person, in memory of which the monument is erected. With what funds are the sculptor expresses the universal value of his feat? What emphasizes the individuality of this person?
3. Imagine that you should design a monument to your favorite poet or writer. What will your idea cost?

Student work. Round Animal Sculpture: Cat, Dragon, Bear, Dog

Create a sculpture using the tools and materials described in the textbook. Analyze your own sculpture work as an example of low plastics for this plan:

• The name of the work, its author.
• The material in which the work is performed (plasticine, clay, etc.).
• Why did you choose this plot for your sculpture?
• What exactly did you try to pass - the peace of your character or, on the contrary, his movement? What do you think is it possible to you?
• Which side do you think this work is better to consider? With what accents did you emphasize this particular idea of \u200b\u200byour work?
• Consider your sculptural work from different sides. Do different angles add anything to the image disclosure? Perhaps, he creates a completely different impression from another angle?
• Can you imagine your sculpture enlarged? Where would you place it?

Stages of work on sculpture

Lepak - Creating a sculptural image from a soft plastic material. Material for modeling is clay or plasticine.

Clay - Natural material. It is mined from the ground and diluted to a soft condition with water. For modeling more suitable clay of green or gray. Products made of clay, burned in a special oven at a temperature of 900 ° C, called ceramic.

Plasticine - Artificial plastic mass. It is soft, does not dry, like a clay, the objects' items are not deformed and not crack. It can be multicolored. But at elevated air temperatures or the sun plasticine softened and melts.

For modeling use stack - A wooden or plastic shovel with a length of 15-20 cm, one end of which is sharpened, as a pencil, and a skipboard on which work is performed. The stack is cut off excess clay, the surface is cleaned, they make a deepening in shape. Working on sculpture is better on the plank, which turns around its axis. Otherwise you have to run around the table yourself or rotate in different directions not yet ready to work, and this can damage it.

Tools and materials

1. Before starting work, decide how the image of what hero you want to blind - mermaids or painted fox, a small hobbit, or captain of Flint, or someone else.
2. First make sketches with a pencil, sketches of your character from different sides. After all, the sculptural image is three-dimensional, and even before the start of the modeling you must represent how your hero will look like from all sides.
3. If a sculpture is greater than 20 cm, then it is necessary to make a frame, fasten it on the stand, it must be strong, should not be deformed. It can be a wooden paler or a metal wire attached to a horizontal plate.
4. At the beginning of work, you need to determine the size of the image, the material that is most suitable for the planned composition is clay or plasticine.
5. The creative approach to the task requires to pay special attention to the details that will help to fully reveal the image of the hero: appearance, proportions, characteristic features.

Stages of work on sculpture

Finished work

Johann-Georg Pinzel (XVIII Art.) - One of the most famous sculptors who worked in Ukraine. Biographical information about Pinzele has been preserved, however, a bit. Apparently, he was from southern Germany or the Czech Republic. It is just known that in 1750 the master settled in Buchach (Ternopil region.). He died in 1761 or 1762. But the numerous works of the pinzel were preserved, each of which testifies to his huge talent. The master took part in the design of the Cathedral of St. Jura in Lviv, Town Hall in Buchach, carried out a statue for churches of small cities. Pinsel sculptures are made of wood, painted and gilded. Created by Master Images - Abraham, Samson, Holy Anna and others - full of strong and bright feelings, utmost tension and true tragedy.

Pinzel. Saint Florian

Donatello (Full name - Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi (approx. 1386-1466) - the great Italian sculptor reformer. He lived and worked in Florence, as well as in Parma. Visited Rome, where he became interested in sculpture. It was Donatello again began to create round statues again Which could be inspected from all sides. His best works - "David", a monument to the Parma's conferper (commander), a man, his beauty, his courage. But the last statues of the master ("Maria Magdalina", "Judith") are very tragic. .

Donatello. Madonna with infant

Sculpture sculpture

(Lat. Sculptura, from sculpo - carve, cut out), sculpting, plastic (Greek Plastika, from Plasso - plow), view of the visual art, based on the principle of volumetric, physically three-dimensional image. As a rule, the object of the image in the sculpture is a person, less often - animals (animalistic genre), even less often - nature (landscape) and things (still life). Formulation of the figure in space, the transfer of its movement, posture, gesture, black and white modeling, reinforcing form relief, the texture of the modeling or processing of the material, the architectonic organization of the volume, the visual effect of its mass, weight relationship, the choice of proportions, specific in each case, the nature of the silhouette is the main expressive Means of sculpture. The volume sculpture form is built in real space according to the laws of harmony, rhythm, equilibrium, interaction with the surrounding architectural or natural environment and on the basis of anatomical (structural) features of a particular model.

There are two main varieties of sculpture: round (statue, sculptural group, figurine, torso, bust, etc.), which is freely posted in space and usually requires a circular review, and relief, where the image is located on the plane forming its background.

