Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born into a noble family on October 28, 1818. The writer's father served in the cavalry regiment and led a rather riotous life. Because of his carelessness, and to improve his financial situation, he took Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova as his wife. She was very wealthy and came from the nobility.

Childhood

The future writer had two brothers. He himself was average, but for his mother became the most beloved.

The father died early and mother was engaged in raising sons. Her character was domineering and despotic. In her childhood, she suffered from the beatings of her stepfather and moved to live with her uncle, who after his death left her a decent dowry. Despite her difficult character, Varvara Petrovna constantly took care of her children. To give them a good education, she moved from the Oryol province to Moscow. It was she who taught her sons to art, read the works of her contemporaries, and thanks to good teachers gave children education, which came in handy in the future.

Writer's creativity

The writer studied at the university from the age of 15 in literature, but due to the move of his relatives from Moscow, he transferred to the philosophy department of St. Petersburg University.

Ivan already from a young age I saw myself as a writer and planned to connect his life with literature. In his student years, he communicated with T.N. Granovsky, a famous historian. He wrote his first poems in his third year, and four years later he was already published in the Sovremennik magazine.

In 1938 Turgenev moves to Germany, where he studies the work of Roman and then Greek philosophers. It was there that he met the Russian literary genius N.V. Stankevich, whose work had a great influence on Turgenev.

In 1841, Ivan Sergeevich returned to his homeland. At this time, the desire to engage in science cooled down, and creativity began to take up all the time. Two years later, Ivan Sergeevich wrote the poem "Parasha", a positive review of which Belinsky left in "Notes of the Fatherland". From that moment on, a strong friendship began between Turgenev and Belinsky, which lasted for a long time.

Artworks

The French Revolution made a strong impression on the writer, changing his worldview. Attacks and murders of people prompted the writer to write dramatic works. Turgenev spent a lot of time away from his homeland, but love for Russia always remained in the soul of Ivan Sergeevich and his creations.

• Bezhin meadow;
• Noble Nest;
• Fathers and Sons;
• Mu Mu.

Personal life

Personal life is replete with novels, but officially Turgenev never married.

The biography of the writer has a huge number of hobbies, but the most serious became an affair with Pauline Viardot. She was a famous singer and wife of a theater director in Paris. After meeting the couple, Viardot Turgenev lived for a long time in their villa and even settled his illegitimate daughter there. The complex relationship between Ivan and Polina has not yet been identified in any way.

The love of the last days of the writer became actress Maria Savina, who very brightly played Vera in the production of "A Month in the Country". But on the part of the actress there was a sincere friendship, but not love feelings.

last years of life

Turgenev gained particular popularity in the last years of his life. is he was a favorite both at home and in Europe. The developing disease of gout prevented the writer from working at full strength. Last years he lived in Paris in the winter and in the Viardot estate in Bougival in the summer.

The writer had a presentiment of his imminent death and tried with all his might to fight the disease. But on August 22, 1883, the life of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was cut short. The cause was a malignant tumor of the spine. Despite the fact that the writer died in Bougival, buried him in Petersburg at the Volkovskoye cemetery, according to the last will. There were about four hundred people at the funeral service in France alone. In Russia, there was also a farewell ceremony for Turgenev, which was also attended by a lot of people.

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Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich (1818-1883)

Great Russian writer. Born in the city of Oryol, in a medium-sized noble family. He studied at a private boarding school in Moscow, then at universities - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Berlin. Turgenev began his literary career as a poet. In 1838-1847. he writes and publishes lyric poems and poems in magazines ("Parasha", "Landowner", "Andrey", etc.).

At first, Turgenev's poetic work developed under the sign of romanticism, later realistic features predominate in it.

Having switched to prose in 1847 ("Khor and Kalinich" from the future "Notes of a Hunter"), Turgenev left poetry, but at the end of his life created a wonderful cycle "Poems in Prose".

He had a great influence on Russian and world literature. Outstanding master of psychological analysis, description of pictures of nature. He created a number of socio-psychological novels - "Rudin" (1856), "On the Eve" (1860), "Noble Nest" (1859), "Fathers and Sons" (1862), the stories "Leia", "Spring Waters", in which brought out both representatives of the outgoing noble culture and the new heroes of the era - commoners and democrats. His images of selfless Russian women have enriched literary criticism with a special term - "Turgenev girls."

In his later novels "Smoke" (1867) and "Nov" (1877), he depicted the life of Russians abroad.

At the end of his life, Turgenev turns to memoirs ("Literary and Life Memoirs", 1869-80) and "Poems in Prose" (1877-82), where almost all the main themes of his work are presented, and the summing up takes place as if in the presence of impending death.

