Achilles / Achilles (fast-footed, godlike) is the central character of the poem, without the participation of this warrior Troy could not fall. Achilles is the ideal warrior of the heroic era. Cruel, bloodthirsty, selfish. Achilles is bloodthirsty: he avenges the death of his beloved friend and kills so many Trojans that the water in the river turns into blood (including killing the sons of Priam). Completely cold-blooded and indifferently sacrifices the captive youths at the grave of Patroclus.

In the image of Achilles, individualism and pride and resentment prevail. He raises his personal quarrel with Agamemnon to cosmic proportions. Achilles dreams only of personal glory and is ready to give his life for this.

What are you, Xanthus, prophesying death for me? Not your concern!

I myself know well that fate is destined for me to die

Here, far from my father and mother. But I will not quit

From the battle, until the Trojans eat their fill of war!

Comparative characteristics of the images of Achilles and Hector

Hector, the son of Priam, acquires the most humane, pleasant features in Homer. Hector, unlike Achilles, is a hero who knows what social responsibility is, he does not put his personal feelings above others. Achilles, on the other hand, is the personification of individualism (he brings his personal quarrel with Agamemnon to cosmic proportions). In Hector there is no bloodthirstiness of Achilles, he is generally an opponent of the Trojan War, sees in it a terrible calamity, understands all the horror, all the dark, disgusting side of the war. It was he who proposes to fight not with troops, but to put up representatives (Paris-tr., Menelaus-Greeks).

Hector, unlike Achilles and other heroes, is shown from a completely different angle, in a peaceful life. The scene of his farewell to Andromache (wife) is one of the most subtle psychological scenes in the poem. She asks him not to participate in the battle, because there Achilles, who destroyed Thebes and her entire family. Hector loves his loved ones very much and understands that Andromache will be completely alone without him, but the duty of the defender of the Fatherland is above all for him. Shame will not let him hide behind a wall.

The images of these two characters are very different. If the name of Achilles opens the poem, the name of Hector ends it. "So they buried the horse-borne Hector's body."

Achilles

ACHILLES (ACHILLES) - the hero of Homer's poem "Iliad" (between the X-VIII centuries BC). In Greek mythology, A. is the son of the sea goddess Thetis and Peleus, king of the city of Phthia in Thessaly. By the name of his father in the Iliad, A. is called Pelid or Peleev's son. Myths say that A. was predicted to die in battle from an arrow shot by the enemy. In an effort to protect her son and make his body invulnerable, Thetis held the baby above the fire, immersed it in the waters of the Styx, the rivers of the underworld of the dead. At the same time, she held A. by the heel, which remained his only weak point. This is how the expression "Achilles' heel" arose. A. was brought up by the wise centaur (a man with the body of a horse) Chiron, who raised such heroes as Hercules and Jason. The soothsayer Calchas predicted that the Greeks would win the war with Troy, the root cause of which was the abduction of Paris, the son of the Trojan king Priam, the wife of Menelaus the Beautiful Helena, only if A. Thetis hid A. in the palace of King Lycomedes on the island of Skyros. A. lived here among the daughters of the king, dressed in women's clothing. But the soothsayer Calchas guessed Thetis's plan. Menelaus' companions Diomedes and Odysseus, king of Ithaca, went to Skyros, taking with them rich gifts for the princesses: fabrics, gold-embroidered clothes, necklaces and other adornments. All this was brought to the chambers of the princesses, placing weapons and military armor between the gifts. It was the last gifts that A. chose. Having learned about the upcoming campaign against Troy, A. gladly agreed to participate in it. His friend Patroclus went with him. Departing from the harbor of Aulis, the ships of the Greeks set out for Troy. But they landed on the shores of Mizia, where Telef, the son of Hercules, reigned. Mistaking the Mysians for the Trojans, the Greeks entered the battle with them. A., fighting with Telef, put him to flight. Having discovered a mistake, the Greeks set off again, but the storm scattered their ships, and they were forced to return to Aulis. Here they realized that only Telef, who was severely wounded by A. Pythia, a fortuneteller from the city of Delphi, could show them the right path to Troy, she said that only A. could heal the wound, which the latter did by sprinkling the ulcer with iron, which he scraped off from his spear. But they still failed to sail from Aulis, for there was no tailwind. Calchas predicted that the wind would appear only if Agamemnon's daughter Iphigenia was sacrificed to the gods. The girl was brought to Aulis, telling her mother Clytemnestra that A. Learning about this, A. begins to help Iphigenia, who at the last moment before the sacrifice is saved by the goddess Artemis. All this is described in the tragedy of Euripides "Iphigenia at Aulis" (V "SW. BC).

x The Greeks besieged Troy for 10 years. The protagonist of the Trojan War was A., whom the Iliad, which tells about the last year of the siege, calls him “noble”, “swift-footed”, “immortal like”, “favorite of the gods”. The Iliad begins with a description of A.'s anger, from whom Agamemnon took his captive Briseis. The main hero of the Trojans, the son of King Priam, Hector, kills a friend of A. Patroclus. A. is going through his death hard and vows to take revenge. One of the culminating points of the poem is A.'s battle with Hector, described in book XXII of the Iliad. After killing Hector, A. mourns and buries Patroclus. This is how Homer's poem ends. The image of A. in the Iliad is contradictory. He is both noble and at the same time extremely cruel. Myths and literary works of ancient Greek and Roman writers tell about the further fate of A. In the so-called. Cyclical poem "Ethiopis" (VIII "Sw. BC), attributed to the Arctic, the son of Teles from Miletus, and which has come down to us only in a later retelling, tells about the women warriors of the Amazons who came to the aid of the Trojans, led by Queen Pen -phesilea. A. kills her, but, standing over her body, imbued with love for her. This plot is touched upon in the poems of Ovid "Heroines" and Virgil "Aeneid". The Ethiopis also tells about the battles with the Ethiopians, whom their king Memnon brought to the aid of the Trojans. Memnon dies in a duel with A. But the hero will also face an inevitable, predicted end. He dies from the arrow of Paris, which the god Apollo, who patronized the Trojans, sent to A.'s heel - his only vulnerable spot. The Greeks and Thetis, who rose from the depths of the sea, mourn the hero and, according to ancient customs, on the eighteenth day they burn his body on a funeral pyre. A golden urn with the ashes of A., Patroclus and another hero, Antilochus, was buried in a high mound. Hiding on the island of Skyros, A. fell in love with Daidamia, one of the daughters of King Lycomedes. From their union was born after the departure of the Greeks to Three, the son of Neoptolemus. After the death of his father, he is brought to the walls of Troy, and he participates in the capture of the city, kills Priam and many of his sons. In the XI song "Odyssey" it is told how Odysseus, having descended into the kingdom of the dead, meets A.'s shadow there and tells his deceased friend about the exploits of his son. The image of A. was repeatedly developed in the visual arts, starting with ancient Greek vase painting and ending with the lithographic cycle "Achilles", created by the German artist Max Slevogt in 1907.

