The novel "Noble Nest" by Turgenev was written in 1858, published in January 1859 in the journal Sovremennik. Immediately after its publication, the novel gained great popularity in society, since the author touched upon deep social problems. The book is based on Turgenev's reflections on the fate of the Russian nobility.
main characters
Lavretsky Fedor Ivanovich - a rich landowner, an honest and decent person.
Varvara Pavlovna - Lavretsky's wife, two-faced and calculating person.
Liza Kalitina - the eldest daughter of Marya Dmitrievna, a pure and deeply decent girl.
Other characters
Marya Dmitrievna Kalitina - a widow, a sensitive woman.
Marfa Timofeevna Pestova - Maria Dmitrievna's own aunt, an honest and independent woman.
Lena Kalitina - the youngest daughter of Marya Dmitrievna.
Sergei Petrovich Gedeonovsky - State Councilor, friend of the Kalitin family
Vladimir Nikolaevich Panshin - a handsome young man, an official.
Christopher Fedorovich Lemm - an old music teacher of the Kalitin sisters, German.
Hell - daughter of Varvara Pavlovna and Fyodor Ivanovich.
Chapters I-III
On "one of the extreme streets of the provincial town of O ..." beautiful house, where Marya Dmitrievna Kalitina lives - a pretty widow who "easily got irritated and even cried when her habits were broken." Her son is being brought up in one of the best educational institutions in St. Petersburg, and her two daughters live with her.
The company of Marya Dmitrievna is made up of her own aunt, her father's sister, Marfa Timofeevna Pestova, who "had an independent disposition, spoke the truth to everyone."
Sergei Petrovich Gedeonovsky, a good friend of the Kalitin family, says that Lavretsky Fyodor Ivanovich, whom he "personally saw", has returned to the city.
Due to some ugly story with his wife, the young man was forced to leave hometown and go abroad. But now he has returned and, according to Gedeonovsky, has become even better looking - "in the shoulders they have become even wider, and a blush on the whole cheek."
A handsome young rider on a hot horse gallops to the Kalitins' house. Vladimir Nikolaevich Panshin easily pacifies the zealous stallion and allows Lena to stroke him. At the same time he and Liza appear in the living room - "a slender, tall, black-haired girl of about nineteen."
Chapters IV-VII
Panshin is a brilliant young official, spoiled by the attention of secular society, who very quickly "became known as one of the most amiable and dexterous young people in St. Petersburg." He was sent to the town of O. on business, and in the Kalitins' house he managed to become his own man.
Panshin plays his new romance to those present, which they find delightful. Meanwhile, the old music teacher, Monsieur Lemm, comes to the Kalitins. His whole appearance shows that Panshin's music did not make any impression on him.
Christopher Fedorovich Lemm was born into a family of poor musicians, and at the age of eight he became an orphan, and from ten he began to earn his own bread with his art. He traveled a lot, wrote beautiful music, but never became famous. Fearing poverty, Lemm agreed to lead the orchestra of a Russian master. So he ended up in Russia, where he firmly settled. Khristofor Fyodorovich "alone, with an old cook he took from the poorhouse" lives in a small house, earning his living by private music lessons.
Lisa escorts Lemma to the porch, who has finished her lesson, where she meets a tall, handsome stranger. It turns out to be Fyodor Lavretsky, whom Liza did not recognize after eight years of separation. Marya Dmitrievna joyfully greets the guest and introduces him to everyone present.
Leaving the Kalitins' house, Panshin declares his love for Lisa.
Chapters VIII-XI
Fyodor Ivanovich "descended from an old noble tribe." His father, Ivan Lavretsky, fell in love with a courtyard girl and married her. After receiving a diplomatic post, he went to London, from where he learned about the birth of his son Fyodor.
Ivan's parents softened their anger, made peace with their son and took their rootless daughter-in-law with their one-year-old son into the house. After the death of the old men, the master almost did not do the housework, and the house was run by his elder sister Glafira, an arrogant and domineering old maid.
Having closely taken up the upbringing of his son, Ivan Lavretsky set a goal for himself - to make a real Spartan out of a sickly lazy boy. He was woken up at 4 o'clock in the morning, poured over with cold water, forced to do gymnastics, and was limited in food. Such measures had a positive effect on Fyodor's health - "at first he caught a fever, but soon recovered and became a fine fellow."
Fyodor's adolescence passed under the constant yoke of a despotic father. Only at 23, after the death of a parent, the young man was able to breathe deeply.
Chapters XII-XVI
Young Lavretsky, fully aware of the "shortcomings of his upbringing," went to Moscow and entered the University of Physics and Mathematics.
Father's haphazard and contradictory upbringing played a cruel joke with Fedor: "he did not know how to get along with people," "he hadn’t dared to look into the eyes of a single woman," “he didn’t know much that every schoolboy has known for a long time.
At the university, the withdrawn and unsociable Lavretsky made friends with student Mikhalevich, who introduced him to the daughter of a retired general, Varvara Korobyina.
The girl's father, a major general, after an ugly story with the embezzlement of state money, was forced to move with his family from St. Petersburg to "Moscow for cheap bread." By that time, Varvara managed to graduate from the Institute of Noble Maidens, where she was reputed to be the best student. She adored the theater, tried to often attend performances, where Fyodor saw her for the first time.
The girl charmed Lavretsky so much that "six months later he explained to Varvara Pavlovna and offered her his hand." She agreed because she knew that her fiancé was rich and noble.
