Socio-economic consequences of unemployment. Social consequences of unemployment Unemployment and the economic impact of the family

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Federal Agency for Education

Non-state educational institution

Higher professional education

East Siberian Institute of Economics and Law

Faculty of Economics

Specialty "Finance and Credit"

Course work

Discipline: Economics of Organizations

On the topic: “Unemployment and its impact on the economy”

Is done by a student:

Groups F-Z-09-3-1

Stepanova T.V.

Checked:

Tayurskaya O.V.

Irkutsk, 2010

Introduction

1.3 Causes of unemployment

2.2 Social consequences of unemployment

3.3 New state program to reduce unemployment.

Bibliography

Introduction

unemployment inflation labor market

One of the socio-economic problems of the current stage of development of Russian society is the problem of unemployment. Unemployment entails waste on a huge scale of its main productive force, a significant reduction in potential gross product and the country's national income, significant productive expenditures by states on the payment of unemployment benefits, retraining of the unemployed and their employment. Unemployment also causes considerable damage to the vital interests of people, preventing them from realizing their creative potential, from applying their skills in the type of activity in which a person can best express himself and, most importantly, sharply worsening the financial situation of the families of the unemployed, contributing to the growth of morbidity and crime, exacerbating social tension in society. Thus, the unemployment rate is one of the key indicators for determining the general state of the economy and for assessing its effectiveness. Because of this, the problem of unemployment in the Russian Federation in the context of the transition to a market economy is acquiring exceptional relevance. This problem requires in-depth scientific research, comprehensive theoretical analysis and the development on this basis of practical recommendations that could be used to develop and implement effective economic and social policies aimed at ensuring employment of the country's working population, reducing unemployment to a minimum, socially acceptable level . Therefore, it is the study and analysis of the problem of unemployment and ways to overcome it, identifying opportunities to increase the level of employment in the Russian labor market that is the goal of this work.

Chapter 1. The concept of unemployment, its types and causes

1.1 Essence, concept of unemployment, approaches to definition

The problem of unemployment is one of the most difficult. It has received a wide variety of interpretations in literature. For example, these:

1. Unemployment is a part of the country's population, consisting of persons who have reached working age, do not have a job and are in search of work for a period of time specified by law.

Unemployment is a socio-economic phenomenon in which part of the labor force is not employed in production. This is a cyclical phenomenon, expressed in the excess of the supply of labor over the demand for it.

Unemployment is the lack of employment for economic reasons among a certain, larger or smaller at any given moment, part of the working population of the country that is able and willing to work.

To analyze unemployment problems, it is necessary, first of all, to clearly define who should be considered unemployed. The criteria for recognizing a person as unemployed are usually set by law or government documents and may vary slightly between countries. But, as a rule, several features are present in all definitions. This:

working age, that is, a person must be older than the minimum age from which the law allows working for hire, but younger than the age at which an old-age pension is granted. Consequently, teenagers under working age or men over 60 years of age and women over 55 years of age (in Russia) cannot be considered unemployed, even if they want to work but cannot find a place;

a person does not have a permanent source of income for some time (for example, a month);

a person’s proven desire to find a job (for example, contacting the employment service and visiting those employers to whom employees of this service refer him for an interview).

Only those who meet these criteria are considered truly unemployed and are taken into account when determining the overall level of unemployment in the country, that is, the share of the unemployed in the total number of its labor force. This indicator is defined as follows:

Unemployment rate = unemployed/labor force*100%.

In this case, the unemployed are calculated on the basis of the data provided by the relevant authorities and institutions (for example, in many countries labor exchange statistics are used), and the labor force is defined as the difference between the general population of the country and individual population groups, which are:

persons who have not reached working age;

persons in special institutions (places of detention, psychiatric clinics, etc.);

persons who have left the labor force (pensioners who have lost their ability to work, etc.).

Weakly protected groups in the labor market:

former military personnel and able-bodied members of their families;

women, especially those with young children, large families;

youth and adolescents entering the workforce for the first time;

graduates of universities and technical schools;

working disabled people and pensioners.

For the period 1996-2001. the number of vulnerable segments of the population has increased significantly; its composition expanded to include mainly military personnel and members of their families. In the period 1992-1997. Over 1.2 million people were discharged from the armed forces.

Among the unemployed, the proportion of female workers still remains high. On average in Russia in 2004, this share was 49.8% (increased slightly compared to 2003, when it was 47.1%). Women in most cases are more long time are in a state of open unemployment. Underemployment of female workers is widespread, especially in light industry, primarily textiles and clothing.

The situation of young people in the labor market is deteriorating. Since the youth population is extremely heterogeneous in age, educational and professional level, each of them needs its own approach to solving employment problems. First of all, we are talking about primary employment of both those who have education and a specialty, and those who have neither one nor the other.

1.2 Views of economic schools on unemployment

Labor market imbalances are usually chronic. Therefore, employment problems are considered by all economic schools.

The English priest Malthus formulated the law of population, according to which food production increases in an arithmetic progression (1, 2, 3, 4.5...), and population growth in a geometric progression (2, 4, 8, 16, 32...). Malthusianism saw this dependence as the main cause of unemployment and justified “natural” methods of population regulation: wars, epidemics, natural disasters, etc.

Classical political economy considered the market to be a self-regulating system where there is no place for forced unemployment, and voluntary means that the worker does not want to work for low wages and, while looking for a job with high pay, does not voluntarily work.

Currently, there is a growing number of supporters of classical ideas (neoclassical direction), who believe that there should be a “natural level of unemployment”, and it is impossible to get rid of it altogether. Neoclassical theory sees the reasons for long-term, stable unemployment in the action of non-market factors that impede the mechanism of market self-adjustment, primarily reducing flexibility real rate wages.

According to J.M. According to Keynes, the demand for labor is determined not by the price of labor, but by the effective demand for goods. The latter represents the volume of aggregate demand corresponding to the level of employment at which the entrepreneur can maximize profit. When effective demand decreases, quantitative adaptation to changing conditions occurs: employers reduce production and employment, households reduce consumption.

Keynes came to the conclusion that the main factor determining involuntary unemployment is the lack of aggregate spending in the economy, which causes a decrease in the effective demand for goods.

The Keynesian concept, based on the understanding of unemployment as a consequence of a reduction in aggregate spending in society, considers stimulating aggregate demand to be the main activity. A set of strategic measures is aimed at reviving market conditions, increasing demand for investment and consumer demand. Tactical measures consist of the large-scale use of public works paid for from the budget (roads, hospitals, buildings...)

J.M. Keynes did not rule out that this entire set of measures would be carried out with deficit budget financing. This will lead to an increase in public debt, additional money emission, and therefore inflation.

