The Novosibirsk Higher Military-Political Combined Arms School (NVVPOU) was created in 1967 and located in the Novosibirsk Academic Town, on the basis of the physics and mathematics boarding school of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The first intake of cadets was held on the basis of the Omsk Higher Educational Institution named after. M.V. Frunze.
According to the order of the USSR Minister of Defense dated December 16, 1968, June 1 was declared College Day.
A bright page in the history of the school in the 1980s. At this time it became one of the largest military educational institutions in the country. Our graduates have proven themselves in the army as well-trained officers, capable of leading military units in peacetime and combat situations, and skillfully and effectively carrying out educational work. True patriots, courageously performing their duty, they heroically showed themselves in great deeds. Many of them participated in the liquidation of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, others were baptized by fire in Afghanistan.
Among the first Afghan officers who became posthumous Heroes of the Soviet Union are our graduates: senior lieutenant Shornikov N.A. and Lieutenant Demakov A.I. In March 1981, by order of the USSR Ministry of Defense, senior lieutenant Shornikov N.A. forever included in the list of school personnel. Three years later, in May 1984, by order of the USSR Ministry of Defense, the deputy commander of a motorized rifle company for political affairs, Hero of the Soviet Union, Lieutenant A.I. Demakov. enlisted forever on the lists of the 13th company of cadets of the NVVPOU. A street in Akademgorodok was named after him, a bust of the Hero and a memorial plaque were installed.
A new stage in the life of the school began in the 1990s. In connection with the abolition of political bodies, the NVVPOU was reformed in May 1992 into the Novosibirsk Higher Combined Arms Command School (NVOCU).
Currently, 25 graduates, 17 of them posthumously, have been awarded the high title of Hero.
In 2009, in accordance with the Order of the Government of the Russian Federation, the school was reorganized and became a branch of the All-Union Military Educational Center of the Military Forces "Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation."
On October 1, 2009, professional retraining courses for reserve officers were opened at the school. In 2011, the courses were transformed into the faculty of professional retraining and advanced training. During the existence of the courses and the faculty, more than 800 military personnel retiring into the reserve underwent professional retraining within the walls of the school. The faculty also implements advanced training programs for military officers before appointment to a higher position.
Since 2011, the university has been accepting cadets-future professional sergeants for training in the secondary vocational education program in the specialty “Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles.”
The school also trains junior specialists for the troops.
Each graduate receives a driver’s license for the right to drive a category “C” car and a driver’s mechanic’s license.
In 2015, the university again received independent status and again became known as the Novosibirsk Higher Military Command School.
The school operates in the following educational programs:
Higher professional education:
At NVVKU they study in two specialties: “Use of military reconnaissance units” “Use of motorized rifle units”
What specialty after graduating from NVVKU:
Personnel management (Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and equivalent bodies of the Russian Federation)
This specialty is relevant only for law enforcement agencies and differs from the civilian specialty “Human Resources Management”.
The cadets have the skills to maintain combat readiness and manage units. Organization of comprehensive support for the activities of departments. They learn to manage a unit in battle, shoot all types of small arms and drive military equipment.
Reconnaissance cadets undergo airborne training, mountain training, parachute jumps, and master the techniques of silent combat on land and under water.
Each graduate has the skills to survive and perform a combat mission in any climatic conditions.
Duration of training
Duration of training is 4 years.
What will graduates be like after graduating from NVVKU?
After graduating from NVVKU, graduates are awarded the military rank of “Lieutenant” and they begin service in the army in the positions of “Reconnaissance Platoon Commander”, “Motorized Rifle Platoon Commander”, respectively.
Graduates are distributed throughout Russia.
Admission Requirements
Male citizens of the Russian Federation with secondary education (graduated from 11th grade of school, technical school, vocational lyceum (if it provides secondary education), cadet corps, etc.) can enter NVVKU, admission is possible after the 2nd and 3rd year of a technical school (college) if during this time the candidate has received secondary education and can confirm it with a document.
Citizens with higher education do not have the right to enter a military school (Article 5, Clause 3 of the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation”).
Age of applicants:
from 16 to 22 years of age did not serve in the RF Armed Forces or other law enforcement agencies;
under 24 years of age discharged from the RF Armed Forces or other law enforcement agencies;
under 27 years of age serving under a contract in the RF Armed Forces or other law enforcement agencies.
Entrance exams
Russian language, Social studies, Mathematics (major level) – Unified State Exam results.
Graduates of technical schools, colleges, professional lyceums who graduated from these institutions in the year of admission to the school, candidates from the region have the right to take the above exams not in the form of the Unified State Exam. Crimea and Sevastopol.
Passing score
Based on the results of admission to NVVKU in 2017 for the specialty “Use of Military Intelligence Units”, the last enrollee had 246 points (Russian language -69, mathematics – 45, social studies – 56, physical education – 76), the last enrollee for the specialty “Use of Motorized Rifle Units” had 278 points (Russian language -69, mathematics - 56, social studies - 53, physical education - 100).
The competition in 2017 was 4 people per place for all specialties.
The average Unified State Exam score in general education subjects is 55 points per subject.
Features of passing physical training
At NVVKU, physical training is taken in the following types: pull-ups on the horizontal bar, 100 m run, 3000 m run (around the stadium). All three types are taken immediately from the beginning - pull-ups, then 100 meters, and after 3 km. The results are converted into a 100-point system and summed up to the Unified State Examination results in subjects.
Approximate standards: pull-ups at least 15 times (70 points), 100 meters in about 13.2 seconds (70 points), 3 km in about 11.18 minutes. (70 points) The total is 210 points, which is converted to a 100-point scale according to the additional table, it will be exactly 100 points. You can do more pull-ups and run faster.
Medical commission
Upon admission, all candidates undergo a final medical examination. The requirements for applicants to the specialty “Use of Military Intelligence Units” are more stringent, since candidates must be fit for airborne training and diving training (height no less than 170 cm, weight no more than 90 kg, etc.) there are a lot of requirements and fitness category “A” at the military commissariat does not guarantee successful completion of the medical examination at the school.
Mandatory documents for a medical examination: a medical examination card (issued at the military registration and enlistment office or military unit), an outpatient child development card (for those who have not served or have served in the RF Armed Forces), a medical record from the moment of conscription (for military personnel).
Features of passing professional psychological selection
Candidates complete several specific psychological tests. Testing proceeds at an intense pace, strictly according to time standards, lasts about 3 hours and is carried out in the first half of the day.
At the end of testing, each candidate is interviewed by specialists from the professional selection group. The interview takes place in the afternoon after testing.
How to prepare documents
All documents for civilian candidates are processed through the military commissariat at the place of residence. To do this, you need to come to the military registration and enlistment office and report that you want to enroll in the NVVKU. There you will write an application and receive instructions on what documents to submit. There you will undergo a medical examination. All your documents will be registered in the candidate’s personal file and sent in the prescribed manner to the school.
List of required documents:
|
Military personnel |
command report |
application to the district military registration and enlistment office |
Persons who have and have not undergone military service |
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— autobiography; — a copy of the birth certificate; - copy of passport - a copy of the document on secondary education (for students - a certificate of current academic performance, indicating the foreign language being studied); — characteristics from the place of study (work); - three photographs (without headdress, size 4.5x6); — certificates from the district department of internal affairs; — card of professional psychological selection; — medical examination card; — outpatient child development chart. |
Accounting for individual achievements
Upon admission, NVVKU awards points for the following individual achievements (but not more than 10 points in total for individual achievements):
a) the status of champion and medalist of the Olympic Games, world champion, European champion, winner of the world championship, European championship in sports included in the programs of the Olympic Games, the presence of a silver and (or) gold badge received for the results of passing the standards of the physical education complex “Ready” to labor and defense” - when enrolling in specialties and areas of training not related to specialties and areas of training in the field of physical culture and sports - 5 points;
b) a certificate of secondary general education with honors – 5 points;
c) carrying out volunteer (volunteer) activities (if no more than four years have passed from the date of completion of the period of implementation of the specified activity to the date of completion of acceptance of documents and entrance examinations) – 5 points;
d) participation and (or) results of participation of applicants in olympiads (not used to obtain special rights and (or) advantages upon admission to study for a specific set of admission conditions) and other intellectual and (or) creative competitions, physical education events and sports events, carried out in order to identify and support individuals who have demonstrated outstanding abilities - 5 points;
e) the grade assigned by the higher education organization for the final essay in the final classes of organizations implementing educational programs of secondary general education (in the case of applicants submitting the specified essay) - 10 points.
Home > AbstractNOVOSIBIRSK HIGHER MILITARY CENTER
COMMAND SCHOOL (MILITARY SCHOOL)
Benefit
candidate entering
to the Novosibirsk Higher Military
command school (military school)
Ministry of Defense
Russian Federation
(according to the profile of training of deputies
company commanders for educational work)
Novosibirsk – 2007
The main purpose of this manual is to provide assistance to applicants who have decided to become cadets at the Novosibirsk Military School. The manual takes into account the experience of selecting candidates from previous years. The manual was compiled and prepared for printing under the general editorship of Major General V.P. Egorkin.| Introduction | ||
| Historical information about NVVKU | ||
| Areas of training for cadets | ||
| Admission conditions | ||
| Typical entrance exam options | ||
| Features of passing a medical examination | ||
| Features of assessing the psychological qualities of candidates | ||
| Features of physical fitness testing | ||
| Conclusion |
Introduction
Historical information about NVVKU
Areas of training for NVVKU cadets:
| Officer training specialty | Civil specialty and qualifications | Duration of training |
| Deputy Commander educational company work(Organization of moral and psychological support for troops) | Pedagogy and psychology. Educational psychologist | |
| Special unit officerial intelligence(Use of special reconnaissance units) | Linguistics and intercultural communication. Linguist-translator |
|
| Commander reconnaissanceplatoon (Use of military intelligence units) | Operation and repair of multi-purpose wheeled and tracked vehiclesEngineer |
|
| Commander motorized rifle platoon (Use of motorized rifle divisions) | Personnel managementManager |
Requirements for specialists
psychological and pedagogical profile :
| Professionally important qualities | Purpose graduates |
Sociability. Honesty, friendliness, personal charm. The ability to influence people, to be persuasive in communicating with them, perseverance. Availability of necessary knowledge on pedagogy, psychology, socio-political and cultural-educational issues. Knowledge of methods of education and training. | Deputies commanders for educational psychologists military units and divisions. |
In order not to be mistaken in the correct choice of your future specialty, take a close look at your personality traits and answer the questions: “How developed are they in me?”, “Do I have a penchant for studying the humanities?”
4. Admission conditions:
The school accepts males: - citizens who have not completed military service, aged 16 to 22 years at the time of admission; - citizens who have served or are undergoing military service at the time of admission, including under a contract after the expiration of half the period specified in the first contract - under the age of 24 years.|
| Submit a report on command untilApril 1stadmissions (graduates of SVU and KK MO RF before May 15 of the year preceding the year of graduation) | Submit an application to the military registration and enlistment office of the district at the place of residence before April 20, and to the Faculty of Special Intelligence before April 1 of the year of admission | |||
| Documents prepared by the candidate : |
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| - autobiography; a copy of the document on secondary education; copy of passport;
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| By June 1st at age twentyYatiti day training camps to prepare for entrance exams | Termarrival | By July 1, and graduates of SVU and KK - by July 10 |
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Features of checking general education
preparation of candidates:
Written exams . All written work, both in finished and draft versions, is performed only on insert sheets. To write an essay, 4 astronomical hours are allotted from the moment you finish recording the names of all topics on the blackboard, without interruption. Interview is carried out with persons who have graduated from educational institutions of secondary (full) general or primary vocational education with medals (gold or silver) with state accreditation, as well as those who have graduated with honors from educational institutions of secondary vocational education. Candidates are interviewed in areas corresponding to the subjects included in the entrance exams. Applicants are not given time to prepare for the interview. The interview is conducted in the form of an oral survey. When conducting it, the survey in each area lasts, as a rule, 20 minutes, including the time for preparing answers to the examiners’ questions. A candidate is considered to have passed the interview if he has generally given clear, confident and correct answers in all areas.5. Typical options for entrance exams:
Specializing in training deputy company commanders for educational work
A). exam on Russian history
writing
At the entrance exams in Russian history, the applicant must:
show knowledge of basic historical facts, events, phenomena, processes, dates, names; outstanding cultural monuments;
reveal the meaning and significance of the most important historical concepts and ideas;
master the elements of historical analysis and explanation (disclosure of cause-and-effect relationships between historical phenomena and events; comparison, determination of the essence of events);
evaluate historical phenomena, justify your attitude to historical events and their participants;
substantiate personal attitude towards historical events, their participants, and cultural creations;
name and express judgments about controversial issues in Russian history.