The first days after the wedding, Fedor "was blissful, reveling in happiness." Varvara Pavlovna skillfully survived from her own house to Glafira, and the empty place of the estate manager was immediately taken by her father, who dreamed of putting his hands on the estate of a rich son-in-law.
Having moved to St. Petersburg, the newlyweds "traveled and received a lot, gave the most charming musical and dance parties" at which Varvara Pavlovna shone in all her splendor.
After the death of their first-born, the married couple, on the advice of doctors, went to the waters, then to Paris, where Lavretsky accidentally learned about his wife's betrayal. The betrayal of a loved one severely crippled him, but he found the strength to wrest the image of Barbara from his heart. The news of the birth of his daughter did not soften him either. By assigning a decent annual allowance to the traitor, he broke off any relationship with her.
Fedor “was not born a sufferer,” and four years later he returned to his homeland.
XVII-XXI
Lavretsky goes to the Kalitins to say goodbye before leaving. Learning that Lisa is going to church, she asks to pray for him. From Marfa Timofeevna he learns that Panshin is courting Liza, and the girl's mother is not against this union.
Arriving in Vasilievskoye, Fyodor Ivanovich notes that a strong desolation reigns in the house and in the courtyard, and after the death of Glafira's aunt nothing has changed here.
The servants are perplexed as to why the master decided to settle in Vasilievsky, and not in the rich Lavriki. However, Fyodor is unable to live on the estate, where everything reminds him of his past marital happiness. Within two weeks Lavretsky put things in order in the house, acquired "everything he needed and began to live - either as a landowner or as a hermit."
After some time, he visits the Kalitins, where he makes friends with old Lemme. Fyodor, who "was passionately fond of music, efficient, classical music", shows a sincere interest in the musician and invites him to visit him for a while.
Chapters XXII-XXVIII
On the way to Vasilievskoe, Fyodor offers Lemma to compose an opera, to which the old man replies that he is too old for this.
Over morning tea Lavretsky informs the German that he will still have to write a solemn cantata in honor of the upcoming "marriage of Mr. Panshin to Liza." Lemme does not hide his disappointment, because he is sure that the young official is not worthy of such a wonderful girl as Lisa.
Fyodor proposes to invite the Kalitins to Vasilievskoye, to which Lemm agrees, but only without Mr. Panshin.
Lavretsky passes on his invitation, and, taking the opportunity, is left alone with Lisa. The girl "is afraid to make him angry," but, having plucked up the courage, asks about the reasons for parting with his wife. Fedor tries to explain to her all the baseness of Varvara's act, to which Lisa replies that he must certainly forgive her and forget about the betrayal.
Two days later, Marya Dmitrievna and her daughters come to visit Fedor. The widow considers her visit "a sign of great indulgence, almost a good deed." On the occasion of the arrival of his beloved student Lisa, Lemm composes a romance, but the music turns out to be "confusing and unpleasantly tense", which greatly upsets the old man.
In the evening, they are going to "fish with the whole community." At the pond, Fyodor talks with Lisa. He feels "the need to talk to Lisa, to tell her everything that came into his soul." This surprises him, because before that he considered himself a goner.
With the onset of dusk, Marya Dmitrievna is going home. Fyodor volunteers to accompany his guests. On the way, he continues to talk with Lisa, and they part as friends. During the evening reading, Lavretsky notices "in a feuilleton of one of the newspapers" a message about the death of his wife.
Lemme is going home. Fyodor goes with him and calls in to the Kalitins, where he secretly hands over a journal with an obituary to Lisa. He whispers to the girl that he will pay a visit tomorrow.
Chapters XXIX-XXXII
The next day, Marya Dmitrievna meets Lavretsky with poorly concealed irritation - she does not like him, and Pashin speaks of him not at all flattering.
While walking along the alley, Liza wonders how Fedor reacted to his wife's death, to which he honestly replies that he was practically not upset. He hints to the girl that the acquaintance with her touched deeply dormant strings in him.
Lisa confesses that she received a letter from Pashin with a marriage proposal. She does not know what to answer, because she does not like him at all. Lavretsky begs the girl not to rush with an answer and not to rob "the best, the only happiness on earth" - to love and be loved.
In the evening, Fedor again goes to the Kalitins to find out about Lisa's decision. The girl informs him that she did not give Panshin an unambiguous answer.
As an adult, mature man, Lavretsky is aware that he is in love with Lisa, but "this conviction brought him not much joy." He does not dare to hope for the girl's reciprocity. In addition, he is tormented by the agonizing expectation of the official news of his wife's death.
Chapters XXXIII-XXXVII
In the evening, at the Kalitins' Panshin's, he begins to talk at length about how he would turn everything in his own way, if the power were in his hands. He sees Russia as a backward country that should be learned from Europe. Lavretsky cleverly and confidently smashes all the arguments of his opponent. Liza supports Fedor in everything, since Panshin's theories scare her.
A declaration of love takes place between Lavretsky and Lisa. Fedor does not believe his happiness. He goes to the sounds of unusually beautiful music, and learns that it is Lemme who is playing his piece.
The next day after the declaration of love, the happy Lavretsky comes to the Kalitins, but for the first time in all the time he is not accepted. He returns home and sees a woman in a "black silk dress with flounces", in which he recognizes with horror his wife Barbara.
With tears in his eyes, the spouse asks him for forgiveness, promising to "sever all connection with the past." However, Lavretsky does not believe Varvara's feigned tears. Then the woman begins to manipulate Fedor, appealing to his fatherly feelings and showing him his daughter Ada.