1.3 Causes of unemployment

Modern unemployment in the Russian Federation is a phenomenon generated by the stage of development in the process of establishing market relations. Attitudes towards unemployment as a socio-economic criterion of the state of society have changed over time, but the damage caused by unemployment entails a significant lag in the country's economic development.

Increases and decreases in economic activity are the main reasons for the growth and decline of employment and unemployment in a country.

The following main causes of unemployment can be identified:

surplus population (in general world economy labor surplus, and rapid population growth contributes to this);

establishing wage rates above the equilibrium level under pressure from the actions of trade unions and the socio-economic activity of the population;

low effective demand (lack of demand for goods and services reduces the demand for labor, since the demand for labor is derivative in nature, and as a result, unemployment occurs).

There are also a number of reasons for unemployment:

geographical population movements: a person moves to a new place and may find himself unemployed at the time of the move and for some time before and after the move;

change of professional interests, retraining, retraining;

the onset of new stages in a person’s personal life: studying, having children, etc.

The reasons for hidden unemployment at Russian enterprises can be divided into two groups: the reasons why company managers do not lay off workers en masse, and the reasons why workers themselves do not resign from enterprises, although earnings often barely reach the subsistence level; and wages are delayed for months.

The first group of reasons for the persistence of hidden unemployment includes the following points. Firstly, even in conditions of falling production, company managers are trying to retain personnel for the future by introducing part-time employment and paid (and unpaid) vacations. Secondly, retaining personnel allows us to hope for financial support from the state. Thirdly, often firms simply do not have the funds to pay benefits and wages to released employees for the period of employment in accordance with labor laws. Therefore, dismissals occur, as a rule, with the stamp “at their own request,” provoked by increasingly deteriorating working conditions and low wages.

The second group of reasons for the persistence of hidden unemployment is associated with the reluctance of workers to leave their previous place of work, even despite the meager wages. Firstly, in small settlements people simply have no other opportunity to find work. Secondly, for the older age group of the working population, continuous work experience in order to receive pensions is very important. Thirdly, unemployment benefits, even if you can get them, do not compensate for lost wages. Fourthly, such a factor as job stability very often prevails in the minds of workers.

All these reasons, one way or another, cause unemployment or contribute to it. further development. The uncontrolled development of this phenomenon can have serious macroeconomic consequences.

The severity of the unemployment problem arises from a number of reasons. Firstly, a person is a special type of economic resource. Lost working time is irreplaceable, and the amount of goods that was not produced today due to unemployment cannot be compensated in the future.

Secondly, even if a person does not work, he cannot stop consuming and he still needs to feed his family. Therefore, society is forced to look for means to save the unemployed from starvation.

Thirdly, rising unemployment reduces demand for goods on the domestic market. People who do not receive a salary are forced to be content with only the bare minimum of subsistence. As a result, it becomes difficult to sell goods on the country’s domestic market (“the market is shrinking”).

Fourthly, unemployment aggravates the political situation in the country. The reason for this is the growing anger of people who have lost the opportunity to adequately support their families and spend day after day in an exhausting search for work.

Fifthly, an increase in unemployment can lead to an increase in the number of crimes that people commit in order to obtain the necessary benefits.

1.4 Types of unemployment and their specifics

Depending on the causes of occurrence, unemployment is distinguished: frictional, structural, natural, cyclical, seasonal, stagnant, institutional, hidden and technological.

Frictional (current) unemployment is temporary unemployment that occurs when a person voluntarily changes his job (moving from one job to another, changing place of residence, etc.) or when changing “stages” life path"(entering a job after the army, graduating from an educational institution, etc.). Frictional unemployment is considered inevitable and to some extent acceptable, because many workers who voluntarily find themselves “between jobs” move from low-paid jobs to higher-paid ones and productive work. In general, psychologists believe that in order to maintain vitality, efficiency and moral and psychological balance, a person must change jobs at least six times in his life.

The term “frictional” emphasizes that the labor market experiences certain fluctuations; equilibrium in the labor market is not achieved instantly. However, this is not just a normal, but a positive state, since the presence of frictional unemployment shows the flexibility of the labor market and the participant’s freedom to choose their future behavior: broad social policy gives a chance to remain longer in the search for a higher-paying or more interesting job.

Structural unemployment is underemployment, i.e. workers who are employed part-time or are forced to go on vacation by order of the administration, etc. This type of unemployment affects hired workers, owners of small enterprises in the field of retail and services, especially in times of crisis and depression. But in to a greater extent it manifests itself in the agricultural sector, from where people are ready to leave at any time.

The emergence of structural unemployment means that many people will have to learn new professions. It is impossible to avoid structural unemployment. This is due to the fact that technological progress constantly gives birth to new products, technologies and even entire industries (for example, these include the production of personal computers, laser discs and fiber optics). As a result, the structure of demand for labor changes greatly, and people with professions that are no longer needed in the previous number find themselves out of work, joining the ranks of the unemployed. For example, the import of a significant number of personal computers into Russia led to the abandonment of the use of large computers, the maintenance of which required many programmers. Along with computers from abroad came a new “generation” of software products that allow you to communicate with a machine without an intermediary programmer. To keep or get a job, programmers old school I had to urgently relearn, master new programming languages and new software packages.

What frictional and structural unemployment have in common is that both of these types of unemployment inevitably arise in the economy of any country.

There are also differences between frictional and structural unemployment.

First, structural crises are difficult to overcome in short periods of time.

Secondly, the composition of the structural unemployed is more stable, which is fraught with the formation of conflict groups that aggravate the socio-political situation in the country.

Thirdly, if retraining for the frictional unemployed is a matter of their own choice, then the structural unemployed need mandatory retraining if they plan to find employment during the structural crisis.

In general, it should be noted that structural unemployment is a more painful phenomenon for the country as a whole and for those individuals who belong to this category of unemployed than frictional unemployment.

Natural unemployment is the sum of frictional and structural unemployment.

This is the best level of unemployment, which, on the one hand, is not too high to talk about the problem of resource employment, and on the other hand, is sufficient to ensure flexibility in the labor market and create healthy competitive elements.

The natural rate of unemployment is sometimes called the full employment rate, or zero unemployment. This definition emphasizes that a given level of unemployment makes it possible to achieve potential GDP, i.e. GDP at full employment. Graphically, it can be seen on the vertical part of the aggregate supply curve, which characterizes the level of full employment of resources in the economy, including labor resources. The natural rate of unemployment is also called the non-inflationary rate of unemployment. Cyclical unemployment is unemployment caused by the downturn phase of the business cycle. During a recession, production activity decreases, individual enterprises close, and, consequently, unemployment increases. The difference between the actual and natural levels of unemployment is the value of cyclical unemployment.

