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From the history

The art of building organs also developed in Italy, from where they were exported to France in the 9th century. Later this art developed in Germany. The organ begins to receive the greatest and ubiquitous distribution in the XIV century. In the XIV century, a pedal appeared in the organ, that is, a keyboard for the feet. Medieval organs, in comparison with later ones, were of rough work; the manual keyboard, for example, consisted of keys 5 to 7 cm wide, the distance between the keys reached 1.5 cm. The keys were struck not with your fingers, as now, but with your fists. In the 15th century, the keys were reduced and the number of pipes increased.

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Authority around the world

The largest organ in the world is located in Los Angeles. The largest extant organ in Europe is located in the Roman Catholic cathedral of the German city. The largest organ with a mechanical tract is in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Holy Trinity in Liepaja (Latvia). Main body Cathedral in Kaliningrad it has 4 manuals, 90 registers, 8500 pipes.

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Organ structure

There are different types of pipes that create variety sound effects... Pipes are made of tin, lead, copper and various alloys (mainly lead and tin), in some cases wood is also used.

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Authority management

An organ console is a console with all the means necessary for an organist, the set of which is individual for each organ, but common: game - manuals and a pedal keyboard (or simply a “pedal”) and timbre - register switches. There may also be dynamic - channels, various foot levers or buttons for turning on copulas and switching combinations from the register combination memory bank and a device for turning on the organ. At the console, on the bench, the organist sits during the performance.

flax instruments Research work of a student of grade 6A Goffert Valeria

Why did I choose this particular topic? I wanted to learn more about such an extraordinary musical instrument and listen to live organ music.

Relevance of the topic The topic "The Organ is the King of Musical Instruments", in my opinion, is relevant in our time, since many schoolchildren do not know, or have simply forgotten about the existence of such a unique musical instrument as the organ.

About the organ ...

The history of the organ The organ was invented by the Greek Ctesibius, who lived in Alexandria, Egypt. Organs large sizes appeared in the 4th century. Pope Vitalian introduced the organ to the Catholic Church in 666. In the 8th century Byzantium was famous for its organs.

Organ Building The art of organ building developed in Italy. In the XIV century, a pedal (keyboard for feet) appeared in the organ. Medieval organs, in comparison with later ones, were rough work. They hit the keys not with their fingers, as now, but with their fists.

The loudest organ in the world The loudest musical instrument in the world is the currently dormant organ of the Hall of Concord in Atlantic City. It has the widest timbre set in the world, the largest and heaviest pipes and the greatest working pressure in the air supply system. This body has the most sophisticated game control system in the world.

Wikipedia (organ) Article I worked with

Conclusions The organ is the largest and loudest musical instrument, and is rightfully called the "King of musical instruments". As a result of my research, I concluded that this statement is true.

Goals and tasks that I have accomplished I found information about the organ, found out that there are organs in Tallinn and where they are, visited these places, learned the history of the organ, I compiled a catalog of places where you can listen to live organ music. Catalog I have repeated, tested and expanded my knowledge in using different programs. It seems to me that I have done everything that I wanted and as much as I wanted.

Brief description of the progress of work Project tasks Gathering information Compiling a catalog Condensing knowledge Summing up

The terms I needed Organ - keyboard-wind instrument, the largest type of music instrument. An organist is a person who plays the organ, specialty music nta - instrumentalist, a position in the church. Organ console - a console with all the means necessary for an organist, the set of which is individual for each organ, but common: game - manuals and a pedal keyboard and timbre - register switches. The manual is a keyboard for playing with your hands. The pedal keyboard is a keyboard with its own set of registers, predominantly low sounds, for playing with your feet. Register - a series of pipes of the same timbre. There are several of them in the organ. The organ tract is a system of transmission devices that functionally connects the control elements on the pin (console) with the organ's air intakes. The play tract transfers the movement of the manual keys and pedals to the valves of a particular pipe or group of pipes in the mixture. The register tract enables an entire register or a group of registers to be turned on or off in response to a push of a toggle switch or movement of a register knob.

Wikipedia (organ) Article about ORGAN Eesti Orelimuusika Google search (pictures on request ORGAN) Wikipedia (orel) Wikipedia (Lutheran worship) Used sources

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Which sounds with the help of pipes (metal, wooden, without tongues and with tongues) of various timbres, into which air is pumped with the help of bellows.

Organ playing carried out using several keyboards for hands (manuals) and a pedal keyboard.

By sound richness and abundance musical means the organ ranks first among all instruments and is sometimes called the "king of instruments". Due to its expressiveness, it has long become the property of the church.

The person who performs musical works on the organ is called organist.

The Soviet BM-13 multiple launch rocket systems were called "Stalin's organ" by the soldiers of the Third Reich because of the sound emitted by the missiles' plumage.

Organ history

The bud of the organ can be seen in as well as in. It is believed that the organ (hydravlos; also hydraulikon, hydraulis - "water organ") was invented by the Greek Ktesibius, who lived in Egyptian Alexandria in 296-228. BC e. An image of a similar instrument is found on one coin or token from the time of Nero.

Large organs appeared in the 4th century, more or less improved organs - in the 7th and 8th centuries. Pope Vitalian (666) introduced the organ to the Catholic Church. In the 8th century, Byzantium was famous for its organs.