Ancient and medieval Rus'
(V - turn of the XVI-XVII centuries)
Eastern Slavs. Proto-Slavs. The problem of origin. Isolation of the Eastern Slavs. Settlement, life, way of life, beliefs, main economic activities, tribal relations. Relations between the Eastern Slavs and their neighbors.Ancient Rus' (IX – first third of the 12th century)
Formation of the state in the 9th–10th centuries. Two centers of Slavic statehood are Kyiv and Novgorod. “The Tale of Bygone Years.” Norman theory, its supporters and opponents. Domestic and foreign policy of the Kyiv princes. Fight against nomads. Russian-Byzantine relations. Vladimir Svyatoslavovich. Baptism of Rus'. The meaning and consequences of Christianization. Formation of large land ownership. Feudal economy. Free and dependent population. Old Russian city. Craft development. Domestic and foreign trade. Yaroslav the Wise. Russian Truth is an ancient Russian code of laws. Vladimir Monomakh. Culture of Ancient Rus'. Oral folk art. Writing. Old Russian literature and its main genres. Architecture. Artistic craft. Life of various segments of the population.Rus' in the XII–XIV centuries.
Political fragmentation of Rus', its prerequisites. The largest political centers: Vladimir-Suzdal Rus', Veliky Novgorod, Galicia-Volyn land - geographical location, political structure, economic development, cities, culture and way of life. Consequences and features of the political fragmentation of Rus'. The struggle of Rus' against foreign invaders in the 13th century. Power of Genghis Khan. The invasion of Batu's hordes into Rus', the struggle of the people against the conquerors. Dependence of Rus' on Horde rule, its forms and consequences. Separation of the southwestern Russian lands. The problem of the influence of the Mongol-Tatar conquest on the fate of Rus'. The struggle of North-Western Rus' against Swedish and German aggression. The meaning of victory over the crusaders. Alexander Nevsky - military leader and statesman. Collecting Rus'. The situation of Russian lands at the turn of the XIII-XIV centuries. The struggle for political hegemony of North-Eastern Rus'. Rivalry between Tver and Moscow. Promotion of Moscow as a center for the unification of Russian lands. Moscow princes and their policies to strengthen the Moscow principality. The Battle of Kulikovo and its significance. Dmitry Donskoy. Sergius of Radonezh. The role of the church in the fight against the Horde. Growth of national self-awareness.Rus' in the 15th – early 17th centuries.
Moscow Rus' in the 15th century. The formation of a unified Russian state, its features. Ivan III. Overthrow of Horde rule. Creation of a centralized management apparatus: Boyar Duma. Orders. Localism. The land tenure system and the position of peasants. Changes in social structure. Service class. The beginning of the legal registration of serfdom. Code of Law of 1497. Formation of the Russian people. Formation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russian lands within it. Relations between Rus' and Lithuania. Revival of ties with Western Europe. Ivan IV. Reforms of the Chosen One are welcome. Elements of a class representative monarchy: Zemsky Sobors. Formation of an order management system. Oprichnina of Ivan the Terrible: causes, essence, methods, consequences. Assessment of the oprichnina by contemporaries and descendants. Foreign policy of Ivan the Terrible: tasks and main directions. Expansion of the territory of the state: the conquest of the Volga region and Western Siberia. Livonian War. Assessment by contemporaries and descendants of the personality and activities of Ivan IV. Church and state in the 15th–16th centuries.“Moscow is the third Rome.” Russian clergy. The emergence of heresy in Rus'. “Josephites” and “non-covetous people.” Culture and life of the XIV–XVI centuries. Literature and its genres. The beginning of book printing. Social thought. Architecture and painting. A. Rublev. Characteristic features of Russian life. Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. Troubles. Domestic and foreign policy of Boris Godunov. The uprising of I. Bolotnikov. Intervention, the patriotic upsurge of the people, their liberation struggle. Militia of K. Minin and D. Pozharsky. The Church in the fight against foreign invaders. Zemsky Sobor 1613 Establishment of the Romanov dynasty. Revival of the country after the Time of Troubles.Russia in modern times
Russia in the 17th century
New phenomena in the Russian economy. Growth of commodity-money relations. Development of small-scale production. The emergence of manufactures and wage labor. Cities and trade. Fairs. Trade with European countries. Political development of Russia in the 17th century. Increased centralization. Formation of absolutism. Termination of the activities of Zemsky Sobors. Abolition of localism. Cathedral Code of 1649 Registration of serfdom. Shelves of the “new order”. Autocracy and the Church. Cultural, religious and social roots of the split. Church schism. Patriarch Nikon and Archpriest Avvakum. The beginning of the formation of the Russian nation. “ Rebellious age." Popular movements and uprisings in cities. The uprising led by Stepan Razin: progress, demands of the rebels, significance. Russian foreign policy. Annexation of left-bank Ukraine and Kyiv to Russia. Relations with the Crimean Khanate, the Ottoman Empire. Development of Siberia and the Far East. The nature of Russian colonization. Culture and life. The growth of elements of secularism, rationalism, and humanism in culture. New features in education, literature, architecture, painting. The main achievements of culture and its largest representatives. Features of everyday life: conservatism, patriarchy, isolation.Russian Empire of the 18th century.
Transformative activity of Peter I. The establishment of absolutism, the creation of the Russian Empire. Government reforms: restructuring of central and local governments. Creation of a bureaucratic apparatus. Church reform. Military reform: creation of a new army and navy. Socio-economic transformations. The influence of the state on the economic life of the country. Development of manufactures and trade. Assigned and possessional peasants. Mercantilism and protectionism. Social policy and its consequences. Table of ranks. Foreign policy in the first quarter of the 18th century. Northern War: progress, results, significance. Prussian and Persian campaigns. Russia and Europe. The cost of reforms and their impact on the further development of the country. Assessments in historical science of the personality of Peter I and his transformations. Russia in the 30–50s. XVIII century Causes of instability of power. Palace coups. Expansion of the privileges of the nobility. War with Crimea, Turkey and Sweden. Russia's participation in the Seven Years' War. Enlightened absolutism. Stacked commission. Assessment by contemporaries and historians of the reign of Catherine II. Estates of Russian society. Distribution of privileges. Features of the socio-economic development of Russia in the second half of the 18th century. Entrepreneurship, commercial and industrial companies. Expansion of the labor market. Fortress manufactory. The first symptoms of the crisis of serfdom. The uprising led by E. Pugachev: progress, goals, participants, significance. Problems of peasant movements. Domestic policy of Catherine II in the 70–90s. The struggle of the autocracy against the influence of the French Revolution on Russian society. A.N. Radishchev. Strengthening serfdom. Letters granted to the nobility and cities. Regional reform. Russian foreign policy in the second half of the 18th century. Russian-Turkish wars: course, results, significance. Establishment of Russia in the Northern Black Sea region. Protectorate over Georgia. Russia's participation in the divisions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Right-bank Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and Courland (part of Latvia) within Russia. The Russian Empire and the French Revolution. Russia's participation in anti-French coalitions. Actions of the Russian armed forces in Italy and Switzerland. Russian military art: P.A. Rumyantsev, A.V. Suvorov, F.F. Ushakov. Domestic and foreign policy of Paul I. Culture and life of the 18th century. Features of cultural development. Socio-political thought. Russian enlighteners, differences in their views. Education, the formation of domestic science. Academy of Sciences and its activities. M.V. Lomonosov. Historical science. The main cultural achievements of the 18th century. and its largest representatives. Life and customs of the classes of the Russian Empire.Russia in the 19th century.
Russia in the first quarter of the 19th century.
Socio-economic and political development: territory, population, economy.
Political structure of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 19th century. Alexander I. Activities of M.M. Speransky. Attempts at reforms, their failure to be implemented. The peoples of Russia at the end of the 18th – beginning of the 19th centuries. Center and periphery. Baltic states, Poland, Finland, Bessarabia, Georgia as part of the Russian Empire. National policy of tsarism. International situation and foreign policy of Russia in the first quarter of the 19th century. Tilsit world. Wars with Turkey, Iran, Sweden. Patriotic War of 1812 Causes and course of the war. Borodino. M.I. Kutuzov. Leaving Moscow. Partisan movement. War and Russian society. Counter-offensive of the Russian army. The influence of war on the self-awareness of society. Foreign campaign 1813–1814 Generals, military leaders, heroes of battles and partisan movements. Historical memory of the people about the war of 1812. Russian foreign policy in 1814–1825. Russia is a world power. Decembrist movement. Strengthening the reaction in 1814–1825 Social movement. Historical roots of the Decembrist movement. The emergence and activities of secret societies. Programs of the Decembrists. The Decembrist uprising and its defeat. The place of the Decembrists in the social movement. Russia in the second quarter of the 19th century. Domestic policy of Nicholas I. Strengthening the Russian bureaucracy, the role of bureaucrats in society. State conservatism. Persecution of free thought. Censorship. Suppression of the liberation movement within the country and abroad. Socio-economic development. Attempts to economically and militaryly strengthen the country without significant modernization. Features of the industrial revolution. Development of the domestic market. Russian city - capitals and provinces. New phenomena in agriculture. Traditional communal values of the peasantry. The peasant question in social thought and government policy in the first half of the 19th century. Reform of P.D. Kiseleva. Peasant movement. Estates - peasants, landowners, merchants in the first half of the 19th century. Dynasties of Russian industrialists. Life, morals, customs of the city and village. Social movement. Dissatisfaction among social strata with the realities of Russian life. Spiritual values and new orientations in society. P.Ya. Chaadaev. Currents of social thought. Westerners and Slavophiles. The theory of “official nationality”. Ideas of communal socialism in Russia: V.G. Belinsky, A.I. Herzen, N.P. Ogarev. Petrashevtsy. Foreign policy. Russia's wars with Turkey and Persia. Eastern question. Crimean War: causes, course, results, significance. Sevastopol defense. P.S. Nakhimov, V.A. Kornilov. Russia, West, East and the Crimean War. The peoples of Russia in the first half of the 19th century. The situation of the peoples of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia at the beginning of the 19th century. Inclusion of the peoples of Transcaucasia into Russia. Shamil's movement. Caucasian War. National-colonial policy of tsarism and the peoples of Russia. The impact of colonization on the position of the annexed peoples. Russification policy and imperial consciousness in Russia. The attitude of the authorities towards the culture, value system, religion of the conquered peoples. The consequences of colonization for the fate of the country. National liberation movement in Belarus and Ukraine. Rebellion 1830–1831 in Poland. Culture in the first half of the 19th century. Historical conditions for the development of Russian culture and the culture of the peoples of Russia. Social thought. Development of literature and art. Directions and artistic styles. The connection between Russian culture and Western culture. New look of cities. Noble estates. Achievements of science and technology. Class character of education. Outstanding historians (N.M. Karamzin, S.M. Solovyov, T.N. Granovsky). Russian discoverers and travelers. The place of religion and the church in the spiritual life of the peoples of Russia. Dialogue of cultures of the peoples of Russia, their place in world culture. Results of the development of Russia by the end of the 50s. XIX century: Russia on the eve of change.Russia in the second half of the 19th century.