The writer died on August 22 (September 3) 1883 in Bougival, near Paris; buried at the Volkovo cemetery in St. Petersburg. Death was preceded by more than a year and a half of a painful illness (spinal cord cancer).

More than 2,200 years ago, the great Carthaginian commander Hannibal was born. When he was nine years old, he vowed that he would always oppose Rome, with which Carthage had been at war for many years at that time. And he followed his word, devoting his whole life to the struggle. What does it have to do with short biography Turgenev? - you ask. Read on and you will certainly understand everything..

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Hannibal oath

The writer was a great humanist and did not understand how it is possible to deprive a living person of the most necessary rights and freedoms. And in his time it was even more common than it is now. Then the Russian analogue of slavery flourished: serfdom... He hated him, and he dedicated his struggle to him.

Ivan Sergeevich was not as courageous as the Carthaginian general. He would not have fought a bloody war with his enemy. And yet he found a way to fight and win.

Sympathizing with the serfs, Turgenev writes his "Hunter's Notes", with which he draws public attention to this problem. Emperor Alexander I. I. himself, after reading these stories, was imbued with the seriousness of this problem and after about 10 years he abolished serfdom. Of course, it cannot be argued that the reason for this was only "Notes of a Hunter", however, it is wrong to deny their influence.

This is such a big role a simple writer can play.

Childhood

Ivan Turgenev was born on November 9, 1818 in the city of Orel... The biography of the writer begins from this moment. Parents were hereditary nobles. His mother had a greater influence on him, since his father, who married by convenience, left the family early. Ivan was then 12 years old.

Varvara Petrovna (that was the name of the writer's mother) was a difficult character, since she had a difficult childhood - a drinking stepfather, beatings, an imperious and demanding mother. Now her sons were to test the difficult childhood on themselves.

However, she also had advantages: an excellent education and security in funds. What is the only fact that in their family it was customary to speak exclusively in French, according to the then fashion. As a result, Ivan received an excellent education.

Until the age of nine, he was taught by tutors, and then the family moved to Moscow. Moscow at that time was not the capital, but the educational institutions there were first-class, and getting there from the Oryol province was three times closer than to the capital Petersburg.

Turgenev studied at the boarding schools of Weidengammer and the director of the Lazarev Institute Ivan Krause, and at the age of fifteen he entered the Faculty of Language at Moscow University. A year later, he entered the Moscow University at the Faculty of Philosophy: his family moved to St. Petersburg.

At that time, Turgenev was fond of poetry and soon attracted the attention of university professor Peter Pletnev to his creations. He in 1838 published the poems "Evening" and "To Venus Medici" in the magazine "Sovremennik", where he was editor. This was the first publication artistic creation Ivan Turgenev. However, two years earlier it had already been published: then it was a review of Andrei Muravyov's book "On the journey to holy places."

Ivan Sergeevich attached great importance to his activities as a critic and subsequently wrote many more reviews. He often combined them with his work as a translator. He wrote critical works on the Russian translation of Goethe's Faust and Schiller's Wilhelm Tell.

The writer published his best critical articles in the first volume of his collected works, published in 1880.

Academic life

In 1836 he graduated from the university, a year later passed the exam and received the degree of candidate of the university. This means graduated with honors and, in modern terms, received a master's degree.

In 1838, Turgenev went to Germany, attending lectures there at the University of Berlin on the history of Greek and Roman literature.

In 1842 he passed the exam for a master's degree in Greek and Latin philology, wrote a dissertation, but did not defend it. His interest in this activity is cooling.

Sovremennik magazine

In 1836 Alexander Pushkin organized the production of a magazine called Sovremennik. He was, of course, dedicated to literature. It contained both the works of contemporary Russian authors of that time, and journalistic articles. There were also translations of foreign works. Unfortunately, even during Pushkin's lifetime, the magazine did not enjoy much success. And with his death in 1837, it gradually fell into decay, although not immediately. In 1846 Nikolay Nekrasov and Ivan Panaev bought it.

And from that moment Ivan Turgenev, who was brought by Nekrasov, joined the magazine. The first chapters of the Hunter's Notes are published in Sovremennik. By the way, this title was originally a subtitle of the first story, and Ivan Panaev came up with it in the hope of getting the reader interested. The hope was justified: the stories were very popular. This is how Ivan Turgenev's dream began to come true - to change public consciousness, to introduce into it the idea that serfdom is inhuman.

