The Present Indefinite Tense.
Verb conjugations to write (write) in Present Indefinite:
Education Present Indefinite.
As you can see from the example above, the affirmative form of the verb in Present Indefinite matches the infinitive form without a particle to in all persons, except for the 3rd person singular. In the 3rd person singular, the verb accepts the ending -s (-es):
to speak - he speak s
to see - he see s
to praise - he praise s
Hissing or whistling sound (in spelling) sh, ss, s, ch, tch, x), then the ending is added -es:
to wash - he wash es
to dress -he dress es
If the stem of the verb ends in yeah with the preceding consonant, then at changes to i and the ending is added -es:
to try - he tr ies
If the stem of the verb ends in yeah with the previous vowel, then the ending is added -s:
to pay - he pay s
Verbs to do and to go accept ending -es:
he do es,
he go es
3rd person ending unit hours pronounced:
[s] after muffled consonants:
he speaks
he takes
he beats
[z] after voiced consonants and vowels:
he reads
he tries
he gives
he goes
he sees
After hissing and whistling sounds:
he dresses ["dresiz]
he teaches
he washes
Negative and interrogative forms of verbs in Present Indefinite are formed using the auxiliary verb to do (does for 3rd person h) and the infinitive of the semantic verb without a particle to.
The following abbreviated forms are used in the negative Present Indefinite form: negative particle not merges with the auxiliary verb do or does, and the letter about in a word not drops out both in spelling and pronunciation (a similar change in particle not is a general rule for the formation of negative abbreviated forms of this type.):
I don "t write.
Not doesn "t write.
Using Present Indefinite
Present Indefinite Used:
1. For the expression of an action of a constant nature, usually occurring, an action habitual or peculiar to a person designated by a noun or pronoun in the function of the subject:
He studies at the University.
He studies at the University of.
Not keeps his promises.
He fulfills his promises.
2. To express actions that are not limited by time frames, that is, those actions that reflect objective processes in nature and society, occurring independently of the will of people, and actual in the present, past and future:
Each substance melts at a definite temperature.
Each substance melts at a certain temperature.
3. To express the action that is happening at the moment, with such verbs that, as a rule, are not used in Present continuous: to see, to hear, to feel, to know, to understand, etc.
Now i understand the meaning of this word, but still I don "t know how to use it.
Now I understand the meaning of this word, but still I do not know how to use it.
4. To express future action in adverbial adverbial sentences of the time and condition, if the verb in the main sentence is in the future tense:
A friend of mine will help you when you reach the city.
My friend will help you when you come to the city.
As long as the current flows the armature will keep rotating.
As the current flows, the armature will continue to rotate.
If the verb in the main sentence is in the present tense, then the verb in the form of Present Indefinite in the subordinate clause expresses the action in the present tense:
As long as the current flows, the armature keeps rotating.
While current flows, the armature continues to rotate.
5. To express an action that is sure to happen in the future (as well as in Russian), mainly with the verbs of movement to go, to leave (leave, leave), to start (go), to come (come, come) , to return, etc.:
In a week I fly to Iran, and in another week I come back.
In a week I’m flying to Iran, and in a week I’m coming back.
In the next issue, we will focus on the past indefinite tense in more detail.
Idioms. Idioms are stable expressions and phrases.
1. to feel ill at ease with
Feel cheap.
Example:
I always feel ill at ease with boss, I can "t say why.
2. come rain or shine
No matter what happens.
Example:
Come rain or shine, Fanny will always visit her mother on Sunday.
3. to make a clean breast of the matter
Confess sincerely.
Example:
If you have stolen the money, you "d better make a clean breast of it to your father at once.
4. over my dead body
Through my dead body
Example:
He will never marry my daughter, it will be only over my dead body.
5. the rush hour
Rush hour.
Example:
She gazed out at the oncoming waves of the rush hour traffic.
Anecdote:
A small boy asks his dad "What is politics?" Dad says, "Well son, let me try to explain it. I" m the breadwinner of the family, so let "s call me Capitalism. Your mom, she" s the administrator of the money, so we "ll call her the Government. We "re here to take care of your needs, so we" ll call you the people. The Nanny, we "ll consider her the Working Class. And your baby brother, we "ll call him the Future. Now think about that and see if it makes sense."