In complete confusion Lavretsky wanders the streets and visits Lemma. Through the musician, he gives a note to Lisa with a message about the unexpected "resurrection" of his wife and asks for a date. The girl replies that she will be able to meet with him only the next day.
Fyodor returns home and can hardly stand the conversation with his wife, after which he leaves for Vasilievskoye. Varvara Pavlovna, having learned that Lavretsky visited the Kalitins every day, went to visit them.
Chapters XXXVIII-XL
On the day of Varvara Pavlovna's return, Liza has a painful explanation for her with Panshin. She refuses the enviable groom, which makes her mother extremely sad.
Marfa Timofeevna enters Liza's room and declares that she knows everything about a night walk with a certain young man. Lisa confesses that she loves Lavretsky, and no one stands in the way of their happiness, since his wife is dead.
At a reception at the Kalitins, Varvara Pavlovna manages to charm Marya Dmitrievna with stories about Paris and cajole with a bottle of fashionable perfume.
Having learned about the arrival of Fyodor Petrovich's wife, Liza is sure that this is a punishment for all her “criminal hopes”. A sudden change in fate shakes her, but she "did not shed a tear."
Marfa Timofeevna manages to quickly figure out the deceitful and vicious nature of Varvara Pavlovna. She takes Lisa to her room and cries for a long time, kissing her hands.
Panshin arrives for supper, and Varvara Pavlovna, who was bored, instantly revives. She fascinates young man during a joint performance of a romance. And even Liza, "to whom he had offered his hand the day before, disappeared as if in a fog."
Varvara Pavlovna does not hesitate to try her charms even on the old man Gedeonovsky, in order to finally win the place of the first beauty in the district town.
Chapters XLI-XLV
Lavretsky finds no place for himself in the countryside, tormented by "incessant, impetuous and impotent impulses." He realizes that everything is over, and the last timid hope of happiness has slipped away forever. Fedor tries to pull himself together and submit to fate. He harnesses the carriage and sets off for the city.
Upon learning that Varvara Pavlovna went to the Kalitins, he hurries there. Climbing the back stairs to Marfa Timofeevna, he asks her to meet with Lisa. The unhappy girl begs him to make peace with his wife for her daughter. Parting forever, Fyodor asks for a handkerchief as a keepsake. A footman enters and gives Lavretsky a request from Marya Dmitrievna to come to her urgently.
Kalitina, with tears in her eyes, begs Fyodor Ivanovich to forgive his wife and to take Varvara Petrovna out from behind the screen. However, Lavretsky is relentless. He sets a condition for his wife - she must live without a break in Lavriki, and he will observe all external decency. If Varvara Petrovna leaves the estate, this contract can be considered terminated.
Hoping to see Lisa, Fyodor Ivanovich goes to church. The girl does not want to talk to him about anything, and asks to leave her. The Lavretskys go to the estate, and Varvara Pavlovna vows to her husband to live peacefully in the wilderness for the sake of a happy future for her daughter.
Fyodor Ivanovich leaves for Moscow, and the very next day after his departure, Panshin appears in Lavriki, "whom Varvara Pavlovna asked not to forget her in solitude."
Liza, in spite of the pleas of her relatives, makes a firm decision to go to a monastery. Meanwhile, Varvara Pavlovna, “stocking up on money,” moved to St. Petersburg and completely subordinated Panshin to her will. A year later, Lavretsky learns that "Lisa got her hair cut in the B ... ... M monastery, in one of the most remote regions of Russia."
Epilogue
Eight years later, Panshin had a successful career, but never married. Varvara Pavlovna, having moved to Paris, "grew old and fatter, but is still sweet and graceful." The number of her fans has noticeably decreased, and she completely surrendered herself to a new hobby - the theater. Fyodor Ivanovich became an excellent owner, and managed to do a lot for his peasants.
Marfa Timofeevna and Marya Dmitrievna died long ago, but the Kalitins' house was not empty. He even "seemed to look younger" when carefree, flourishing youth settled in him. The matured Lenochka was going to get married, her brother came from St. Petersburg with his young wife and her sister.
Once the old Lavretsky visits the Kalitins. He wanders the garden for a long time, and he is filled with "a feeling of living sadness about the vanished youth, about the happiness that he once possessed."
Lavretsky nevertheless finds a remote monastery, in which Liza hid from everyone. She walks past him without looking up. Only by the movement of the eyelashes and clenched fingers can one understand that she recognized Fyodor Ivanovich.
Conclusion
In the center of the novel by I. S. Turgenev is the story of the tragic love of Fedor and Liza. The impossibility of personal happiness, the collapse of their bright hopes echoes the social collapse of the Russian nobility.
A brief retelling of the "Noble Nest" will be useful for reader's diary and in preparation for a literature lesson.
Novel test
Check memorization summary test:
Retelling rating
Average rating: 4.5. Total ratings received: 235.
Turgenev conceived the novel "Noble Nest" back in 1855. However, the writer felt at that time doubts about the strength of his talent, and the imprint of personal disorder in life was also imposed. Turgenev resumed work on the novel only in 1858, upon his arrival from Paris. The novel appeared in the January book "Contemporary" for 1859. The author himself later noted that the "Noble Nest" had the greatest success that ever fell to his lot.
Turgenev, distinguished by his ability to notice and depict the new, emerging, and in this novel reflected the modernity, the main moments of the life of the noble intelligentsia of that time. Lavretsky, Panshin, Liza are not abstract images created by the head route, but living people - representatives of generations of the 40s of the 19th century. In Turgenev's novel, not only poetry, but also a critical orientation. This work of the writer is a denunciation of the autocratic-serf-owning Russia, a waste song to the "noble nests".