By content and functions, the sculpture is divided into monumental, monumental-decorative, machine and so-called sculpture of small forms. Developing in close cooperation, these varieties of sculptures have their own characteristics. The monumental and monumental-decorative sculpture is designed for a specific architectural or natural environment and is addressed to the masses of the audience, it is located primarily in public places - on the streets and squares of the city, in parks, on facades and in the interiors of public structures. It is designed to specify the architectural image, complement the expressiveness of architectural forms with new shades ( cm. The synthesis of arts) is capable of solving large ideological-shaped tasks, which is disclosed with a special fit in urban monuments, monuments, memorial structures, which are usually inherent in the magty of the forms and durability of the material, the elevation of the figurative structure, the latitude of the generalization. The glass sculpture, not directly related to the architecture, wears a chamber character and is usually placed in the halls of exhibitions, museums, residential interiors. Thereby, the features of the plastic sculpture of the sculpture are determined, its size, favorite genres (portrait, household genre, nude, animal genre). Machine sculpture is more than monumental, inherent in interest in the inner world of man, subtle psychologism, narration. The sculpture of small forms includes a wide range of works designed primarily for a residential interior, and is largely closed with decorative and applied art. The sculpture of small forms also own products of medal art and glyptics. The purpose and content of the sculptural work determine the nature of its plastic structure, and it, in turn, affects the choice of sculptural material. The sculpture technique is largely dependent on the natural features and methods of processing the latter. Soft substances (clay, wax, plasticine, etc.) serve for modeling. Solid substances (various rocks, wood, etc.) are processed by logging (carving) or thread, removing unnecessary parts of the material and gradually detecting as it were hidden in it with a volume form. Substances that can proceed from a liquid state in solid (various metals, plaster, concrete, plastic, etc.), serve to cast the works of sculpture using specially made forms. To reproduce sculptures in the metal, it is also resorted to galvanoplasty (obtaining accurate copies by electrochemical method). In the unlighted form, the metal in the sculpture is processed by means of forging, chasing, welding and cutting. Special clay varieties are used to create a ceramic sculpture, which is usually covered with painting or colored glaze and burns in special furnaces. Color in sculpture is applied from ancient times: a well-known painted sculpture of antiquity, mid-centuries, revival. Appeal to polychrome in sculpture or waste from it to a monophonic tint, tinting and natural color of the material is associated with the overall direction of art development in a given country and in this era. The occurrence of the sculpture relating to the primitive era is directly related to human labor and magical beliefs. In Paleolithic sites (Montespan in France, Willendorf in Austria, Malta and Building in the USSR), images of animals and women - the ancestors of the genus, characterized by the urgency of life observations during the generalization and coarseness of forms, were found. Neolithic sculpture (round, usually small sizes) cut from soft rocks of stone, bone and wood; The reliefs were performed on the stone plates and walls of the caves, in the images of figures dominated the schematics of forms. Sculpture often served as a means of decoration utensils, tools of labor and hunting, was used as amulets. The further development of the sculpture received during the period of decomposition of the primitive-communal system, due to the increase in the division of labor and technological progress; The brightest monuments of this stage are gold reliefs of the Scythians, terracotta heads of the NOC culture, a typologically diverse wooden carved sculpture of peoples of oceania.

In the art of a slave-owned society, the sculpture was separated as a special type of activity, having specific tasks and their masters. The sculpture of the Ancient Russian states, which had ritual and magical importance, served as an enthusiasm for the strict public hierarchy, the authorities of the gods and kings, which was alleged in the scale of the scale and concise and stringent in the style of works in the sculpture of ancient Egypt, which was distinguished by a kind of conventional image of a human figure - a canon, sphinxes , Majestic statues of pharaohs, portraits of nobles, summarized by volume, retained an idea of \u200b\u200bthe source block of the material. In the developed similar pathways, the sculpture of other Ancient Development Despotius (Sumer, Akkad, Babylonia, Assyria) were peculiar features of coloring (Sumer), the introduction of numerous details into the relief, including the elements of the landscape (Assyria).

Another, humanistic character is the sculpture of ancient Greece and partly an ancient Rome, facing the mass of free citizens and is largely plastic materialization of antique mythology. In the images of gods and heroes, athletes and warriors, the sculptors of ancient Greece embodied the ideal of a harmoniously developed personality, approved their ethical and aesthetic ideas. The change of a holistic, plasticly generalized, but a somewhat cured sculpture of the archaic period came based on the exact knowledge of the anatomy, the free formulation of the figure in the space of the classics sculpture, which put forward such large masters, like Miron, Fidi, Polytellet, Skas, Praxitel, Lisipp. The humanistic essence of Greek sculpture was revealed in their work with the greatest completeness: the approval of the significance of the human person, the plastic beauty of the human body, connected with the ideal generalization of the image. In the Hellenistic Art, the balance and harmony of the classical sculpture is replaced by drama, pathetic passionism, the intensity of the images and the external effects of forms. The realism of the ancient Roman sculpture was especially fully revealed in the art of the portrait, striking the acute individual and social drawing of characters. Received the development of relief with historical and narrative plots decorating the triumphal columns and arches; There was a type of equestrian monument (Statue of Aureliya Mark, subsequently installed by Michelangelo on the Pl. Capitol in Rome).

The Christian Religion as the main form of minorasia largely determined the nature of the European medieval sculpture. As the necessary link, the sculpture is included in the architectural tissue of the cathedrals of the Romanese style era, submitting the harsh solemnation of their tectonic system. In the art of gothic, where the reliefs and statues of the apostles, the prophets, saints, fantastic creatures, and sometimes idealized images of real faces literally fill the portals of the cathedrals, the gallery of the upper tiers, the turrets niches and the protrusions of the eaves, the sculpture plays a particularly prominent role. It, as it were, "aligns" architecture, enhances its spiritual saturation. In the ancient Russia, high levels reached the art of relief (Kiev slate reliefs, stone carvings of the temples of the Vladimir-Suzdal school). In the Middle Ages, the sculpture was widely developed in the countries of the Middle and Far East; Especially great global artistic importance of the sculpture of India, Indonesia, Indochina, monumental in character, combining the power of building volumes with sensual refinement of modeling.