So the little boy goes off to bed thinking about what Dad has said. Later that night, he hears his baby brother crying, so he gets up to check on him. He finds that the baby has severely soiled his diaper. So the little boy goes to his parents room and finds his mother sound asleep. Not wanting to wake her, he goes to the Nanny "s room. Finding the door locked, he peeks in the keyhole and sees his father in bed with the Nanny. He gives up and goes back to bed.
The next morning, the little boy says to his father, "Dad, I think I understand the concept of politics now." The father says, "Good, son, tell me in your own words what you think politics is all about. "The little boy replies," Well, while Capitalism is screwing the Working Class, the Government is sound asleep, the people are being ignored and the Future is in deep doo-doo. "
The words:
breadwinner - the breadwinner of the family;
nanny - the nanny;
to make sense - make sense;
severely soiled his diaper - badly soiled his diapers;
peek in - drop in.
Fig. 1 Present indefinite - present indefinite
Other uncertainties in other sources can be found in the name Present Simple - a simple present.
Present indefinite coincides with the main form of the verb - the infinitive without the to particle for all persons except the third person singular. In this form, the ending -s or -es is added to the base of the infinitive.pronouns personal
The ending -s is added to the base of most verbs:
- (to) write - he write s - write - he writes
- (to) work - he work s - work - it works
The ending -es is used when the verb in the infinitive ends with: s, ss, ch, tch, x:
- (to) dress - he dress es - to dress - he dresses
- (to) watch - he watch es - observe - he observes
- he - [ hi] - (hee) - he
- write - [ rʌɪt] - (wright) - write
- work - [ ˈWɜːk] - (ve: k) - Work
- dress - [ drɛs] - (draces) - dress
- watch - [ wɒtʃ] - (woch) - watch
The ending -es is also used when the verb in the infinitive ends with: y, if it has a consonant, y changes to i:
sounds consonant
- (to) try - he tr ies - try - he tries
The ending of the third person singular reads as [ s] after deaf consonants like [ z] after voiced consonants and vowels and how [ ɪz] after s, ss, sh, ch, tch, x:
sounds consonants_clunk_voiced
Question form Present Indefinite
The question form Present Indefinite is formed using the auxiliary verb does for the third number of the singular (for: she, he it) and the verb do for other persons and numbers.
Negative Present Indefinite
The negative form Present Indefinite is formed using the auxiliary verb do or does and negation not
- He speaks? - He says?
- Does he speaks? - Does he speak?
- He does not speak - He does not speak.
- try - [ ˈTraɪ] - (tray) - try, try, try.
- speak - [ spiːk] - (sleep: k) - speak
| Number | Affirmative form | Interrogative form | negative form |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ask - a verb translated as ask, ask | |||
| units number | I ask. | Do I ask? | I do not ask. |
| You ask. | Do you ask? | You do not ask. | |
| He asks. | Does he ask? | He does not ask. | |
| She asks. | Does she ask? | She does not ask. | |
| It asks. | Does it ask? | It does not ask. | |
| plural | We ask. | Do we ask? | We do not ask. |
| You ask. | Do you ask? | You do not ask. | |
| They ask. | Do they ask? | They do not ask. | |
The use of present indefinite
Present indefinite is mainly used to express:
- A repeating action or sign that constantly characterizes an item.
- He often speaks English in class. He often speaks English in class.(Repeat action)
- He always comes to school on time He always comes to school on time.(The action is constantly characterizing the subject)
- Commonly known fact
- Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade. Water boils at a temperature of 100 degrees Celsius.(Well-known fact.)
- often - [ ˈⱰf (ə) n] - (ofen) - often, many times
- speak - [ spiːk] - (spike) - speak
- always - [ ˈƆːlweɪz] - (allways) - is always
- come - [ kʌm] - (cam) - come, go
- water - [ ˈWɔːtə] - (here e ) - water
- boil - [ bɔɪl] - (fought) - boiling
To indicate the repeated nature of the action, the words are often used:
| every day | [ˈƐvri deɪ] | (evry day) | everyday |
| every week | [ˈƐvri wiːk] | (evry vi: k) | every week |
| every month | [ˈƐvri mʌnθ] | (evry mons) | every month |
| every year | [ˈƐvri ˈjiə] | (evry ea) | every year |
| often | [ˈⱰf (ə) n] | (ofen) | often, many times |
| seldom | [ˈSɛldəm] | (sald) | rarely, not often |
| always | [ˈƆːlweɪz] | (olways) | is always |
| usually | [ˈJuːʒʊəli] | (u: stings) | usually |
| never | [ˈNɛvə] | (neve) | never |
IN english language this grammatical time may mean:
- permanent action or fact as well as unapplied truth
She speaks Russian. She speaks Russian.