Cyclical unemployment is a negative economic phenomenon. Its presence shows that the economy is not operating at full employment. Indicators of cyclical unemployment are very different and fluctuate depending on the intensity of the recession.

Seasonal unemployment - appears due to natural factors, is easily predicted due to its cyclical nature. This type of unemployment is typical for the tourism business, agriculture, some crafts, and the construction industry. Seasonal unemployment is often referred to as frictional unemployment.

Stagnant unemployment includes those who work not in factories and factories, but at home. Their specificity is that they are employed only at certain times, and are unemployed the rest of the time. The lowest layer of stagnant overpopulation is formed by the poor, thrown out of production and forever deprived of the opportunity to return to it. This includes old people, cripples and disabled workers, as well as thieves, prostitutes, beggars, and tramps.

Institutional unemployment occurs when the organization of the labor market itself is not efficient enough: information about vacancies is incomplete, unemployment benefits are overestimated, and income taxes are underestimated.

Hidden unemployment is typical for the domestic economy. Its essence lies in the fact that in conditions of incomplete use of the enterprise’s resources, workers are not fired, but are transferred to a reduced working hours (part-time working week or working day), or are sent on forced unpaid leave. Formally, such workers cannot be recognized as unemployed, but in fact they are.

Technological unemployment is the newest form of labor force reduction associated with the introduction of unmanned and unmanned technology based on electronic equipment. For example, if currently 40 highly qualified typographic workers can type approximately 170 thousand characters per hour, then with the help of computer technology 10 people can type about 1 million characters in the same time, as a result of which technological unemployment increases 20 times.

Thus, unemployment is a characteristic feature of a market economy. It must be placed within a certain framework, within which an optimal growth regime and a state of economic stability are achieved.

Chapter 2. Consequences of unemployment and the impact of inflation on it

2.1 Economic consequences of unemployment

Reform of the labor sector is happening slowly and inconsistently. The scale of unemployment, the decline in living standards of the majority of the population, and the legal insecurity of workers indicate that during the post-reform years, workers have lost more than they have gained.

The first thing unemployment leads to is failure to reach the potential level of GDP, i.e. underproduction (a situation where actual unemployment is greater than natural unemployment, excess unemployment occurs).

In the 1960s, the American economist A. Okun conducted a study of this phenomenon. After analyzing a large amount of statistical material, he came to the conclusion that there is a stable interdependence between the magnitude of cyclical unemployment and the lag of actual GDP from potential GDP. Okun's law states: if the actual unemployment rate is 1% higher than the natural unemployment rate, then the gap between actual and potential GDP is 2.5%.

In other words, each percentage point of cyclical unemployment results in a GDP gap of 2.5%. For example, if in a given period (year) cyclical unemployment was 3%, then the gap between actual GDP and potential GDP is 7.5%.

Table 1 shows that in 2004, taking into account the output per employee of 22.4 billion rubles, then the GDP loss from unemployment according to A. Okun’s formula will be 48.8 billion rubles.

The number 2.5 is called the Okun number, Okun parameter, or Okun coefficient. Statistics show that this ratio is different countries and at different periods of time can fluctuate between 2 and 3. Its value depends on the importance of the labor factor in creating the product.

Table 1.

Dynamics of Russian GDP production losses from unemployment

GDP in 1990 prices	Number of employees	Average annual output per 1 employee	Number of unemployed (excluding natural unemployment)	GDP losses from unemployment
				According to A. Okun's formula (coefficient - 2.5)	Taking into account production per 1 employee
billion rubles						billion rubles

Despite the fact that Russia has recently experienced stable economic growth, this is not enough to reach the level of developed Western countries. According to Western economists, unemployment today is the central problem of countries with developed market economies.

In terms of GDP generated, our country is one of the ten largest countries in the world, and in terms of GDP per capita, we are ahead of India and China, but behind such Latin American countries as Mexico and Brazil; In terms of industrial production, Russia is in 5th place in the world (after the USA, Japan, China, Germany), but per capita it is in the second ten (see Table 2, Appendix 1).

In addition to failure to achieve the potential level of GDP, cyclical unemployment gives rise to a number of other negative consequences. As a result of high unemployment, household incomes fall, that is, effective demand falls. A fall in effective demand means a further deepening of the recession if the government does not take the necessary measures. A fall in household income due to unemployment causes a reduction in real savings.

Since savings are a source of investment, this process also causes a reduction in investment opportunities.

2.2 Social consequences of unemployment

In addition to purely economic consequences, one cannot discount the significant social and moral consequences of unemployment, its Negative influence on public values and vital interests of citizens. Forced inactivity of a significant mass of the working-age population and each person individually leads to depression in life, loss of qualifications and practical skills; Moral standards are decreasing, crime is increasing, self-esteem is being lost, families are breaking up, social tension in society is growing, which is also characterized by an increase in the number of suicides, mental and cardiovascular diseases. Ultimately, the physical health of society is undermined.

Due to job loss, many families found themselves below the poverty line.

Poverty is the economic condition of people who do not have a minimum (according to country standards) means of subsistence. The number of poor people in our country increased sharply after 1991 and has continued to grow inexorably for 15 years.

The number of poor people changes with changes in the economic structure of a country. In Russia, according to some data, the number of poor families exceeds 25% of their total number, and this number does not include families of alcoholics and drug addicts, whose children practically live on the streets of cities.

Homelessness is another negative impact of unemployment. In order to somehow feed their family, irresponsible parents allow their children to commit crimes, both criminal and moral. And in connection with this, the number of suicides among young people is increasing. And young mothers are afraid to give birth to more than one child. In this regard, a negative situation can be observed in Russia - mortality exceeds the birth rate (see Table 1, Appendix 2)

Natural population decline is accompanied by a drop in production. In Russia, the average life expectancy of the population has decreased significantly. The unstable situation in the labor market, economic reforms, unemployment, social insecurity especially among young people leads to an increase in crime, drug addiction and alcoholism among the relatively young population of our country. The number of crimes committed by minors is growing inexorably. In 2005 132.6 thousand criminal cases were initiated regarding crimes of minors. This includes both petty hooliganism and theft of property. But often, older people are behind all these crimes. Many families who found themselves on the verge of poverty, due to the loss of their jobs, and, consequently, their only source of income, sought their livelihood in shadow businesses. One of these is the distribution of drugs, as well as their distribution among young people, which negatively affects the mental and physical development of children. Thus, the social consequences of unemployment are striking both in their scale and in their cruelty, both on young people and on people of pre-retirement age.

2.3 Relationship between unemployment and inflation

Unemployment and inflation have a certain quantitative relationship. Professor of the London School of Economics A. Phillips in the late 1950s established such a relationship, which is known as the Phillips curve.

