Sections: Literature
Goal: to understand the causes of Pechorin's tragedy, to reveal the author's attitude to the hero, to comprehend the plot-compositional role of the story "Fatalist".
Tasks:
- determine what for Pechorin is the meaning of life, whether fate can affect her;
- foster interest in literature through the example of a classic text;
- develop oral monologue, the ability to analyze and generalize, the ability to work with lexical range, landscape.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment.
Today in the lesson we will continue working on the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov's "A Hero of Our Time". We have to analyze the chapter "Fatalist", explain the reasons for the tragedy of the protagonist and answer the question: is Pechorin a fatalist?
II. Homework check.
Let's find out if everyone is familiar with the text. I suggest answering the following questions:
- What do officers do in the evenings? (They play cards.)
- What are the officers talking about? (The fact that the Muslim belief that the fate of a person is written in heaven finds many Christians among us, too.)
- Who owns the words: “Where are these faithful people who have seen the list on which the hour of our death is designated? (Somebody.)
- Who owns the following description? "He was a Serb by birth, as was evident from his name." (Wulich.)
- Who owns the words: “I suggest you try it on yourself, can a person arbitrarily dispose of his life, or is each of us assigned a fateful moment in advance? (Wulich.)
- With whom did Vulich make a bet? (With Pechorin.)
- What is the essence of this bet? (Pechorin claims that there is no predestination.)
- Vulich's passion? (Card game.)
- Who owns the following words: "I read the seal of death on his pale face." (Pechorin.)
- What card was Pechorin thrown in? (Ace of Hearts.)
- What does Pechorin come across when he returns home? (On a pig chopped in half.)
- To whom does Pechorin tell this story with Vulich? (To Maxim Maksimych.)
- Who informs Pechorin about Vulich's death? (3 officers.)
- What is the name of the girl from the story "Fatalist" (Nastya.)
- Who utters the words: "He is right" and when? (Vulich before his death.)
- Identify the hero according to the description. "... pale, he was lying on the floor, holding a pistol in his right hand." (Drunken Cossack Efimich.)
- Identify the hero according to the description. "Her face was frantic with despair." (An old woman, mother of a Cossack.)
- Who owns the words: "Vasily Petrovich will not surrender - I know him." (Esaul.)
- Who is testing fate like Wulich? (Pechorin.)
- Who owns the following reasoning: "We are no longer capable of great sacrifices, neither for the good of humanity, nor even for our own happiness." (Pechorin.)
- Replay the dialogue between the drunken Cossack and Vulich. (- Who are you looking for, brother? - You!)
- Where is the killer locked up? (In an empty hut, at the end of the page.)
III. Chapter analysis.
1) Individual task.
- How does Pechorin appear to us in this story? How is this image different from the previous chapters?
- Give a characterization to Vulich (portrait, passion for the game). Why did Vulich not confide in anyone his spiritual and family secrets?
2) Lexical work.
The rest of the class works with the lexical range, determines the meaning of words: predestination, fate, fate, fate. Everything is recorded in a notebook. One of the students draws a conclusion.
How do you understand the words "predestination" (1. Define in advance, determine; 2. fate, fate; 3. in religion: the will of the deity, which determines the behavior of a person and everything that happens in the world), a prescription - an order, an order; rock is an unhappy fate.
Conclusion. So, in this chapter we come across the following words more than once: predestination - 5 times; fate, inevitability of fate, test of fate - 4; fatal minute, window - 11; will - 1; reason - 1; fatalist - 1. What do you think it shows?
The title of this chapter is "Fatalist". What is “fatalism”? (Fatalism is a belief in the inevitability of fate, in the fact that everything in the world is predetermined in advance by a mysterious force, fate; a fatalist is a person inclined to fatalism, that is, believing in the predetermination of all events in life, in the inevitability of fate, fate.)
3) Hearing of students working individually.
4) Reading the roles of the dialogue between Vulich and Pechorin, which ends the episode of the bet. What does Pechorin claim?
5) Working with the landscape (color symbols).
Find a description of the landscape when Pechorin returns home. ("..A month, full and red, like the glow of a fire, began to appear ...")
Where else do we meet with such color symbols? Read it. (“… A pig was lying, cut in half with a saber.”)
And then the death of Vulich. For what purpose do you think the author included color symbolism?
6) Thinking about wise people, about the faith of these people.
Does the case with Wulich convince the protagonist that man is subject to predestination? Yu. I. Eikhenwald in his note on "A Hero of Our Time" wrote:
Yes, as long as a person believed in his connection with the heavenly stars, with nature here on earth and there in heaven, until then he had strength, will, intense interest in life. And now, when the celestial lamps in their mystical significance for him have extinguished and when in nature he takes, admiring, only her landscape, - he was comprehended by indifference, fatigue, Hamlet's doubts; and poets consider the hero of our time and of all recent times to be a person who only “a few ideas” out of the “storm of life”, who is bored, yearned, does not live himself and kills others ... How do these words relate to the fate of the heroes of the chapter “Fatalist” ?