The moon goes round the Earth. The moon revolves around the earth. - ordinary repetitive action
We read two books a week. We read two books a week. - sequencing
She gets up, drinks tea and goes to school. She gets up, drinks tea and goes to school. - future action, if we mean different kinds of schedules, programs, schedules
The train leaves at 9 tomorrow. The train leaves tomorrow at 9 o’clock.
The film starts at 7 p. m. The film begins at seven o’clock. - "historical present" (in retelling)
Hamlet enters. Hamlet enters.
The Present Indefinite Tense is also used in subordinate tenses or conditions where the use of future tense is impossible.
If the weather is fine we will go to the cinema. If the weather is good, we will go to the cinema.
Hint words:
- always - always
- every day (week, year) - every day (week, year)
- usually - usually
- often - often
- sometimes - sometimes
- not often - not often
- seldom - rarely
- never (before verbs) - never
Summing up, let's say that most often time Present Indefinite Tense denotes an action that occurs regularly, often, usually rarely, sometimes in the present.
Present Indefinite Tense Time Education
IN affirmative sentences Present Indefinite coincides with the form of the infinitive (without the to particle) in all persons except the 3rd person singular (in the 3rd person singular, the ending -s is added): I read. We read. She read s.
The ending -s of the 3rd person singular is pronounced after voiced consonants and vowels - [z], and after deaf consonants - [s]: He read s . She write s . For verbs ending in ss, ch, sh, x, the ending -es is added, which is pronounced [ιz]: He wish es [′ Wι∫ιz].
Verbs ending in -y with the preceding consonant change in the 3rd person singular y to i and the ending -es is added: I try - she tr ies.
Verbs to go, to do in the 3rd person singular accept the ending -es: She go es .
Interrogative form formed with the help of the auxiliary verb do or does (in the 3rd person singular) and the infinitive of the semantic verb without the particle to. Auxiliary do or does + subject + semantic verb without particle to + other terms of the sentence: Do you like oranges? Does she go to school? If the question has a question word, then it is put before the auxiliary verb: Why do you like oranges? When does she go to school?
negative form also formed by the auxiliary verb door does (in the 3rd person singular), the negative particle not and the infinitive of the semantic verb without the particle to. Subject + auxiliary verb do or does + negative particle not + semantic verb without particle to + other members of the sentence: I do not like oranges. She does not go to school.
Examples
- I go to school every day. I go to school every day. (affirmative sentence)
- I do not go to school every day. I don’t go to school every day. (negative sentence)
- Do I go to school every day? I go to school every day? (general question)
- When do I go to school? When do I go to school? (special question)
- Why do I go to school every day? Why do I go to school every day? (special question)
- Where do I go every day? Where do I go every day? (special question)
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Past Indefinite is the past indefinite time, also called Past simple (past simple). It is used to express past or past actions. Time is used in presenting past events and conditions.
Shaping the past simple tense requires students to learn about the three main the Infinitive (an infinitive form of the verb that is easily recognizable by the particle to), Past Indefinite (the form of the past indefinite tense) and Past Participle
Regular and irregular verbs
Depending on how the verbs form Past Indefinite and Past Participle, they are divided into two groups: regular and irregular. Since English tends to be simplified, most verbs belong to the correct group. There are also verbs that both have regular and irregular forms Past Simple and Past Participle:
to spell - spelled - spelled (correct) or to spell - spelt - spelt (wrong)
to wake - waked - waked (correct) or to wake - woke - woken (wrong)
Frequently used irregular verbs are in special tables, they must be memorized. And when meeting with a new verb, one should check in the dictionary the translation, transcription and which group of verbs it belongs to: correct or incorrect.
Past Indefinite Tense. Rules for the formation of the affirmative form for regular verbs
Most of the verbs in English belong to the group of regular ones and form according to general principles. To form the affirmative form Past Indefinite Tense of regular verbs, -ed is added to the infinitive form without the particle to.
- to smoke - He smoked last year (He smoked last year).
- to kiss - Mary kissed her doll and closed little door in dollhouse (The girl kissed the doll and closed the small door of the dollhouse).
- to open - We opened the window yesterday.
- to clean - Students cleaned the rooms last week (Students cleaned the rooms last week).