The Phillips curve is a graphical representation of the relationship between inflation and unemployment. P. Samuelson called the Phillips curve a “trade-off between inflation and unemployment,” and the conditions of the compromise are determined by the slope of the Phillips curve

In the 1920s, a situation developed in the economy when a high rate of inflation was accompanied by a high level of unemployment, i.e. unemployment and inflation were not inversely, but directly related. This circumstance caused criticism of the Phillips curve as an economic regulator. The 1980s saw a simultaneous decline in inflation and unemployment. This phenomenon was explained by the natural rate of unemployment curve. According to this theory, in this period the Philips curve is vertical.

Conclusions from the Phillips curve:

1. The level of inflation depends on the dynamics of wages, since wages are the main element of production costs.

2. There is an inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment. Rising wages, which increase demand, lead to expanded production and job creation.

3. To reduce the unemployment rate in the country, one should not fight inflation.

4. If unemployment in the country is at the natural level, then there will be no inflation.

Chapter 3. The problem of unemployment in Russia and ways to solve it. State employment policy

The unemployment rate in Russia in September 2005 was 6.8% of the country's economically active population, compared to 6.5% in August. The number of unemployed increased by 4.4% compared to August; compared to the same period in 2004, unemployment decreased by 11.9%. At the end of September 2005, 5.1 million people, in accordance with the methodology of the International Labor Organization, were classified as unemployed. In September 2004, this figure was 5.7 million people, in August 2005 - 4.8 million people.

The state employment service registered 1.7 million people as unemployed in September. The economically active population by the end of September was estimated at 74.5 million people, or about 51% of the country's total population.

In February 2006, the number of unemployed increased by 1.1% compared to the previous month. The total number of unemployed in Russia is 5.727 million people. This is 7.7% of the country's total economically active population.

At the same time, the number of officially registered unemployed in February 2006 increased by 3.7% compared to the previous month and amounted to 1.906 million people.

3.1 Features of state employment policy and ways to solve unemployment problems

Employment policy is part of the economic policy of the state. It should be focused on solving the most pressing problems. This:

promoting the development of small businesses at different levels of management;

development of a concept for ensuring employment and survival of the population of small towns;

focus on reducing unemployment and reviving production; overcoming the practice of late payment of wages and repayment of accumulated debt;

the formation of an effective labor market, which implies an increase in labor prices as the national economy grows;

purposeful formation of the public sector of the economy to preserve jobs.

January-August 2005 was less successful than 2004 of the same period. The number of citizens who applied for work has increased, but the number of those who have found work with the assistance of the employment service has decreased. The number of citizens undergoing training in the direction of the employment service also decreased (see Table 1, Appendix 3)

Ways to solve unemployment problems

The direct path is the revival of domestic production, the organization of new jobs in all areas of economic activity.

Indirect is administrative or legislative regulation of employment. It means:

Ensuring legal protection of employees.

Use of alternative forms of employment.

In addition to flexible and non-traditional forms of employment, which provide for the possibility of choosing the optimal mode of work by the workers themselves, it is necessary to use the world experience of “sharing jobs” and “dividing work” in time and space. Today you work, and tomorrow I do; you are there, and I am here.

Development of the unemployment insurance system:

increasing the share of contributions to the employment fund, which will stimulate the structural restructuring of enterprises;

the use of insurance principles, when, along with the employer, the employee himself participates in the formation of the fund;

state financing of special programs to assist specific social groups in the labor market - military personnel who have been laid off, refugees, youth, etc.;

simplification of the procedure for registering unemployed people with employment services.

Solving the problem of non-payment of wages.

Creation of an effective system for protecting employees through the mechanism of social partnership. The most important task of social partnership is to eliminate conflict situations. Unfortunately, the partners of employees - the state and entrepreneurs - often violate their obligations, which leads to labor problems.

violate their obligations, which leads to labor conflicts in various forms. In the current situation in the country, the main thing is missing - equality of rights of the parties.

It is necessary to overcome the alienation of the worker from his labor power, to bring the price of labor power in line with the standards of the civilized world. Social partnership is implemented through a system of negotiations and concluded agreements and contracts. These agreements should provide for the mutual interest of employees and entrepreneurs in effective economic activity, the development of production and the competitiveness of goods and services, the growth of labor and social activity, mitigating the severity of social contradictions and finding constructive forms of resolving labor conflicts.

3.2 Creating a more flexible labor market model

Ideally, Russia should create the most flexible labor market, guaranteeing low unemployment (at the US level, approximately 4-5% of the economically active population) and sustainable high rates of economic growth (3-5% per year with a corresponding increase in wages).

To do this, we will have to work a lot, first of all, on the legal infrastructure. Urgency of contracts must be introduced; eliminate lifetime employment, which formally dominates today in Russia; provide for and ensure the relative ease of dismissal of economically redundant workers, even when the contract has not expired, because this redundancy contributes to the inefficient allocation of labor resources and ultimately reduces employment. Collective agreements should be concluded primarily at the enterprise level. The right to strike must be guaranteed unconditionally. The minimum wage should be kept at 20% of the average wage, a level typical of developed countries with low unemployment, such as the United States. Our minimum wage is now about 10% of the average level. But if the Duma supports the idea of raising it to the subsistence level, that is, to approximately 50% of the average wage in the country, this will lead to a decrease in employment for Russia as a whole and will result in a real disaster for many poor regions. For example, in Dagestan the minimum wage will then be 50% higher than the average wage.

One of the main obstacles to internal migration is subsidized housing costs. The market for officially rented housing is impossible in our country simply because municipal housing is paid at a price below the market price.

Naturally, the demand for it many times exceeds the supply. This is a deficit, administratively allocated resource. Therefore, if a person left his rental housing in one region, he cannot get it in another. This means that he can move only by changing. And the possibility of exchange depends on the balance of migration, thus. exchange becomes almost impossible, which in turn blocks migration. Approximately 50% of Russians rent housing. Consequently, half of the country's population does not have the opportunity to move to another region in search of work. The other half of the population are homeowners, which is a fairly high figure. From the point of view of the impact on employment, migration, and unemployment, this is a negative factor. To correct the current situation, first of all, it is necessary to create a mortgage and housing loan market in order to somehow make it easier for homeowners to sell it in one place and buy it in another

But home ownership still ties a person to a specific place. That's why we must encourage a shift to rental housing.

3.3 New state program to reduce unemployment

The key task in the labor market is to increase the efficiency of employment, and a number of priority areas have been identified to solve it. These include: providing social guarantees to the unemployed and weakly competitive groups of the population; division of powers in the field of employment policy and labor market between levels of government; free movement of labor resources across the territory and industries of the country; support for small businesses and regulation of the attraction and use of foreign labor.