What is the main idea of \u200b\u200bPechorin's thoughts? (Pechorin verbally agrees with the existence of rock, but still continues to resist this idea.)
7) Comparative characteristics of Pechorin's words from the chapter “Fatalist” and M.Yu. Lermontov's "Duma".
This episode is close to Lermontov's poem "Duma", let's compare what the similarities are.
“And we, their pitiful descendants, wandering the earth without convictions and pride, without pleasure and fear, except for that involuntary fear that squeezes the heart at the thought of an inevitable end, we are no longer capable of great sacrifices, neither for the good of humanity, nor even for our own happiness, therefore we know its impossibility and indifferently pass from doubt to doubt, how our ancestors rushed from one error to another, having, like them, neither hope, nor even that indefinite, although true, pleasure that the soul meets in any struggle people or fate ... "
Sadly I look at our generation!
His future is either empty, or dark,
Meanwhile, under the burden of knowledge and doubt,
In inaction it will grow old.
We are rich, barely from the cradle,
By the mistakes of the fathers and their late minds,
And life weary us, like a straight path without a goal,
Like a feast at a foreign party.
Shamefully indifferent to good and evil,
At the beginning of the race, we wither without a fight;
Shamefully cowardly in the face of danger
And before the authorities - despicable slaves.
So skinny fruit, ripe for a time,
Neither our taste pleases nor the eyes,
Hanging between flowers, an orphaned stranger,
And the hour of their beauty is the hour of his fall!
We have dried up the mind with sterile science,
Taya envious of neighbors and friends
Best hopes and noble voice
Disbelief of ridiculed passions.
We barely touched the cup of pleasure,
But we did not save our youthful strength;
From every joy, afraid of satiety,
We have extracted the best juice forever.
Poetry dreams, art creation
They do not stir our mind with sweet delight;
We greedily cherish the rest of the feeling in our chest -
Buried with avarice and useless treasure.
And we hate, and we love by chance,
Sacrificing nothing for malice or love ...
(Pechorin judges a generation, like a poet.)
What distinguishes Pechorin from Vulich in relation to rock? (Pechorin likes to doubt everything, but he refrains from judging whether there is a higher power or not. But the hero comes to the idea: under any circumstances you need to act. “I like to doubt everything: this disposition of mind does not interfere with the decisiveness of character - on the contrary As for me, I always go forward more boldly when I don't know what awaits me. After all, nothing worse than death will happen - and you can't avoid death! ")
8. Problematic issue.
There is an opinion that Vulich is Pechorin's double. What do you think? Explain with examples from the text. (Vulich is a sad, cold smile, there is no anger at people; passion for the game is like a struggle with unknown facts (please, throw a card before shooting); power over others - “he acquired some kind of mysterious power over us). Pechorin - cold gleam of eyes, thirst for power - “my first pleasure is to subjugate everything that surrounds me to my will.”)
Conclusion. Heroes wander the earth without faith and deep convictions. The struggle with people, with fate leads to the depletion of the will, the soul, everything without which a person cannot live. Thus, in Pechorin, the person who lives with feelings, experiences dies, but a person who is able to analyze and observe survives.
IV. Summing up the lesson.
Conclusion. Pechorin is not ready for action, he cannot rebel against the foundations of a secular society. He says: "In this struggle I have exhausted both the gift of the soul and the constancy of will necessary for an active life." Here it is necessary to recall the words spoken by Pechorin before the duel with Grushnitsky "Why did I live ...". Explain these words. So can Pechorin be called a fatalist?
V. Commenting on the grades for the lesson.
Vi. Homework.
Answer the question in writing: fate or a matter of chance, which is more important in a person's life? Prove with real life examples.
What distinguishes Pechorin from Vulich in relation to rock? (Pechorin likes to doubt everything, but he refrains from judging whether there is a higher power or not. But the hero comes to the idea: under any circumstances you need to act. “I like to doubt everything: this disposition of mind does not interfere with the decisiveness of character - on the contrary As for me, I always go forward more boldly when I don’t know what awaits me. After all, nothing worse than death will happen - and you cannot avoid death! ”)
The entire novel by M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" can be called fatal. But only the last chapter is called The Fatalist. In general, not one of the chapters of the entire work is connected with another, and in this one can also see a certain fatality. Pechorin seems to live many lives: in "Bela" he kidnaps Bela, in "Princess Mary" he kills Grushnitsky, and in "Fatalist" he himself is on the verge of death. But this disconnection is visible only at first glance. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe whole novel is such that it shows us Pechorin in different situations and in different places, in relationships with different people. Somewhere he finds his own kind, somewhere complete antipodes.