Pronunciation - ed
- after deaf sounds, -ed is pronounced as [t] - worked, cooked, finished;
- after the sounds t, d - as - ended, started;
- after the remaining sounds (voiced and vowels), as [d] - changed, cleaned, arrived.
When -ed added to the infinitive form of the verb, the following rules apply:
- If the verb ends in mute -e, only -d is added.
to close - closed
to love - loved
- The ending -y changes to -i if -y is before the consonant.
to try - tried (try, try)
to cry - cried (cry)
- If there is a vowel before -y, then -ed is added unchanged.
to play - played
to obey - obeyed (obey)
- Monosyllabic verbs with a short vowel double the consonant.
to stop - stopped
to rob - robbed (rob)
- If the stress in the two-syllable verb falls on the second syllable with a short vowel, the consonant is also doubled.
to permit - permitted
- The ending -l doubles in British spelling rules, and in this case the stress does not matter.
to travel - travelled
to cancel - cancelled
Education Rules for the Affirmative Form of Irregular Verbs
There are no specific rules for the formation of Past Indefinite irregular verbs, since they preserved the historical features of the formation. To make it easier to remember irregular verbs, they are divided into several groups, depending on how they form these two forms.
- Changes to the root vowels (to dig - dug - dug, to meet - met - met, to drink - drank - drunk).
Children met their friend yesterday. The children met their friend yesterday.
- Infinitive endings (to bend - bent - bent, build - built - built).
My father built that house in 1980. Father built this house in 1980.
- Adding other endings (non-ed) and changing root vowels (to fall - fell - fallen).
Massive meteorite fell last night. A huge meteorite fell last week.
- Some verbs do not change, they remain the same in all three forms (to put - put - put).
I put the book on the shelf yesterday. I put the book on the shelf yesterday.
Interrogative Formation
The interrogative form is formed using the verb to do (in Past Indefinite - did), which is put before the subject.
- Did you play tennis last summer? Did you play tennis last summer?
- Did she graduate from the University in 2000? She graduated from university in 2000?
- Did we meet two years ago? We met two years ago?
Using did no longer requires any action with a semantic verb. We do not add - ed to regular verbs and do not refer to the table of irregular verbs. The did form is used in the singular and plural for all persons.
Negative form
The auxiliary verb did with the particle not is used to form the negative form of Past Indefinite tense.
- Our teacher did not explain the spelling of adjectives. Our teacher did not explain the spelling rules of adjectives.
- She did not drink coffee yesterday. She did not drink coffee yesterday.
- They did not study last winter. They did not study last winter.
In colloquial speech, a short negative form didn "t.
I didn’t watch TV yesterday. Yesterday I did not watch TV.
The short answers to questions for all singular and plural persons use the affirmative form - Yes, I did and the negative - No, I didn "t.
Did you go to school yesterday? Yes, I did./No, I didn "t. Did you go to school yesterday? Yes / No.
Verb to be in the past tense
The verb to be is an auxiliary verb and a linking verb in its role in the sentence and in meaning. It serves for the formation of temporary forms of semantic verbs and for the formation of a compound nominal predicate.
The auxiliary verb to do is not used to form the interrogative and negative forms of the verb to be.
- Was she in an office yesterday? Was she in the office yesterday?
- Was your mother in bank two days ago? Your mother was in the bank two days ago?
- She was not at the party last week. She was not at the party last week.
The verb to be also has the plural in Past Indefinite. The rules for its use are as follows: were used with the first, second and third person plural (we - we, you - you, they - they).
- Were they at work last Sunday? Were they at work last Sunday?
- We were not in an office last week. We were not in the office last week.
In colloquial speech, short forms of the past tense are used: wasn "t and weren" t.
When is Past Indefinite used? Rules and examples
- Past Simple is used to express past actions with time indicators: yesterday, last Monday, three weeks ago, a year ago, in 2001.
We visited his grandmother yesterday. We went to his grandmother yesterday.
- We also use Past Simple when we ask about time with interrogative when.
When did you visit his grandmother? When were you with his grandmother?
- Past Indefinite is used when the time is not specified, but it is assumed that it has already expired.
My husband once saw My husband once saw Amy Winehouse (Since the singer died and her husband can no longer see her, we use Past Indefinite Active).
- In addition, the past simple tense is used in the main sentences with direct speech. And when education in the subordinate clause, the future tense cannot be used, respectively, it turns into Future indefinite in the past or other times of Future-in-the-Past, depending on what future time was used in the original sentence.