10. Comparative characteristics of the images of Achilles and Hector.

achilles is the son of Peleus, and the sea goddess Thetis. personifies valor in the understanding of Ost. heroes - ideological. the basis of the poem. because of the consciousness of power, the habit to command. anger in violent forms. hot tears on the corpse of a comrade. avenging Patroclus, looks like a demon-exterminator. outrages the corpse of Hector (tied the body to horses). On the grave, he killed 12 prisoners of the throne. "He banished justice from thoughts." he softens only seeing the tears and pleading of Father Priam. often turns to the gods (libation and prayer to Zeus for the patroclus entering the battle), a loving son, often turns to his mother, weeps near her after the news of the death of Patroclus. ANTIHESIS IN THE IMAGE, it's bad that he doesn't care about his own people, unlike Hector, he goes into battle only when he realizes that his friend was killed. the ideal of the warrior of the heroic epic.

Hector is the opponent of the Trojan Won. wants to save the people. fearless. fighting diomedes and ajaxm. breaks the gates with a stone Greek. camp, sets ships on fire. enters the fight with patroclus. love for his son and andromache. begs the spouse not to leave, but he cannot stay within the walls of Troy. protection is a duty, it's a shame to hide. at the sight of Achilles, Hector's heart trembles, but he remains in battle, a wound to the neck and knees does not stop him, but he is depicted as human with all. weaknesses - he thinks that it is easy to capture the golden shield of Nestor and the motley armor of Diomedes, made by Hephaestus himself.

unlike Achilles, Hector is an ordinary person. it cannot be struck by the hand of a mortal. In single combat, the demon and the man clash. Hector's heart is infected with fear. only Zeus decides who wins, Athena helps Achilles.

11. Cunning Odysseus is the bearer of worldly wisdom. V.G. Belinsky about the Odyssey.

4. careful ( convenient moment 8. Od . always follows his "I". Cunning and resourcefulness: he gets out of the cave under the belly of a ram, grabbing. for wool, solders the Cyclops and the cannibal and gouges out his only eye. swims past the Sirens and remains alive, unnoticed, penetrates into his own camp and takes possession of it. 9. By crafty inventions, I am glorious among all people. " Cunning, cunning fantasy. ram, sirens.

He lies even when there is no need for it, but for this patronizing I am Odysseus Laertides. I am glorious among all people for cunning fabrications. My glory reaches heaven

poseidon is angry calculating host.

12. Chronotope in the Homeric epic.

Accurate display of space - reality and reality. Reflection of time is specific, and this is due to archaic consciousness... In poems 2 events cannot occur simultaneously - "the law of chronological incompatibility" - duel between Paris and Menelaus. in the 13th song of the Iliad (658) the hero Pilemen appears, and earlier (in the 5th song, 578) it was told about his death, twice mentioned in the description of the same battle at different moments of the coming of noon (11 songs, 84 and 16 songs , 776), in The Odyssey of Telemachus in Canto 4, 584-599 tells Menelaus that he is in a hurry to return to his awaiting comrades, but meanwhile he is staying with him for 26 days (Canto 15);

two events, which in essence must occur simultaneously, are presented not as parallel, but as occurring sequentially in time, one after the other. Having finished one event, the narrator does not go back, but moves on to the second event as if what is later told should happen later. Reception of retraction - delays in action at a tense moment. Congestion comparisons. Break of the story and transition to memories (Odysseus scar) ... Receiving flashback - a longer, more detailed return to the past. For example, the rod of Agamemnon before the speech of the warriors... Or the spear of Achilles. Historical remoteness.Time is created to protect the exaggeration of what they do -a technique inaccessible to a modern person. Details of ancient life + due to the proximity between heroes and gods. All heroes"Godlike", "godlike".

Mythology Is a completely definite system with its own specificity of time perception. Cyclicity. Recollection of the past as a struggle of individuals - history is thought organically, personified. Time doesn't show age... But psychologism is not typical. The law of divine intervention.

13. The role of comparisons in the epic poems of Homer.

comparison is a traditional method of a folk song, serves as a homer for the introduction of material, does not find .. place in the usual course of narratives. pictures of nature. as a background it is still early, therefore in comparisons. + comparisons from human life. Society + draws a picture of the social. prosperity in heroic times in comparisons showed the unrighteous judge, the poor widow, a craftsman, earning a meager food for children.

comparisons reveal pictures. the stubborn battle of the two armies at the fence of the Greek camp is depicted as a clash of neighbors arguing over the border on the communal field. The roar of the blows of spears and swords is compared to the clatter of axes of woodcutters. The fight for the possession of the dead body is likened to a dispute between two lions over a dead doe. The gleam of a weapon matches the glint of a distant fire; movement of warriors, settling in places - with a stop for a rest of a flock of migratory birds; the number of troops is compared to swarms of flies; the actions of the leaders deploying the detachments - with the fussiness of shepherds, separating their animals from strangers; finally, king Agamemnon is likened in appearance to the gods - Zeus and Poseidon, and when he steps ahead of the army - to a mighty bull walking in front of the herd. In all these comparisons, revealing the poet's subtle observation, the reality surrounding him comes to life before us.

14. Mythology and Reality in The Odyssey; Homer ._Composition "; Odyssey" ;.

Od. I - the era of the formation of the ancient societies of the economic formation, expresses the ideology of the ancient Ionian military landowner. aristocracy reborn into a merchant-slavery. plutocracy. therefore, in Od. there is less cultural life, more military-feudal ideology, the time of the fall of the royal power in the Greek community and the beginning of the development of trade and navigation

One is already a different hero, not the hero of the illiad, interest in foreign lands, in the life of small people is expanding, they went for minerals, they had to win over, they do not have their own agriculture, they are interested in the wasp of the Cyclops, elements of everyday life, very indicative.

mythology "O." begins with the advice of the gods. Athena convinces Zeus that it is necessary to free Od. Zeus talks about Poseidon's anger. Hermes, by order of Athena, flies to free Od.ya. During the entire poem Athena patronizes Od. She accompanies him everywhere, turning into a swallow. A. appears in the form of an elder to Telemachus, prompting him to equip an expedition to search for his father and sends a fair wind. Athena, in the form of the daughter of Diamant, appears to Nausicae and asks her to go to wash at the seashore. The goddess instills (divine suggestion) Nausicae courage. Athena extends the night for O. and Penelope. Hermes saves O. from Kirk's spell.

plot. 1 year after the fall of Troy. Od. on the basis of OGIGIA held by the nymph CALIPSO. at this time, on SO, the groom is wooing his wife PENELOPE. By the decision of the gods, the patron of Od. ATHENA goes to ITAK and the son of TELEMAH, on her advice, goes to PILOS to ask about the fate of his father. PILOS king NESTOR directs him to SPARTA to MENELAY. Thelemach learns that Od. is held captive by CALIPSO. and the suitors set up an ambush to destroy TELEMACH. - 1-4 kn. then a new line. 5 kn. gods send HERMES TO CALIPSO to release Od, who embarks on a raft across the sea. POSEIDON interferes, but OD. floats to about. SCHARI, FEAKI live there, navigators with fabulously fast ships. meeting Od. with NAVZIKAYA, the daughter of the king THEAKOV ALKINOY, idyllic. moments. 6 kn .. ALKINA takes in the luxurious palace 7 kn. triples the feast, then the singer DEMODOC sings about the sub. Od. 8 kn. they take OD., he reveals the name and talks about the adventure.