To solve problems in this direction, a wide but rather targeted range of measures is provided, such as: expert assessment of the consequences of the country's accession to the WTO; tax incentives for new jobs in “promising sectors of the economy”; development and implementation of special programs to increase labor productivity; analysis of opportunities to increase employment in “problem industries” (coal, metallurgy, fuel and energy, light industry); support for small businesses both to create jobs, including in rural areas, and to develop the infrastructure of military camps, etc.

In the direction of assisting citizens who are especially in need of social protection, the first priority has been given to the task of accurately recording the unemployed by individual groups and categories in order to implement the principle of targeting in the work of employment services.

In the field of optimization of employment services, the task has been set to develop an information support system for employment service bodies and provide accessible information to clients of these services.

In general, this Concept represents a step forward compared to similar previous documents of the Government of the Russian Federation.

Bibliography

1. Introduction to economics: Raizberg B.A. Textbook for general education. institutions. - M.: Education, 1996. - 192 p.

2. Vlasova V.M. Stabilization of employment in market conditions: - M. p.63-64

3. Social studies: Kravchenko A.I., Pevtsova E.A. Textbook - 5th ed. - M.: TID "Russian Word - RS", 2001. - 352 p.

4. Economics in questions and answers: textbook. manual edited by I.P. Nikolaeva, - M.: TK Welby, Prospekt Publishing House, 2006 - 336 p.

5. Economic theory: Borisov E.F. textbook allowance. - M.: TK Welby, Prospekt Publishing House, 2006 - 256 p.

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Economic and social consequences of unemployment

Unemployment has serious economic and social costs. Some of the economic consequences of unemployment include the following:

underproduction, underutilization of society's production capabilities. The relationship between the unemployment rate and the lag in the volume of GNP is expressed in Oksne's law: a 1% excess of the actual unemployment rate over the natural one leads to a lag of the actual volume of GNP by 2.5% from the potential;
a significant decrease in the standard of living of people who find themselves unemployed, since work is their main source of livelihood;
a decrease in the level of wages of employees as a result of emerging competition in the labor market;
an increase in the tax burden on the employed due to the need for social support for the unemployed, payment of benefits and compensation, etc.

In addition to purely economic costs, unemployment also has significant social and psychological consequences, often less obvious, but more serious than economic ones. The main ones are the following:

increased political instability and social tension in society;
aggravation of the crime situation, an increase in crime, since a significant number of offenses and crimes are committed by non-working persons;
an increase in the number of suicides, mental and cardiovascular diseases, mortality from alcoholism, and cases of deviant behavior in general;
deformation of the personality of the unemployed and his social connections, expressed in the appearance of depression in life among involuntarily unemployed citizens, their loss of qualifications and practical skills; aggravation of family relations and family breakdowns, reduction of external social connections of the unemployed. The consequences of unemployment are long-lasting. The former unemployed, even after employment, is characterized by reduced labor activity and conformity of behavior, which requires significant efforts to rehabilitate the unemployed.

The economic and socio-psychological consequences of unemployment indicate that this is a rather dangerous phenomenon for society and the individual, requiring an active employment policy aimed not only at eliminating the consequences of unemployment, but also at preventing and preventing its uncontrolled growth above the minimum acceptable level.

At the same time, as shown above, it is the unemployed population that constitutes the reserve necessary for the normal functioning of the country’s economy. Therefore, the regulation of unemployment, as part of the state employment policy, aims, on the one hand, to create a mobile workforce potential, and on the other, to prevent and eliminate its negative consequences, which create tension both in the labor market and in society as a whole.

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CONTENTS

Introduction

Chapter 1. general characteristics unemployment

1.1 The concept of unemployment

1.2 Types (forms) of unemployment

Chapter 2. Employment

Chapter 3. Ways to solve the problem of unemployment

Conclusion

Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

The relevance of the topic of the work is justified by the fact that unemployment is a complex, multifaceted social phenomenon that has various aspects and multilateral connections with other processes in the life of human society. First of all, unemployment is associated with the most important economic processes, in particular, with the functioning of the labor market. Unemployment occurs as a result of an imbalance in labor markets when the supply of labor exceeds the demand for it. The level, dynamics and duration of unemployment are directly dependent on such economic factors as the dynamics of the volume of social product and national income, social labor productivity, wage levels, etc.

Unemployment is a macroeconomic problem that has the most direct and severe impact on every individual. Losing a job for most people means a decline in their standard of living and causes serious psychological trauma. It is therefore not surprising that the problem of unemployment is often the subject of political debate. Economists study unemployment to determine its causes and to improve public policies that affect employment.

The most important economic consequence of unemployment is the underutilization of the production apparatus and human resources, underproduction of the social product and national income. All these processes and relationships are studied by economic theory, macro- and microeconomics, labor economics and other economic sciences. However, the economic aspects of unemployment do not exhaust the essence, content and forms of manifestation of the phenomenon of unemployment. It also has other aspects: social, political, demographic, psychological, and moral. These aspects of unemployment are studied accordingly by other sciences, including general and economic sociology. This aspect of unemployment seems especially important, because it is directly related to human life.

When writing the theoretical part of this course work, the following literature was used as the main sources:

Detailed Explanation international standards accounting for employment and unemployment, a detailed classification of labor resources, a comprehensive consideration of the various categories of employed, unemployed, part-time workers and criteria for assignment to one or another group are discussed in detail in the book by Hussmanns R., Mehran F., Verma V. “Survey of the Economically Active population: employment, unemployment and underemployment”;

An idea of the system of views reflecting the concept of labor market development is given by V. L. Belova’s article “Introduction to Macroeconomics. Unemployment";

The basic concepts and types of unemployment are most fully described in the book by Chepurin M.N., Kiseleva E.A. “Course in Economic Theory”;

Specific statistics for the Republic of Tatarstan are taken from the monthly newspaper “Man and Work”.

For my course work, I mainly used articles from periodicals. This is primarily “Sociological Research”,

“Economic Issues”, “ECO”, “Socio-Political Journal”, etc. All publications in the above-mentioned publications have been reviewed and studied since 1993.

A small number of researchers are studying the problem of unemployment in the Republic of Tatarstan. This is due to a number of reasons. Firstly, due to the fact that the Republic of Tatarstan is still quite young, it does not have the same established institution that exists in other regions of Russia. Secondly, there is not enough funding.

Target. Of course, this work is devoted to a complex but interesting problem. In the course work, the greatest emphasis is placed on determining the impact of unemployment on the individual and society as a whole.