The favorite place of action in Turgenev's works is the "noble nests" with an atmosphere of sublime experiences reigning in them. Their fate worries Turgenev and one of his novels, which is called "The Noble's Nest", is imbued with a sense of anxiety for their fate.
This novel is imbued with the consciousness that the "noble nests" are degenerating. Turgenev critically illuminates the noble genealogies of the Lavretskys and Kalitins, seeing in them a chronicle of serf tyranny, a bizarre mixture of "savage lordship" and aristocratic admiration for Western Europe.
Let's consider the ideological content and system of images of the "Noble Nest". Turgenev placed representatives of the noble class at the center of the novel. The chronological framework of the novel is the 40s. The action begins in 1842, and the epilogue tells about the events that took place 8 years later.
The writer decided to capture that period in the life of Russia, when in the best representatives the noble intelligentsia is growing anxiety for the fate of their own and their people. Turgenev interestingly decided the plot and compositional plan of his work. He shows his characters at the most intense turning points in their lives.
After an eight-year stay abroad, Fyodor Lavretsky returns to his family estate. They experienced big shock - betrayal of the wife of Varvara Pavlovna. Tired, but not broken by suffering, Fyodor Ivanovich came to the village to improve the life of his peasants. In a nearby town, in the house of his cousin Marya Dmitrievna Kalitina, he meets her daughter, Liza.
Lavretsky fell in love with her with pure love, Liza reciprocated.
In the novel "A Noble Nest" the author pays a lot of attention to the theme of love, because this feeling helps to highlight all the best qualities of the heroes, to see the main thing in their characters, to understand their soul. Love is portrayed by Turgenev as the most beautiful, bright and pure feeling that awakens all the best in people. In this novel, like in no other novel by Turgenev, the most touching, romantic, sublime pages are devoted to the love of the heroes.
The love of Lavretsky and Liza Kalitina does not manifest itself immediately, she approaches them gradually, through many reflections and doubts, and then suddenly falls upon them with her irresistible force. Lavretsky, who has experienced a lot in his lifetime: hobbies, disappointments, and the loss of all life goals, at first he simply admires Liza, her innocence, purity, spontaneity, sincerity - all those qualities that Varvara Pavlovna, hypocritical, depraved Lavretsky's wife, who abandoned him. Liza is close to him in spirit: “It sometimes happens that two people who are already familiar but not close to each other suddenly and quickly approach each other within a few moments, - and the consciousness of this closeness is immediately expressed in their looks, in their friendly and quiet smiles, in themselves their movements. This is exactly what happened to Lavretsky and Liza. " They talk a lot and understand that they have a lot in common. Lavretsky takes life seriously, to other people, to Russia, Liza is also a deep and strong girl with her own ideals and beliefs. According to Lemma, Lisa's music teacher, she is "a fair, serious girl with high feelings." Liza is looked after by a young man, a capital official with a wonderful future. Lisa's mother would be happy to give her in marriage to him, she considers this a wonderful party for Lisa. But Liza cannot love him, she feels the falsity in his attitude towards her, Panshin is a superficial person, he values \u200b\u200boutward brilliance in people, and not the depth of feelings. Further events in the novel confirm this opinion about Panshin.
Only when Lavretsky receives news of the death of his wife in Paris does he begin to admit the thought of personal happiness.
They were close to happiness, Lavretsky showed Liza a French magazine, which reported the death of his wife Varvara Pavlovna.
Turgenev, in his favorite manner, does not describe the feelings of a person freed from shame and humiliation, he uses the technique of "secret psychology", depicting the experiences of his characters through movements, gestures, and facial expressions. After Lavretsky read the news of his wife's death, he "got dressed, went out into the garden, and walked up and down the same alley until morning." After a while, Lavretsky becomes convinced that he loves Liza. He is not happy with this feeling, since he already experienced it, and it only brought him disappointment. He is trying to find confirmation of the news of his wife's death, he is tormented by uncertainty. And love for Liza is growing: "He did not love like a boy, it was not to his face to sigh and languish, and Liza herself did not arouse this kind of feeling; but love for every age has its own sufferings - and he experienced them completely." The author conveys the feelings of the heroes through descriptions of nature, which is especially beautiful before their explanation: "Each of them had a heart growing in their chest, and nothing was missing for them: the nightingale sang for them, and the stars burned, and the trees whispered quietly, lulled by sleep, and the bliss of summer, and warmth. " The scene of the declaration of love between Lavretsky and Lisa was written by Turgenev in an amazingly poetic and touching way, the author finds the simplest and at the same time the most tender words to express the feelings of the heroes. Lavretsky wanders around Lisa's house at night, looks at her window, in which a candle is burning: "Lavretsky thought nothing, did not expect anything; he was pleased to feel close to Lisa, to sit in her garden on a bench where she had sat more than once .. . "At this time, Liza goes out into the garden, as if sensing that Lavretsky is there:" In a white dress, with braids loose over her shoulders, she quietly walked to the table, bent over it, put a candle and looked for something; then, turning round facing the garden, she approached the open door and, all white, light, slender, stopped at the threshold. "
A declaration of love takes place, after which Lavretsky is overwhelmed with happiness: "Suddenly it seemed to him that some wonderful, triumphant sounds spilled in the air above his head; he stopped: the sounds thundered even more magnificent; they flowed in a melodious, strong stream, - and in them, all his happiness seemed to speak and sing. " It was the music composed by Lemm, and it fully corresponded to Lavretsky's mood: “It has been a long time since Lavretsky had heard anything like it: a sweet, passionate melody from the first sound enveloped the heart; it was all beaming, all languishing with inspiration, happiness, beauty, it grew and melted; she touched everything that is dear, secret, holy on earth; she breathed immortal sadness and went to die in heaven. " Music foreshadows tragic events in the lives of the heroes: when happiness was already so close, the news of the death of Lavretsky's wife turns out to be false, from France Varvara Pavlovna returns to Lavretsky, since she was left without money.