These stories were published in the magazine one at a time, and the censorship was lenient towards them. However, when in 1852 they came out as a whole collection, the official who allowed the press was fired. They justified this by the fact that when the stories are collected all together, then they direct the reader's thought in an reprehensible direction. Meanwhile, Turgenev never called for any revolutions and tried to be at odds with the authorities.

But sometimes his writings were misinterpreted and this led to problems. Thus, in 1860, Nikolai Dobrolyubov wrote and published in Sovremennik a laudatory review of Turgenev's new book, On the Eve. In it, he interpreted the work in such a way that supposedly the writer is looking forward to a revolution. Turgenev adhered to liberal views and was offended by this interpretation. Nekrasov did not take his side and Ivan Sergeevich left Sovremennik.

Turgenev was not a supporter of revolutions, not without reason. The fact is that he was in France in 1848 when the revolution began there. Ivan Sergeevich saw with his own eyes all the horrors of a military coup. Of course, he did not want a repetition of this nightmare in his homeland.

It is known about seven women in the life of Turgenev:

One cannot ignore the relationship between Ivan Turgenev and Pauline Viardot. He first saw her on stage in 1840. She starred in the opera The Barber of Seville. Turgenev was captivated by her and passionately wanted to get to know her. The occasion presented itself three years later, when she again came on tour.

While hunting, Ivan Sergeevich met her husband, a famous art critic and theater director in Paris. Then he was introduced to Polina. Seven years later, he wrote to her in a letter that the memories associated with her are the most precious in his life. And one of them - as he first spoke to her on Nevsky Prospect, in the house opposite the Alexandrinsky Theater.

Daughter

Ivan and Polina became very close friends. Polina raised Turgenev's daughter from Avdotya. In Avdotya, Ivan was in love with 41, he even wanted to marry, but his mother did not bless him, and he backed down. He left for Paris, where he lived for a long time with Pauline and her husband Louis. And when he arrived home, a surprise awaited him: an eight-year-old daughter. It turns out that she was born on April 26, 1842. The mother was unhappy with his hobby for Polina, did not help him with finances and did not even report the birth of her daughter.

Turgenev decided to take care of the fate of his child. I agreed with Polina that she would raise her, and on this occasion changed my daughter's name to French - Polinette.

However, the two Polinas did not get along with each other, and after some time Polinette went to a private boarding house, and then began to live with her father, which she was very happy about. She loved her father very much and he loved her too, although he did not miss the opportunity to write her instructions and comments about her shortcomings in letters.

Paulinette had two children:

1. Georges-Albert;
2. Jeanne.

Death of a writer

After the death of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, all his property, including intellectual property, was inherited by Pauline Viardot. The daughter of Turgenev was left with nothing and she had to work hard to provide for herself and her two children. In addition to Polinette, Ivan had no children. When she died (like her father - of cancer) and her two children, Turgenev's descendants were gone.

He died on September 3, 1883. Next to him was his beloved Polina. Her husband died four months before Turgenev, the last almost ten years of his life being paralyzed after a stroke. Many people saw off Ivan Turgenev on his last journey in France, among them was Emil Zola. They buried Turgenev, according to his desire, in St. Petersburg, next to his friend - Vissarion Belinsky.

The most significant works

1. "Noble Nest";
2. "Notes of a Hunter";
3. "Asya";
4. "Ghosts";
5. "Spring Waters";
6. "A Month in the Country".

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev - famous Russian writer, poet, translator, member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1860).

Orel city

Lithography. 1850s

“1818 October 28, Monday, son Ivan was born, 12 vershoks tall, in Orel, in his house, at 12 o'clock in the morning” - this entry was made in her memorable book by Varvara Petrovna Turgeneva.
Ivan Sergeevich was her second son. The first, Nikolai, was born two years earlier, and in 1821 another boy, Sergei, appeared in the Turgenev family.

Parents
It is difficult to imagine more different people than the parents of the future writer.
Mother - Varvara Petrovna, nee Lutovinova, is a domineering woman, intelligent and sufficiently educated, she did not shine with beauty. She was short, short, with a broad face, spoiled by smallpox. And only the eyes were good: large, dark and shiny.
Varvara Petrovna was already thirty years old when she met a young officer Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev. He came from an old noble family, which, however, had already become scarce by that time. Only a small estate remained of the former wealth. Sergei Nikolaevich was handsome, graceful, smart. And it is not surprising that he made an irresistible impression on Varvara Petrovna, and she made it clear that if Sergei Nikolaevich wooed, then there would be no refusal.
The young officer did not hesitate long. And although the bride was six years older than him and did not differ in attractiveness, the enormous lands and thousands of serf souls that she owned determined the decision of Sergei Nikolaevich.
At the beginning of 1816, the wedding took place, and the young people settled in Orel.
Varvara Petrovna idolized and feared her husband. She gave him complete freedom and did not restrict him in anything. Sergei Nikolaevich lived the way he wanted, without burdening himself with worries about the family and household. In 1821 he retired and together with his family moved to the estate of his wife Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, seventy miles from Orel.