Consider different approaches to the concept of “unemployment”, give its definition;

Identify the main features of changes in the functions of the labor market at the present stage, forecasting its forms in the future;

Reveal trends in the development of the social structure of modern society.

Consider and analyze the state of the labor market, as well as the level and structure of unemployment in the Kukmorsky district.

CHAPTER 1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF UNEMPLOYMENT

1.1. Unemployment concept

unemployment labor market

An integral feature of the Russian market economy is unemployment - temporary unemployment of the economically active population. The reasons for this phenomenon are varied. Firstly, structural changes in the economy, expressed in the fact that the introduction of new technologies and equipment leads to a reduction in excess labor. Secondly, an economic recession or depression, which forces employers to reduce the need for all resources, including labor. Third, government wage policy: raising the minimum wage increases production costs and thereby reduces the demand for labor, as illustrated by the classical labor market model. Fourthly, seasonal changes in the level of production in certain sectors of the economy. Finally, fifthly, changes in the demographic structure of the population, in particular the growth of the working age population, increases the demand for labor and, consequently, the likelihood of unemployment increases.

So, unemployment is a phenomenon organically connected with the labor market. According to the definition of the International Labor Organization, an unemployed person is anyone who is currently unemployed, is looking for work and is ready to start work. According to Russian legislation, able-bodied citizens who do not have a job or income, are registered with the employment service in order to find a suitable job, are looking for work and are ready to start work are recognized as unemployed.

Modern economists view unemployment as a natural and integral part of a market economy. In this regard, much attention is paid to the analysis of types of unemployment. The criterion for distinguishing types of unemployment, as a rule, is the cause of its occurrence and duration, and the main types of unemployment are considered structural, frictional and cyclical. Let's consider them: over time, important changes occur in the structure of consumer demand, which, in turn, change the structure of the overall demand for workers. The country is creating new, more modern goods and services that require the introduction of advanced technologies, accordingly, a structural restructuring of production is carried out with the reduction of old and the development of new economic facilities. In this regard, personnel are recruited and trained, and the qualifications of existing employees are upgraded, and some employees may be released.

The released personnel cannot immediately solve their problems in the labor market, and some of them end up among the unemployed. This happens because people tend to be slow to respond to the emergence of new professions, resulting in the structure of labor supply not matching the structure of jobs and some workers who do not have the skills that employers need, and these citizens become unemployed. This type of unemployment is called structural. In this situation, the initiator of dismissal is the employer. An example is the widespread introduction of personal electronic equipment, computers, which replaced and freed up a large number of junior service personnel from typists, bookkeepers, clerks and some other professions.

1.2 Types (forms) of unemployment

Modern unemployment in Russia is a specific and, to a certain extent, unique phenomenon generated by the transition economy of the country, in which the process of establishing market relations is taking place. At the same time, the phenomenon of unemployment, regardless of which country and which historical period we are talking about, has common features and patterns that are also relevant for Russia.

The concept of the natural rate of unemployment, analysis of types of unemployment, its economic and social consequences, determination of unemployment indicators, study of factors influencing the dynamics of unemployment, including the relationship between unemployment and inflation, can be applied to our current reality.

The criteria for distinguishing types of unemployment, as a rule, are the cause of its occurrence and its duration (sustainability).

Thus, unemployment is a situation in the economy when some people who are capable and willing to work for hire cannot find work in their specialty or find employment at all.

Underemployment of the working-age population contradicts the main task of the economy - ensuring the growth of the level of well-being of mankind.

Therefore, today economists prefer to talk not about unemployment in general, but to highlight its specific types, and, above all:

Structural unemployment: impossibility of employment due to differences in the structure of demand and supply of labor of various qualifications;

Frictional unemployment: unemployment due to the need for a laid-off worker to find a free position in his specialty. Even if such places are available on the labor market, finding them and moving to a new organization takes time;

Cyclical unemployment: the inability to find work in regions and countries affected by economic recession, when even the total number of available jobs is less than the number of unemployed people, or when people, for various reasons, are deprived of the opportunity to acquire a new (required by the market) specialty or move to live in areas where there are chances for employment higher;

Hidden unemployment: the inability to find employment in the main specialty forces a person to agree to part-time or part-time work, which allows him to wait until there is a place for him in the labor market.

Other types of unemployment are also mentioned.

One of the types of unemployment is partial unemployment, which arises as a result of a decrease in demand for the company's products. In this case, two options for the entrepreneur’s behavior are possible: either he retains the opportunity for part of the staff to work full time and fires the other part, or without dismissal he gives everyone the opportunity to work part-time, which leads to partial unemployment.

Based on the need to record the unemployed and take appropriate government measures to provide work to everyone, they distinguish: registered unemployment, which reflects the number of unemployed citizens looking for work, ready to start work and registered with the state employment service.

There is also the so-called survey unemployment - an estimated value characterizing the real situation in the labor market based on periodic special surveys of the working population.

Concluding the description of the forms of unemployment, I would like to emphasize that for Russia, which is in a state of transition from its past life under the conditions of “real socialism” to a certain (it is still unclear which one) new quality, the operation of the so-called “general law of capitalist accumulation” becomes a reality. , once formulated by K. Marx in relation to bourgeois society of the classical period - the period of the mid-19th century. Then, according to Marx, the increase in unemployment, absolute and relative impoverishment of the masses at one pole; the increase in wealth, the concentration and centralization of capital - on the other hand, was the law of reproduction of bourgeois society.

In conditions of a systemic crisis, there is a huge polarization of social wealth, a concentration of capital in the hands of the former nomenklatura and the “new rich” - at one pole; not only relative, but also absolute impoverishment, increasing unemployment - at the other pole. The income gap between the richest and poorest 10% of families in Russia is already twice that of the developed countries of Western Europe. Moreover, it even exceeds the gap characteristic of newly industrialized states. Of course, this situation cannot continue indefinitely, and the most important task now is to find ways to overcome this kind of contradictions and, in particular, to overcome unemployment in the transition economy of Russia. Perhaps such a search should begin with identifying the causes of Russian unemployment.

CHAPTER 2. EMPLOYMENT

2.1 Character traits unemployment in Russia

The general principles of the theory of employment, labor market and unemployment are quite applicable to the analysis of modern unemployment in Russia. However, the unemployment model characteristic of countries with developed market economies cannot be mechanically transferred to Russia, which is making a transition from a command-administrative system to a market economy and a democratic social system.