In Fatalist, Lermontov confronts Pechorin with Vulich. Vulich is a passionate gambler, laconic and "does not confide in his spiritual secrets to anyone." We see that even in the heat of the battle, he does not change his passion and continues to play, as if sitting at a card table. Pechorin is a "superfluous person", as literary critics agreed to call him, this is understandable, he wanders around the world and finds no refuge for himself anywhere. In The Fatalist, his feelings of rejection are most acute. It is not clear who is considered a fatalist here, Pechorin himself or Vulich, who decided to stage a terrible experiment and check the correctness of Muslim beliefs. In some ways, these two fatalists are similar. Everyone is free to have their own point of view on the subject of the fatality of certain events. We are more concerned with the question already outlined at the beginning: who is the greater fatalist, Pechorin or Vulich? It seems that all the same Pechorin. Vulich brought death only to himself, Pechorin, as already mentioned, ruined many lives; he is not a fatalist, he is fate itself, fate, destiny. He knew that he would collide with Grushnitsky on a narrow path, he knew that Vulich would die, and in this we again see the romantic features of Lermontov's novel. Pechorin is a pragmatist, but at the same time he is a romantic and feelings are not alien to him. His fatal love for Vera is also a kind of predestination.
What is more fatal to believe in death or not to believe in it? And who is the greater fatalist, Pechorin and Vulich with a pistol to their temples? This is the problematic of the declared chapter.
Vulich decides to test himself and death for strength. The expression "what will be, that cannot be avoided" firmly entered our difficult reality and became a saying, and Vulich dared to play dangerous games with life. The author, and along with him Pechorin, understands that a person who has already looked into the eyes of death has no place in this world. If he decided on such an act, it means that there is little that connects him with this world. And it's not even simple courage. In the room where all this was happening, there were many military, brave officers who saw death more than once, but not one of them dared to play Russian roulette: “You want proof: I suggest you try on yourself whether a person can arbitrarily dispose of his own life, or each of us has a fatal moment assigned in advance ... Anyone? - Not me, not me! - came from all sides, - what an eccentric! will come to mind! .. "
There is no need to test this belief to make sure that a person is mortal, and suddenly mortal. It is no coincidence that the episode includes the case of a pig that accidentally died from a drunken officer's checker. What a life! Anyone can just die like this poor animal, and die suddenly, in the prime of life. Which is what happens that same evening with Vulich. He sought death, and he got it.
http://otvet.mail.ru/question/69891666
A fatalist is a person who believes in fate. The fact that the future is predetermined from above, and it is impossible to influence it. This word comes from the Latin fátalis (determined by fate), fatum (fate, fate). Fatalists believe that a person's life path, the key turns of his fate can be predicted, but cannot be changed.
From the point of view of a fatalist, a person, like a train, moves along a route determined by fate from station to station, not knowing what will happen next, and not being able to turn off the route. And the schedule has been drawn up in advance by the higher powers and is strictly observed. And people are just a kind of cogs in a huge mechanism, each of them has its own function, and it is impossible to go beyond the boundaries of the destiny outlined by fate.
Signs of a fatalist
The fatalistic worldview naturally leaves its mark on a person's character:
- The fatalist is convinced that "what to be, that cannot be avoided," and this leaves a certain imprint on his worldview:
- Such people do not expect anything good from the future. Therefore, the word "fatalist" is sometimes used as a "pessimist" convinced that it will only get worse in the future;
- Denying free will, the fatalist does not believe in man and his capabilities;
- But on the other hand, responsibility for actions is removed from a person - after all, if all his actions are predetermined from above, then a person is only an instrument in the hands of fate and cannot be responsible for his actions;
- Belief in horoscopes, palmistry, predictions and prophecies, attempts in one way or another to "look into the future" are also a feature of a fatalistic worldview.
Fatalism in antiquity and modernity
In the worldview of the ancient Greeks, the concept of fate and inevitable fate played a fundamental role. The plot of many ancient tragedies is built around the fact that the hero tries to "cheat fate" - and fails.
For example, in the tragedy of Sophocles "King Oedipus", the parents of the hero, after the prophecy that their child would take the life of his father and marry his own mother, decide to kill the baby. But the executor of the order, taking pity on the baby, secretly transfers him to another family for education. Growing up, Oedipus learns about the prediction. Considering his adoptive parents as family, he leaves home so as not to become an instrument of evil doom. However, on the way, he accidentally meets and kills his own father - and after a while he marries his widow. Thus, by performing actions aimed at avoiding the destiny that was destined for them, the heroes, without knowing it, bring themselves closer to the tragic ending. Conclusion - do not try to deceive fate, you cannot deceive fate, and what is destined to happen will happen against your will.