The future writer spent his childhood in Spassky-Lutovinovo near the town of Mtsensk, Oryol province. Much in the work of Turgenev is connected with this family estate of his mother Varvara Petrovna, a stern and imperious woman. In the estates and estates described by him, the features of his dear "nest" are invariably visible. Turgenev considered himself to be indebted to the Oryol region, its nature and inhabitants.

The estate of the Turgenevs Spasskoye-Lutovinovo was located in a birch grove on a gentle hill. Around the spacious two-story manor house with columns, to which semicircular galleries adjoined, a huge park was laid out with linden alleys, orchards and flower gardens.

Years of study
The upbringing of children at an early age was mainly occupied by Varvara Petrovna. Gusts of solicitude, attention and tenderness were replaced by bouts of bitterness and petty tyranny. By her order, children were punished for the slightest offenses, and sometimes for no reason. “I have nothing to remember my childhood with,” Turgenev said many years later. “Not a single bright memory. I was afraid of my mother like fire. I was punished for every trifle - in a word, drilled like a recruit. "
The Turgenevs' house had a fairly large library. In huge cupboards were kept works of ancient writers and poets, works of French encyclopedists: Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, novels by V. Scott, de Stael, Chateaubriand; works of Russian writers: Lomonosov, Sumarokov, Karamzin, Dmitriev, Zhukovsky, as well as books on history, natural history, botany. Soon the library became Turgenev's favorite place in the house, where he sometimes spent whole days. To a large extent, the boy's interest in literature was supported by his mother, who read quite a lot and knew well French literature and Russian poetry of the late 18th - early 19th centuries.
At the beginning of 1827, the Turgenev family moved to Moscow: it was time to prepare children for admission to educational institutions. First, Nikolai and Ivan were placed in the private boarding school of Winterkeller, and then in the Krause boarding house, later called the Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages. The brothers did not study here for long - only a few months.
Their further education was entrusted to home teachers. With them they studied Russian literature, history, geography, mathematics, foreign languages \u200b\u200b- German, French, English, - drawing. Russian history was taught by the poet I. P. Klyushnikov, and the Russian language was taught by D. N. Dubensky, a well-known researcher of the Lay of Igor's Host.

University years. 1833-1837.
Turgenev was not yet fifteen years old when, having successfully passed the entrance exams, he became a student of the verbal department of Moscow University.
Moscow University at that time was the main center of advanced Russian thought. Among the young people who came to the university in the late 1820s and early 1830s, the memory of the Decembrists, who opposed the autocracy with arms in their hands, was sacredly kept. The students closely followed the events that took place then in Russia and in Europe. Turgenev later said that it was during these years that "very free, almost republican convictions" began to take shape in him.
Of course, Turgenev had not yet developed an integral and consistent worldview in those years. He was barely sixteen years old. It was a period of growth, a period of searching and doubt.
Turgenev studied at Moscow University for only one year. After his elder brother Nikolai entered the guards artillery stationed in St. Petersburg, his father decided that the brothers should not be separated, and therefore in the summer of 1834 Turgenev applied for a transfer to the Philological Department of the Philological Faculty of St. Petersburg University.
No sooner had the Turgenev family settled in the capital than Sergei Nikolaevich suddenly died. The death of his father deeply shocked Turgenev and made him for the first time seriously think about life and death, about the place of man in the eternal movement of nature. The young man's thoughts and feelings were reflected in a number of lyric poems, as well as in the dramatic poem Steno (1834). The first literary experiments of Turgenev were created under the strongest influence of the then dominant romanticism in literature, and above all the poetry of Byron. The hero of Turgenev is an ardent, passionate, full of enthusiastic aspirations, a person who does not want to put up with the evil world around him, but also cannot find use for his forces and in the end dies tragically. Later, Turgenev was very skeptical about this poem, calling it "an absurd work in which a slavish imitation of Byron's Manfred was expressed with childish ineptitude."
However, it should be noted that the poem "Steno" reflects the young poet's thoughts about the meaning of life and the purpose of a person in it, that is, questions that many great poets of that time tried to resolve: Goethe, Schiller, Byron.
After the Moscow Metropolitan University, Turgenev seemed colorless. Here everything was different: there was not that atmosphere of friendship and comradeship to which he was accustomed, there was no desire for live communication and disputes, few people were interested in issues of public life. And the composition of the students was different. Among them were many young men from aristocratic families who had little interest in science.
Teaching at St. Petersburg University was carried out according to a fairly broad program. But students did not receive serious knowledge. There were no interesting teachers. Only the professor of Russian literature, Peter Alexandrovich Pletnev, was closer to Turgenev than others.
During his studies at the university, Turgenev developed a deep interest in music and theater. He often attended concerts, opera and drama theaters.
After graduating from the university, Turgenev decided to continue his education and in May 1838 went to Berlin.