Abolition of serfdom. Reasons for the abolition of serfdom. Russian society and preparation for the Great Reform. Alexander II - “tsar-liberator”; his surroundings. A.A. Milyutin. Liberal reformism. The struggle between conservatives and liberals over reform. The essence of peasant reform. Peasant movement after the abolition of serfdom. Revolutionary-democratic movement on the eve and during the years of reform. Reforms of the 60–70s(judicial, zemstvo, military), their importance in the modernization of Russian society. The beginning of civil emancipation in Russia. Zemstvos and city councils. Social movement in Russia in the late 50s–70s. Social thought in Russia about the ways of development of the country in the 19th century. Liberal, conservative, radical movements, their representatives in the 60–70s. Formation of the ideology of left radicalism. A.I. Herzen, N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.A. Dobrolyubov. The role of socio-political magazines.Socio-economic development of Russia in the 60–90s. XIX century. Features of modernization. The main types of farms in the post-reform village. “Depletion” of noble nests. Completion of the industrial revolution. Development of the domestic market. The growth of cities. Development of communication routes. Diversity of the economy. The role of the state in the economy.
The social structure of Russia by the end of the 19th century. Changes in the position of classes, their privileges and obligations. De-peasantization. Formation of the proletariat. The development of the Russian and national bourgeoisie, its relationship with tsarism. Changes in the position and ideals of the nobility. Officials, officers, clergy, their place in the structure of society, in the life of the country. Commoners. Life, way of life, morals, customs, ideals of different layers of society. Urbanization and the new look of the city. Peoples of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century. Polish question. Uprising of 1863 in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus. The attitude of Russian society towards them. The peoples of Kazakhstan and Central Asia in the mid-19th century. Living conditions, social orders, customs, life, religion of the peoples of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Russia's conquest of Kazakhstan and Central Asia. Features of the economic and political situation of Kazakhstan and Central Asia within Russia. Peoples of Siberia and the Far East in the 19th century. Living conditions, customs, way of life of the peoples of Siberia and the Far East. Further development of Siberia by Russians. Founding of new cities. Relations with China. Colonial policy of tsarism. Stages of formation of the colonial empire. Subjects and “foreigners”. Three types of Russian outskirts. Interethnic relations in different regions. Management of subject peoples and territories: unification, bureaucratization, Russification. National movements. Contradictions in the development of the territories of the empire. Imperial consciousness in Russia. Russian foreign policy in the second half of the 19th century. The main directions of Russian foreign policy, its geopolitical interests. Russia in the system of international relations of the second half of the 19th century. Eastern crisis 1875–1876 and Russia. The Slavic question and the attitude of developed layers of Russian society towards it. Russo-Turkish War 1877–1878 (reasons, course, result of the war, its foreign policy results). The role of the Russian army in the liberation of the Balkan peoples from the Ottoman yoke. Anglo-Russian and Russian-German contradictions at the end of the 19th century. The rapprochement of Russia with France and the conclusion of a Franco-Russian alliance. Far Eastern policy of Russia. Strengthening the status of a great power.Russian society and social movement in Russia in the mid-70s–90s.
Revolutionary populism: its ideologists (M.A. Bakunin, P.L. Lavrov, P.N. Tkachev). Populist organizations, their tactics, activities and fate. Populist utopian socialism. Populists in the fight against autocracy (A. Zhelyabov, A. Mikhailov, S. Perovskaya, N. Kibalchich). Assassination of Alexander II. Traditions of moral nihilism in the revolutionary movement. S. Nechaev. The evolution of populism. Terror. Underground. Emigration. Counter-reforms. Strengthening the police-bureaucratic foundations of autocracy. Exacerbation of the national question. Preaching Russian identity. Conservatism and liberalism in the social movement. Universities and zemstvos are the basis of liberalism. Movement for zemstvos and the constitution. Liberal populism. The beginning of the formation of elements of civil society. Labor movement. Morozov strike of 1885. Workers' unions of the 70s. Marxist circles in Russia. Group “Liberation of Labor”. G.V. Plekhanov. Social democracy. V.I. Lenin. Russian culture in the second half of the 19th century. Development of the culture of the peoples of Russia in the post-reform era. Life in the city, estate, village. Social ideals and moral standards. Education. Schools. Universities as centers of education, culture, and free thought. Press and censorship. Development of natural sciences. Social thought. Historical science. Russia and the West in Russian social thought. The role of religion in the life of different strata and peoples. Main religions. Orthodoxy in the system of autocracy. The impact of Orthodoxy on the life of society. Main trends, styles, genres in literature and art in the 60s–90s, democratic and humanistic traditions. Figures of Russian culture. Patronage (P.M. Tretyakov, S.I. Mamontov). Social experience and spiritual heritage of Russian society of the 19th century. in world culture. The main milestones of the country's development in the 19th century. Russia in the context of world civilization, dialogue of cultures. The world and Russia by the end of the 19th century.Russia in the twentieth century.
Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century. (1900–1916)
Main directions and features of modernization. Socio-economic evolution of Russia. Industrialization, technological renewal, monopolization. The growth of factories, factories, transport, communications. Features of a mixed economy. Increasing role of the state in the economic sphere. Strengthening finances and banks. Russian entrepreneurs. Development of the domestic market. Foreign capital in Russia. Social structure of society. Main classes and estates. Middle layers. Communal way of rural life, archaic forms of farming. The need for deep agrarian reforms. Lifestyle, way of life and customs of different layers of society. Social contrasts and contradictions. Russian autocracy at the beginning of the twentieth century. Nicholas II. Bureaucratic system. Domestic policy. S.Yu. Witte, his reforms. Lack of representative institutions and legal parties. The Russo-Japanese War (reasons, course, results, consequences). Social life: traditions and innovations in Russian public consciousness. Russian intelligentsia. The Orthodox Church, other confessions and the state at the beginning of the twentieth century. Alternatives for the development of the country in the ideas of conservatives, liberals, and revolutionary radicals. Ideas of Marxism and revolutionary anarchism in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century. Political parties, their programs for the renewal of Russia, their leaders. Worker and peasant movement. Peasants' struggle for land. Zemstvo movement. National movements. The division of society and the polarization of political forces. The clash of reformist and radical positions. Russian social democracy and neo-populism (V. Chernov, M. Spiridonova). The emergence of Bolshevik and Menshevik factions in the RSDLP (G. Plekhanov, L. Martov, V. Lenin).Revolution 1905–1907 Periodization of the revolution, its stages, its participants. The beginning of the revolution. Political parties of Russia about tasks, character and tactics in the revolution.
Revolution and Russian society. Deepening the revolutionary process, including in it the peasantry, the middle urban strata, the army, and national regions. New forms of struggle. Radicalization of the masses. All-Russian October political strike of 1905. Councils of workers' deputies. Conquering political freedoms. All-Russian Peasant Union. The emergence of trade unions. Parties and new mass democratic organizations. Attempts at reform from above. Tsar's Manifesto October 17, 1905 Formation of the Cadets and Octobrist parties. A.I. Guchkov, P.N. Milyukov, P.V. Struve. Activities of the “Union of the Russian People”. Armed uprising in Moscow in December 1905. The evolution of the political system in Russia in 1905–1907. Activities of the State Duma. The agrarian question in the Duma. Tactics of the liberal opposition. Dissolution of the Duma on June 3, 1907. The meaning of the revolution.Russia in 1907–1916 and socio-economic life of the country.
Political reaction in the country. Activities of the Duma: parties, blocs, tactics. P.A. Stolypin. Agrarian reform. The authorities' struggle against revolutionary terror. Liberal peasant movement. The peoples of Russia and the national policy of tsarism at the beginning of the 20th century. Continuation of the imperial policy of Russification. The growth of national self-awareness and political activity of the peoples of Russia. The emergence of national parties and movements. National elites. Movement for national independence in Poland, Finland, the Baltic states. Speeches against chauvinism and nationalism. The Beilis case. Russian foreign policy at the beginning of the twentieth century. Exacerbation of contradictions between the imperialist powers and the formation of two military-political blocs. Russia and the Entente. Imperial interests of Russia. Russian participation in the First World War. The course of military operations on the Eastern Front. Economic and political crisis during the war years. Activation of opposition and revolutionary forces. Crisis of the tsarist regime. The growth of anti-war sentiment in society. Domestic culture at the beginning of the twentieth century. Historical conditions for the development of Russian culture at the beginning of the twentieth century. Changes in social ideals, way of thinking, lifestyle in the era of wars and revolutions. A departure from the traditions of classical art. The interweaving of liberal and radical sentiments, collectivism and individualism in the public consciousness. Ideals of social justice and egalitarianism, patriotic and internationalist views of various social strata. Strengthening the democratic role of schools, colleges, and universities as centers of education and culture. Development of natural sciences. The global significance of the achievements of Russian scientists, their scientific and social activities. Ideological quests in historical science, social thought, philosophy. Currents, directions, styles in literature, music, painting, architecture. Decadence. “Russian Seasons” in Paris. “World of Art” and its contribution to Russian and world culture. The rise of the Russian avant-garde. Man in the world of modernity; values and lifestyle. The relationship of Russian art with the art of the peoples of Russia, with world art of the early twentieth century.History of the Fatherland in 1917–1941.