APOLOGIES (stories ) Od .. visited the country of lotophages eating lotus, where everyone who has eaten lotus forgets about his homeland - the giant man-eating Cyclops Polyphemus devoured several of Od's comrades in his cave, but Od. he drank and blinded Cyclops and escaped with his comrades under the wool of rams - for this Polyphemus on Od. called the god of his father Poseidon 9 kn. - God Aeolus handed Od. fur with winds, but the companions not far from their homeland untied their fur, the storm again threw them into the sea. Cannibals-Lestrigones destroyed all the ships of Od., Except for the one that stuck to the island of the sorceress KIRKI (CIRTSEI), 10 kn. which turned the companions of Od. into pigs - having overcome the clock with the help of HERMES, he was Kirk's husband for a year - he went down into the underworld to beg the soothsayer TIRESIA and talked with the shadows of his mother and dead friends 11 kn. - sailed past the SIREN, which lure seafarers with magical singing and destroy them - passed between the cliffs on which the monsters SKILLA AND HARIBDA live - on the island of the sun god HELIOS satellites of Od. killed the bulls of God, and Zeus sent a storm that destroyed the ship of Odysseus with his companions, Od. sailed to the island of CALIPSO. 12 kn.the plot closes.

further the FEAKA presents Od. , take him home and for this the angry Poseidon turns their ship into a cliff. Athena turned into a beggar old man, Od. goes to the swineherd EVMEY. 13 kn. stay at EUMEUS 14 kn. - idyllic genre painting. Returning from SPARTA TELEMACHE avoids the ambush of suitors, meets at EUMEI WITH OD 15 kn., Cat. opens up to his son. Od. in his house in the form of him, insulting servants and suitors 17 - 18. NANNY EURECLAUS recognizes him by the scar on his leg. PENELOPE promised a hand to the one who, bending the bow, will let the arrow pass through 12 rings. Od. he does this, interrupts the grooms, executes the servants who betrayed him. he tells the secret of how he made their marriage bed 22 kn. on the stump of an olive he chopped down. two suitors are in the underworld, date OD. with father LAZHERT, peace between Aude. and kinship. killed. 24 kn. The end.

Composition.continued Illiades. divided into 24 books. Od. harder Il. plot ill. linear, follow. to Odis. narratives. starting with ser. actions, but about the previous. events we learn only later and stories about adventure. center. the role of Odis. more sharply expressed than in Il, where Achilles did not exist for a long time. fabulous parallels. The form of the story from the first person is traditional. archaic plots and figures of Ades. not wit. about the connection between the characters and the plot. much can be borrowed. , only in 1 line rassk. up to 4 books no odyssey.

15. Comparative analysis of the image of Odysseus in the poems of Homer and in the drama of Sophocles ("; Ayant";, _ "; Philoctet";).

1 curiosity (unlike Il, he showed Cyclops on the land - he appreciates the fertile lands, delightful pastures. Od., He grit Nobody. This is saved. 3. the mind gets out of the cave, the mind defeated. Brute force gets out under the belly of the ram, grabbing the wool, 4. careful ( in reverse with the gods only trusts his mind.) a man of a new era. an epic character 5. ardent love for his homeland - (he does everything possible to return to his homeland to his father and wife 6. boastfulness, talks about his heroic adventures.on the island of Scheria, Alkinoy to the local king 7. hangs the slaves who betrayed him around his house... Hunting down suitors, he chooses convenient moment, to deal with them and their corpses fills the whole palace. The sacrificer Leod tries, asks him for pardon, but he blows off his head. Melantia was cut into pieces and given to be devoured by dogs, Telemachus, on the orders of his father, hung the unfaithful maids on a rope.8. Od . always follows his "I". Cunning and resourcefulness: he gets out of the cave under the belly of a ram, grabbing. for wool, solders the Cyclops and the cannibal and gouges out his only eye. swims past the Sirens and remains alive, unnoticed, penetrates into his own camp and takes possession of it. 9. By crafty inventions, I am glorious among all people. " Cunning, cunning fantasy. ram, sirens. He lies even when there is no need for it, but for this patronizing Athena praises him: Always the same: cunning, insatiable in deceit! Really, even in your native land, you cannot stop Lying speeches and deceptionsIntroducing himself to Achilles, he reports about himself: I am Odysseus Laertides. I am glorious among all people for cunning fabrications. My glory reaches heaven.

Belinsky about Odysseus: “Odysseus is the apotheosis of human wisdom”.

10. "long-suffering". On him constantly poseidon is angry and he knows this very well. If not Poseidon, then Zeus and Helios crash his ship and leave him alone in the middle of the sea... His nanny wonders why the gods are constantly indignant at him with his constant piety and obedience to the will of the gods. Him his grandfather gave him the name exactly as "; a man of divine wrath"... 11.Kind of merchant and entrepreneur: he is very calculating host. Arriving at Ithaca, he first of all rushes to count the gifts that were left for him by the Faecians. Finally, add to all that has been said

Sophocles- supporter of tradition. way of life, respect for the polis religion. Philoctet. Od. and NEPTOLE - SON OF Achilles, Fr. LEMNOS to make FILOCLETUS, who has the bow and arrows of Hercules, to go to Troy. in the 10th year of the war, Agamemnon predicted that only the bow would help the Achaeans to take three. FILOCLETUS was bitten by a poisonous snake, and left on the island, where he spends 10 years suffering from wounds. only with kind. The participation of FILOCLETS can be paired. Od. deceivingly playing on the pursuit of fame, he first persuades Neptolis, and he steals the bow. but NEPTOLEM torments the conscience and he reveals the secret. the sincerity of the NEPTOLEM defeated the cunning of the odyssey.

firm and persistent in achieving the goal, but not hesitating in the choice of means to Odysseyopposed, on the one hand, is the son of Achilles, open and straightforward like his father, but inexperienced and carried away by the thirst for glory, and on the other, is the equally straightforward Philoctetes, who harbors an irreconcilable hatred for the Greek army that once deceived him.

Odysseus the cunning... Odyssey is given the features of a sophist. but should be "; natural"; good qualities over "; wisdom" ;.