Lavretsky endures this event stoically, he is submissive to fate, but he worries about what will happen to Liza, because he understands how it feels for her, who fell in love for the first time, to experience this. A deep, selfless faith in God saves her from terrible despair. Liza leaves for the monastery, wanting only one thing - that Lavretsky would forgive his wife. Lavretsky forgave, but his life was over, he loved Liza too much to start all over again with his wife. At the end of the novel, Lavretsky, far from being an old man, looks like an old man, and he feels himself to be a man who has outlived his time. But the love of the heroes did not end there. This is the feeling that they will carry throughout their lives. The last meeting between Lavretsky and Lisa testifies to this. “They say that Lavretsky visited that distant monastery where Liza had disappeared, - he saw her. Moving from kliros to kliros, she walked close by him, walked with the even, hastily-humble gait of a nun - and did not look at him; only the eyelashes of the eye turned to him they trembled a little, only she bent her emaciated face even lower - and the fingers of her clenched hands, intertwined with rosary beads, pressed even closer to each other. " She did not forget her love, did not stop loving Lavretsky, and her departure to the monastery confirms this. And Panshin, who so demonstrated his love for Liza, completely fell under the spell of Varvara Pavlovna and became her slave.
A love story in the novel by I.S. Turgenev's "Noble Nest" is very tragic and at the same time beautiful, beautiful because this feeling is not subject to either the time or the circumstances of life, it helps a person to rise above the vulgarity and routine that surrounds him, this feeling ennobles and makes a person human.
Fyodor Lavretsky himself was a descendant of the gradually degenerated family of the Lavretsky, once strong, outstanding representatives of this surname - Andrey (Fyodor's great-grandfather), Peter, then Ivan.
The commonality of the first Lavretskys was in ignorance.
Turgenev very accurately shows the change of generations in the Lavretsk family, their connection with - different periods of historical development. A cruel and wild tyrant landowner, Lavretsky's great-grandfather ("what the master wanted, so he did, he hung peasants by the ribs ... he did not know who was in charge"); his grandfather, who once "ruined the whole village," a careless and hospitable "steppe master"; full of hatred for Voltaire and the "fanatic" Diderot, is typical representatives Russian "wild nobility". They are replaced by claims of "Frenchness", now Anglomancy, who have joined the culture, which we see in the images of the frivolous old princess Kubenskaya, who at a very old age married a young Frenchman, and the hero's father Ivan Petrovich. Beginning with a passion for the Declaration of Human Rights and Diderot, he ended with prayer services and a bathhouse. "A freethinker began to go to church and order prayers; a European began to steam and dine at two o'clock, go to bed at nine, fall asleep to the chatter of the butler; the statesman burned all his plans, all correspondence, trembled before the governor and fought in front of the police officer." Such was the history of one of the families of the Russian nobility.
In the papers of Peter Andreevich, the grandson found the only dilapidated book in which he wrote either "Celebration in the city of St. Petersburg of the reconciliation concluded with the Turkish Empire by his Excellency Prince Alexander Andreevich Prozorovsky", then a recipe for breast decohta with a note; "This instruction was given to General Praskovya Fyodorovna Saltykova from Protopresbyter of the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity Fyodor Avksentievich," etc .; except for calendars, a dream book, and Abmodik's work, the old man had no books. And on this occasion, Turgenev ironically remarked: "It was not his part to read." As if in passing, Turgenev points to the luxury of the eminent nobility. Thus, the death of Princess Kubenskaya is conveyed in the following colors: the princess "reddened, smothered with amber a la Rishelieu, surrounded by arapies, thin-legged dogs and loud parrots, died on a silk crooked sofa from the times of Louis XV, with an enamel snuffbox made by Petito in her hands."
Admiring everything French, Kubenskaya instilled in Ivan Petrovich the same tastes, gave him a French upbringing. The writer does not exaggerate the significance of the war of 1812 for the nobles like the Lavretskys. They only temporarily "felt that Russian blood was flowing in their veins." "Peter Andreevich at his own expense put on a whole regiment of warriors." But only. Fyodor Ivanovich's ancestors, especially his father, loved foreign things more than Russian. The European educated Ivan Petrovich, returning from abroad, introduced a new livery to the courtyard, leaving everything as it was, about which Turgenev writes, not without irony: “Everything remains the same, only the quitrent has increased here and there, but the corvee has become heavier, yes the peasants were forbidden to address directly to the master: the patriot really despised his fellow citizens. "
And Ivan Petrovich decided to bring up his son according to the foreign method. And this led to a separation from everything Russian, to a departure from the homeland. "An Anglomaniac played a bad joke with his son." Torn from childhood from his native people, Fedor lost his support, a real cause. It is no coincidence that the writer led Ivan Petrovich to an inglorious death: the old man became an intolerable egoist, who, with his whims, prevented everyone around him from living, a pitiful blind man, suspicious. His death was a deliverance for Fyodor Ivanovich. Life suddenly opened before him. At 23, he did not hesitate to sit on a student bench with a firm intention to master knowledge in order to apply it in life, to benefit at least the peasants of his villages. Where did Fedor get his isolation and unsociability? These qualities were the result of "Spartan education". Instead of introducing the young man into the thick of life, "they kept him in artificial seclusion," they protected him from life's upheavals.