February Revolution 1917. Uprising in Petrograd and the overthrow of tsarism. Abdication of Nicholas II. Political parties in February days. Establishment of dual power. The emergence of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. Creation of the Provisional Government. G.V. Lviv. The meaning of the overthrow of autocracy. From February to October. Alternatives for political development after February. Further aggravation of contradictions in the country. Domestic and foreign policy of the Provisional Government. The first democratic transformations in the country. Liberal parties and parties of revolutionary democracy in the revolution (composition, tactics, leaders). Mass organizations of workers. Events July 3–5. Attempts by various political forces to bring the country out of the crisis. Speech by General Kornilov. Democratic meeting. Economic crisis. Crises of power. Coalition composition of the Provisional Government. Education in the Socialist Revolutionary Party of the left wing. Strike movement. Peasant movement. Radicalization of sentiment in the army. October Revolution. Armed uprising in Petrograd. II All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Decree on Peace. Decree on land. Formation of the Soviet government by the Bolsheviks headed by V.I. Lenin. Establishment of Soviet power. Movement towards self-determination in national areas. The beginning of the collapse of the empire. Formation of a number of independent nation states. The beginning of the creation of Soviet national republics. Recognition of the independence of Finland and Poland. National policy of the Bolsheviks. Creation of the Soviet state. The struggle over the idea of a homogeneous socialist government. Bloc of the Bolshevik Party with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. The Bolsheviks refused an alliance with other parties in the Soviets. The demolition of the old and the creation of a new state apparatus (VChK, VSNKh, Red Army, etc.). Elimination of the remnants of class-feudal relations. The first repressions of the Soviet government. Convocation and dissolution of the Constituent Assembly. The struggle in parties and Soviets on the issue of peace. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and its consequences. Exit of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries from the government. The beginning of the establishment of a one-party system and command methods of leadership. “Red Guard attack” on capital. Nationalization of large and medium-sized industry, banks, land, transport. Implementation of the Decree on Land. Decree on the socialization of the land. Food detachments. Committees of Poor People are bodies of emergency dictatorship in the countryside. Protest of the Left Social Revolutionaries. Naturalization of economic relations in the country. The emergence of the ideology and practice of “war communism”. The interweaving of egalitarianism and radicalism in the mood of the masses. Activities of the new government in the field of culture. Tragic fates of the Russian intelligentsia. The beginning of emigration. Russian abroad.Civil war
Exacerbation of social contradictions in the country. Composition and political programs of the warring parties. “Red” and “white”. Alternatives to civil war: Bolshevik power or the white movement. The main stages of the civil war, its fronts and territories, battles and campaigns. Intervention in the North and Far East, Central Asia and Transcaucasia. The beginning of the creation of the Volunteer Army, its composition, goals, activities in 1918–1919. The policy of “war communism”. The life of the people under conditions of emergency and total war, growing dissatisfaction with the policies of the Soviet regime. Classes and parties during the war. “White” and “red” terror. Social composition and political character of the internal counter-revolution. Peasant uprisings. Makhnovshchina. Creation of national states in Transcaucasia and Central Asia. The struggle in Ukraine, Belarus, and the Baltic states against the German occupation. Annulment of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The struggle of the Red Army on the Eastern and Southern fronts with the troops of A.V. Kolchak, A.I. Denikina, N.N. Yudenich. War with Poland. The defeat of Wrangel's army. Establishment of Soviet power in Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Transcaucasia, and the Far East. The peoples of the country at the end of the civil war. The reasons and price of the Bolshevik victory over the armies of interventionists and White Guards. Consequences of the war. Russian abroad. New economic policy. Economic and political crisis of the end of 1920–1921 Dissatisfaction with the policy of “war communism”. Uprising in Kronstadt. Tambov uprising. The crisis of the peasant economy. Famine of 1921 in the Volga region. The need to change the strategic course. The essence and significance of NEP. Contradictions between plan and market. The fate of cooperation. A course towards accelerated industrialization and the dominance of state ownership. Financial reform. Attempts to change economic policy without changing the political regime. Reasons for the collapse of NEP. Foreign policy. The collapse of the Soviet leadership's hopes for a world revolution and for exporting the revolution to Europe. The desire to overcome the country's international isolation. Recognition of the independence of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia. Conclusion of agreements with the Baltic states, Poland, Finland. Participation of the Soviet delegation in the Genoa Conference. Treaty of Rapallo. Conclusion of the first agreements with Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey, Mongolia. Diplomatic recognition of the USSR by the countries of the West and East. Education of the USSR. The situation of the peoples of the Soviet country in the early 20s. Projects for the creation of a Soviet multinational state: confederation; federation of sovereign republics; unitary state. National policy of the Bolshevik leadership. All-Union Congress of Soviets. December 1922 - formation of the USSR (conditions, principles, composition). Refusal from the parliamentary model of political development, from a genuine federation in favor of a unitary state, from the policy of national self-determination of the peoples of the country. Constitution of the USSR 1924. Nation-state building. Policy of equalization of republics. Relations between peoples and republics. The role of the RSFSR. Victory of imperial tendencies in the national policy of the RCP(b). Ideological and political struggle in society, in the Communist Party in the 20s. Strengthening the regime of political dictatorship. The Communist Party in the system of power. Rolling back democracy. The defeat of the remnants of non-Bolshevik parties. Attack on dissent in ideology. "The Philosophical Ship". Proletkult and the fate of cultural heritage. Repressions against the church and clergy. Internal party debate on the conditions and ways of building socialism in the USSR. Death of V.I. Lenin. Personal rivalry in the party leadership. L. Trotsky, L. Kamenev, G. Zinoviev. I.V. Stalin. The beginning of the establishment of the ideology and practice of authoritarianism. The significance of the NEP experience. Reasons for the collapse of attempts to combine elements of a market economy and the dictatorship of the proletariat. Social and political life. Struggle within the party leadership. Formation of a regime of personal power. Stalin's personality cult, its causes. Negative phenomena in the life of society, the state, and peoples associated with the chosen model of “barracks” socialism, with the impact of the administrative-command system on the economic and socio-political life of the country. Bureaucratization of social life. Strengthening the punitive activities of administrative bodies, their arbitrariness. The evolution of the political system of Soviet society (from the regime of personal power to totalitarianism). Deployment of mass repressions. Political processes of the 20–30s. GULAG. Responsibility of the political regime, party, Stalin and his entourage for terror and lawlessness. The tragedies of millions of Soviet people, entire nations during the years of the cult of personality. Industrialization. Continued attempts to modernize the country. The first five-year plans. A system of strict centralization of economic management. Bet on accelerated pace. Foreign economic methods of industrialization. Forced development of heavy industry. Attack on nature. “Pumping” funds from agriculture to industry. Confirmation of the dominance of state property. Economic, social, cultural consequences of industrialization. The contradictions of mastering new technology and maintaining low labor productivity, technical backwardness and exploitation of workers by the state. The results of industrialization, its price. Collectivization of agriculture. Refusal of the principles of cooperation and NEP. Growing dissatisfaction among the peasantry with the party's policies in the countryside. The violent implementation of complete collectivization and the elimination of the kulaks as a class. Mass repressions against the peasantry. Eviction to Siberia, Kazakhstan. Decline in agricultural production. Famine in the countryside in 1932–1933. The essence of the collective farm system is the actual attachment of collective farmers to the land, rigid planning, and little interest in work. Economic, social, cultural losses in the village during collectivization. Destruction of small-scale farming. Destruction of market relations. The results of collectivization, its price. Social changes. Intensive growth of the working class. Reasons and meaning of overcoming unemployment. Complete elimination of private owners in the city and countryside. Demographic losses. Nationalization of economic relations. Ineffective work. Leveling the social interests of various segments of society. The Constitution of 1936, problems of its compliance with the real life of society. Nationalization of public organizations. Party-state bureaucracy, strengthening its power. Contradiction: the enthusiasm for creation and the loss of humanistic traditions by the builders of a new life. Punitive authorities, the Gulag in the service of “great construction projects.” The reasons for the establishment of a totalitarian system, the weakness of the internal opposition to totalitarianism. National processes. Formation of new republics. Changes in the lives of peoples. Consequences of administrative resolution of national contradictions. Ignoring the national and social problems of the peoples of the country. Cultural Policy. Elimination of mass illiteracy and transition to universal compulsory primary education. State of secondary and high school. Destruction of old traditions and customs. Loss of folk rural culture, destruction of cultural monuments. Formation of a system of ideological prohibitions. The spread of the ideology of totalitarianism, dogmatism, and the cult of Stalin’s personality. The fight against dissent. The fate of the intelligentsia. Russian intelligentsia in exile. The situation of Soviet science in the 20–30s: achievements, difficulties, contradictions. Features of the development of literature and art in the 20–30s. The influence of the totalitarian system, the ideology of socialist realism on the state of culture, social thought and the moral and psychological atmosphere in society. Repressions against scientists and cultural figures. The results of a utilitarian, ideological approach to the science and culture of the peoples of the country. International relations and foreign policy of the USSR. Soviet country on the eve of the war. Measures to strengthen the country's defense capability, their inconsistency. Repression and the policy of tightening labor discipline. The influence of the regime of personal power on the activities of the USSR in the international arena. The aggravation of international relations in the early 1930s. The idea of collective security and bilateral treaties on mutual assistance between the USSR and France and the USSR and Czechoslovakia. Entry of the USSR into the League of Nations. Clash of the Red Army with Japanese troops at Lake Khasan and the Khalkhin Gol River. Anglo-French-Soviet negotiations 1939. Non-aggression pact with Germany (August 1939). Treaty of Friendship and Border between the USSR and Germany (September 1939), secret protocols to the treaties between the USSR and Germany in 1939, their assessment by the world community in the late 30s. Changes in the foreign policy of the USSR at the beginning of the Second World War (1939 - early 1941). Rapprochement with Germany. Soviet-Finnish war. Expulsion of the USSR from the League of Nations. Forced inclusion into the USSR in the late 30s. new republics (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Moldova), its negative consequences. Reasons for the USSR's unpreparedness to repel aggression. Weakening of the Armed Forces as a result of mass repressions. The policy of Stalin and his entourage in assessing the military-strategic situation on the eve of the war; “easy victory” theory. Main results of the country's history in the 1920s–1930s.History of Russia in 1941–1990s.
USSR during the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945)
Start of the war. Nazi Germany's attack on the Soviet Union. The country's transition to martial law. The nationwide nature of resistance. Mobilization of all forces to repel the enemy. Military operations and main events in 1941–1942. Defensive battles in the summer - autumn of 1941. Defeats of Soviet troops in Belarus, the Baltic states, and Ukraine. Miscalculations and mistakes of the leadership in determining the strategy and organizing resistance to the enemy. The fate of Soviet prisoners of war. The heroism of the Soviet people in the battles for Kyiv, Odessa, Sevastopol, Smolensk and other cities. Heroic defense of Leningrad. The Battle of Moscow, its historical significance. Military operations in the summer - autumn of 1942. Defeats near Kharkov, in Crimea. Reasons for the defeats of the Red Army. Material and human losses. Participation of the USSR in the anti-Hitler coalition. The problem of the second front. Achievements and problems of the anti-Hitler coalition. Tehran Conference. A radical turning point in the course of the war. Fighting on the Soviet-German front in 1942–1943. Encirclement and defeat of Nazi troops at Stalingrad. Battle of Kursk. The international significance of the defeat of Nazi troops at Stalingrad and Kursk. Soviet rear during the war. War as the greatest national tragedy. Life and everyday life of people in war conditions. Evacuation. Creation of a war economy. Features of the development of the national economy. The heroism of home front workers. Science and culture in conditions of war. Fighting behind enemy lines. Occupation regime. Partisan movement. The exploits of underground heroes. Participation of Soviet people in the Resistance movement. Military operations 1944–1945 Military operations of the Soviet troops in 1944–1945. Liberation of the country from fascist occupiers. Restoration of the USSR border. Liberation of the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe. The Allies open a second front in Europe. Yalta conference. Declaration of a Liberated Europe. Battle for Berlin. Surrender of Germany. Potsdam Conference and its decisions. The entry of the USSR into the war with Japan. Japanese surrender. Results and lessons of the Great Patriotic War. The world-historical significance of the victory of the Soviet Union over fascism. The price of victory. The meaning of the victory of the anti-fascist forces, peoples and armies of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition. Heroic and tragic lessons of war. The impact of the results of the war on the course of development of the USSR and the world. Statesmen, commanders and heroes of the Great Patriotic War. Modern discussions about the Great Patriotic War.USSR in the mid-40s - mid-80s.
The world after the end of the Second World War. USSR in the new system of international relations. Problems of peace and war in the foreign policy of the USSR in 1945–1952. “Cold War”: origins, causes, manifestations, consequences. Economy of the USSR in 1945–1952. The impact of the results of the war on the nature of the post-war development of the USSR. Difficulties of the post-war life of the country. USSR losses in the war. Economic restoration: sources and pace. Priority for the development of heavy industry. Post-war village: difficulties and problems of agriculture. Accelerated development of the military industry. Creation of nuclear weapons. Growing imbalances and contradictions in the economy. Life and everyday life of people in the first post-war decade. Socio-political and cultural life of the country. The apogee of the totalitarian-bureaucratic system and the cult of personality. Strengthening the repressive role of the state. Post-war ideological campaigns and repressions. Political processes of the 40–50s. Features of national policy in the post-war years. Successes and difficulties in the development of science and culture. Achievements of fundamental domestic science. The fate of the scientific and creative intelligentsia. USSR in the mid-50s - mid-60s. The death of Stalin and the struggle for power. Alternatives for the development of Soviet society, searching for ways to update it. G.M. Malenkov. The XX Congress of the CPSU in the destinies of the country. Reform course of N.S. Khrushchev. Rehabilitation of victims of repression. Restoration of national autonomy of a number of peoples. New approaches to national economic problems. Social programs, their implementation, results and consequences. Spiritual and cultural life of the country. The Thaw, its influence on the development of science, culture, and the spiritual atmosphere of society. “Sixties”, their ideals and values. Development of science, technology, education. The beginning of space exploration (Yu. Gagarin, S. Korolev). The inconsistency of cultural policy by the early 60s. Achievements and problems of Khrushchev’s “liberalization”. The inconsistency and inconsistency of the reformist course of N.S. Khrushchev in the 50s and 60s. Features of the foreign policy of the USSR in the 50–60s. New trends in foreign policy. The policy of peaceful coexistence, its successes and contradictions. USSR and events in Hungary. Caribbean crisis. Conflict with China. Reasons for failure of reforms from above. Removal of N.S. Khrushchev from the leadership. The collapse of democratic processes in the second half of the 60s. Results of the period. N.S. Khrushchev and his time in the assessments of contemporaries and historians. Soviet country in the mid-60s - early 80s. L.I. Brezhnev. A course towards stability. Trends and contradictions in the socio-economic life of the country. Reforms of the mid-60s: essence, goals, methods, results, reasons for their collapse. Increasing imbalances and crisis phenomena in the economy and social sphere. Complication of the food problem. The crisis state of agriculture by the early 80s. Aggravation of the environmental situation. Attempts to accelerate scientific and technological progress: the cause of failure and consequences. National and social problems in the republics and regions. Features of the spiritual life of the country. Curtailment of democratic initiatives. The policy of suppressing dissent. Ideological dogmatism, its influence on public consciousness. The state of science, its achievements and problems. The inconsistency of the spiritual life of society in the 60–80s. Human rights movement. The fate of the scientific and creative intelligentsia. The main directions of foreign policy activities of the USSR in the 60–80s. Achievements and failures of the USSR and the “Prague Spring” of 1968. Military-strategic parity with the USA, its price. A turn towards detente. Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Consolidation of post-war borders in Europe. The introduction of troops into Afghanistan, its consequences. Aggravation of the international situation at the turn of the 70s and 80s.Country in the mid-80s - early 90s.