In the XII-XVI centuries. Western European sculpture, gradually freeing from religious-mystic content, proceeds to a more direct image of life. Previously, than in the sculpture of other countries, in the second half of the XIII - early XIV centuries. New realistic tendencies manifested themselves in Northern Italy (Niccolo Pisano et al.), In the XV-XVI centuries. Italian sculpture, relying on an ancient tradition, more and more to the expression of ideals of Renaissance humanism ( cm. Revival). The embodiment of the bright human characters imbued with the spirit of life affirmation becomes its main task (Dontello's creativity, Yakopo della Kverchar, A. Verrocko). An important step is made forward to creating free standing (i.e., relatively independent of architecture) statues, in solving the problems of placement of monuments in the city ensemble, a multifaceted relief. The technique of bronze casting, chasing, uses Maitoliki technician. One of the vertices of the Renaissance was the sculptural works of Michelangelo, full of titanic power and intensive drama. Pretty interest in decorative tasks is distinguished by sculptors of manherism (B. Chellin, etc.). From the sculptors of the Renaissance in other countries, Claus Sleuer (Burgundy) is allocated, J. Geuzon and J. Pilon (France), M. Laher (Austria), A. Kraft, F. Plos and T. Rimeshneider (Germany).

In the sculpture of Baroque, the Renaissance harmony and clarity is inferior to the elements of volatile forms, underlined dynamic, often executed solemn pomp. Decorative trends are rapidly growing: the sculpture is literally woven with the architectures of churches, palaces, fountains, parks. Numerous front portraits and monuments are also created in the baroque epoch. The largest representatives of the Baroque sculpture - L. Bernini in Italy, A. Gaiter in Germany, P. Luhedu in France, where classicism develops in close connection with Baroque (the features of both styles were intertwined in the works of F. Giradon, A. Kuazewox, etc.). The principles of classicism, re-meaningful in the Epoch of Enlightenment, played an important role in the development of the Western European sculpture of the second half of the XVIII - the first third of the XIX centuries, in which along with historical, mythological and allegorical topics (A. Kanov in Italy, B. Torvaldsen in Denmark) The value acquired a portrait (J. B. Pigal, E. M. Falcone, J. A. Hudon in France). Emotional tension, the search for new expressive means is characteristic of the sculpture of the Romantic Epoch (P. J. David D "Angers, A. L. Bari, F. Rud in France).

In Russian sculpture from the beginning of the XVIII century. A transition from medieval religious forms to secular; Developing in line with pan-European styles - Baroque and classicism, it combines pathos of approval of new statehood, and then educational civilian ideals with the awareness of the plastic beauty of the real world. The symbol of the new historical aspirations of Russia was the monument to Peter I in St. Petersburg the work of Falcone. Beautiful patterns of a park monumental-decorative sculpture., Wooden thread, the front portrait appear already in the first half of the XVIII century. (B. K. Rastrelli et al.). In the second half of the XVIII - the first half of the XIX centuries. The academic school of the Russian sculpture, which represents the pleiad of outstanding masters. Patriotic pathos, the magnifier and classical clarity of images characterize the work of F. I. Shubin, M. I. Kozlovsky, F. F. Shchedrin, I. P. Martos, V. I. Deut-Malinovsky, F. P. Tolstoy, S. S. Pimenova. Close connection with architecture, an equal position in the synthesis with it, the generalization of the figurative structure is typical for the sculpture of Russian classicism. In the 1830-40th. In Russian sculpture, the desire for historical concreteness of the image (B. I. Orlovsky) and genre character (P. K. Klodt, N. S. Pimenov) increasingly breaks.

In the second half of the XIX century. In the Russian and Western European sculpture, the general process of democratization of art is reflected. Classicism, which is now reborn into the salon art, is opposed to the realistic direction ( cm. Realism) with its openly pronounced social orientation, recognition of everyday life, decent attention of the artist, appealing to the topic of labor, to the problems of public morality (J. Dalo in France, K. less in Belgium, etc.). Realistic Russian sculpture develops under the strong influence of the painting of the animals. A characteristic of the last depth of reflection over the historical fates of the Motherland is distinguished by the sculptural creativity of M. M. Antontic. The sculpture argues the plots taken from modern life, the peasant theme (F. F. Kamensky, M. A. Chizhov, S. O. Ivanov), which, however, suffer from excessive naturalism and the landing of images, and sometimes sentimentality.

In the art of the second half of the XIX century. There was a decay of the synthesis of architecture and art, decay of the monumental-decorative and monumental sculpture; Various naturalistic flows spread. Attempts to overcome the crisis of sculptures outlined at the end of the 19th - early XX centuries, when the striving for the synthesis of arts, in which the sculpture (especially associated with the interior, design of facades, etc. Sculpture) takes an important place. The development of the sculpture of this time is influenced by modern artistic flows (impressionism, symbolism), it is widely based on the traditions of the past (Greek Archaic, classics, revival). The powerful impact on all national schools has been tightly related to the study of nature and reflecting the controversial nature of his era of plastic O. Rodna, which created bright emotional impacts and significant works in the ideological intent. Partly under the influence of Rozna, the creativity of the largest masters of the French sculpture of the XX century. - E. A. Burdela, A. Maolea, S. Despio. The most significant representatives of this type of art in other countries in the first half of the XX century. There were E. Barlach (in Germany), I. Meshtrovich (in Croatia). Various directions of the Russian sculpture of this period express S. M. Volnuhin, I. Ya. Ginzburg, P. P. Trubetskaya, A. S. Golubanka, Konenkov S. T., A. T. Matveev, N. A. Andreev. In sculpture, plastic expressiveness of forms acquires the main importance (M. Rosso in Italy, A. Dzhacometti in Switzerland, Kolbeh in Germany).

In the XX century The development of sculpture is contradictory. Experimentalism of the modernist picturesque currents of the XX century. penetrated into the sculpture; The influence of cubism (P. Picasso, A. P. Aripenko, A. Laurent), which led to the inclusion in the works of the sculpture of various non-traditional materials in the works of the sculpture. Representatives of constructivism were N. Gabo, A. Pevzer, Surrealism - X. Arp, abstract art - A. Cherder, etc. Dadaisti (M. Dushan), and the artists of Pop Art introduced the principle of transformation of the ordinary subject in the works of sculpture, so Called object, denying the value of the artistic and plastic form. A decorative forms created from the latest materials are fitted in a modern urban medium (I. Roots, USA) or giant stylized figures of people (Moore, United Kingdom).