The genealogy of the Lavretskys is designed to help the reader trace the gradual departure of the landowners from the people, to explain how Fyodor Ivanovich "dislocated" from life; it is designed to prove that the social death of the nobility is inevitable. The ability to live at someone else's expense leads to the gradual degradation of a person.
An idea of \u200b\u200bthe Kalitin family is also given, where parents do not care about children, as long as they are fed and dressed.
This whole picture is supplemented by the figures of the gossip and jester of the old official Gedeonov, the dashing retired staff captain and the famous player - the father of Panigin, the lover of state money - the retired general Korobyin, the future father-in-law of Lavretsky, etc. Telling the story of the families of the characters in the novel, Turgenev creates a picture very far from the idyllic depiction of "noble nests". He shows a motley Russia, whose people are hitting all the hard from a full course to the west to literally dense vegetation on their estate.
And all the "nests" that for Turgenev were the stronghold of the country, the place where its power was concentrated and developed, are undergoing a process of decay and destruction. Describing Lavretsky's ancestors through the lips of the people (represented by the courtyard man Anton), the author shows that the history of the noble nests was washed by the tears of many of their victims.
One of them, Lavretsky's mother, is a simple serf girl who, unfortunately, turned out to be too beautiful, which attracts the attention of the barich, who, having married out of a desire to annoy his father, went to Petersburg, where he was carried away by another. And poor Malasha, unable to bear the fact that her son was taken away from her for the purpose of education, "without a murmur, died out in a few days."
Fyodor Lavretsky was brought up in conditions of abuse of the human person. He saw how his mother, the former serf Malanya, was in an ambiguous position: on the one hand, she was officially considered the wife of Ivan Petrovich, transferred to half of the owners, on the other hand, they treated her with disdain, especially her sister-in-law Glafira Petrovna. Petr Andreevich called Malanya "raw-hammered noblewoman". Fedya himself in childhood felt his special position, the feeling of humiliation oppressed him. Glafira reigned supreme over him, his mother was not allowed to see him. When Fedya was eight years old, his mother died. “The memory of her,” writes Turgenev, “of her quiet and pale face, of her sad looks and timid caresses, is forever imprinted in his heart.”
The theme of the "irresponsibility" of the serf peasantry accompanies Turgenev's entire story about the past of the Lavretsky family. The image of Lavretsky's evil and domineering aunt, Glafira Petrovna, is complemented by the images of a decrepit lackey Anton and old woman Aprakseya who have aged in the lordly service. These images are inseparable from "noble nests".
In childhood, Fedya had to think about the situation of the people, about serfdom. However, his teachers did everything possible to distance him from life. His will was suppressed by Glafira, but "... at times a wild stubbornness found him." Fedya was raised by the father himself. He decided to make him a Spartan. "The system of" Ivan Petrovich "confused the boy, settled confusion in his head, squeezed it." Fedya was presented with exact sciences and "heraldry to maintain knightly feelings." The father wanted to shape the youth's soul on a foreign model, to instill in him a love for everything English. It was under the influence of such upbringing that Fedor turned out to be a man cut off from life, from the people. The writer emphasizes the richness of the spiritual interests of his hero. Fyodor is a passionate admirer of Mochalov's play ("never missed a single performance"), he deeply feels the music, the beauty of nature, in a word, everything is aesthetically beautiful. Lavretsky cannot be denied diligence either. He studied very diligently at the university. Even after his marriage, which interrupted his studies for almost two years, Fyodor Ivanovich returned to independent studies. "It was strange to see," writes Turgenev, "his mighty, broad-shouldered figure, always bent over the writing table. He spent every morning at work." And after the betrayal of his wife, Fedor pulled himself together and "could study, work," although skepticism, prepared by the experiences of life and education, finally got into his soul. He became very indifferent to everything. This was the result of his isolation from the people, from his native soil. After all, Varvara Pavlovna tore him not only from his studies, his work, but also from his homeland, forcing him to wander around Western countries and forget about his duty to his peasants, to the people. True, from childhood he was not accustomed to systematic work, therefore at times he was in a state of inaction.
Lavretsky is very different from the heroes created by Turgenev before the "Noble Nest". They went to him positive features Rudin (his sublime, romantic aspiration) and Lezhnev (sobriety of views on things, practicality). He has a firm view of his role in life - to improve the life of peasants, he does not confine himself to the framework personal interests... Dobrolyubov wrote about Lavretsky: "... the drama of his position is no longer in the struggle with his own impotence, but in the collision with such concepts and morals, with which the struggle should really frighten even an energetic and courageous person." And further the critic noted that the writer "knew how to put Lavretsky in such a way that it is embarrassing to be ironic over him."
With great poetic feeling, Turgenev described the emergence of love in Lavretsky. Realizing that he loved deeply, Fyodor Ivanovich repeated Mikhalevich's meaningful words:
And I burned everything I worshiped;
I bowed to everything that I burned ...