The art of building organs also developed in Italy, from where they were exported to France in the 9th century. Later this art developed in Germany. The organ begins to receive the greatest and ubiquitous distribution in the XIV century. In the XIV century, a pedal appeared in the organ, that is, a keyboard for the feet.

Medieval organs, in comparison with later ones, were of rough work; the manual keyboard, for example, consisted of keys with a width of 5 to 7 cm, the distance between the keys reached one and a half cm. The keys were struck not with your fingers, as now, but with your fists.

In the 15th century, the keys were reduced and the number of pipes increased.

Organ device

Improved organs have reached a huge number of pipes and tubes; for example, the organ in Paris at St. Sulpice has 7 thousand pipes and tubes. In the organ there are pipes and tubes of the following sizes: at 1 foot notes sound three octaves higher than the written ones, at 2 feet - the notes sound two octaves higher than the written ones, at 4 feet - the notes sound an octave higher than the written ones, at 8 feet - the notes sound like they are written, in 16 feet - notes sound one octave lower than written, 32 feet - notes sound two octaves lower than written. Closing the trumpet from above will lower the sounds emitted by an octave. Not all organs have large tubes.

There are from 1 to 7 keyboards in the organ (usually 2-4); they are called manuals... Although each organ keyboard has a volume of 4-5 octaves, thanks to the trumpets sounding two octaves lower or three octaves higher than the written notes, the volume of the large organ is 9.5 octaves. Each set of pipes of the same timbre constitutes, as it were, a separate instrument and is called register.

Each of the extendable or retractable buttons or registers (located above the keyboard or on the sides of the instrument) actuates a corresponding row of tubes. Each button or register has its own name and a corresponding inscription, indicating the length of the largest pipe of this register. The composer can indicate the name of the register and the size of the trumpets in the notes above the place where this register should be applied. (Selecting the registers for execution piece of music called register.) There are from 2 to 300 registers in organs (most often from 8 to 60).

All registers fall into two categories:

• Registers with pipes without reeds(labial registers). This category includes the registers of open flutes, registers of closed flutes (bourdons), registers of overtones (mixtures), in which each note has several (weaker) harmonic overtones.
• Registers that have reed pipes(reed registers). The combination of the registers of both categories together with the potion is called plеin jeu.

Keyboards or manuals are located in the organs of the terrace, one above the other. In addition to them, there is also a pedal keyboard (from 5 to 32 keys), mainly for low sounds. The part for the hands is written on two staffs - in the keys and as for. The part of the pedals is often written separately on one stave. The pedal keyboard, simply called the “pedal,” is played with both feet, alternately using the heel and toe (until the 19th century, only the toe). An organ without a pedal is called a positive, a small portable organ is called portable.

The manuals in the organs have names that depend on the location of the pipes in the organ.

• The main manual (which has the loudest registers) is called in the German tradition Hauptwerk(fr. Grand orgue, Grand clavier) and is located closest to the performer, or on the second row;
• The second most important and loud manual in the German tradition is called Oberwerk(louder option) either Positiv(light version) (fr. Rositif), if the pipes of this manual are located ABOVE the pipes of the Hauptwerk, or Ruckpositiv, if the pipes of this manual are located separately from the other pipes of the organ and are installed behind the organist's back; The Oberwerk and Positiv keys on the game console are located one level above the Hauptwerk keys, and the Ruckpositiv keys are one level below the Hauptwerk keys, thereby reproducing the architectural structure of the instrument.
• A manual, the pipes of which are located inside a kind of box, which has vertical shutters in the front part in the German tradition are called Schwellwerk(FR. Recit (expressif). Schwellwerk can be located both at the very top of the organ (more common), and on the same level with Hauptwerk. Schwellwerka keys are located on the game console at a higher level than Hauptwerk, Oberwerk, Positiv, Ruckpositiv.
• Existing types of manuals: Hinterwerk(the pipes are located at the back of the organ), Brustwerk(the pipes are located directly above the organist's seat), Solowerk(solo registers, very loud trumpets located in a separate group), Choir etc.

The following devices serve as relief for the players and a means for enhancing or weakening the sonority:

Kopula- a mechanism by which two keyboards are connected, and the registers put forward on them act simultaneously. Copula allows the player to play on one manual to use the advanced registers of the other.

4 footrests above the keyboard pedals(Pеdale de combinaison, Tritte), each of which acts on a known specific combination of registers.

Blinds- a device consisting of doors that close and open the entire room with pipes of different registers, as a result of which the sound is amplified or attenuated. The doors are driven by a footboard (channel).

Since the registers in different authorities different countries and epochs are not the same, then in the organ part they are usually not indicated in detail: they write out above this or that place of the organ part only the manual, the designation of pipes with or without reeds and the size of the pipes. The rest of the details are provided to the contractor.

The organ is often combined with the orchestra and singing in oratorios, cantatas, psalms, and also in opera.

There are also electrical (electronic) organs, for example, Hammond.

Organ music composers

Johann Sebastian Bach
Johann Adam Reinken
Johann Pachelbel
Dietrich Buxtehude
Girolamo Frescobaldi
Johann Jacob Froberger
Georg Frideric Handel
Siegfried Karg-Ehlert
Henry Purcell
Max Reger
Vincent Lubeck
Johann Ludwig Krebs
Matthias Weckman
Dominico Zipoli
Cesar Franck

Video: Organ on video + sound

Thanks to these videos, you can get acquainted with the tool, watch real game on it, listen to its sound, feel the specifics of technology:

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