Perestroika in the USSR: from attempts to modernize the system to a change in the model of social development. The need for a radical renewal of all aspects of society. M.S. Gorbachev. Attempts to reform the system. Publicity. Ways and methods of democratization of society. Reform of the political system. Formation of various socio-political groups and movements. Development of political pluralism, openness. Revival of multi-party system. Difficulties and contradictions of the democratization process. The delimitation of society based on political views and ideals. Radicalization of the masses. The emergence of opposition. Split in the CPSU. Difficulties of renewal, confrontation between various social forces in choosing paths for the country's development. Results and consequences of political confrontation. Transition to radical reforms. Key problems of the economy, difficulties of its structural restructuring. Economic development 1986–1990 The crisis situation in the country's economy and politics by the early 90s. National politics and international relations. Interethnic conflicts, their origins and manifestations. Proclamation of state sovereignty by the Union republics. The problem of renewal of the USSR. The country's new foreign policy course. The USSR and the world community: the transition from the Cold War to recognition of the integrity and interdependence of the world. Withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan. A new stage in the development of Soviet-American relations. Beginning of the reduction and elimination of strategic nuclear weapons. August 1991 events and their influence on political, social, national processes in the country. Suspension of the activities of the CPSU. Collapse of the USSR. The emergence of independent states. Formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States.Sovereign Russia in 1991–1998
The formation of a new Russian statehood. Adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Russia. B.N. Yeltsin. Political confrontation in 1993. The beginning of political reform. Adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. New political system. Political parties and movements in 1991–1998 Chechen War 1994–1996 1996 presidential elections The course of the Russian leadership towards radical economic reforms. Transition to market relations. Liberalization of prices. Privatization. Problems and difficulties of economic reform. Social stratification and problems of social protection. Rising unemployment. Science, culture, education: difficulties and contradictions. Russian foreign policy. Russia's place in modern international relations. Russia and the CIS. Russia and the West. Russia and the East. Foreign policy initiatives of the Russian leadership.Ticket options:
Ticket 1
1. Reforms of the 60-70s. and their significance in the history of Russia. 2. The main periods of the Great Patriotic War.
Ticket 2
1. The formation of a unified Russian state and its features. 2. International relations and foreign policy of the USSR in the late 20s-30s.
- Sakharov A.N., Buganov V.I. History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 17th century: Textbook for grade 10 - M: Education, 1998. Buganov V.I., Zyryanov P.N. History of Russia. The end of the XVII-XIX centuries: Textbook for grade 10, 1998. Pavlenko N.I. Andreev I.L. Russia from ancient times to the end of the 17th century: Textbook for grade 10 / Ed. Pavlenko N.I. – M., 1997. Pavlenko N.I. and others. Russia at the end of the XVII-XIX centuries: Textbook for grade 10. – M., 1997. Levandovsky A.A., Shchetinov Yu.A. Russia in the 20th century: Textbook for grades 10-11. – M., 1998. Dmitrenko V.P. and others. History of the Fatherland of the 20th century: Textbook for 11th grade. – M., 1999. Danilov A.A., Kosulina L.G. History of Russia in the 20th century: Textbook for 9th grade. – M., 1998. Dolutsky I.I. Domestic history of the 20th century: Textbook for grades 10-11. in 2 parts, - M., 1998.
b). Biology exam
(is profiling) written
At the biology exam, an applicant to a higher education institution must show:
- knowledge of basic concepts, leading ideas, patterns and laws that form the core of biological education: cell theory; the relationship between the structure and functions of the body; levels of organization of living nature; the doctrine of the evolution of the organic world, the diversity and classification of organisms; environmental patterns; the ability to substantiate conclusions using biological terms, explain natural phenomena, and apply knowledge in practical activities.
entrance exam in biology:
Plants
General introduction to flowering plants. Cellular structure of a plant organism. Root. Escape. Plant propagation. Plants and the environment. Plant departments. Agricultural plants. Development of the plant world.
Bacteria. Mushrooms. Lichens.
Animals
General information about the animal world. Single-celled animals as the most primitive and ancient animals. Type Multicellular animals. Phylum Arthropods. Phylum Chordata. Pisces class. Class Amphibians. Class Reptiles. Bird class. Class Mammals. Placental orders. Evolution of the animal world. Evidence of the historical development of the animal world: comparative anatomical, embryological, paleontological. Charles Darwin on the causes of the evolution of the animal world. Origin of unicellular organisms. Origin of multicellular organisms. Increasing complexity of the structure and life of vertebrates in the process of historical development of the animal world. The relationship between man and animals.
Natural communities
Habitat of organisms. The main environmental factors of the environment, their influence on plants and animals. Natural communities (for example, forests, meadows, ponds). The role of plants, animals, fungi and bacteria in the natural community. Relationships in a natural community. Food chains. The importance of natural communities in human life. The influence of human activities on natural communities, their protection.
Man and his health
General overview of the human body. Cell structure (cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, membrane). Basic life processes of a cell (nutrition, respiration, division). Brief information about the structure and functions of the main tissues. Reflexes. Nervous and humoral regulation of body activity. The body is a single whole. Organs and organ systems. Musculoskeletal system : meaning of the musculoskeletal system. Human skeleton, similarities between human and animal skeletons. Features of the human skeleton associated with work and upright walking. Types of bone connections. Composition, structure and properties of bones, bone growth. First aid for bruises, sprains, dislocations, fractures. Muscles, their functions : the main muscle groups of the human body. Muscle work. Static and dynamic loads. The influence of rhythm and load on muscle function. Blood and circulation : the internal environment of the body (blood, intercellular fluid, lymph) and its relative constancy. The meaning of blood and circulation. Blood composition. Blood plasma. Blood clotting as a protective reaction of the body. Structure and functions of erythrocytes and leukocytes. Immunity. The role of I.I. Mechnikov in the creation of the doctrine of immunity. Infectious diseases and their control. Preventive vaccinations. Prevention of HIV infection and AIDS. Blood groups. Blood transfusion. Donation. Circulatory organs : heart and blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins). Heart, its structure and work. Large and small circles of blood circulation, lymph circulation. Movement of blood through vessels. Blood pressure. Nervous and humoral regulation of the activity of the heart and blood vessels. Prevention of cardiovascular diseases. First aid for bleeding. The harmful effects of smoking and drinking alcohol on the heart and blood vessels. Breath: the meaning of breathing. Structure and functions of the respiratory organs. Voice apparatus : gas exchange in the lungs and tissues. Breathing movements. Vital capacity of the lungs. Nervous and humoral regulation of respiration. Artificial respiration. Infectious diseases transmitted through the air, prevention of airborne infections, hygienic regime during illness. Respiratory hygiene. The harmful effects of smoking on the respiratory system. Environmental protection.
Digestion:h meaning of digestion. Nutrients and food products. Structure and functions of the digestive organs. Teeth, prevention of dental diseases. Digestive enzymes and their importance. Liver and pancreas, their role in digestion. Suction. Regulation of digestive processes. Hygienic conditions for normal digestion. Prevention of helminthic and gastrointestinal diseases, food poisoning, first aid for them. The effect of smoking and drinking alcohol on digestion.
Metabolism and energy: general characteristics of metabolism and energy. Plastic metabolism, energy metabolism and their relationship. The importance of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, water and mineral salts for the body. The influence of alcohol and toxic substances. Vitamins. Their role in metabolism.
Methods for preserving vitamins in food products. Nutrition standards. Rational nutrition. Dietary regimen of schoolchildren. Organs of the urinary system, their functions, disease prevention.Leather
Structure and functions of the skin : the role of the skin in thermoregulation. Hardening the body. Skin hygiene, hygienic requirements for clothing and footwear. Prevention and first aid for heat and sunstroke, burns and frostbite, electric shock. Endocrine glands : the importance of endocrine glands for growth, development and regulation of body functions. Hormones. The role of the gonads in the development of the body. Puberty. Hygiene of a young man. Nervous system : Sense organs. Higher nervous activity. The importance of the nervous system in the regulation and coordination of the functions of the human body and the relationship of the body with the environment. Central and peripheral nervous system. Structure and functions of the spinal cord and parts of the brain. The role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of the functioning of internal organs. The cerebral cortex. Sense organs, their meaning. Analyzers. Structure, functions, hygiene. Unconditioned and conditioned reflexes. Biological significance of the formation and inhibition of conditioned reflexes. Features of human higher nervous activity. Speech and thinking. Consciousness as a function of the brain. Social conditioning of human behavior. The role of I.M. Sechenov and I.P. Pavlova in the creation of the doctrine of higher nervous activity. Sleep, its meaning and hygiene. Changes in performance in the labor process. Schoolchildren's daily routine. The harmful effects of nicotine, alcohol and drugs on the nervous system. Reproductive organ system . Fertilization and intrauterine development. Birth of a child. Child growth and development. Hygiene of infants. The harmful effects of alcohol, nicotine and other factors on offspring.General biology
The importance of biological science for agriculture, industry, medicine, hygiene, nature conservation. General biological patterns. Levels of organization of living nature: cellular, organismal, species, biocenotic, biosphere. Basics of cytology .Basic principles of cell theory. A cell is a structural and functional unit of living things. The structure and functions of the nucleus, shell, cytoplasm and its main organelles. Features of the structure of cells of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, autotrophs and heterotrophs. Contents of chemical elements in the cell. Water and other inorganic substances, their role in the life of the cell. Organic substances: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, ATP, their role in the cell. Enzymes, their role in the regulation of vital processes. Self-doubling of DNA.Metabolism and energy conversion are the basis of cell life. Energy metabolism in the cell and its essence. The importance of ATP in energy metabolism. Plastic metabolism. Photosynthesis. Biosynthesis of proteins. The gene and its role in biosynthesis. DNA code. Matrix synthesis reactions. Viruses, features of their structure and vital activity, HIV infection, AIDS.
Reproduction and individual development of organisms.
Cell division is the basis for reproduction and individual development of organisms. Preparing the cell for division. Chromosomes, their haploid and diploid set, constancy of number and shape. Cell division and its significance. Sexual and asexual reproduction of organisms. Sex cells. Meiosis. Development of eggs and sperm. Fertilization. Development of the embryo (using the example of animals). Postembryonic development. The harmful effects of alcohol and nicotine on the development of the human body.Basics of genetics.