Modernist flows consistently opposed by the Soviet sculpture, developing along the path of socialist realism. Its becoming inseparable from the Leninist monumental propaganda plan, on the basis of which the first revolutionary monuments and memorable boards were created, and in the future many significant works of monumental sculpture. In monuments of the 20-30s. (Sculptors A. T. Matveyev, S. D. Mercurov, B. D. Korolev, M. G. Manizer, etc.), in a monumental-decorative sculpture, decorated with large public buildings, metro stations, All-Union and International Exhibitions (" The working and collective farmer "V. I. Mukhina et al.), Socialist world population manifested brightly, the principles of nationality and party parties were realized. Central in sculpture of the 20-30s. The topic of the revolution (Matveyev et al.), the image of the participant of revolutionary events, the builder of socialism. In the machine sculpture, a large place is held by a portrait (Andreev, Golubanka, S. D. Lebedeva, V. N. Domogatsky, etc.), as well as an image of a wrestler man (I. D. Shadd, etc.), a warrior (L. in . Sherwood), worker (G. I. Motovilov). An animalistic sculpture is developing (I. S. Efimov, V. A. Vatagin), the sculpture of small forms is noticeably updated (V. Kuznetsov, N. Ya. Danko et al.). During the Great Patriotic War, 1941-45, the topic of the Motherland, Soviet patriotism, which was incarnated in the portraits of heroes (Mukhin, Lebedev, N. V. Tomsk), in stress-dramatic genre figures and groups (V. V. Leshev, . F. Belasova, etc.). The tragic events and the heroic accomplishments of the military years found a particularly bright reflection in the sculpture of memorial structures of the 40-70s. (E. V. Vinchech, Yu. Mynaenas, Yokubonis, L. V. Bukovsky, etc.). In the 40-80s. The sculpture plays the active role of the decorative or spatial organizing component in the architecture of public buildings and ensembles, is used in the creation of urban planning complexes, in which, along with numerous new monuments and monumental compositions (M. K. Alinishin, E. D. Amashukheli, V. Z. Boroday , L. E. Kerbel, A. P. Kibalnikov, O. K. Komom, Yu. G. Orekhov, T. Sadykov, V. E. Zigal, Yu. L. Chernov et al.) An important place belongs to the Garden-Parkova Sculpture, sculptural design of residential neighborhoods, etc. The sharp sense of modernity, the search for the refreshments of the plastic language is characteristic of the easel sculpture of the second half of the 50-80-kH. (A. G. Pologov, L. M. Baranov, etc.). For many national schools of Soviet sculptures, the desire to embody the nature of the modern person - the builder of communism, appeal to the topics of the friendship of peoples, the struggle for peace. The same trends are inherent in the sculpture of other socialist countries that put forward a number of large masters (K. Duniksky in Poland, F. Kremer in GDR, A. Augustinchich in Yugoslavia, J. Kishfaluda-Strobl in Hungary, etc.). In the Western European sculpture, the reaction against fascism and war caused the intensification of the most advanced forces, contributed to the creation of works imbued with high humanistic pathos (sculptors M. Madzakurahi, J. Manza in Italy, V. V. Aaltonen in Finland). The sculpture of advanced artists promotes the progressive ideas of modernity, with special latitude, epic and expression recreates historical and modern events, while representatives of various modern flows take a living connection with reality, leaving the actual life problems into the world of subjective fiction and formalistic experiments.

Enku (Japan). "Hermit". Wood. 17th century Temple of Cannondi. Nagoya.

Michelangelo (Italy). "Night". Detail of the decoration of the new Sacrysty (Capelli Medici) of the Church of San Lorenzo in Florence. Marble. 1520 - 1534.

A. Maolet (France). "Cited Movement". Bronze. Start 20 century Metropolitan Museum. New York.

"Unlocked". Fragment of a memorial ensemble of memory of victims of fascist terror in Salaspils (Latvian SSR). Concrete. 1967. Sculptors L. Bukovsky, Ya. Zarin, O. Skranis.
Literature: G. I. Kepinov, Sculpture Technology, M., 1936; D. E. Arkin, sculpture images, M., 1961; M. Ya. Libman, about sculpture, M., 1962; A. S. Golubina, a few words about the sculptor craft, M., 1963; I. M. Schmidt, conversations about sculpture, M., 1963; S. S. Valerius, progressive sculpture of the XX century. Problems and trends, M., 1973; Landsberger F., Vom Wessen Der Plastik. Ein KunstPdagogischer Versuch, W., 1924; Rich C., The Materials and Methods of Sculpture, N. Y., 1947; Malraux A., Le Muste Imaginaire De La Sculpture Mondiale, (v. 1-3, P.), 1952-54; READ N. E., The Art of Sculpture, 2 ED., N. Y., 1961; Mills J. W., The Technique of Sculpture, L., (1965); Rogers L. R., SCULPTURE, L.-N. Y.-OXF., 1969; BAZIN G., THE HISTORY OF WORLD SCULPTURE, L., 1970; His, Le Monde de la Sculpture des Origine A NOS JOURS, P., 1972; its same, a Concise History of World Sculpture, Newton Abbot, 1981; Albreht H. Y., Sculptur IM 20.Jahrhundert, KCLN, 1977, Wittkower R., Sculpture: Processes and Principles, L., 1977; Kotula A., Krakowski P., Rzezba WSpotczesna, Warsz., 1980.