She told: "Mr Smith will send a letter."
She told Mr Smith would send a letter. She said Mr. Brown would send a letter.
- When we talk about past habitual or regularly recurring activities, we use Past Indefinite. The rules for using equivalents used to and would be described below.
Her sister always carried a little umbrella. Her sister always carried a small umbrella with her.
But more often used in these cases is used to.
Her sister used to carry a little umbrella. Her sister carried a small umbrella with her.
When is used to used in English?
To express familiar and repetitive actions or events in the past, the used to turn is used along with the elapsed time. This design is used in colloquial and literary language. The used to phrase expresses both states and repetitive actions in the past, unlike yet another equivalent to the past tense, the verb would, which can only be used to express actions in the past and is never used to express states.
My friend used to drink 3 cups of coffee and smoke 20 cigarettes a day. My friend once drank three cups of coffee and smoked twenty cigarettes a day.
My grandmother used to walk ten kilometers when she was younger (Past Tense). My grandmother walked ten kilometers when she was younger.
My grandmother would walk ten kilimeters when she was younger (Past Tense). My grandmother walked ten kilometers when she was younger.
My teacher used to live in London. My teacher lived in London.
It should be noted that would + Infinitive without a to particle is often used with phrases indicating the time of the action.
Affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms of turnover used to
The verb use in the past tense with the particle to and the infinitive form of the semantic verb are used to form the affirmative form of the turnover.
My son used to play chess on Sundays. My son played chess on Sundays (Now he does not play chess on Sundays, but goes to football or has a barbecue).
The negative form is formed using the verb do in the past tense and the particle not. The verb use is in the present tense, because the did form already signals the past. In colloquial speech, a short form of denial is more often used.
Our teacher did not use to give us a lot of homework / Our teacher didn "t use to give us a lot of homework. Our teacher did not give us many homework.
The verb to do in the past tense is also used to form the interrogative form.
Did she use to embroider in the evening? Did she embroider in the evenings?
The study of the temporary form of Past Indefinite and its equivalents must be given due attention, since they are widely used in colloquial and written speech of general and business English.
Present Indefinite (in some sources, Present Simple) is the name of the present tense form in English, which, as a rule, denotes an action that is usually performed, constantly, repeated at certain intervals, of a general nature, as well as to express future action in sentences of condition and time, and with some verbs to indicate the action of what is happening at a given time, but which are not used in a continuous form.
The most common errors of the use of the present indefinite time:
1) The present indefinite time is used in the case when the indicated action occurs at a given time and the use of the present Continuous time is required.
2) Future Indefinite time is used instead of the present indefinite time in the subordinate part of a complex sentence of a condition or time.
Let us dwell in more detail on the methods of education and the use of the form of the present indefinite time in English using the verb "work" as an example.
Ways to form Present Indefinite.
Affirmative suggestions:
I, we, you, they - work;
he, she, it - works;
For all persons, except for the third person singular, the form of the present indefinitely is the same as the infinitive (that is, the initial form of the verb).
In the third person singular, the ending "s" is added to the verb.
If the verb ends with a hissing "s", "x", ch ", the ending takes the form" es ":
choose-\u003e chooses, fetch-\u003e fetches.
If the verb ends with "y", which is preceded by a consonant, "y" goes into "i" and the ending "es" is added:
dry-\u003e dries; fly-\u003e flies.
Negative suggestions:
I, we, you, they - do not work (short form "do not" - "don" t ": I don" t work);
he, she, it - does not work (short form "does not" - "doesn" t ": She doesn" t work);
After the subject, the auxiliary verb "do" appears. If the subject is used in the third person singular, the auxiliary verb "do" takes the form "does". The main verb remains in its original form.
Interrogative sentences:
I, we, you, they - Do you work?
he, she, it - Does he work?
The auxiliary verb "do" appears before the subject. If the subject is used in the third person singular, the auxiliary verb "do" takes the form "does". The main verb remains in its original form.
Examples of use Present Indefinite:
I work at a bank.
I work in a Bank.
An action that usually takes place is permanent.
I work as a programmer.
I am a programmer.
The conversation is about action in general.
Sometimes I work after 5.
Sometimes I work after 5.
An action that is periodically repeated.
Compare:
Don "t distract me. I am working.
Please do not disturb me. I work.
The action takes place at this time, so you must use the Present Continuous form.
For other examples of using the Present Indefinite form, see the next lesson.