Genetics is the science of heredity and variability of organisms. Basic methods of genetics. Mono- and dihybrid crossing. Analysis of offspring. Laws of heredity established by G. Mendel. Dominant and recessive traits. Allelic genes. Phenotype and genotype. Uniformity of the first generation. Intermediate nature of inheritance. The law of splitting characteristics. Statistical nature of splitting phenomena. Cytological basis of the uniformity of the first generation and the splitting of characters in the second generation. The law of independent inheritance and its cytological basis. Linked inheritance. Loss of adhesion. Crossing of chromosomes. Genotype as an integral historically developed system. Genetics of sex. Chromosomal theory of heredity. The importance of genetics for medicine and healthcare. The harmful effects of nicotine, alcohol and drugs on human heredity. The role of the genotype and environmental conditions in the formation of the phenotype. Modification variability. Norm of reaction. Statistical patterns of modification variability. Mutations, their causes. The law of homological series in hereditary variability, formulated by N.I. Vavilov. Experimental production of mutations. Mutations as material for artificial and natural selection. Pollution of the natural environment with mutagens and its consequences. Genetics and the theory of evolution. Population genetics. Forms of natural selection: driving and stabilizing.Basics of selection.
N.I. Vavilov on the origin of cultivated plants. Basic methods of selection: hybridization and artificial selection. The role of natural selection in selection. Plant breeding. Self-pollination of cross-pollinated plants. Heterosis. Polyploidy and distant hybridization. Animal selection. Types of crossing and breeding methods. Method for analyzing hereditary economically valuable traits in breeding animals. Distant hybridization of domestic animals. Biotechnology and its main directions: microbiological synthesis, genetic and cellular engineering. The importance of biotechnology for breeding.Evolutionary doctrine.
Pre-Darwinian ideas about the evolution of living nature. The main provisions of the evolutionary teachings of Charles Darwin. The importance of the theory of evolution for the development of natural science. View. Type criteria. Population is a unit of species and evolution. Driving forces of evolution. The leading role of natural selection in evolution. The emergence of devices. The relative nature of fitness. Artificial selection and hereditary variability are the basis for breeding breeds of domestic animals and varieties of cultivated plants. Microevolution. Speciation. Modern ideas. Results of evolution: fitness of organisms, diversity of species. Main directions of evolution: aromorphosis, ideological adaptation. Biological progress and regression. Relationships between different directions of evolution. Basic laws of evolution. Results of evolution. The emergence and development of life on Earth. A brief history of the development of the organic world. The origin and development of man. The most ancient, ancient, people of the modern type. Ch. Darwin on the origin of man. Social and biological factors of anthropogenesis. The leading role of the laws of social life in the social progress of mankind. Human races, their origin and unity.Basics of ecology
Subject and tasks of ecology. Ecological factors: abiotic, biotic, anthropogenic, their complex effects on the body.Photoperiodism. Living environments. Ecological niche.
Species, its ecological characteristics. Population, changes in its numbers, methods of regulating numbers. Rational use of species, preservation of their diversity. Biogeocenosis. Development of populations in biogeocenosis and their relationships. Power circuits.
Fundamentals of the doctrine of the biosphere:
Biosphere. V.I. Vernadsky on the emergence of the biosphere. Boundary of the biosphere. Biomass of land surface, oceans, soil. Living matter and its functions. The circulation of substances and the transformation of energy in the biosphere.Examples of exam papers:
Ticket No. 1
1. Environmental factors. Complex effects of factors on the body. Limiting factors.
2. Circulatory organs. Heart, its structure and work. Large and small circles of blood circulation.
Ticket No. 2
Evolution of the excretory system in a number of animals from protozoa to chordates.
Structure and functions of the spinal cord.
V). Exam in Russian language and literature:
(composition)
The applicant is invited to write an essay in prose on one of 5–7 proposed topics: on the literature of the 19th and 20th centuries, as well as on free topics. The essay is assessed according to the following criteria: compliance of the work with the topic and intent of the essay, completeness of the topic, clarity and consistency of presentation, features of the language format of the written work, and the applicant’s literacy. One mark is given per essay (both for content and for literacy).
At the exam, the applicant must show:
- knowledge of the works of art listed below; the ability to analyze and evaluate a work as an artistic unity; characterize the following components in relation to each other:
- topic; idea (ideological meaning); main characters; features of composition and plot, the significance of the most important episodes, scenes in their interrelation, the role of portraits and landscapes; type and genre of the work; features of the author's speech and the speech of the characters.
- identify the author’s attitude to what is depicted and give the work a personal assessment; express your perception and understanding of the images and motives of the lyrical work and give it a personal assessment; discover an understanding of the connection between the studied work and the time of writing; explain the similarities of themes and characters in the works of different writers.
List of works
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign."
DI. FoNVVKuzin. “Undergrowth.” G.R. Derzhavin. “To Rulers and Judges”, *“Key”, “Felitsa”, *“Russian Girls”, “Monument”, *“God”. A.S. Griboyedov. “Woe from Wit.” Article by I.A. Goncharov “Million Torments”. A.S. Pushkin. Lyrics: “To the sea”, “To Chaadaev”, “Liberty”, “Arion”, “Anchar”, “Prophet”, “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands...”, “I loved you...”, “On hills of Georgia...”, “K***”, “I remember a wonderful moment...”, “Autumn”, “I visited again”, “Eugene Onegin”. .“The Poet”, “To the Poet”, “The Poet and the Crowd”, “When I wander thoughtfully outside the city...”, “Demons”, “My genealogy”, “Two feelings are wonderfully close to us...”, “Borodin anniversary ”, “October 19” (“The forest drops its crimson attire...” and others at the applicant’s choice). “Dubrovsky”, “The Captain's Daughter”, “The Bronze Horseman”, “Poltava”, “Boris Godunov”, “Tales Belkin” (one of the stories of the applicant’s choice). M.Yu. Lermontov. Lyrics: “The Death of a Poet”, “Poet” (“My dagger shines with a golden finish...”), “Borodino”, “Duma”, “Motherland”, “How often surrounded by a motley crowd...”, “Sail”, “I go out alone on the road...”, “Hero of our time.” *“Prayer” (“I, Mother of God, now with prayer”), “Prophet”, “Desire”, “In the wild north...”, “Prisoner”, “Captive Knight”, “When the yellowing field is agitated.. .”, “I will not humiliate myself before you”, “Mtsyri”, “Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov”, * “Demon”. N.V. Gogol. “Dead Souls”, “The Inspector General”, “The Overcoat”, * “Selected passages from correspondence with friends” (chapters of the applicant’s choice). A.N. Ostrovsky. “Snow Maiden”, “Thunderstorm”, “Dowry” (at the applicant’s choice I.S. Turgenev. “Fathers and Sons”, prose poems (at the applicant’s choice), “Asya”, “Spring Waters”, “First Love” ( at the choice of the applicant). N.S. Leskov. “The Enchanted Wanderer.” Spring waters”, “What are you howling about, night wind”, “Not what you think, nature...”, “These poor villages...”, “In the primordial autumn...”, “We don’t it is possible to predict...” A.A. Fet. “This morning, this joy...”, “Whisper, timid breathing...”, “Forgive - and forget everything...”, “Share your living dreams. ..”, “Evening” (“Sounded over the clear river...”), “Singer” (“Carry my heart into the ringing distance...”), “The night was shining with the moon...”, “ This is the morning, this joy...”, “Learn from them - from the oak, from the birch...”, “I won’t tell you anything...” N.A. Nekrasov “On the Road”, “Troika” , “Peddlers”, “Reflections at the Main Entrance”, “Railway”, “On the Volga”, “Motherland”, “Elegy”, “Let changing fashion tell us. ..”, “A moral person”, “Silence”, “In memory of Dobrolyubov”, “Hearing the horrors of war...”, “Who lives well in Rus'.” * “Yesterday at six o’clock...”, * “Blessed kindly poet...”, *“A Knight for an Hour”, *“Am I driving down a dark street at night...”, *“What are you, my heart, was at odds...”, *“I will die soon...” , “I don’t like your irony...”, “Oh, letters from a dear woman to us...”, “Zina.” M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. Fairy tales (at the applicant's choice). *“The history of one city.” L.N. Tolstoy. “War and Peace.” F.M. Dostoevsky. “Crime and Punishment.” A.P. Chekhov. “Ionych” and other stories (at the applicant’s choice), “The Cherry Orchard”, “Three Sisters” (at the applicant’s choice). A.I. Bunin. “Antonov Apples”, “Village”, “Clean Monday”, “Dark Alleys” and other stories (at the applicant’s choice). V.G. Korolenko. “Wonderful”, “The River Plays”, “Lights”, “Blind Musician” (at the applicant’s choice). Poetry of the “Silver Age”: poems by V. Bryusov, N. Gumilyov, M. Tsvetaeva (poems of the applicant’s choice). A.A. Block. “Factory”, “Stranger”, “Oh, spring without end and without edge...”, “On the railway”, “Oh, I want to live madly...”, “Motherland”, “On the Kulikovo field” ( “The river spread out...”, “About valor, about exploits, about glory...”, “Twelve”. “I enter dark temples...”, “A girl sang in the church choir...”, “Autumn will”, “Those born in the deaf years...”, * “Scythians”. M. Gorky. “Old Woman Izergil”, “Song of the Falcon”, “Chelkash” and other stories (at the applicant’s choice). “At the bottom.” S.A. Yesenin. “Birch”, “Song of the Dog”, “Don’t wander, don’t crush in the crimson bushes...”, “The road was thinking about the red evening...”, “Mysterious world, my ancient world”, “Uncomfortable liquid moonlight.. .”, “Letter to a Woman”, “To Kachalov’s Dog”, “You are my Shagane, Shagane...”, “Go away, my dear Rus'”, “Soviet Rus'”, “Bless every work, good luck...”, “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry...”, “Anna Snegina.” “The scarlet light of dawn is woven on the lake...”, *“I am the last poet of the village...”, *“A letter to my mother...”, “I am walking through the valley...”, *“Now we are leaving little by little... " V.V. Mayakovsky. “ Listen! “To Sergei Yesenin”, “Anniversary”, * “At the top of my voice”, “Letter to Tatyana Yakovleva”. *“Lilichka! Instead of a letter”, “Cloud in pants”. M.A. Bulgakov. “The White Guard”, “Heart of a Dog”, “The Master and Margarita” (at the applicant’s choice). A.T. Tvardovsky. “I was killed near Rzhev...”, “On the day the war ended. ..”, “Thank you, my dear...”, “To my fellow writers”, “In memory of my mother”, “Your beauty does not age.” "Vasily Terkin". M.A. Sholokhov. “Quiet Don”, “Virgin Soil Upturned” (at the applicant’s choice), “The Fate of a Man”. B.L. Parsnip. Poems (optional). A.A. Akhmatova. Poems (optional). "Requiem". A.I. Solzhenitsyn. “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”, “Matrenin’s Dvor” (at the applicant’s choice). The Great Patriotic War in the literature of the 40s. and subsequent years. A. Surkov, K. Simonov, K. Paustovsky, V. Grossman, V. Kondratiev, Yu. Bondarev, B. Vasiliev and others (at the applicant’s choice).
Literature of the 60–90s: F. Abramov, V. Astafiev, V. Belov, A. Vampilov, A. Voznesensky, V. Dudintsev, F. Iskander, B. Okudzhava, V. Rasputin, N. Rubtsov, Yu . Trifonov, V. Shukshin and others (at the applicant’s choice).
Essay requirements :
The essay is written within four astronomical hours without a break; the moment the countdown begins is when the exam topics are announced and the last of them is written on the board. The use of literary texts, textbooks, notes and other auxiliary materials during the exam is completely excluded. For violating this rule, the examinee is deprived of the right to write an essay and is automatically given an unsatisfactory grade for the exam.