However, over time, fatalism ceased to have such total forms. In modern culture (despite the fact that the concept of "destiny" plays a serious role in a number of world religions), human free will is assigned a much greater role. Therefore, the motive "dispute with fate" is becoming quite popular. For example, in the popular novel by Sergei Lukyanenko "The Day Watch", the Mel of Fate appears, with the help of which the characters can rewrite (and rewrite) their own or other people's fates.
Who is the fatalist - Pechorin or Vulich?
The most famous description of the fatalistic worldview can be considered the chapter "Fatalist" from Lermontov's novel "A Hero of Our Time". In the center of the plot is the dispute between two heroes, Pechorin and Vulich, about whether a person has power over his own fate. As part of the argument, Vulich puts a loaded pistol to his own forehead and pulls the trigger - and the pistol misfires. Vulich uses this as a strong argument in the argument that a person cannot control his life even in the desire for death. However, on the same evening, he is accidentally killed on the street.
Fatalists in this situation can be considered each of the heroes - and Vulich, who shoots himself without fear, guided by the idea that none of his actions can change his fate. And his death on the same evening for a completely different reason - confirmation of the saying that "who is destined to be hanged, he will not drown." However, Pechorin, who saw the "stamp of death" on the face of his opponent that day and was convinced that Vulich should die today, demonstrates a remarkable faith in fate.
Speaking about the work of Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov, one cannot ignore his famous philosophical novel "A Hero of Our Time". In his work, the writer tried to investigate the psychological image of Grigory Pechorin, but it was not possible to get by with the Pechorins alone, since the main character captures many destinies, after the touch of which they either die or lose their meaning, interest and love for life.
Lermontov draws the life stages of the protagonist in his novel, starting with a chapter called Bella, ending with an absolutely philosophical and thoughtful chapter, which contains the main meaning of all content in its title. "Fatalist" is the last section of Pechorin's diary. According to one of the critics, the absence of the last chapter of the novel would make the image of Pechorin incomplete. Why would the inner portrait of the protagonist be incomplete without this chapter?
Reading the novel by Mikhail Lermontov, we observe the life cycle of Grigory Pechorin. During his life, Pechorin left only suffering in the memory of people, however, he himself was a terribly unhappy person. The contradictions and loneliness that were born in his soul swallowed him up, not giving life to sincere emotions and feelings. This is how, chapter by chapter, we recognized the main character, revealing new portions of human vices in his soul. But the main point of the whole novel is the chapter "Fatalist". It shows Pechorin's attitude to fate, it is in her that the phenomenon of predetermination is questioned. Thus, the author does not relieve the hero of responsibility for all the actions he has committed. The writer, varying life situations, only guides Pechorin through them, exploring new facets of his soul. It is this chapter that confirms the truth of Pechorin's statements and the author's thoughts that the significance of a person's activity in his own destiny is very, very important. So, going against the fate of events and fate, Pechorin enters the hut, where a Cossack assassin is raging, whom he quickly and skillfully disarmed. At this moment, the best qualities of the hero's nature appeared.
The final chapter of the novel "A Hero of Our Time" "Fatalist" brings the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe novel to its logical conclusion and full disclosure of the main character. The collective image, which contains both good qualities and completely unforgivable ones, asserts its position in the last part of the work. The writer leaves open the question of fatalism, ending Pechorin's life on the way to Persia. It is in this chapter that the image of Grigory Pechorin is exhausted to the very end, completely absorbed in philosophical reflections on fate, the meaning of life and that a person's struggle for his own life is possible and necessary.
Of course, the final chapter of the novel is the most important section of Pechorin's diary. Only in it do we reveal the last nooks of the protagonist's soul, finding in him reflections on predestination, which will certainly find their refuge in the soul of the writer himself.
Questions and tasks for the chapter
1. Why does Lermontov indicate that Pechorin felt the imminent death of Vulich, saw in his face the "seal of death"? Is Wulich Seeking Death? And Pechorin? Why?
2. How does Pechorina characterize his desire to try his luck? Why, after making sure that predestination exists, Pechorin still wants to try his luck? What traits of his personality are shown in the scene of the capture of a drunken Cossack?
3. What is the attitude of Vulich to predestination in fate? at Pechorin? from the author? Which of them has it ambiguous and why?
4. Which character does the title of the chapter refer to? What is the point of this coming to light?
5. Are Vulich's fatalism and Pechorin's fatalism different?
6. Prove that the chapter "The Fatalist" is a philosophical work.
7. What is the role of the ring composition of the novel? Why does it both start and end at Fortress N?
Additional questions
1. Compare Vulich with Pushkin's heroes Silvio (Shot) and Hermann (The Queen of Spades).
2. Compare the language and style of the beginning of the story "Fatalist" with the first paragraphs of "The Queen of Spades" by Pushkin.