Source: "Popular Art Encyclopedia." Ed. Polevoy VM; M.: Publisher "Sovetskaya Encyclopedia", 1986.)

sculpture

Sculpture, one of the types visual arts. Sculpture, in contrast to painting, has a real, and not depicted volume. There are two main types of sculpture: round sculpture and relief. The round statue "lives" in the free space, it can be accessed from all sides, to feel the hand with a rough or smooth surface, feel roundness of the form. The relief is similar to the volumetric pattern on the plane.
The main object of the image in the sculpture is a man. Only sometimes masters depict animals and birds, inanimate objects. In a round sculpture, in contrast to painting, it is very difficult to reproduce nature, it is impossible to transfer the features of the air atmosphere. However, sculptors are able to express any feelings and ideas in bodily shape - from lyrical and sincere and grandiose and majestic. The master does not seek to accurately copy the forms that he sees in life. In sculpture, as in any artistic work, it is necessary to select the most important, essential, remove unnecessary parts, and something, on the contrary, highlight, emphasize, exaggerate. Scale does not copy, but creates a new form, based on knowledge of nature.

Any sculpture is very sensitive to lighting. It will look different with the upper and lateral light, in cloudy weather and with a bright sun. Sculptors take into account this in their work. The sculptural work is created in the calculation of a certain environment: the street or city square, the museum hall, the Avenue of the Park, the room in the house. The place where the sculpture will stand, determines its size, the material from which it will be manufactured, its features of its form.
Depending on the purpose, the sculpture is divided into monumental and machine. Monumental sculpture are monuments erected in honor of the historical event or depicting an outstanding person. They embody the ability of sculpture to express great ideas in generalized images. Park sculpture is used to decorate the natural environment: the skillful hand of the brewer as if competed with nature in creating perfect forms. Figurines made on the machine include machine sculpture. They are intended for small rooms, for museum halls.
All sculptural materials can be divided into soft (clay, plasticine, wax) and solid (stone, wood, ivory). Working with soft materials, sculptor sculpts, increasing the volume of the future statue. The oldest material for plastic, known from primitive times, viscous and soft clay, takes any shape under his fingers. Products from burned clay are called terracotta (from Ital. Terra Cotta is a burden land). From durable stone from ancient times, sculptures for tombs and temples were carved. The solid rocks of the stone (granite, basalt, etc.) is difficult to process, it is impossible to cut minor details in them. Therefore, in such works, the array of the rock block (the sculpture of ancient Egypt) is most felt. Limestone is a softer stone. In the Middle Ages, it was used for embossed decorations. portals Cathedrals. The ancient Greeks were the first to begin to process marble: a flickering, like a breathable stone, close to his colorful to corporal color, was well suited for the statues of naked gods and heroes.
Great Sculptor of the Renaissance Michelangelo Attribute the famous saying that the sculpture is very simple: you need to take a stone and "remove everything too much." Indeed, a master working with solid materials "frees" the future sculpture of "captivity" stone or wooden mass. To handle a stone, you need to have a physical strength and have a confident hand. One error - and work will be spoiled. First, the biggest pieces are cleaned with a stone with a tower - a tool similar to a big nail. Then they work the Trojan - a large cutter with a flat jested end, which smoothes roughness. Skarpel, smaller cutters, cut out small parts. With the help of a drill (special drill) holes (hair curls, eye pupils, etc.) are drilled. Upon completion of the work, individual parts of the sculpture are polished to shine.
From time immemorial, the sculptors used a tree. For the Millennium, it remained a favorite material of the people's masters who made fun of fun toys and small decorative figurines. Tools for working with wood are mainly the same as for stone: various knives, cutters, saws and hammers. Although it is easier to cut on the tree than to process the stone, there are difficulties in working with it. The tree can only be cut in the direction of the fibers; Implementation of the plan can prevent any kind of "appearing" in the very possible place. Finally, that the wooden sculpture does not succumb to and did not crack, the finished statue is discolored into two parts, hollow out from the inside, and then again connect the halves. A tree, like no other material, "tells" the form of the future work. The plexus of wood bitch sculptor can turn the statues of the statues of the roots of the old stump - into the curved paws of the monster ... The tree - warm, "alive" material - as if fills the sculpture with a special organic force.
A mansion among materials of the sculpture is metals: bronze, copper, cast iron, gold. In the process of manufacture of bronze (or from other metal), the sculptures first make it a model from wax, plaster, clay, etc. The model is deceived by the gypsum, getting a hollow rolling shape, inside which the molten metal is poured inside.

Museums of the world are open to all who wish to familiarize themselves with the art of sculpture. Figures of people and animals were performed in different centuries from different materials. Among the most famous sculptures are the statues of gods and antique sculptures. What was inspired by the masters and what sculptures are the most famous?

Famous antique sculptures

Antique sculptures are most famous. Their image we see everywhere, including in everyday life.

"Venus Milos"

More recognizable sculptures than the sculpture of "Venus Milos", perhaps, no. Many agencies decorate their hills with its copies. Neither the date of creation, nor the author is unknown.

The creation time scientists have defined only approximately. In their opinion, Venus piled in a hundred thirty year BC. e. Today it is demonstrated in the Louvre.

"David"

The author of the bronze "David" is the sculptor Danatello. His work is a sculpture in full growth, standing without support for anything. According to the author, a smiling nude David looks at the head of Goliath, which he just cut off.

The date of creation of this sculpture is a thousand four hundred forty-year. David demonstrates the Florentine National Museum.

"Discus thrower"

Another of the most famous antique sculptures is "Discobol". Initially, the author cast a sculpture from bronze. Creation date - approximately four hundred and fiftieth year BC. e. Later a few copies appeared, but already from marble.

The most famous statues of the gods

Statues of gods can be found in almost every country. Somewhere they are standard size and are demonstrated in museums, somewhere just huge and are the attraction of the city.