Essay topics 2004 :
“Good feelings” in the lyrics of Russian poets of the 19th century (A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.A. Nekrasov and others - by choice);
The problem of the hero of time in Russian literature of the 19th century (based on the works of A.S. Griboyedov, A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov - optional);
The image of a Russian woman in literature of the 19th century (Tatyana Larina, Natasha Rostova, heroines of I.S. Turgenev, N.A. Nekrasova - by choice);
“Man at War” as portrayed by Leo Tolstoy (“Sevastopol Stories”, “War and Peace” - optional);
The world of “former people” in the play by A.M. Gorky “At the Bottom”;
Reality and fantasy in the works of M.A. Bulgakov (“The Master and Margarita”, “Heart of a Dog”, etc. – optional.
An example of an essay from a 2004 applicant:
““Good feelings” in Pushkin’s lyrics
At the end of his life, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin wrote: And for a long time I will be so kind to the people, That I awakened good feelings with my lyre, That in my cruel age I glorified freedom And he called for mercy for the fallen. Svoboda A.S. Pushkin glorified it already in his first poems, written after graduating from the Lyceum: the ode “Liberty”, “To Chaadaev”, “Village”. The young poet believed that it was his generation that had the honor of fighting for the freedom of Russia from monarchical tyranny, from spiritual oppression, and from the cruelty of power. After all, not only enslaved peasants suffered from this power, but also those nobles who were critical of the existing order and believed that Russia needed new humane legislation, a constitution that limited the power of the tsar. ... While we are burning with freedom, While hearts are alive for honor, My friend, let's dedicate it to the fatherland Beautiful impulses from the soul... This is what he wrote in the poem “To Chaadaev”. And a few years later, after the defeat of the Decembrists, he would write the poem “Arion,” in which he would confirm his loyalty to his friends, over whom the thunderstorm of royal wrath and royal revenge thundered, and to the idea of freedom: “I sing the old hymns and my wet robe dry in the sun under the rock...” And he also sang hymns of friendship and love. “October 19, 1825” this is an appeal to friends whose loyalty Pushkin truly appreciated, having been overtaken by the tsar’s disfavor and sent into exile for many years. Memories of the Lyceum, of wise mentors who “kept our youth”, of comrades of happy years - this is the content of this poem. The words that stand out in particular are: My friends, our union is wonderful!He, like the soul, is indivisible and eternal... Masterpieces of love lyrics are the poems “I remember a wonderful moment”, “I loved you”, “On the hills of Georgia”. It is not surprising that they were all set to music and became melodic romances. They are so elegant, gentle and soulful that they seem initially permeated with a light lyrical melody. Each of these poems talks about the life of the heart, about what a person experiences when meeting a beautiful woman, being separated from her forever, remembering her. “I remember a wonderful moment...” - this is about the first meeting, when a beautiful stranger appeared, “like a fleeting vision, like a genius of pure beauty.” “I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly, as God grant you to be loved differently” - these are the farewell words of a noble, loving person, a real man-knight. “I am sad and light, my sadness is light” - these are memories of the long past, but memorable forever. The poems of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin are not forgotten because he wrote them for everyone and for everyone, and everyone, reading Pushkin, thinks that he guessed his own thoughts and feelings. And everyone who was imbued with Pushkin’s bright sadness or bright joy became better, brighter, more humane.
exam
- Recovering in memory the content of works studied in grades 9-11, it is necessary to repeat what was learned by heart: fragments of their poetic and prose works, poems, quotes, aphorisms. When analyzing a small poetic work (a poem by A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov or other Russian poets), it must be read in full; if we are talking about the comedy of A.S. Griboyedov “Woe from Wit”, novel by A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”, about the poems of N.A. Nekrasova, A.A. Blok and other authors, discussions about heroes must be supported by quotes. For the analysis to be more meaningful, a clear understanding of the time of creation of the work, the main socio-historical events of this period, and the author’s attitude towards it (social positions) is necessary. A brief description of the era of creation of the work and the life position of the author who captured this era should precede the main part of the essay on literature.
6. Features of medical examination
Citizens entering military educational institutions undergo a preliminary examination by a military medical commission (MMC) of the military commissariat of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation. The final conclusion on the suitability of a candidate for health reasons to study at a higher education institution is made by the Military Educational Institution. Military personnel entering the university undergo a preliminary examination by the garrison or hospital military military commission, and a final examination by the military military commission of the university. Before being sent for a preliminary examination at a military commissariat or military unit, a medical examination card of the established form is drawn up, where the results of medical examinations and analyzes are then noted. A mandatory document, in the absence of which the examination will not be carried out, is a medical record (book) of an outpatient patient (provided by a medical healthcare institution), and for a military personnel - a medical record. Practical recommendations for candidates As a rule, during a medical examination, the following diseases, pathologies and health deficiencies most often prevented admission:
- Varicocelesis (after surgery – good). Sinusitis. Chronic tonsillitis. Chronic gastritis; Flat feet. Deficiency (excess) of body weight (according to the table from the order of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation No. 315). Dental damage (caries + pulpitis + extraction = more than 8 – not suitable). Poor vision.
- Suitable for teaching – reads 6 lines, correction “+”, “-” 2 diopters is allowed; for scouts - reads at least 8 lines;
7. Features of assessing psychological qualities
applicants
One of the types of checks during entrance tests is a special qualification exam to assess the individual psychological characteristics and military-professional orientation of candidates.
Professional psychological selection is a set of measures aimed at identifying individuals who, in terms of their socio-psychological and psychophysiological qualities, most fully meet the requirements of the specialty “deputy company commander for educational work.”
The assessed qualities required by a future officer include:
High moral qualities: integrity, honesty, sincerity, social activity.
Personal discipline, diligence, responsibility.
Organizational skills, initiative, determination;
High performance, endurance.
Highly developed psychological and psychophysiological qualities (sensations, perception, attention, memory, logical thinking, ability to quickly process a large flow of information).
| Speciality: ZKRVR | Admission decision Order No. | Expelled, when, why | Date of completion: |
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| 5.07.03 |
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CARD No.___professional psychological study candidate | |||||||||||||||||
| Zaklstudy | |||||||||||||||||
1. Last name, first name, patronymic _____________________________________
2. Date, month, year, place of birth __.________. 19__ ______________________
Information about parents (living together, mother and stepfather, father and stepmother, separated)
| Father (stepfather) | Mother (stepmother) |
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| Last name, first name, patronymic | ||
| Where and by whom does he work? | ||
| Health status | ||
| More information |
4. Brothers, sisters (write names, year of birth ______________
5. I am married to (wife’s name ______________), names and year of birth. children
6.My full home address, phone number, zip code ______________
_________________________________________________________
7. Which educational institution did you graduate from - underline (school, vocational school, technical school, college, cadet corps, military-patriotic class, Sh with PLP, SVU) in _________ year, average certificate score ______, where_____
8.Your civilian specialty, work experience before entering NVVKU _____________
9.For those who serve (have served) in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation:
10.Military rank, position (conscription, contract - underline) ___
11. Years of service, branch of service ___________________________________
12. Participation in hostilities, awards, injuries _______________
13..Confirmed adult sports categories, type of sport______14. Why are you enrolling in a military school?_______________15. If you were admitted earlier, which military (civilian) university and when, why didn’t you enroll or why were you expelled___________________, etc. – about 50 questions. After filling out the questionnaire, candidates undergo several special psychological tests. Testing proceeds at an intense pace, strictly according to time standards and lasts about 6 hours. Recommendations
- You must arrive for the test well rested and healthy, because fatigue and illness can negatively affect the final results (in case of illness of the candidate, a psychological examination is carried out on another day, with another unit, in agreement with the command); during the examination, it is necessary to accurately follow all commands and instructions, manifestations of indiscipline (conversations with a neighbor, conversations, continuation of work after the command “Finish work” are recorded by members of the subcommittee and taken into account when making a conclusion); It is prohibited to leave the classroom where testing is being carried out; Many tests are timed, so you need to be prepared to complete tasks accurately and quickly.
8. Features of physical verification
preparedness:
In terms of physical fitness, candidates entering the Novosibirsk Military School are tested on three mandatory exercises:
The candidate must have sportswear. Standards:
| Exercises | satisfied |
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| 1. Run 100 m (sec.) | ||||
| Military | ||||
| 2. Pull-ups on the bar (one time) | ||||
| Military | ||||
| 3. Run 3 km (min.) | ||||
| Military |
- motor sports; athletic biathlon; running, accelerated movement, throwing; military triathlon VT-1; military quadathlon; military pentathlon military orienteering; kettlebell lifting; skiing; parachuting; applied swimming and long diving; overcoming an obstacle course; hand-to-hand combat; hand-to-hand combat (all-around); shooting sports; exercises on special equipment
9. Arrival procedure for applicants.
After the selection committee of the NVVKU examines your personal file and sends a call to the military registration and enlistment office at your place of residence to participate in the competition, you will be issued travel documents for arrival at the NVVKU of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation on the date specified in the call, usually by July 1 of the year of admission . In a tent camp, on the territory of the school, you will have to live in an organized manner, participating in professional selection and passing entrance exams, until the decisive meeting of the selection committee for you - more than 20 days. Therefore, it is very important not to forget personal hygiene items at home. You also need to have with you:
- sports uniform with sports shoes (sneakers); clothes for everyday wear; a separate set of clothes for taking exams and participating in admissions committee meetings.
- Within the walls of the school, applicants do everything only at the command of a senior, or after receiving permission from the commander. If you do not know what to do correctly, check the procedure with the senior commander (chief). Store large sums of money you bring with you in a safe place, for example, in a Sberbank branch. Take care of your passport or other identification document and other documents that you will have in your hands. For all questions regarding the organization of life and everyday life, professional selection at the school, contact your commanders of platoons, companies, battalions, the executive secretary of the selection committee, and, only in emergency cases, you can contact the head of the school - the chairman of the selection committee, bypassing your direct superiors. If you smoke, then refrain from smoking - this is required by the charter (Article 68 of the Criminal Code of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation), smoking in the school is allowed only in designated areas.
10. Conclusion
The authors of the manual tried to prepare as much as possible for applicants to NVVKU to successfully pass all competitive tests during professional selection events. In addition to this manual, try to learn as much as possible about the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation from other sources. We wish you successful passing of the entrance exams, admission to NVVKU and successful development of your chosen specialty as an educational officer.
NOVOSIBIRSK, November 5 – RIA Novosti, Grigory Kronich. On the eve of Military Intelligence Day, RIA Novosti correspondents visited the only military university in Russia where they teach this profession. Teachers and cadets explained who is taken into reconnaissance and why they are taught to conquer Elbrus, parachute underwater and eat snakes.
Novosibirsk Higher Military Command School was founded on June 1, 1967. Since October 2009, by order of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the school has been renamed into the Federal State Treasury Military Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Military Educational and Scientific Center of the Ground Forces" Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation "(branch, Novosibirsk).
Running between buildings
On the spacious territory of the military university at 10.00 in the morning we were greeted by absolute silence; classes had been going on in the classrooms for a long time. The routine at the university is close to that of the army, explains Ivan Poshekhonov, a teacher at the military intelligence department. Wake up at 6.00, then exercise and breakfast. Classes start at 8.30 and last for six hours. At 15.00 - lunch, and then another three hours of classes. Lights out at 22.00.
The officer and I go to the building of the Faculty of Military Intelligence, and along the way we run ahead of a platoon of cadets.
“The break between classes is ten minutes, and the walk between some buildings is about 15 minutes, so you have to run,” explains the officer. “I myself once studied here, it was the same - a tradition. We even walked without overcoats in winter - so that time Don’t waste time on undressing. The first year is sometimes late - it’s hard for them to get used to it after civilian life.”
Where the cadets ran, a lost pen and eraser remained on the asphalt. That's right - the freshmen were running!
Who will go on reconnaissance
Military intelligence is one of the elite army professions; it is very popular, but the selection for this department is the strictest.