Ajax. The theme of this tragedy is the awarding after the death of Achilles of his armor not to Ajax - a direct and severe warrior, but to Odysseus. In a fit of madness, he slaughtered the cattle at night, thinking that it was Atrida. madness was sent by Athena. When he realized his shame, he killed himself. In a dispute with Agamemnon about performing a funeral riteOdysseus offered his help to Tevkru , brother of the unfortunate.

IN "Ajax" the noble Odysseus is bred as a representative of reasonable behavior - change of position over time, strengthening of the conservatism of the position. Sophocles.

16. The motives of social utopia in the "Odyssey"; Homer.

The realm of the fabulous and the miraculous. In book 5, the gods send hermes to the calypso (an island that resembles the Greek ideas about death.) The calypso reluctantly lets him go, Odysseus goes by sea on a raft. Escaped, thanks to the miraculous intervention of the goddess Leucothea, from the storm raised by Poseidon, Odysseus swims to the shore of Fr. The scherias, where happy people live - feacs, navigators, possessing fabulous ships, fast, "; like light wings or thoughts"; who do not need a rudder and understand the thoughts of their shipbuilders. The meeting of Odysseus on the shore with Nausicaa, the daughter of the Phaeacian king Alminoy, who came to the sea to wash clothes and play ball with the maids, is the content of the 6th book, rich in idyllic moments. Alkina, with his wife Areta, receives the wanderer in a luxurious palace (Book 7) and arranges games and a feast in his honor, where the blind singer Demodok sings about the exploits of Odysseus and thus brings tears to the eyes of the guest (Book 8). The picture of the happy life of the Feacs is very interesting. There is reason to believe that, according to the original meaning of the myth, the Faeaki are shipbuilders of death, carriers to the kingdom of the dead, but this mythological meaning is in "; Odyssey"; has already been forgotten, and the shipbuilders of death have been replaced by the fabulous "; the fun-loving"; a people of seafarers leading a peaceful and luxurious lifestyle, in which, along with the features of the life of the trading cities of Ionia in the 8th-7th centuries, one can also see the memories of the era of the power of Crete.

Theacias, richly gifting Odysseus, take him to Ithaca, and an angry Posidon turns their ship into a cliff for this. From now on, the Faeacs will no longer carry pilgrims across the seas on their fast-moving ships. ships. The kingdom of the fairy tale ends.

17. Homer's question and its current state. Aristotle on Homer.

Who is Homer? 7 cities of birth. , time of birth - 12 - 7 centuries BC Homer \u003d blind man. sacraments, extramarital. birth from God, personal acquaintance with \u003d mythical. characters, wandering around the cities where he was kind of born,

THE OBSERVERS - xenophanes from the colophon from the point of view. religion and morality. it is bad that the gods with numerous weaknesses and vices, Zoilus of Amphiopolis "Scourge against Homer"

VENDORS - Anaxagoras

SCIENTIFIC CRITICISM - Aristarchus of Samothrace noted dubious verses, repeat. Fig. in young., Odysse in old age.

Aristotle "Poetics" aesthetically approached Homer and analyzed the artist's methods. He wrote: “Homer deserves praise in many other respects, but especially because he is the only poet who knows perfectly well what to do” (Poetics, Chapter 24).

In the Ethics of Nikomanova, Aristotle asserts that Homer in his poems reproduced the ancient social and political life and, therefore, what was characteristic of him related to human life as a whole.

D \\ Obanyak - Homer - fiction, blind singers, performed by songs. but in the courtyard of the 17th century, he was not accepted, not interested in the problem. oral TV-va.

F, F, Rousseau idealization. primary comp. man, interest in folk poetry, Angl + Germ - interest nat. heritage of the past + 1788 crown. manuscript Ill.  revision of Homer. Question

WOLF 1795 "FOREWORD TO HOMER" Iliad is a collection of various songs and compositions. in time. times by various poets, arguments - later development. letter. among the Greeks of the 7-6 centuries. BC. , contradictions in poems. 2 camps - Wolfians (analysts)and

theory of small songs. Wolfians. splitting the homer into a certain number of songs that are not related to each other. karl Lachman.considered an illiad composed of 16 samost. songs 23 and 24 songs not owned ill., 18-22 combined into one, 1-7 divided into 15 songs. the inconsistencies were revealed in the 13th song of the Iliad (658) the hero Pilemen appears, and earlier (in the 5th song, 578) it was told about his death, twice mentioned when describing the same battle at its different moments, the approach of noon (11 songs, 84 and 16 canto, 776), in the "Odyssey" Telemachus in canto 4, 584-599 tells Menelaus that he is in a hurry to return to his awaiting comrades, and meanwhile he is staying with him for 26 days (canto 15); considered some parts of the poems to be small independent epics: 5 cantos - "The feat of Diomedes", 16 and 17 songs - "The exploits of Patroclus", 18-22 songs - "The exploits of Achilles", 10 songs - "Dologia" ("Night exploration").

A. Kehlialso divided the Iliad into 16 songs (he threw out 9 and 10 songs as alien).

unitarians. (\u003d unity Hegel, Nitsch, Scott) Nitsch - writing is older in the 7th century. she already benefits, than Wolf said, finds the letters of the inscriptions, refuted Wolf, said that writing was not needed, for example, the poet of the 13th century. Wolfram von Eschenbach was illiterate when he wrote a poem of about 24,000 verses, the Hellenes in preliterate times could memorize a lot of information, gave examples of others, where one author, but there are contradictions - Feist Goethe, Vergili Aeneid + War and Peace, Anna Karenina, dead soul. Nich admitted that Homer used folk song material,

theory of origin. kernels.Godfried Hermann and George Grothpostulates - unity, harmonious style, various deviations from the plan, before the poems, songs of a small volume, from small songs, large poems. hermann At first, small poems of the prailliad and great Odys were created, then gradually expanded. The main theme is Odis - return. hero to his homeland, Iliad - the wrath of Achilles. grottothe main illiad is a song about Achilles. The History of Greece wrote about this. Achilleis included 1 - where described. the quarrel of kings and the promise of Zeus, 8 defeat of the Greeks, 11-12 - the third and fourth. battles, including the death of Patroclus and Hector. all the rest are layers. conclusion -HOMER OR THE FIRST POET AND THE CREATOR OF THE FOUNDATION. GRAINS OR THE LAST POET, GENERALED EVERYTHING.

FROM THE TIME OF. COMPOSITION GOMEROVSKY QUESTION. unresolved today.

1. in the material of the illiad and odyssey of the layering of time, the Mycenaean era up to the 8-7 centuries... Homer had sources that the Greeks did not have - the continuity of oral TV-va. songs from the Mycenaean times were transmitted, supplemented ... + history of Greek legends, wanderings and transition from Europe. Greece in Maloz. coast, epic. TV-in of the Aeolian and Ionian - everything was deposited, in layers in the poems, their motley mixture.

2. undoubtedly e-you of unity, linking each. and poems in one. whole.unity in the construction of the plot, and in the delineation of actions. persons. ill. limited within the framework of Achilles' anger, that is, one episode is small, duration, within which the whole picture of the episode is reversed. the Odyssey also has a deployment method. the poem begins when you return. One is close, all sorts of stories begin.