Statue of Christ Savior

The statue of Christ the Savior is huge sizes in Rio de Womeniro and is one of the main national attractions. Every year to see her arrive without a small two million people.

This statue is the sacred symbol of Brazil. The figure of Christ towers on seven hundred meters above sea level. Her height is thirty-eight meters. The sculpture was erected in nine hundred and thirty-first to donations to the population and church.

Statue of Buddha Maitrei

The most huge statues in the world belong to the statue of the Buddha Maitrei in China. This record holder statue is carved right in the rock. Her height is seventy-one meter.

It is known that work on it was launched in seven hundred and thirteenth year and lasted ninety years. Numerous tourists who come to China seek to see the statue of God, which about a thousand years old was considered the highest in the world.

Statue of Shiva

The modern statue of the god Shiva appeared already in the twenty-first century in Nepal. Its construction was carried out seven years. Shiva is forty-three height and a half meters - this is the highest statue of the Shiva God in the world. The interest of tourists is clear to it.

Other recognizable statues

The art of sculpture is several millennia. Over the years, sculptors have created a variety of works. Some sculptures are real attractions.

MOAI

On Easter Island are eight hundred fifty monolithic statues from stone. What is surprising - they are all turning to the center of the island. The length of some of them exceeds six meters, and the weight is twenty tons.

One expedition found there a gigantic unfinished statue there. Its weight is about two hundred seventy tons, and height is twenty meters.

"Pissing boy"

When the "Pissing Boy" statue appeared in Brussels and who was her creator is unknown. This miniature fountain statue is made of bronze: a naked boy pisses to the pool. It is assumed that the statue was created in the fifteenth century.

The bronze boy has repeatedly kidnapped. Copies appeared in his place. From time to time, the statue is dressed in different costumes, depending on the memorable date or holiday.

Big Sphinx

The oldest sculpture was preserved in Giza - a large sphinx lying on the banks of the Nile. This is a monolithic work. Sphinx is carved from the cliff of lime origin. Between his paws, stretched forward, once was the sanctuary. The face of the statue of Leo has a portrait similarity with one of the Egyptian pharaohs. Egyptian pyramids themselves are attracted. The site has about Egyptian and other wonderful pyramids.

The most famous sculpture in the world

The most constructed sculpture recognizable in the world is the "thinker". This famous sculpture is demonstrated in Paris. Her author is Roden.

Roden in the eight hundred in the eightieth year, received a great order. The work was to be called "Gate Hell". It was assumed that the author will create a few sculptures that will be installed at the entrance to the museum. This project remained unfinished, however, a number of sculptures Roden decided to make big. Thanks to this, the world saw the "thinker". A brilliant master managed to accurately convey a deep mental process of a man sitting on a stone.
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The concept of sculpture

Sculpture (from Lat. Sculptura, from sculpo - carve, cut out) - sculpture, plastic - type of art, whose works reflect the surrounding validity in bulk, physically three-dimensional images using various plastic materials.

For a long time, the concept of "sculpture" and "plastic" was considered synonyms, but their sense load varies. Sculpture is a broader concept. Plastic, on the one hand, the technique of sculpture from soft materials (clay, plasticine, wax, eglin), on the other - artistic and visual means, allowing you to give sculpture imagery. Unlike painting, graphics sculpture covers a smaller circle of objects, phenomena that could become objects for the image. Expressive means in sculpture are developed with greater thoroughness. In many ways, the sculpture echoes architecture. Since both types of art deal with the volume and space, obey the laws of tectonics 1, they are material in nature and often complement each other. However, there is a significant difference. The architecture has a functional purpose, it organizes a certain way space for human vital activity, which cannot be said about sculpture. Real, and not visual three-dimensionality, the physicity is the main feature of this art.

Sculptors are most sensitive to volume and shape. This ability is the necessary component of plastic creativity, as a "feeling of color" in the painter or "absolute rumor" at the musician. Comprehension of volume occurs not only at the sculptor, but also at the viewer. To understand the essence of the sculptural work, you need to be able to deal with the "game" of surfaces, justify in the formation, its imagery, since the sculpture is not an affordable volume, but an image expressed in a certain material, made in a specific technique and disclosing a certain idea. Complete "reading" sculpture is possible when it is understood as the essence of the material - its physical qualities and capabilities, beauty and diversity of texture.

1. Tectonics (from Greek. Tektonik6S - related to construction).

The cooler and tenderness of the porcelain cannot fully convey masculinity, rapidness, determination, courage, as well as heat and simplicity of the tree will not suit to create an image of the majestic, important, royal and ambitious. As Lao Tzu said, "the pots are made from clay, but the clay ceases to be it, turning into a pot." It is this feature that allows the material to become a material carrier of the image and makes sculpture with concise art. Laconism lies in the ability to generalize the form and concentrate the content of the artistic image. This consists of one of the main paradoxes of the sculpture: on the one hand, it is simple for perception, since it is summarized and specified forms, on the other, it is complex, since the generalization is due to symbolism, and it complicates its understanding. Very often, simple combinations of forms contain a deepest thought, and vice versa, decorative excesses emphasize emptiness, hassiness.

Sculpture as a kind of art is interesting in that in it, as in the present art, there is a lot of shortness and it contributes to the development of the articulated thinking of the viewer, encourages him to create. But to participate in this process, it is necessary to master at least the minimum of knowledge revealing certain laws and rules of sculpture. Knowledge of these patterns and expressive features of sculptures are needed both to children and teachers (present and future). In this regard, it is important to consider a number of issues that will help to understand the specifics of the sculpture.

Types of sculpture

Sculpture refers to this type of art that is increasingly entering the daily life of a person imperceptibly for him. Often we do not even notice that we are surrounded by things that are part of the sculpture. For example, brass talismans, medallions, coins, statuettes on the shelf, cameo, etc. All this indicates the diversity of sculpture and at the same time about its integrity.