“We have someone to choose from, usually the competition is about ten people per place,” says professor of the intelligence department Viktor Ozherelyev. “We are also given the right to recruit 10% more cadets, so that if necessary, we can weed out unsuitable people.”
The Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs wants to develop a special reconnaissance vehicle for 112 million rublesAccording to the design documentation, the product is intended, in particular, for searching and identifying ground-based stationary and moving targets around the clock and in all weathers, solving navigation problems, transmitting intelligence data to the control center, solving problems of hitting detected targets, ensuring mobility and protecting the crew.Based on the results of consideration of the submitted documents, the number of applicants is reduced to three people per place. Unlike a regular university, there are higher requirements for the health and physical fitness of applicants. To get the highest score, you need to do 25 pull-ups, run the 100-meter dash in 12.1 seconds, and cover three kilometers in 11 minutes.
“Our cadets have the first health group, with this you can become a pilot, paratrooper - anyone. To make decisions in a military situation, a reconnaissance officer needs self-confidence, psychological stability, and, finally, he must be able to think quickly and well, so the third the component of a scout is intelligence,” says the professor.
“But the most important thing is the desire to become an intelligence officer, therefore, if a cadet gets here against his desire, nothing will come of him. Cadets do not leave the faculty on their own initiative; it happens that teachers do not want to teach a person further,” the interlocutor continues.
Every year, a different number of cadets are recruited to the Faculty of Military Intelligence, depending on the order of the Ministry of Defense. From the course they form a training company, which is divided into platoons. And the entire faculty is united into a training battalion.
Upon graduation, the cadet receives two specialties - “personnel management” and “military intelligence”. Graduates are not left without work - they are in demand not only in military intelligence units, but also in other branches of the military and special services.
Hazing
Until 1991, military intelligence officers were trained in Kyiv; after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1992, training was moved to Novosibirsk.
“Why?” Ozherelev wonders. “Perhaps they were counting on the endurance and unpretentiousness of Siberians? It is known that about half of the students at the university usually come from the region where it is located.”
Now cadets from various regions study here, although there are many Siberians.
“It doesn’t matter how far from home you study,” says fourth-year cadet Mikhail Startsev, who came from the Volgograd region, “it’s important that it’s interesting to study, and here it’s very interesting.”
Mikhail joined the army behind his older brother, an officer. And I chose intelligence because it is an elite education, an elite service in the future.
“Recently, a lot of guys have been coming from the south of Russia,” says Poshekhonov. “They are distinguished by their particular meticulousness, I would say. If a local guy can miss something without understanding, then the southerners will ask until they understand everything. They are a pleasure to work with."
Four dark guys in civilian clothes suddenly come out to meet us. “I wish you good health!” they say in unison, Poshekhonov answers the greeting and, noticing a surprised look, explains: “We went to the mosque for Friday prayers. It’s a normal thing - these are Arabs, they study with us to become intelligence officers on exchange between countries.” .
Military intelligence officers do not engage in hazing, Poshekhonov notes.
“What kind of hazing can there be if you are going to intelligence with this person tomorrow?” he says. “We don’t have ‘soldiering’ at all; in this respect we are different. Officers usually address themselves by their first and patronymic names, and not by rank. I served in troops, but there was no case of calling a soldier some kind of “monkey.”
I will address the soldier, the cadet, by his first name and patronymic: “Ivan Ivanovich, come here, you scoundrel! I will punish him for his misconduct, but he will remember that he is not a “monkey,” but Ivan Ivanovich is a respected person.”
Commander's language
During their studies, cadets master skills in several areas. They even learn the basics of mountaineering. They are undergoing internship in Altai. Every year the university team participates in the Elbrusiad, a competition where you have to climb Elbrus in a certain time.
Reconnaissance and clearing of populated areas: special forces competitions in SiberiaReconnaissance and Siberian special forces platoons compete in the Novosibirsk region. Over the course of four days, fighters must demonstrate theoretical knowledge and skills in eight disciplines - from physical and fire training to the ability to provide medical assistance.The cadets learn to handle special equipment and undergo airborne training - they make day and night parachute jumps, on water, long jumps, with cargo and special equipment in a wetsuit. During their studies, everyone must make at least 50 jumps. They have been jumping since the first year.
Freshman Semyon Groo has only been studying for a couple of months, but has already completed four jumps.
“I’m from the city of Lesosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk Territory, I graduated from the cadet corps there, because I always dreamed of becoming an officer. We have already started classes in the management class, where we practice commander skills,” he says laconically in a military manner.
We went into the management class. Here, according to senior lecturer of the intelligence department Sergei Zhukov, cadets develop a command language.
The training areas are separated by partitions, the cadets in headsets, with a map and compass, outline the route, as if from a combat vehicle. In front of them is a model of a training ground, on which military units - their own and others' - are marked with lights. The cadets command their scouts and carry out a training mission.
Professional language should be concise and understandable to subordinates. “Brevity is the sister of talent, but here, taking into account military terms,” says Zhukov. “As the task is set, so it will be completed.”
A set of equipment created at the department helps future commanders develop their skills. It allows you to track and manage scouts operating at the training ground right from here. Video and photographic images are transmitted from the drones to two monitors, and the commander at the computer controls the situation “in the field.” This development is the department’s know-how.
“But the fact is that when the war starts, all these systems will turn off,” says Ozherelyev, “and then the intelligence officers will have to rely on themselves, a map, a compass and personal weapons.”
Weeks in the fields
Cadets are taught to survive in any conditions. They must be able not only to make fire without matches, but also to feed themselves, no matter where - in the taiga or desert. Therefore, scouts know, for example, how to handle snakes and how to eat them.
But scouts are strictly prohibited from using captured food and drink (as opposed to weapons) - they can be specially poisoned.
Second-year cadet Denis Grishaev admits that he has not tried snakes yet. “We are not taught to eat snakes (in practice), we are trained so that if the need arises, we can do it,” he says.
And to the question: “What else are they preparing for?”, he answers simply: “To defend the homeland.”
In the Grishaev family, three generations of men are military, so the example was always before our eyes. He chose the Novosibirsk university because his uncle, a military intelligence officer, said that both in his service in Afghanistan and later in civilian life, he benefited from the knowledge and character that he developed at the military school.
Denis is already feeling this upbringing. “I like studying, you discover things about yourself that you would never have known about yourself. Combat training means constant field trips, night parachute jumps, day jumps, long jumps. When you live in the fields for a week, willpower is hardened here, the core inherent in the military appears ".
Whom does the Novosibirsk VVKU train?
At NVVKU they study in two specialties: “Use of military reconnaissance units” and “Use of motorized rifle units”
What is the specialty after graduating from NVVKU?
Personnel management (Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and equivalent bodies of the Russian Federation)
This specialty is relevant only for law enforcement agencies and differs from the civilian specialty “Human Resources Management”.
The cadets have the skills to maintain combat readiness and manage units. Organization of comprehensive support for the activities of departments. They learn to manage a unit in battle, shoot all types of small arms and drive military equipment.
Reconnaissance cadets undergo airborne training, mountain training, parachute jumps, and master the techniques of silent combat on land and under water.
Each graduate has the skills to survive and perform a combat mission in any climatic conditions.
Duration of training
Duration of training is 4 years.
What will graduates be like after graduating from NVVKU?
After graduating from NVVKU, graduates are awarded the military rank of “Lieutenant” and they begin service in the army in the positions of “Reconnaissance Platoon Commander”, “Motorized Rifle Platoon Commander”, respectively.
Graduates are distributed throughout Russia.
Admission Requirements
Citizens of the Russian Federation can enroll in NVVKU male those with secondary education (graduated from 11 grades of school, technical school, vocational lyceum (if it provides secondary education), cadet corps, etc.) it is possible to enter after the 2nd and 3rd year of a technical school (college) if during this time the candidate has received secondary education and can confirm it with a document.
Citizens with higher education do not have the right to enter a military school (Article 5, Clause 3 of the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation”).
Age of applicants:
- from 16 to 22 years of age did not serve in the RF Armed Forces or other law enforcement agencies;
- under 24 years of age discharged from the RF Armed Forces or other law enforcement agencies;
- under 27 years of age serving under a contract in the RF Armed Forces or other law enforcement agencies.
Entrance exams
Russian language, Social studies, Mathematics (profile level) - Unified State Exam results.
Graduates of technical schools, colleges, and vocational lyceums have the right to take the above exams not in the form of the Unified State Exam.
Passing score
Based on the results of admission to NVVKU in 2018 for the specialty “Use of Military Intelligence Units”, the last enrollee had 245 points (Russian language -65, mathematics - 56, social studies - 55, physical education - 69), the last enrollee for the specialty “Use of Motorized Rifle Units” had - 263 points (Russian language -55, mathematics - 50, social studies - 58, physical education - 100).
The competition in 2017 consisted of 4 people for a place in all specialties.
Average Unified State Examination score in general education subjects - 55 points per item.
Minimum points
Features of passing physical training
At NVVKU, physical training is taken in the following types: pull-ups on the horizontal bar, 100 m run, 3000 m run (around the stadium). All three types are taken immediately from the beginning - pull-ups, then 100 meters, and after 3 km. The results are converted into a 100-point system and summed up to the Unified State Examination results in subjects.
Approximate standards: pull-ups at least 15 times (70 points), 100 meters in about 13.2 seconds (70 points), 3 km in about 11.18 minutes. (70 points) The total is 210 points, which is converted to a 100-point scale according to the additional table, it will be exactly 100 points. You can do more pull-ups and run faster.
Medical commission
Upon admission, all candidates undergo a final medical examination. The requirements for applicants to the specialty “Use of Military Intelligence Units” are more stringent, since candidates must be fit for airborne training and diving training (height no less than 170 cm, weight no more than 90 kg, etc.) there are a lot of requirements and fitness category “A” at the military commissariat does not guarantee successful completion of the medical examination at the school.
Mandatory documents for a medical examination: a medical examination card (issued at the military registration and enlistment office or military unit), an outpatient child development card (for those who have not served or have served in the RF Armed Forces), a medical record from the moment of conscription (for military personnel).
Features of passing professional psychological selection
Candidates complete several specific psychological tests. Testing proceeds at an intense pace, strictly according to time standards, lasts about 3 hours and is carried out in the first half of the day.
At the end of testing, each candidate is interviewed by specialists from the professional selection group. The interview takes place in the afternoon after testing.
How to prepare documents
All documents for civilian candidates are processed through the military commissariat at the place of residence. To do this, you need to come to the military registration and enlistment office and report that you want to enroll in the NVVKU. There you will write an application and receive instructions on what documents to submit. There you will undergo a medical examination. All your documents will be registered in the candidate’s personal file and sent in the prescribed manner to the school.
List of required documents:
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Military personnel |
Persons who have and have not undergone military service |
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Accounting for individual achievements
When applying, NVVKU takes into account the following individual achievements that affect the category of professional suitability:
a) the status of champion and medalist of the Olympic Games, world champion, European champion, winner of the world championship, European championship in sports included in the programs of the Olympic Games, the presence of a silver and (or) gold badge received for the results of passing the standards of the physical education complex “Ready” to labor and defense" - upon admission to training in specialties and areas of training not related to specialties and areas of training in the field of physical culture and sports;
b) a certificate of secondary general education with honors;
c) carrying out volunteer (volunteer) activities (if no more than four years have passed from the date of completion of the period of implementation of the specified activity to the date of completion of acceptance of documents and entrance examinations);
d) participation and (or) results of participation of applicants in olympiads (not used to obtain special rights and (or) advantages upon admission to study for a specific set of admission conditions) and other intellectual and (or) creative competitions, physical education events and sports events, conducted in order to identify and support individuals who have demonstrated outstanding abilities;
e) the grade assigned by the higher education organization for the final essay in the final classes of organizations implementing educational programs of secondary general education (if the applicant submits the specified essay).