Until recently, unemployment in Russia was not an object of scientific knowledge for a long period in the history of the USSR, starting from the 30s, unemployment was considered non-existent. It was recognized as a phenomenon inherent only in a “decaying” capitalist economy, therefore unemployment was studied in the course of political economy and capitalism. According to Marxist doctrine, unemployment arose as a result of the general law of capitalist accumulation and led to the general impoverishment of workers - relative and absolute. In fact, certain forms of unemployment were observed in Soviet society under the dominance of public ownership and centralized economic management. For example, labor turnover, correspondingly fluid (frictional) unemployment, existed in the 30s, and in subsequent decades, actual unemployment was masked by an artificial reduction of surplus labor in enterprises, a swollen military-police apparatus, etc. With the transition to a market economy in the late 80s and early 90s, there was an increase in unemployment and the transformation of its hidden forms into open ones. One of the characteristic features of unemployment registration in Russia is the alarming fact that its duration is increasing. The most “unemployed” category in our time is young people. Mass unemployment among young people, due to the specific nature of the psyche, the excessive ambitions of newly minted specialists, youthful maximalism and reactivity, is a deep problem. Young professionals are the pride and hope of any developed state, and if this “hope” does not have appropriate social security, the “unplacement” of youth turns into one of the most significant threats to the economic security and social stability of the country. Those whose age is approaching retirement have big problems, since in our society there is a persistent opinion that they are not so active and are not capable of what is easy for younger workers.

Since the emergence of unemployment in Russia, its characteristic feature has been the predominance of women among the unemployed officially registered with the employment service. At the same time, the number of women among the officially registered unemployed is 1.5 times less than among the total number of unemployed. The problem of female unemployment is primarily related to the provision of unequal opportunities for women in hiring and firing. The most difficult situation in the labor market is faced by women with young children, graduates of educational institutions with no work experience, women of pre-retirement age, as well as women with professions in which preference is given to men when hiring.

Along with the growth of open unemployment, changes are taking place in public consciousness; people are increasingly concerned about the threat of mass unemployment, the loss of their jobs and social status. According to sociological research, among the problems of greatest concern to Russians, unemployment, along with crime and rising prices, occupies one of the leading places. Attitudes towards unemployment and the unemployed are changing: if at one time the unemployed were identified with parasites and lumpens, then they began to be considered “victims” of the elements of the market, and more recently, simply people who temporarily found themselves in a difficult situation, in need of social protection of society.

The process of forming a full-fledged labor market in Russia is closely connected with the stages of transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy, with the radical economic and social reforms being carried out in the country. This process cannot be long: the modern labor market has inherited elements of rigidity from previous periods. In particular, the dynamics of wages, which in a developed labor market plays the role of one of the main regulators of demand and supply for labor, does not fully perform this function in the Russian labor market. Firstly, wages fell sharply behind the cost of reproduction of labor. Secondly, the movement of wage rates is distorted by inflationary processes. Thirdly, a system of contractual wage formation has not yet developed. Fourthly, some centralized methods of administrative regulation of wages have been preserved (a single tariff schedule for budgetary organizations). The inflexibility of the labor market is also determined by the lack of a free housing market, the institution of propiska (registration) and other restrictions inherited from the old regime.

A characteristic feature of the Russian labor market is the presence of hidden (informal) employment on a fairly large scale. All those employed in the economy can be divided into three groups: those employed in the formal state, formal non-state (private), and informal sectors. The latter includes economic activities that are not registered in accordance with the law, and those involved in them do not pay taxes. In Russia, the informal sector is extremely diverse; several types of employment are distinguished within it: according to professional qualification level and income level, qualified, fairly well-paid work is distinguished (private lessons, medical services, tailoring, repair of household appliances, construction work), which does not require qualifications work (small trade, shuttle business). These are the so-called “stall traders”, “shuttle traders” and other citizens who do not pay taxes on their shadow income. Attention should be paid to the phenomenon of fictitious unemployment, when citizens who have officially received the status of unemployed have uncontrolled income from individual labor activities and non-labor activities, mainly trade and intermediary activities. The following features of modern unemployment in Russia can be distinguished:

The presence, along with open unemployment, of significant amounts of hidden unemployment, both in the form of surplus labor at enterprises and in the form of partial and underemployment;

The presence, along with officially registered unemployment, of unregistered but real unemployment, the scale of which is several times greater than the size of official unemployment;

The presence of significant fictitious unemployment (hidden employment in informal labor markets);

Underdeveloped labor market infrastructure;

The presence of large gaps in unemployment levels across regions, industries and areas of the national economy, due to the specifics of the transitive economy of Russia and the characteristics of market forms.

2.2 State and forecasting of the situation on the labor market in Russia

The economically active population by the end of 2008 amounted to 50% of the total population of Russia, or about 70.9 million people. As of November 2008, 39 million people, or 59.7% of the total workforce, worked in large and medium-sized organizations.

The total number of unemployed (according to the definition specified in the ILO methodology) at the end of 2008 amounted to 6.3 million people or 8.9% of the economically active population. At the same time, 1.6 million people were registered as unemployed with the state employment service.

The average number of employees for the full range of organizations for January-August 2008 amounted to 7000.8 thousand people, which is 4.9% less than in January-August 2007. Large and medium-sized organizations account for 90.7% of the workforce. On part-time basis and under civil contracts, another 300.1 thousand people (full-time equivalent) were recruited to work in these organizations.

The number of jobs filled by payroll employees, part-time workers and persons performing work under civil contracts in organizations (excluding small businesses) amounted to 670.3 thousand people and was less than in January-August 2007 by 3. 1%.

Number of jobs filled in organizations (thousand people)

	January - August	In % to January-August	Note
				January-August 2007 in % to January-August	August 2007


including:

external part-time workers

By the end of September 2008, the number of unemployed people officially registered with employment agencies amounted to 500.1 thousand people and decreased by 0.3% compared to the same period of the previous year.

During March-April 2009, 1,100.1 thousand people turned to the authorities for assistance in finding employment, and 7,000.3 thousand people were recognized as unemployed. 90.0 thousand unemployed were removed from the register, of which 300.0 thousand (33.3%) found work.

	Number of citizens not engaged in labor activities, (thousand people)	Of these unemployed
		thousand people
			previous period









September












September

The average number of employees for the full range of organizations (excluding part-time workers) in January 2009 amounted to 67.9 thousand people and decreased by 7.1% compared to January 2008. Large and medium-sized organizations account for 90.5% of the workforce. On a part-time basis and under civil contracts, another 2.9 thousand people were recruited to work in these organizations (full-time equivalent).