3. both in the illiad and in the odyssey there are inconsistencies in the plot, sequences, remnants of earlier versions of plots are found, the fabulous materials have been reworked in order to soften the grossly judicial moments, but contradictions also remain.

4. a small song before a large poem, but this is not a theory of small songs. in the poem, epic TV-in rises to a higher level, cannot arise from the mechanics of fusion.

5. the discrepancy between the evil conception and the material collected in the poems allows for explanation.

18. Homeric poems as a model of the epic. Hexameter.

an epic is a great epic. a poem based on folk songs. TV-va. Features of the epic style -1)events of the distant past, 2) mythical elements, 3) the participation of the gods, 4) calmness,! objectivity, the author does not reveal himself, does not talk about himself, 5) hyperbolization (heroes are bright, beautiful),

folk. song of few faces, pale character. Homeric poems unfold an extensive gallery of individual characters. “People are dissimilar,” the Odyssey says, “they love one thing and others another” (Book 14, p. 228), and Marx \u003d an illustration of the progressive significance of the early stages of the division of labor for the development of individual inclinations and talents. Homeric characters, despite the large number of figures drawn, do not repeat each other. Arrogant Agamemnon, straightforward and brave Ajax, somewhat indecisive Menelaus, ardent Diomedes, wise experience Nestor, cunning Odysseus, deeply and acutely feeling and shaded by the tragedy of his "shortness" Achilles, frivolous handsome Paris, staunch defender of his hometown and tender family man Hector and by adversity, good old man Priam, each of these heroes of the Iliad has its own well-defined appearance. The same variety is observed in the Odyssey, where even riotous "suitors" receive individualized characteristics. Individualization extends to female figures: the image of the wife is presented, in the Iliad, by Hecuba, Andromache and Helena, in the Odyssey by Penelope, Helena and Aretha - and all these images are completely different; however, with all the diversity of individual characters, the characters of the Greek epic do not oppose themselves to society, they remain within the framework of collective ethics. Military valor, which brings glory and wealth, fortitude and self-control, wisdom in advice and skill in speech, good manners in relations with people and respect for gods - all these ideals

6) Homer archaizes \u003d deep satire 7) hero 8)! retardation - love for what is described, every little thing is important, hence the delay, repetitions 9) constant formulas - natural phenomena / actions, 10) epithets, 11) comparisons, 12) chronological incompatibility.

as an era of destruction of the tribal system, the growth of wealth of individuals, preceding the emergence of the state. Against the background of these social relations, the main features of Homeric poetics are clarified.

hexameter ... different from Russian. (on the ordering of stressed and unstressed syllables, differing from each other in their strength,) the Greek verse system is based on the difference in the duration ("number") of syllables. The Greek word consists of syllables, which, according to the degree of their duration, are divided into short (denoted by the sign ) and long (- ). The orderly alternation of long and short syllables makes up Greek verse.

The hexameter ("six-dimensional") consists of six feet. The first syllable of each foot is long (-) and forms its rise; the lowering is formed by two short syllables () or one long (-). The foot can be dactylic (- ) or spondeic (- -); lowering the last foot of a verse is always monosyllabic, and in the penultimate one is usually two-syllable. Hexameter scheme: - , - , - , - , -  - -. The game of dactyls and spondeis - flexibility and richness of rhythmic variations. caesura, obligatory word section inside the third or fourth foot; so in the opening verse of the Iliad we we find the caesura after the first long syllable of the third foot, between thea and Peleiadeo. With the help of caesura, a delay in rhythmic movement is formed, dividing the verse into two parts, but creating the feeling that these parts are not independent, but belong to a single whole. One can feel the richness and variety of rhythm in an epic verse, of course, only with loud reading, but Homer's epic presupposes the performance of a rhapsody in front of an audience.

Homer's verse, like ancient versification in general, does not use rhyme.

Hector. The main rival of the great hero, so he himself must be great. Hector defends his homeland, the land. Charming image of a person. High level of responsibility. Actually, Hector is an opponent of the Trojan War. He wants to save his city. Supporter of a peaceful resolution of the conflict - offers to pay military costs, return Helen and treasures to the Greeks.

But hostile, evil forces amuse their pride and interfere with Hector. Every day, the hero fearlessly goes into battle. Priam is old, Paris is delicate. Hektonr fights Diomedes and Ajax.

Hector breaks the gates of the Greek camp with a stone, sets fire to the ships, enters into a fight with Patroclus.

Associated with a peaceful life. The joy of being is love for her son and Andromache. Perhaps the most lyrical scene in the Iliad is Hector's meeting with Andromache. Andromache from a neighboring tribe, all her relatives were killed by Achilles. He begs his spouse not to leave. But G cannot hide within the walls of Troy, for him the protection of the city is a duty, and it is a shame to hide. Hector's meeting with his son is a subtle psychological scene.

Good. Elena never heard an evil word from him, she appreciates him most of all.

But, unlike Achilles, Hector is an ordinary person. The body of Achilles cannot be hit by the hand of a mortal. In single combat, unequal forces collide, a demon and a person. A scene that amazes with the inner state of a person, because the liter was then still undeveloped to depict the inner world. Psychologism is expressed with the help of an act - Hector's heart is infected with fear. And only Zeus decides who will win, and Athena helps Achilles.

The cruelty of Achilles - Hector asks him to bury, give the body, and the "hero" mocks the corpse.

Homer claims in the image of Hector that all people are destined to suffer from violence.

The strong don't think about killing. There is great strength for any strength. The idea of \u200b\u200bretribution to the abusing force is the idea of \u200b\u200bthe whole group. Liters.

There is no place for justice and love on the battlefield.

Hector is opposed to Achilles.

Achilles is godlike and godlike. Troy cannot fall without his participation. The ideal of the warrior of the heroic epic. With one of his fierce looks, he drives the Trojans away from the body of patroclus and, in revenge, kills so many enemies that the water in the river turns into blood. Bloodthirsty, knows no mercy and kindness. In the same battle, 12 sons of Priam are killed. "He banished justice from thoughts." Kills many prisoners at the grave of Patroclus. Individualism and heightened self-esteem, resentment.

Only the death of a friend prompts Achilles to fight. Coldness and passion, sentimentality and bloodthirstiness - Achilles dreams only of personal glory and is ready to give his life for this.

Hero of Troy. If the name of Achilles opens the poem, the name of Hector ends it. "So they buried the horse-borne Hector's body."

The character of Hector is striking in his deep adherence to principles, for him the most important thing is to fight for his homeland and for his people. For all his religiosity, which Homer emphasizes in him more than once, he prefers military exploits. He is not afraid to admit his military mistakes and covers them with his heroism.