Love for Liza is the moment of his spiritual rebirth, which came upon his return to Russia. Lisa is the opposite of Varvara Pavlovna. She could have helped to develop Lavretsky's abilities, would not have prevented him from being a toiler. Fyodor Ivanovich himself thought about it: "... she would not distract me from my studies; she herself would inspire me to honest, strict work, and we would both go forward, towards a wonderful goal." In the dispute between Lavretsky and Panshin, his boundless patriotism and faith in the bright future of his people are revealed. Fyodor Ivanovich "stood up for new people, for their beliefs and desires."
Having lost his personal happiness for the second time, Lavretsky decides to fulfill his social duty (as he understands it) - to improve the life of his peasants. "Lavretsky had the right to be content," writes Turgenev, "he became a really good owner, really learned to plow the land and did not work for himself." However, it was half, it did not fill his whole life. Arriving at the Kalitins' house, he thinks about the "business" of his life and admits that it was useless.
The writer condemns Lavretsky for the sad outcome of his life. For all his nice, positive qualities, the protagonist of the "Noble Nest" did not find his calling, did not benefit his people and did not even achieve personal happiness.
At the age of 45, Lavretsky feels old, incapable of spiritual activity, the "nest" of the Lavretskys has actually ceased to exist.
In the epilogue of the novel, the hero appears older. Lavretsky is not ashamed of the past, he does not expect anything from the future. "Hello, lonely old age! Burn out, useless life!" he says.
"Nest" is a house, a symbol of the family, where the link between generations is not interrupted. In the novel Noble Nest "this connection is broken, which symbolizes the destruction, withering away of the ancestral estates under the influence of serfdom. The result of this we can see, for example, in the poem by NA Nekrasov" Forgotten Village ". Turgenev serf publication novel
But Turgenev hopes that all is not lost, and in the novel, saying goodbye to the past, turns to a new generation in which he sees the future of Russia.
The plot of the novel
The main character of the novel is Fyodor Ivanovich Lavretsky, a nobleman who has many of the features of Turgenev himself. Brought up far from his father's home, the son of an Anglophile father and a mother who died in his early childhood, Lavretsky is brought up on a family country estate by a cruel aunt. Often critics looked for the basis for this part of the plot in the childhood of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev himself, who was raised by his mother, known for her cruelty.
Lavretsky continues his education in Moscow, and while visiting the opera, he notices a beautiful girl in one of the boxes. Her name is Varvara Pavlovna, and now Fyodor Lavretsky declares his love to her and asks for her hand in marriage. The couple marries and the newlyweds move to Paris. There Varvara Pavlovna becomes a very popular owner of the salon, and starts an affair with one of her regular guests. Lavretsky learns about his wife's romance with another only at the moment when he accidentally reads a note written from his lover to Varvara Pavlovna. Shocked by the betrayal of a loved one, he breaks off all contacts with her and returns to his family estate, where he was raised.
Upon returning home to Russia, Lavretsky visits his cousin, Maria Dmitrievna Kalitina, who lives with her two daughters, Liza and Lenochka. Lavretsky immediately becomes interested in Liza, whose serious nature and sincere dedication to the Orthodox faith give her great moral superiority, strikingly different from the flirtatious behavior of Varvara Pavlovna, to which Lavretsky is so accustomed. Gradually, Lavretsky realizes that he is deeply in love with Lisa, and when he reads a message in a foreign magazine that Varvara Pavlovna has died, he declares his love to Lisa and learns that his feelings are not unrequited - Liza also loves him.
Unfortunately, the cruel irony of fate prevents Lavretsky and Liza from being together. After a declaration of love, the happy Lavretsky returns home ... to find there alive and unharmed Varvara Pavlovna, waiting for him in the foyer. As it turns out, the advertisement in the magazine was given by mistake, and Varvara Pavlovna's salon is going out of fashion, and now Varvara needs the money she demands from Lavretsky.
Learning about the sudden appearance of the living Varvara Pavlovna, Liza decides to go to a remote monastery and lives the rest of her days in monasticism. Lavretsky visits her in the monastery, seeing her in those short moments when she appears for moments between services. The novel ends with an epilogue, which takes place eight years later, from which it is also known that Lavretsky is returning to Lisa's house. There, after the past years, despite many changes in the house, he sees a piano and a garden in front of the house, which he remembered so much because of his communication with Lisa. Lavretsky lives with his memories, and sees a certain meaning and even beauty in his personal tragedy.
Plagiarism charge
This novel was the reason for a serious spat between Turgenev and Goncharov. D.V. Grigorovich, among other contemporaries, recalls:
Once - it seems, with the Maikovs - he told [Goncharov] the content of a new alleged novel, in which the heroine had to retire to a monastery; many years later Turgenev's novel "Noble Nest" was published; the main thing female face it also retired to a monastery. Goncharov raised a whole storm and directly accused Turgenev of plagiarism, of appropriating someone else's thought, suggesting, probably, that this thought, precious in its novelty, could only appear to him, and Turgenev would not have enough talent and imagination to reach it. The case took such a turn that it was necessary to appoint an arbitration tribunal composed of Nikitenko, Annenkov and a third person - I don't remember who. Nothing came of this, of course, except laughter; but since then Goncharov stopped not only seeing, but also bowing to Turgenev.
Screen adaptations
| "Noble Nest" in Wikiquote | |
| in wikisource |
The novel was filmed in 1914 by V.R. Gardin and in 1969 by Andrei Konchalovsky. In the Soviet tape, the main roles were played by Leonid Kulagin and Irina Kupchenko. See The Noble Nest (film).