Studying abroad. 1838-1940.
After Petersburg, Turgenev found Berlin to be prim and a little boring. "What can you say about the city," he wrote, "where they get up at six in the morning, have dinner at two and go to bed earlier than hens, about the city where at ten in the evening, only melancholy and beer-laden watchmen wander the deserted streets ..."
But the university classrooms at the University of Berlin were always crowded. The lecture was attended not only by students, but also by free listeners - officers, officials who sought to join science.
Already the first classes at the University of Berlin discovered gaps in his education in Turgenev. Later he wrote: “I studied philosophy, ancient languages, history and studied Hegel with particular zeal ... but at home I was forced to cram Latin grammar and Greek, which I knew poorly. And I was not one of the worst candidates. "
Turgenev diligently comprehended the wisdom of German philosophy, and in his free time he attended theaters and concerts. Music and theater became a true need for him. He listened to operas by Mozart and Gluck, Beethoven's symphonies, watched the dramas of Shakespeare and Schiller.
Living abroad, Turgenev never stopped thinking about his homeland, about his people, about its present and future.
Even then, in 1840, Turgenev believed in the great destiny of his people, in their strength and endurance.
Finally, listening to a course of lectures at the University of Berlin ended, and in May 1841 Turgenev returned to Russia and in the most serious way began to prepare himself for scientific activity. He dreamed of becoming a professor of philosophy.

Return to Russia. Service.
Passion for philosophical sciences is one of characteristic features social movement in Russia in the late 1830s and early 1840s. The progressive people of that time tried to explain the world around and the contradictions of Russian reality with the help of abstract philosophical categories, to find answers to the burning questions of our time that worried them.
However, Turgenev's plans changed. He became disillusioned with idealistic philosophy and gave up hope with its help to resolve the issues that worried him. In addition, Turgenev came to the conclusion that science is not his vocation.
At the beginning of 1842, Ivan Sergeevich submitted a petition to the Minister of Internal Affairs for his enrollment in the service and was soon accepted by an official for special assignments in the office under the command of V.I. Dal, famous writer and ethnographer. However, Turgenev did not serve for long and in May 1845 he retired.
Being in the civil service gave him the opportunity to collect a lot of vital material, connected primarily with the tragic situation of the peasants and the destructive power of serfdom, since in the office where Turgenev served, cases of punishment of serfs, of all kinds of abuses of officials, etc., were often considered. It was at this time that Turgenev developed a sharply negative attitude towards the bureaucratic order prevailing in state institutions, towards the callousness and selfishness of St. Petersburg officials. In general, life in St. Petersburg made a depressing impression on Turgenev.