Burning with passion for military exploits, he, contrary to the advice of his elders, pushed his troops against Achilles and did not take them to Troy, although his own death and the death of many Trojans was obvious. Awareness of his duty, shame before his compatriots in the event of his betrayal, the habit of fighting in the forefront - these thoughts come to him even when parting with Andromache (he passionately loves her, but duty is above all for him).

Hector's heart trembles as the superbly armed Ajax appears. But he does not even have the thought of evading the battle or fighting in some dishonest way, without attacking openly and nobly. A wound in the neck and knees not only does not stop him, but also provokes even more. However, for all his heroism and for all his adherence to principles, Homer portrays Hector with all the psychological weaknesses, vacillations and uncertainties. Hector thinks that it costs nothing to capture the golden shield of Nestor and the colorful shell of Diomedes, made by Hephaestus himself. But, of course, nothing comes of it.

He is so confident in his victory over the Achaeans that he is ready to compare himself with Apollo and Pallas Athena, although he knows very well that it is not the Achaeans who must die, but Troy. It is strange that when he saw Achilles he suddenly began to run away so that he runs around three times (internal vibrations). Hector's tragedy is terrible. Having met with Achilles after the chase, he is not at all lost and courageously enters into a duel. However, he very quickly becomes convinced that Pallas Athena deceived him and that he was left alone by Defiob, in whose image the goddess appeared. However, even earlier, Homer announced: "Hector was bound by fate, and he remained alone there, near the Skei Gate, in front of the strong city wall." He, who always hoped so much in the gods, is now convinced of their treachery and treachery and utters words that are full of both courage and despair:

Woe is me! To death, as I see, the gods call me!

I believed that the hero Deiphobus was near me,

He is inside, behind the wall, and Athena deceived me!

An ominous death is now close before me, not far!

But if the fate of Hector is touching, then his end is filled with pity and compassion. A request directed to the brutal enemy that he, Hector, should not be given to the dogs to be eaten after death, but buried according to the customs of antiquity, and then Achilles' nine-day outrage over the corpse of Hector.

So, Homer has Hector: selflessly to his people, his leader, a fiery patriot and fearless soldier, a naive, indecisive and not always successful commander, an overly arrogant, boastful man, a gentle family man, a hero who knows his fateful destiny and nevertheless openly goes into battle , strong-willed and doomed, deceived by the gods, a pitiful and sorrowful victim of the enemy's atrocities and a man who has lost absolutely everything: his homeland, his family, and his own life.

In the first stage of his tragedy, when he is at odds with Agamemnon, he behaves rather passively. His action here is mainly "anger" against his offender (... Anger, goddess, sing Achilles ...). In the first line, it becomes clear what the story is about. The first 17 chapters A. did not participate in battles because of resentment, "anger".

The image of a strong, invulnerable (tell a legend) person, a hero. In Achilles, above all from the very beginning, there is a huge destructive force, bestial revenge, lust for blood and cruelty. (Tied the body of Hector to horses - cruelty. But, apparently, tradition). But, on the other hand, the whole point of this blood, this atrocity lies in friendship with Patroclus, because of which he starts all this carnage. The image of a beloved friend lives with animal fury and inhumanity. It is very typical for Achilles, for example, that after the appearance of the moat in a wild and fierce form and after the panic caused by his terrible cry from his enemies, he sheds "hot tears" over the corpse of his faithful comrade. In addition, Homer's Achilles is generally characterized by soft and gentle features, which should not be forgotten when characterizing him. He is pious and often turns to the gods (libation and prayer to Zeus for Patroclus entering the battle), he is restrained, for example, when he deals with the messengers of Agamemnon, considering them completely innocent, he is struck by the fire that began on Greek ships, he is loving a son who often turns to his mother and cries about her, as, for example, after an insult received from Agamemnon or after the notification of the death of Patroclus. This antithesis is the most characteristic feature of Achilles. On the one hand, he is angry, hot-tempered, rancorous, merciless in war, this is a beast, not a man, so Patroclus is quite right in telling him

You are cruel in your heart. Your father was not Peleus the horse fighter,

Mother is not Thetis a goddess. You were born by the sparkling sea.

Hard rock, - from them you have a cruel heart.

However, this is how he reacts to the death of his friend:

A black cloud of sorrow covered Peleev's son.

With both hands in a handful, taking smoky ash,

He sprinkled them on his head, his beautiful appearance disgraceful.

He stained all his fragrant tunic with black ash,

Himself, -large, stretched out on a large space, -he lay

In the gray dust and tormented his hair, disgracing them.

This antithesis of a stern fighter and a gentle heart is the main thing that we find in Achilles.

In the experience of Achilles, the dictates of fate and his own raging of life coincide. He knows that he will not return from Troy, and nevertheless, he undertakes a difficult and dangerous journey. Before a decisive battle, the horses predict his imminent death, appointed by fate, but this does not stop him at all:

What are you, Xanthus, prophesying death for me? Not your concern!

I myself know well that fate is destined for me to die

Here, far from my father and mother. But I will not quit

From the battle, until the Trojans eat their fill of war!

Achilles has secret knowledge, a secret vision of his destiny.

In the poem The Iliad, both the Greeks and Achilles are inferior in honesty to Hector. Hector, the son of Priam, acquires the most humane, pleasant features in Homer. Hector, unlike Achilles, is a hero who knows what social responsibility is, he does not put his personal feelings above others. Achilles, on the other hand, is the personification of individualism (he brings his personal quarrel with Agamemnon to cosmic proportions). In Hector there is no bloodthirstiness of Achilles, he is generally an opponent of the Trojan War, sees in it a terrible calamity, understands all the horror, the entire dark, disgusting side of the war. It is he who proposes to fight not with the military, but to put up representatives (Paris-tr., Menelaus-Greeks). But the gods do not allow him to do this. Paris, thanks to Aphrodite, escapes from the battlefield.

Hector, unlike Achilles and other heroes, is shown from a completely different perspective, in a peaceful life. The scene of his farewell to Andromache (wife) is one of the most subtle psychological scenes in the poem. She asks him not to participate in the battle, because there Achilles, who destroyed Thebes and all her family. Hector loves his loved ones very much and understands that Andromache will be completely alone without him, but the duty of the defender of the Fatherland is above all for him. * Sob sob * Shame will not allow him to hide behind the wall.

So, both Hector and Achilles are famous warriors. However, if Achilles puts his personal feelings, personal gain above all else, then Hector sacrifices himself for the sake of the Fatherland, abandoning a peaceful family life in the name of his state. * Sob sob *

Hector is accompanied by the gods (Apollo, Artemis), but his difference from Achilles is endless. Achilles is the son of the goddess Thetis, he is not subject to human weapons (except for the heel). Achilles, in fact, is not a man, but a half-demon. Getting ready for battle, Achilles wears the armor of Hephaestus. Hector, on the other hand, is a simple person who is facing a terrible test, he understands that only he can accept the challenge of A. It is not surprising that when he sees Achilles, he is seized with horror, and he runs (three times the heroes run around Troy hyperbole). The moira goddesses decide the fate of the heroes by placing their lot on the scales. Athena helps Achilles. Dying, Hector asks for only one thing - to transfer his body to his relatives, so that they perform the funeral rite (very important for the Greeks). However, Achilles avenges his friend's death and says that he will throw Hector's body to be devoured by dogs and thieves.