Notes
| Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev | |
|---|---|
| Novels | |
| Stories and stories |
|
| Dramaturgy |
Lack of money Where it is thin, there it breaks Freeloader Breakfast at the leader's Bachelor Month in the village Provincial |
| Other |
Poems in prose Literary and everyday memories |
| Characters | |
| Related articles |
|
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
See what the "Noble Nest" is in other dictionaries:
Noble Nest - (Smolensk, Russia) Hotel category: 3 star hotel Address: Microdistrict Yuzhny 40 ... Hotel catalog
Noble Nest - (Korolev, Russia) Hotel category: 3 star hotel Address: Bolshevskoe shosse 35, K.
DOVORYAN'S NEST, USSR, Mosfilm, 1969, color., 111 min. Melodrama. Based on the novel of the same name by I.S. Turgenev. A. Mikhalkov Konchalovsky's film dispute with the genre scheme of the "Turgenev novel" that has developed in the modern socio-cultural consciousness. ... ... Encyclopedia of Cinema
Noble Nest - Outdated. About a noble family, a manor. The noble nest of the Parnachevs belonged to the endangered ( Mamin Sibiryak... Mother is a stepmother). A sufficient number of noble nests were scattered in all directions from our estate (Saltykov Shchedrin. Poshekhonskaya ... ... Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language
NOBLE NEST - Roman I.S. Turgenev *. Written in 1858, published in 1859. Main character novel, a rich landowner (see nobleman *) Fyodor Ivanovich Lavretsky. The main storyline is connected with his fate. Disappointed in marriage with the secular beauty Varvara ... ... Linguistic and Cultural Dictionary
NOBLE NEST - for many years the only elite house in the whole of Odessa, located in the most prestigious area of \u200b\u200bthe city to this day, on French Boulevard. Separated by a fence, with a line of garages, a house with huge independent apartments, front doors ... Big semi-explanatory dictionary of the Odessa language
1. Spread. Outdated. About a noble family, a manor. F 1, 113; Mokienko 1990.16. 2. Zharg. shk. Shuttle. Teacher's room. Nikitina 1996, 39.3. Zharg. sea. Shuttle. iron. The front superstructure on the ship, where the command personnel live. БСРЖ, 129. 4. Zharg. pier Elite housing (house ... A large dictionary of Russian sayings
The post was inspired by reading the novel by I.S. Turgenev. "Noble Nest".
reference
Full name: "Noble Nest"
Genre: novel
Original language: Russian
Years of writing: 1856-1858
Publication year: 1859
Number of pages (A4): 112
A summary of the novel by Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev "Noble nest"
The protagonist of Turgenev's novel "A Noble Nest" is a young nobleman Lavretsky Fyodor Ivanovich. His pedigree and fate was extremely difficult: his paternal ancestors were severe and cruel landowners, while his mother was a peasant woman. Fyodor Ivanovich himself was brought up by his aunt, who had a tough character.
Fyodor Ivanovich grew up an educated, but far from the world, a man, he had few friends, he did not find interest in the army or public service. Being inexperienced in matters of the heart, he fell in love with the beautiful Varvara Pavlovna Korobyina and soon after that he married her. He spent several years in serene happiness, until he found out that his wife was cheating on him. Shocked by this news, he leaves Paris, where they lived, and returns to Russia, to his estate. In Russia, he visits the home of his relative, Kalitina Marya Dmitrievna, a wealthy widow who is raising two daughters.
Fyodor Ivanovich draws attention to the eldest daughter of Marya Dmitrievna Liza. She interested him with her purity and seriousness. He falls in love with her, and she feels benevolent indifference to him. Fyodor Ivanovich accidentally learns from a French magazine that his wife has died. He becomes free and confesses his love to Lisa, she makes a return confession. The happiness of the young people did not last long: Varvara Pavlovna returned from abroad alive and unharmed. She returned with the goal of being forgiven and settling in Russia.
Fyodor Ivanovich understands that everything is over and that he and Liza cannot have a joint future. He gives his wife permission to live on his estate, but she, nevertheless, soon leaves for St. Petersburg, and then again for Paris. Liza, despite the persuasion, goes to the monastery, and Fyodor Ivanovich lives with memories.
In the epilogue of the novel "The Noble Nest" Fyodor Ivanovich visits the Kalitins' house, where after 8 years practically nothing reminds of the past. Fyodor Ivanovich lets go of the past and realizes that life goes on.
"During these eight years, finally, a turning point in his life took place, that turning point that many do not experience, but without which it is impossible to remain a decent person to the end; he really stopped thinking about his own happiness, selfish goals. He calmed down and - to why hide the truth? - he has aged not only in face and body, has aged in soul; to keep the heart young until old age, as others say, is difficult and almost ridiculous; he can already be satisfied who has not lost faith in goodness, constancy of will, desire for activity Lavretsky had the right to be satisfied: he became a really good owner, really learned to plow the land and did not work for himself; he provided and strengthened the life of his peasants as best he could. "
Meaning
The novel "Noble Nest" describes the fate of the Russian nobleman Fyodor Ivanovich Lavretsky. His life is an unobvious choice between old and new forms organization of the economy, between true patriotism and careerism, between the European and Slavic path of development. Fyodor Ivanovich is a collection of features of everything, and the most difficult thing for him is to decide who he is, what he wants and what he will do.
Conclusion
I read Turgenev's novel "A Noble Nest" while still in school, but I remembered practically nothing. I got great pleasure on re-reading. I recommend reading!