I.S.Turgenev's work.
The first piece I. S. Turgenev can be considered a dramatic poem "Steno" (1834), which he wrote with iambic pentameter as a student, and in 1836 showed it to his university teacher P. A. Pletnev.
The first publication in print was a small review of the book by A. N. Muravyov "A Journey to the Holy Places of Russia" (1836). Many years later, Turgenev explained the appearance of this first printed work of his: “I had just passed seventeen then, I was a student at St. Petersburg University; my relatives, in order to ensure my future career, recommended me to Serbinovich, the then publisher of the Journal of the Ministry of Education. Serbinovich, whom I saw only once, probably wishing to test my abilities, handed me ... Muravyov's book so that I could take it apart; I wrote something about it - and now, almost forty years later, I learn that this “something” has deserved to be stamped. "
His first works were poetic. His poems, beginning in the late 1830s, began to appear in the magazines Sovremennik and Otechestvennye zapiski. They clearly heard the motives of the then dominant romantic trend, echoes of the poetry of Zhukovsky, Kozlov, Benediktov. Most of the poems are elegiac reflections about love, about aimlessly spent youth. They, as a rule, were permeated with motives of sadness, grief, longing. Turgenev himself later was very skeptical of his poems and poems written at this time, and never included them in his collected works. "I feel a positive, almost physical antipathy to my poems ..." he wrote in 1874, "I would give dearly so that they do not exist at all in the world."
Turgenev was unjust when he spoke so harshly about his poetic experiences. Among them you can find many talentedly written poems, many of which were highly appreciated by readers and critics: "Ballad", "Again one, one ...", "Spring evening", "Misty morning, gray morning ..." and others ... Some of them were later set to music and became popular romances.
The beginning of its literary activity Turgenev considered 1843, when his poem "Parasha" appeared in print, which opened a whole series of works devoted to debunking romantic hero... "Parasha" met with a very sympathetic response from Belinsky, who saw in the young author "an extraordinary poetic talent", "faithful observation, deep thought", "a son of our time, carrying in his chest all his sorrows and questions."
First prose work I. S. Turgenev - the essay "Khor and Kalinich" (1847), published in the journal "Sovremennik" and opened a whole cycle of works under the general title "Notes of a Hunter" (1847-1852). "Notes of a Hunter" were created by Turgenev at the turn of the forties and early fifties and appeared in print as separate stories and essays. In 1852, they were combined by the writer into a book, which became a major event in Russian social and literary life. According to ME Saltykov-Shchedrin, "Notes of a Hunter" "laid the foundation for a whole literature, which has as its object the people and their needs."
"Notes of a Hunter" is a book about the life of the people in the era of serfdom. How the living stand up from the pages of the "Notes of a Hunter" images of peasants, distinguished by a sharp practical mind, a deep understanding of life, a sober look at the world around them, able to feel and understand the beautiful, respond to someone else's grief and suffering. Before Turgenev, no one portrayed people like that in Russian literature. And it is no coincidence, after reading the first essay from the "Notes of a Hunter -" Khor and Kalinych "," Belinsky noticed that Turgenev "came to the people from a side from which no one had come before him."
Most of the "Notes of a Hunter" Turgenev wrote in France.

Works by I.S.Turgenev
Stories: a collection of stories "Notes of a Hunter" (1847-1852), "Mumu" (1852), "The Story of Father Alexei" (1877), etc .;
Stories: Asya (1858), First Love (1860), Spring Waters (1872), etc .;
Novels: Rudin (1856), Noble Nest (1859), On the Eve (1860), Fathers and Sons (1862), Smoke (1867), Nov '(1877);
Plays: "Breakfast at the Leader's" (1846), "Where it is thin, there it breaks" (1847), "Bachelor" (1849), "Provincial" (1850), "A month in the country" (1854), etc .;
Poetry: the dramatic poem Steno (1834), poems (1834-1849), the poem Parasha (1843) and others, the literary and philosophical Poems in Prose (1882);
Translations Byron D., Goethe I., Whitman W., Flaubert G.
As well as criticism, journalism, memoirs and correspondence.

Love throughout life
Turgenev met the famous French singer Pauline Viardot back in 1843, in St. Petersburg, where she came on tour. The singer performed a lot and successfully, Turgenev attended all of her performances, told everyone about her, praised her everywhere, and quickly separated from the crowd of her countless fans. Their relationship developed and soon reached its climax. The summer of 1848 (like the previous one, as well as the next), he spent in Courtavenel, on the estate of Pauline.
Love for Pauline Viardot remained both happiness and torment of Turgenev until his last days: Viardot was married, she was not going to divorce her husband, but she did not drive Turgenev. He felt himself on a leash. but he could not break this thread. For more than thirty years, the writer, in fact, turned into a member of the Viardot family. Pauline's husband (a man, apparently, of angelic patience), Louis Viardot, he survived by only three months.

Sovremennik magazine
Belinsky and his associates have long dreamed of having their own organ. This dream came true only in 1846, when Nekrasov and Panaev managed to purchase the Sovremennik magazine on lease, founded at the time by A. Pushkin and published by P. A. Pletnev after his death. Turgenev took the most direct part in the organization of the new magazine. According to PV Annenkov, Turgenev was “the soul of the whole plan, its organizer ... Nekrasov consulted with him every day; the magazine was filled with his works ”.
In January 1847, the first issue of the updated Sovremennik was published. Turgenev published several works in it: a cycle of poems, a review of N. V. Kukolnik's tragedy "Lieutenant General Patkul ...", "Contemporary Notes" (together with Nekrasov). But the essay "Khor and Kalinich", which opened a whole cycle of works under the general title "Notes of a Hunter", was the real decoration of the first book of the magazine.