The images of these two characters are very different. If the name of Achilles opens the poem, the name of Hector ends it. "So they buried the horse-borne Hector's body." Hector contains everything human (both strengths and weaknesses (he is horrified by Achilles, runs) Achilles is almost a half-demon.

Short version

Achilles is the personification of individualism, living beginning, half-demon, the ideal of the Greek warrior. Hector of properties. He is all human. He is honest, an opponent of war, he proposes to fight not with the military, but the representative. (Paris, Menelaus) G. is shown in a peaceful life: farewell to Andromache - subtle psychological scene of the poem. Patriot: Shame won't let him hide behind the walls. When he sees Ah. Used horror, runs away. They run around Troy three times, G. resigns himself to fear. The lot decides the death of G. He asks Akh. To give up the body of his relatives, but Akh. Refuses, because he avenges Patroclus.

Super Brief

Hector is a normal person, and Achilles is a cruel half-demon, selfish, loving himself. For Hector, the duty of the Fatherland is above all

^ 11. Cunning Odysseus - the bearer of worldly wisdom. V.G.Belinsky about the Odyssey.

VG Belinsky wrote: “Odysseus is the apotheosis of human wisdom; but what is his wisdom? In cunning, often crude and flat, in what in our prosaic language is called "cheating." And meanwhile, in the eyes of the infant people, this cunning could not but seem to be the extreme degree of possible wisdom. " (Mwhahahaha! I still found that he wrote about Odyssey)

The constant epithet of Odysseus in the Odyssey is "long-suffering", "clever". Odysseus is very different from other heroes (including the heroes of the Iliad). The image of Odysseus depicts the highest degree of practical sharpness and cunning. He does not trust the gods, perfectly aware of their cunning and cunning disposition. Once in another shipwreck, Odysseus accepts the gift of the nymph Leucothea (cloak), but does not let go of the log, because understands that you cannot count on the gods (they say, hope for God, but don't make a mistake yourself)

The image of Odysseus is saturated with patriotism, love for the homeland. He dreams of returning to Ithaca, to his wife Penelope, the son of Telemachus. The practical and business inclination of his nature acquires its real significance only in connection with his selfless love for his home and his waiting wife, as well as his constantly difficult fate, which makes him constantly suffer and shed tears far from their homeland. Athena speaks to Zeus about his constant suffering at the advice of the gods and asks him to return Odysseus home. Poseidon is constantly angry with him. His nanny wonders why the gods are constantly indignant at him with his constant piety and obedience to the will of the gods. His grandfather named him precisely as "a man of divine wrath."

Unsurprisingly, he often resorts to cunning. Either he gets out of the cave under the belly of a ram, grabbing at its fur, and thereby deceives the vigilance of the blind Polyphemus, then he dries the cyclops and the cannibal and gouges out his only eye. Now he dashes past the sirens, where no one has ever passed safe and sound, then he sneaks into his own palace and takes possession of it. He himself speaks of his subtle cunning, and Polyphemus guessed that it was not power that killed him, but the cunning of Odysseus.

Odysseus is very careful, in fact he does not trust anyone, he is cunning and prudent. He manifests himself in different areas of life. He is a carpenter, a plowman, and a navigator. It unites almost all the knowledge of its era. Odyssey also has features that make him related to other heroes. He is a fighter, extremely cruel (kills all suitors), communication with the gods (Athena, Hermes) is inherent in him. Nevertheless, his cunning, intelligence and foresight distinguish him from everyone else.

Short version

VG Belinsky wrote: “Odysseus is the apotheosis of human wisdom; but what is his wisdom? In cunning, often crude and flat, in what in our prosaic language is called "swindle". And meanwhile, in the eyes of the infant people, this cunning could not but seem to be the extreme degree of possible wisdom. "

Odd "long-suffering", "smart". Cunning. Resourceful. Doesn't trust gods (accepts Leucotea's cloak, but doesn't throw the log) Patriot. Despite all the troubles, he strives for his wife and son, Ithaca. Poseidon is angry with him because he blinded his son, Polyphemus. Combines all the knowledge of the era, carpenter, navigator, warrior. However, cruel (murder of suitors), communicates with the gods (Athena)

Super Brief

Odysseus is very cunning, does not trust the gods and always comes out of various situations that the gods adjust to him. And Belinsky said that he was cheating.

Homer asks Muse to tell him about Odysseus's wanderings. At the meeting of the gods on Olympus, Zeus recalls the madness of Aegisthus, who ignored warnings from above, seduced Agamemnon's wife, Clytemnestra, and plotted the murder of the latter. He is later killed by Agamemnon's son, Orestes.

The goddess Athena convinces Zeus that Odysseus must return home, despite the wrath of Poseidon, the god of the sea, who was angry with Odysseus, because he blinded his son, Cyclops Polyphemus. Athena goes to Ithaca to give advice to Odysseus' son Telemachus. She demands that he visit the Greek kings, Nestor and Menelaus, in search of news of Odysseus. The next day Telemachus calls a meeting and threatens to expel his mother, Penelope, from the house of the suitors.

BOOK 2 Telemachus complains to the congregation about the behavior of the suitors and asks the latter to return to their home. The two main suitors, Antinous and Eurymachus, accuse Penelope of not choosing her husband. Antinous tells how Penelope deceived and postponed her decision, weaving clothes for Laertes, Odysseus's father, during the day and unweaving what was done at night. With the help of Athena, Telemachus finds a ship and sails to Pylos, the city of Nestor, one of the participants in the Trojan War.

BOOK 3 In Pylos, Telemachus is met by King Nestor, who talks about how the Greeks left Troy, about the murder of Agamemnon and about Menelaus' return home. At the request of Telemachus, Nestor, in great detail, tells the story of Aegisthus and Clytemnestra, their conspiracy against Agamemnon and the vengeance of Orestes. Nestor sends his son, Pisistratus, to accompany Telemachus to Sparta, to the king Menelaus.

BOOK 4 Telemachus and Pisistratus arrive in Sparta. King Menelaus celebrates the weddings of his children, Hermione and Megapenth. Menelaus welcomes the newcomers; Elena joins them. They recall the exploits of Odysseus in Troy. Menelaus tells about his meeting with the sea elder Proteus, who told him about the death of Ajax at sea, about the murder of Menelaus's brother, Agamemnon, and about the capture of Odysseus on Ogygia, the island of the nymph Calypso. At the same time, the suitors on Ithaca learn about Telemachus's departure and plot to kill him.