Expressive means and materials used in work allow the sculptor to create a majestic monument to the hero, and a small embossed pendant. Between them there are many different types and by the genre of sculptural works

On the basis of three-dimensional volume:

- round sculptureThe works of which are freely located in space, i.e., assume a circular review, the game volume and space. Round sculpture has several varieties:

a statue (Figure is in full growth);

sculpture group (two figures and more revealing one idea and components of a single integer);

statuette (sculptural figurine of small sizes, much less than its real values);

torso (sculptural image of a person's body);

bust (human cherry image);

head (The sculptural portrait of a man limited to the image of the head).

Another kind of round sculpture appeared - kinestheticwhich does not require bypass, she itself demonstrates due to the movements performed;

- relief (The image is located on the plane that serves as a background, translates as "raised", "convex"). The main difference between the relief from the round sculpture is that only the facial part of the block is perceived in it, since it is associated with the wall. Relief has several varieties They vary depending on its purpose and position on the architectural plane ( frontal composition, frieze, ceiling, tiles, fragmentarily located).

The location of the relief affects its height:

bas-relief - The relief having a small height, he performs less than half of the total volume. The real volume in the bas-relief is little pronounced, it is concluded in the shallow zone between the background and the front plane parallel to it;

burner - The relief with a high height, he protrudes from the surface more than half the volume. The figures of the burners remind the statues that closely moved to the wall. The burners can be viewed from three sides, it hugs a sculpture form, penetrating freely to the background;

counterrelf - an in-depth relief that does not protrude on the surface, but exitting the volume from the surface;

mixed relief He has elements of several types of relief. For example, a convex embossed image is located on the stove, the circuit of which is performed using in-depth grooves.

-monumental decorative,directly associated with a specific architectural and spatial or natural environment. Its main difference from other types of sculpture lies in a joint, inseparable existence with an architectural building, for example, relief frontones, friezes, statues on frontones, balustrades, portals, niches, columns in the form of sculptures (Caryatids, Atlanta);

- decorative Designed for decorating parks, gardens, streets, squares, boulevards, fountains. Along with architecture creates a certain appearance of the city, is not related to a separate structure, oriented to the landscape or architectural ensemble. In decorative sculpture, you can identify such views:

garden Park - posted in recreation areas (squares, parks, gardens, alleys, rest houses, sanatoriums, etc.);

urban- Located on the streets of the city, it makes the faceless streets solemn, interesting, sometimes funny.

In urban sculpture, you can select several directions:

monumentsdevoted to various figures of culture, heroes, statesmen;

plastic worksrelated to the biography of a particular figure (for example, a sculpture located near the Moscow Circus named after Yu. Nikulina; the sculptural group "Natalie and A.S. Pushkin", located on Arbat in Moscow);

allegorical sculpturetransmitting an abstract idea by image. Allegoric can be works of sculptures dedicated to fabulous characters, historical events (for example, the sculptural group Samson, taking the fall of the fall in Peterhof, personifying the victory of Russia over Sweden in the Northern War; Plot from the oral folk creativity "Permyak - Salted Ears" in Perm; "Chizhik-Pyzhik" in St. Petersburg);

sculpture displaying collective image any profession or public phenomena (for example, a monument to a dog, cruelly killed in the subway, the sculpture "Plumber", located on the sidewalk, sculpture K. Brankauzi "Kiss"; the "Dushnik" sculpture, attached to the window of a residential building);

- machine Having independent value and more intimate character, not related directly with architecture, landscape. It is not intended for some particular place, its perception does not affect the place where it is located.

The name happened from the word "machine" - a rotating stand on which the master puts the sculpture during operation. Therefore, the steel sculpture is close to the real size of the pictures of the objects (human, objects, animals). The cup of all it is located in the halls of museums, residential interiors, at exhibitions, which are its familiar medium;

- small shape sculpture Multifier in its essence and including a wide range of works of various characters, functions and genres. The sculpture of a small form is customary to call small products of genre themes intended for residential interiors, cult rooms;

- small plastic (Works of a small, "miniature" size). The most ancient kind of shallow plastics is art gliptic. (Carving performed on solid semi-precious minerals). Some of these works had multiple deepening, which made it possible to use them as seals. The images themselves were called intalia which in different cultural and historical periods were different forms. Another variety of shallow plastics - bone carving (ivory, walrus), the works of which also have small sizes. Despite the fact that in different parts of the world they were engaged in this fishery, few became the most famous. These include figures of Northcommogorsk masters and Japanese miniatures - Netzke.

A variety of works of shallow plastics are great. These include little figures from semi-precious stones, wood, bronze, porcelain, faience, glass; plates with embossed imageperforming the functions of the Fibul (fasteners), tramples, amulets, gamars, coins, medals, etc. On the one hand, the works of shallow plastics are utilitarian and have no importance in human life (key chains for keys made in the form of embossed images), on the other, they carry serious religious, civil ideas. For example, a medal is a relief image of certain characters located on both sides of the plate, or the statuettes of idols, which revered in paganism, a cross depicting a crucified Christ.

According to the degree of approximation Sculptures K. Real objects The surrounding reality allocate the following types:

- realistic - through plastic images reflects objects and phenomena of a really existing reality;

- allegoric - It resembles a simple image rebus, in which the system of identification signs is laid, allowing it to solve it. Allegory contains certain attributes that make sculpture easily recognizable. For example, a sculpture depicting a woman with tied eyes and scales in his hands personifies justice.

A variety of allegory - personification, denoting the embodiment of an abstract concept in the form of a human figure. For example, Nick, personifying victory; Fortune, denoting fate; Libertas, characterizing freedom.