Recognition in the West
Since the 60s, the name of Turgenev has become widely known in the West. Turgenev maintained close friendly relations with many Western European writers. He was well acquainted with P. Mérimée, J. Sand, G. Flaubert, E. Zola, A. Daudet, Guy de Maupassant, and knew many figures of English and German culture. All of them considered Turgenev an outstanding realist painter and not only highly appreciated his works, but also learned from him. Addressing Turgenev, J. Sand said: “Teacher! "We must all go through your school!"
Turgenev spent almost his entire life in Europe, only visiting Russia. He was a prominent figure in the literary life of the West. He closely communicated with many French writers, and in 1878 he even chaired (together with Victor Hugo) at the International Literary Congress in Paris. It is no accident that it was with Turgenev that the worldwide recognition of Russian literature began.
Turgenev's greatest merit was that he was an active promoter of Russian literature and culture in the West: he himself translated the works of Russian writers into French and German, edited translations of Russian authors, and in every possible way contributed to the publication of the works of his compatriots in different countries Western Europe, introduced the Western European public to the works of Russian composers and artists. About this side of his activity, Turgenev said not without pride: "I consider it a great happiness of my life that I have brought my fatherland a little closer to the perception of the European public."

Connection with Russia
Almost every spring or summer Turgenev came to Russia. Each of his visits became a whole event. The writer was a welcome guest everywhere. He was invited to speak at all kinds of literary and charity evenings, at friendly meetings.
At the same time, Ivan Sergeevich kept the "lordly" habits of a native Russian nobleman until the end of his life. The very appearance betrayed its origin to the inhabitants of European resorts, despite the impeccable command of foreign languages. In the best pages of his prose, there is a lot of the silence of the manor house life of landlord Russia. Hardly any of the writers of Turgenev's contemporaries have so pure and correct the Russian language, capable, as he himself used to say, "to perform miracles in capable hands." Turgenev often wrote his novels "on the topic of the day."
The last time Turgenev visited his homeland was in May 1881. To his friends, he repeatedly "expressed his determination to return to Russia and settle there." However, this dream did not come true. At the beginning of 1882, Turgenev fell seriously ill, and there could be no question of moving. But all his thoughts were at home, in Russia. He was thinking about her, bedridden with a serious illness, about her future, about the glory of Russian literature.
Shortly before his death, he expressed a desire to be buried in St. Petersburg, at the Volkov cemetery, next to Belinsky.
The last will of the writer was done

"Poems in Prose".
"Poems in Prose" are rightly considered the final chord of the writer's literary activity. They reflected almost all the themes and motives of his work, as if re-experienced by Turgenev in his declining years. He himself considered "Poems in Prose" only sketches of his future works.
Turgenev called his lyrical miniatures "Selenia" ("Senile"), but the editor of the "Vestnik Evropy" Stasi-levich replaced him with another, which remained forever, - "Poems in Prose". In his letters, Turgenev sometimes called them "Zigzags", thereby emphasizing the contrast of themes and motives, images and intonations, the unusualness of the genre. The writer feared that "the river of time in its course" "will carry away these light sheets." But "Poems in Prose" met with the most cordial welcome and forever entered the golden fund of our literature. It is not for nothing that PV Annenkov called them "a cloth of the sun, rainbows and diamonds, women's tears and the nobility of men's thought", expressing the general opinion of the reading public.
"Poems in Prose" is an amazing fusion of poetry and prose into a kind of unity that allows you to fit "the whole world" into the grain of small reflections, called by the author "the last breaths of ... the old man." But these "sighs" brought to our days the inexhaustible energy of the writer.

Monuments to I.S.Turgenev

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is a famous Russian prose writer, poet, classic of world literature, playwright, critic, memoirist and translator. Many outstanding works belong to him. The fate of this great writer will be discussed in this article.

Early childhood

Turgenev's biography (brief in our review, but very rich in fact) began in 1818. The future writer was born on November 9 in the city of Oryol. His dad, Sergei Nikolaevich, was a combat officer of the cuirassier regiment, but soon after Ivan was born he retired. The boy's mother, Varvara Petrovna, was a representative of a wealthy noble family. It was in the family estate of this powerful woman - Spasskoye-Lutovinovo - that the first years of Ivan's life passed. Despite her heavy, unbending temper, Varvara Petrovna was a very enlightened and educated person. She managed to instill in her children (in the family, except for Ivan, his older brother Nikolai was brought up), a love for science and Russian literature.