BOOK 5 At the request of Athena, Zeus sends a messenger, Hermes, to the nymph Calypso with a demand to let Odysseus go home. Odysseus builds a raft and sails to Scheria, the land of the Faecians. Poseidon, still angry with Odysseus, breaks his raft, but with the help of Athena and the sea nymph Ino, Odysseus makes it to shore.

BOOK 6 The next morning, Nausicaa, daughter of the king of the Faecias, goes to the seashore to wash her clothes, as Athena ordered her. Odysseus appears, frightening Nausicaa and her maids. Because he asks for help, Nausicaä gives him clothes and explains how best to appear at the house of her father, Alcinoe.

BOOK 7 Arrival of Odysseus at the palace of Alcinoe. He is given a place at the feast. Alkinoy promises that he will help Odysseus return to his homeland. Without revealing his name, Odysseus talks about his stay with Calypso and his journey to Scheria. Alkinoy asks Odysseus to stay and offers him his daughter Nausicaa as his wife. However, if Odysseus wants to return home, the phaeacs will help him.

BOOK 8 At a feast at the Feacs, the singer Demodok sings about Three; athletic competitions are held. Alcinoe's son, Laodamas, asks Odysseus to take part in the competition. Odysseus shows his skill in discus throwing. Demodok sings about the love of Ares, the god of war, and Aphrodite, the goddess of love, and how Hephaestus, the husband of Aphrodite, caught them and put them on display to all the gods. The Phaeacs give Odysseus rich gifts. At the request of the latter, Demodok sings about the Trojan Horse. Odysseus is moved to tears; he is asked to reveal who he is and why he cries when told about Troy.

BOOK 9 Odysseus gives his name and begins the story of his travels. He describes the departure from Troy, beginning with the attack on the Kikons, during which many of his people died in madness. Then Odysseus talks about a visit to the island of lotophages; after tasting their food, many of Odysseus's people forgot about home. Odysseus also tells about adventures in the land of the Cyclops: they were taken prisoner by Polyphemus; he ate several warriors; those who remained intoxicated him, blinded him and fled from the cave. After Odysseus boasted of success, Polyphemus called on Poseidon, his father, to avenge him, which caused Poseidon's anger at Odysseus.

BOOK 10 Odysseus tells how he and his people got to the island of Aeolus, the king who was given power over the winds by the gods. Aeolus gives Odysseus a bag containing the winds, which should help Odysseus return home. Odysseus's men, however, thought that the bag contained treasure. Already off the coast of Ithaca, Odysseus's people, while he was sleeping, opened the bag. As a result, they were washed up again on the shores of the island of Aeola, but the latter refused to help them a second time. Sailing further, the travelers reached the land of the Laestrigones. These giants attacked them and destroyed all but one of Odysseus' ships. Then Odysseus landed on the island of the sorceress Kirka, who turned his people into pigs. With the help of Hermes, Odysseus escaped the same fate and forced Kirk to remove the spell from his people. Odysseus and his men stayed with Kirk for a whole year. Before their departure, Kirka told Odysseus that he should visit the realm of the dead and consult with the soothsayer Tiresias.

BOOK 11 In the realm of the dead, Tiresias warns Odysseus not to touch the flock of Helios, the sun god. Odysseus also met his mother, Anticlea. Here Odysseus is interrupted: he is praised by the queen of the Faecians Aretha. Alkinoy asks Odysseus to continue and talk about the meeting with the shadows of the Greek heroes. Odysseus recounts a meeting with Agamemnon and Achilles and with other heroes.

BOOK 12 Odysseus tells how he and his people returned to the island of Kirki. Travelers sail past the sirens and Odysseus, tied to the mast, heard their songs. Then they passed by the whirlpool of Charybdis and the monster Scylla, which ate six of Odysseus's people. At the request of Eurylochus, one of Odysseus's comrades, they landed on Trinakia, the island of the sun god Helios. The storms held them here for a month and, despite Odysseus's warning, his men killed the god's flocks while Odysseus slept. Zeus punished them with a storm at sea, during which only Odysseus was saved. He reached the island of Calypso and, on this, Odysseus ends the story.

BOOK 13 Theaki escort Odysseus to Ithaca and leave him asleep on the island. On the way back, Poseidon turns their ship to stone. Athena advises Odysseus on how to defeat the suitors and turns him into an old man.

BOOK 14 Odysseus goes to the house of his old servant Evmeus, who welcomes him well. Odysseus tells him a fictional story about his life: he, a Cretan warrior, fought in Troy; then he visited Egypt, Phoenician and other countries. BOOK 15 At the request of Athena Telemachus leaves the palace of Menelaus in Sparta. On Ithaca, Eumeus answers Odysseus's questions; he tells how he was kidnapped by a Phoenician servant, how he was ransomed by Laertes. At this time, Telemachus avoids the ambush of the suitors and safely lands on Ithaca.

BOOK 16 Telemachus visits Eumeus and sends him to inform Penelope of his arrival. Odysseus opens to Telemachus and they make a plan of revenge on the suitors. Penelope and the suitors learn that Telemachus has returned. The bridegrooms are advised whether they should kill Telemachus. Penelope chides them for this.

BOOK 17 Telemachus returns home and tells Penelope about his journey. Odysseus, disguised as a beggar, goes to the palace, accompanied by Evmeus. When they approach the house, Argos, Odysseus's old dog, recognizes him and dies. Odysseus begs the suitors and tells them a fictional story about his adventures. Antinous, the main groom, insults Odysseus and throws a stool at him. Eumey tells Penelope about the "alien".

BOOK 18 Penelope complains about the behavior of the suitors. The feast turns into a fight after Odysseus angers Eurymachus, one of the suitors.

BOOK 19 Odysseus and Telemachus remove weapons and armor from the hall. Penelope asks Odysseus questions. He tells her a fictional story. Eureklea's nanny washes Odysseus' feet and recognizes him by his scar. She almost betrays Odysseus. Penelope invites the suitors to compete with Odysseus's bow. She will marry the winner.

BOOK 20 The next day, the suitors gather at Odysseus's house. Odysseus meets Philoetius, his faithful shepherd, and predicts his own return. The grooms decide not to kill Telemachus.

BOOK 21 Penelope announces a contest, but no one can draw the bowstring. Odysseus opens to two faithful servants: Eumeus and Philoetius. Despite the protests of the suitors, Odysseus is given a bow. He pulls it on and fires an arrow through a row of axes.

BOOK 22 Odysseus kills Antinous and opens up. The battle begins and, with the help of Athena, all the suitors are killed. Unfaithful maids are severely punished.

BOOK 23 Eureklea informs Penelope that Odysseus has returned and defeated the suitors. Penelope doesn't believe and checks Odysseus. She recognizes him because he answers all the questions correctly. Joyful meeting.

BOOK 24 The shadows of suitors descend into the realm of the dead and tell the heroes about their fate. Odysseus meets his father, Laertes. The relatives of the murdered suitors decide to take revenge. After one of them is killed, Athena intervenes and brings peace.