As part of the personified works of sculptures, geographical personals are very often performing, in which the image of rivers, mountains, cities and even countries are created. In order for the perception of the essence of these works, the explanatory note is necessarily attached to them, explaining the essence of symbols;

- abstract- It is to create a collective plastic image that discloses only the inner essence of the image, object, phenomena or concept. The external similarity is not important. Some individual elements can remotely resemble a real form, otherwise it would be extremely difficult to "read" the idea of \u200b\u200bsculpture. In general, the plastic image is filled with symbols and attributes, allowing a different look at the usual things. In the abstract sculpture, the core moments of a particular phenomenon are brighter, which is thinner (for example, "a woman, combing hair" A. Arkhipovenko; "Lying figure" Mura; "Variations" N. Gabo; "Bird" K. Brankuzy).

On the basis of form The following types of sculptures are distinguished:

- monument - The most common shape of the sculpture, the main task is to preserve the reminder of the historical figure or a significant event in the "eternal" material. Thanks to the monuments, we have remembered for many years about those who have passed people who have passed the events. In this case, the monument does not act as the echo of the past, it is relevant for each generation, because in each cultural and historical period he symbolizes his own;

- monument Very close to the monument. He is also designed to resemble people about some significant events. At first glance, to hold the border between the monument and the monument is very difficult. However, each of them has its own specificity. First, the monument has more chamber forms of expression, and the monument is always majestic. Secondly, the monument is performed that the depicted object is recognizable, for this use the realities of era and attributes characteristic of one or another person. The monument does not need such details, as the attributes hide a deep meaning, understandable out of time and outside the space (for example, the Motherland Monument in Volgograd; Statue of Freedom in New York, Monument O. Tsadkina "Destroyed City" , reminiscent of the bombardment of the Dutch city of Rotterdam in 1940).

There is one more difference between the monument from the monument: its location is always dictated by the architectural environment of the city. The monument requires a careful selection of location, as it performs a city-forming role, occupying one of the central parts of the urban landscape, setting the style of space around itself. For the monument you need a distance between it and the viewer so that its greatness can be experienced. The effect of elevation is achieved by pedestal (support, stand), which would carry the monument to another space, separating it from the ground and turning into an identification feature of the allocation from everyday reality.

The concept of "pedestal" also means some kind of support, or rather, "foot". However, the pedestal is associated with the monument, and the monument with the pedestal. Pedestal Although it sets the distance between the monument and the viewer, but it is not so pronounced as in the monument. The pedestal of the monument has its own pictorial language in the form of statues, reliefs that reveal the content of the entire image.

The pedestal of the monument, the pedestal of the monument, the stand under the machine sculpture, the bust base is one common property; They denote the border between the artistic way and the viewer, between the world of reality and the world of art;

- tombstone - The type of sculpture is very close to the monument and monument, is also associated with the theme of eternity. Unlike the monument and monument, the tombstones affects the issues of life and death, immortality and dying;

- genre sculpture Differs from all previous species. It is not associated with the theme of eternal memory, displays various life situations and phenomena in all their diversity. The form can be realistic, allegorical and even abstract. Its specificity lies in the reflection of life in a plastic form using various genres of art.

Sculpture genres

Animal genre. The works of this genre are revealed through the plastic image of the animal.

Despite the fact that the animals man depicted from ancient times, this genre was formed at the beginning of the XIX century, when there were several directions.

First direction It is associated with the preservation of naturalism in animal images, the second is characterized by works in which the animals become the personification of human qualities. The image form is different - from styling to abstraction, from typing to allegory.

Portrait - Creating a human image in general or a specific personality. The genre is simple and difficult at the same time, since the sculpture is limited in expressive means, which complicates the process of plastic formation.

Some sculptors strive for naturalism (a person is depicted as it is); Others idealize the model (a person is depicted as he would like to see himself in the eyes of others).

The development of the portrait genre in different cultural and historical periods had its own features (the image of a representative of the people, class, epoch) was created, which led to the selection in the portrait of several varieties:

- chamber the portrait is distinguished by the outer simplicity hiding the inner world of the model. It is most clearly manifested by the informal attitude of the author to the model;

- parade the portrait looks more solemnly and at the same time removed from the viewer, as if towering over commonness and everyday life due to the huge number of decorative elements (elements of the costume, accessories, attributes, etc.);

- portrait-genre - Not just a portrait of any personality, but implementing a certain portrait idea based on synthesis with another genre. For example, the image of a historic figure combines two genres: a portrait and historic genre, the statue of Apollo - a portrait and mythological genre.

Less common in the sculpture of household, mythological and historical genres.

Household genre Ensures disclosure in the sculpture of the daily life, acquaintance with the realities of life. The content side of the works of the household genre affects the themes of very deep, having philosophical roots, prompting the viewer to think about complex life issues.

Historical and mythological genres Have a longer development history. The topics of history, mythology and religion have long been worried about sculptors, because each era is characterized by its reading historical events, mythological or religious plots.

Still life and landscape. Initially, they were used only in conjunction with any other leading genre. But recently, when the subject and nature became a separate plot for works of plastics, sculptures appeared, giving the viewer with the opportunity to look at the world around the world as a living organism. The prerequisite for the development of these genres was experiments with a sculptural form, which allowed to free themselves from the vitality of the depicted and avoiding the effect of the muga.

Fragment genre. It independently there are individual elements of the human body, fragments of nature objects and objects.

The artistic stimulus for the development of this genre was the wreckage of ancient sculptures found in archaeological excavations, which, with all their irregularity, remained expressive and interesting. It is because of its atpicness that they became the subject of collecting. Gradually, fragments have gained independence in sculpture.

A bright representatives of this genre rightly consider O. Roden, who drew the attention of those surrounding on an amazing plastically the artistic sound of the parts of the human body, and W. Bocchoni, futuristic looking at things, considering them from the inside.