Education

The future writer received his primary education at home. In order for it to continue in a dignified manner, the Turgenev family moved to Moscow. Here the biography of Turgenev (short) made a new round: the boy's parents went abroad, and he was kept in various boarding houses. At first he lived and was brought up in the Weidengammer institution, then - at Krause. At the age of fifteen (in 1833) Ivan entered the Faculty of Literature at Moscow State University. After the eldest son Nikolai entered the guards cavalry, the Turgenev family moved to St. Petersburg. Here the future writer became a student at a local university and began to study philosophy. In 1837, Ivan graduated from this educational institution.

Pen test and further education

For many, Turgenev's work is associated with writing prose. However, Ivan Sergeevich originally planned to become a poet. In 1934 he wrote several lyric works, including the poem "Steno", which was appreciated by his mentor, P. A. Pletnev. Over the next three years, the young writer has already composed about a hundred poems. In 1838, several of his works were published in the famous Sovremennik (Towards Venus of Medici, Evening). The young poet felt inclined towards scientific activity and in 1838 he went to Germany to continue his education at the University of Berlin. Here he studied Roman and Greek literature. Ivan Sergeevich quickly became imbued with the Western European way of life. A year later, the writer returned to Russia for a short time, but in 1840 he left his homeland again and lived in Italy, Austria and Germany. Turgenev returned to Spasskoye-Lutovinovo in 1841, and a year later turned to Moscow State University with a request to allow him to take the exam for a master's degree in philosophy. He was denied this.

Pauline Viardot

Ivan Sergeevich succeeded in obtaining a scientific degree at St. Petersburg University, but by that time he had already lost interest in this kind of activity. In search of a worthy career in life, in 1843, the writer entered the ministry's office, but his ambitious aspirations here quickly faded away. In 1843, the writer published the poem "Parasha", which made an impression on V. G. Belinsky. Success inspired Ivan Sergeevich, and he decided to devote his life to creativity. In the same year, Turgenev's biography (short) was marked by another fateful event: the writer met the outstanding French singer Pauline Viardot. Seeing the beauty in the opera house of St. Petersburg, Ivan Sergeevich decided to get to know her. At first, the girl did not pay attention to the little-known writer, but Turgenev was so amazed by the charm of the singer that he followed the Viardot family to Paris. For many years he accompanied Polina on her foreign tours, despite the obvious disapproval of his relatives.

The flowering of creativity

In 1946 Ivan Sergeevich took an active part in updating the Sovremennik magazine. He meets Nekrasov, and he becomes his best friend. For two years (1950-1952) the writer was torn between the foreign countries and Russia. Turgenev's work began to gain momentum during this period. The cycle of stories "Notes of a Hunter" was written almost entirely in Germany and made the writer famous throughout the world. In the next decade, the classic created a number of outstanding prose works: "Noble Nest", "Rudin", "Fathers and Sons", "On the Eve". In the same period, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev had a falling out with Nekrasov. Their controversy over the novel "On the Eve" ended in a complete break. The writer leaves Sovremennik and goes abroad.

Abroad

Turgenev's life abroad began in Baden-Baden. Here Ivan Sergeevich found himself in the very center of Western European cultural life. He began to maintain relationships with many world literary celebrities: Hugo, Dickens, Maupassant, Frans, Thackeray and others. The writer actively promoted Russian culture abroad. For example, in 1874 in Paris, Ivan Sergeevich, together with Daudet, Flaubert, Goncourt and Zola, organized the famous "bachelor dinners at five" in the capital's restaurants. The characterization of Turgenev during this period was very flattering: he became the most popular, famous and widely read Russian writer in Europe. In 1878, Ivan Sergeevich was elected vice-president of the International Literary Congress in Paris. Since 1877, the writer is an honorary doctor of the Oxford University.

Creativity in recent years

Turgenev's biography - short but vivid - testifies to the fact that the many years spent abroad did not alienate the writer from russian life and her pressing problems. He still writes a lot about his homeland. So, in 1867, Ivan Sergeevich wrote the novel "Smoke", which caused a large-scale public response in Russia. In 1877, the writer wrote the novel "Nov", which became the result of his creative reflections in the 1870s.

Demise

For the first time, a serious illness that interrupted the life of a writer made itself felt in 1882. Despite severe physical suffering, Ivan Sergeevich continued to create. A few months before his death, the first part of the book "Poems in Prose" was published. The great writer died in 1883, September 3, in the suburbs of Paris. Relatives fulfilled the will of Ivan Sergeevich and transported his body to his homeland. The classic was buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkov cemetery. Numerous admirers accompanied him on his last journey.

This is the biography of Turgenev (short). This man devoted his whole life to his beloved work and will forever remain in the memory of posterity as an outstanding writer and famous public figure.