Structure of filled jobs in organizations (by large and medium-sized organizations)

	Note
		January 2008

Total jobs replaced (employees)
including:
payroll employees (without external part-time workers)
external part-time workers
workers who performed work under civil contracts

Dynamics of the number of unemployed citizens registered with employment authorities

	Number of citizens not engaged in labor activities, people	Of these, unemployed (thousand people)

			corresponding period of the previous year	previous









September

CHAPTER 3. WAYS TO SOLUTION THE PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT

In the implementation of the medium-term program for the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation, among the main tasks in the field of social policy, which “constitutes one of the most important areas of activity of any state and is considered as a tool for managing the socio-economic development of society”, the following issues are of particular importance:

* reducing the level of poverty of the population and the associated increase in effective demand on the part of most categories of citizens;

* the unconditional priority of investment in people, and above all in education, which is an indispensable condition for the competitiveness of our country in the global economy;

* creating economic conditions for the working-age population that allow citizens to use their own income to ensure a higher level of social consumption, including comfortable housing, better quality of services in education and health care, and a decent standard of living in old age.

It is important to emphasize that the successful implementation of all these tasks is comprehensively connected with the solution of one very important socio-economic task - the creation of conditions for ensuring the most complete and effective employment of the population in our country. Employment policy, as the most important component of social policy, should be focused on measures that promote the creation of conditions for the fullest possible use of the potential of labor and business activity of able-bodied citizens, counteracting population impoverishment and mass unemployment.

In the new conditions, state employment policy should be even more closely interconnected with the general directions of socio-economic development of society. In practical activities, this means mandatory consideration of the interests of employment policy when making decisions in the field of investment, tax and financial-credit policies, and the implementation of productive, scientific, technical and social programs.

When determining the main directions of activity of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of employment and the labor market, it is first necessary to take into account the significant increase in the working age population from 87.9 million to 89.3 million people, or by 1.4 million people. In this regard, we cannot exclude the possibility of an aggravation of the situation on the labor market in these years, where competition may increase between young people entering working age and middle-aged and older workers being released. Taking this into account, in the future the main task remains to prevent mass unemployment, especially in those regions where it is already close to a critical level.

At the same time, in the labor market, due to increased competition, the introduction of modern equipment, high-tech technologies, and international quality requirements into production, there will be a significant increase in the shortage of qualified workers, especially in industry, agriculture, the service sector, etc., which will require significant efforts to ensuring the required quality level of workers, advanced training and retraining of workers and specialists, introduction of effective management systems, organization and motivation of work.

To regulate employment, the state takes the following actions:

During periods of mass unemployment, reduces the legally established length of the working day and working week;

Early retirement of workers in the public sector of the economy who have not served 2-3 years until retirement.

Creates new jobs and organizes public works, especially for the chronically unemployed and young people.

The implementation of the state employment policy should also be carried out, in my opinion, in such main areas as the creation of a legal framework regulating issues of employment and social protection of the unemployed.

This state activity extends not only to the public sector of the economy, but also to the private sector.

Creation of conditions by the state for self-employment of the population.

In this regard, world experience shows that the greatest effect comes from government assistance in the development of small and medium-sized businesses. For this, an appropriate legislative framework must be formed, that is, laws must be adopted on preferential taxation for start-up entrepreneurs, provision of preferential loans as start-up capital for those wishing to open their own business, etc.

Training, retraining and advanced training of personnel.

Encouraging territorial labor mobility.

This means that the state must provide all possible assistance and material assistance to those citizens and families who decide to change their place of residence and move to those areas that are experiencing a shortage of labor. In addition, an important direction of state employment policy should be measures for organized labor recruitment.

Regulation of international labor flows.

For these purposes, international agreements should be signed regulating the movement of labor between states.

Also, I think, the main directions of state policy on the labor market should include:

Implementation of measures to prevent layoffs of workers, mitigate the consequences of mass layoffs based on pre-dismissal consultations on employment issues, widespread information about the needs of employers for personnel, opportunities for vocational training and retraining with subsequent employment;

Creation of a unified information system on labor demand and supply, expanding public access to information about vacancies in order to reduce the time citizens search for work;

Assistance to unemployed youth under the age of 18, who do not have a profession, specialty and are entering the labor market for the first time, in referral to vocational education institutions to receive appropriate education before starting work.

Future employment growth also depends on foreign investment. In general, investments in the reconstruction and technological re-equipment of enterprises will have a labor-saving effect. But increasing capital investment means creating new jobs.

It should be noted that structural changes in the Russian economy, which are accompanied by the release of a large number of workers from enterprises experiencing economic difficulties, increase the importance of the territorial aspects of employment policy. Therefore, in these conditions, the priority of state employment policy becomes the promotion of employment and training of the unemployed in those regions and localities where large enterprises are being restructured or liquidated, leading to a massive layoff of workers.

One of the key elements of the new approach to employment policy is the daily implementation of modern methods of profiling the unemployed, which have become widespread in the practice of employment services in industrialized countries. Profiling allows, with the help of special surveys, to identify categories of unemployed people who need the greatest attention from the employment service, as well as to implement the most effective approaches to solving the problems of such unemployed people. Employment services in terms of employment are more effective if they become a mandatory addition to the unemployment benefit system.

One of the tools for implementing state policy in the field of employment is, first of all, strategic planning, which involves the use of legal, economic and financial mechanisms. “The main forms of strategic planning for employment in the Russian Federation are: development of forecasts for the state of the labor market, federal targeted programs to promote employment, comprehensive programs for creating and maintaining jobs, drawing up master plans for their development.”

Government bodies need to allocate more budget funds to activities to promote employment of the population, which includes: organizing job fairs and training jobs, social adaptation of unemployed citizens in the labor market, informing the population and employers about the situation in the labor market, organizing temporary employment for unemployed citizens, especially those in need of social protection, etc., as well as measures for vocational training of unemployed citizens and vocational guidance for citizens.

To summarize this point, I would like to note that the state’s concern for achieving the most complete and effective employment of the population in the country and the growth of its income on this basis is the most important aspect government regulation market economy. The main thing here is: already at the preliminary stages of developing various programs and forecasts, ensure strict coordination of solving economic and social issues, integrating employment problems into the general system of macroeconomic calculations and justifications at both the federal and regional levels.

In my opinion, regulation and strategic planning of employment is very important for the economy of a country. To successfully prepare and make management decisions in the field of employment, a deep quantitative and qualitative analysis of the population as the productive force of society, a subject of production, is required.

The government's employment promotion program should be based on the government's employment policy. According to Russian employment law, its main goal is to promote full, productive and freely chosen employment by providing vocational training, advanced training and retraining for displaced citizens, curbing mass long-term unemployment, increasing the efficiency of the public employment service and implementing other measures aimed at ensuring social security. protection of citizens in the labor market. The form of implementation of state employment policy at all levels of government is federal, territorial and local (city, district) programs.

In modern conditions, the initial postulate of the employment strategy in Russian society should be the principle of achieving and maintaining effective employment, allowing unemployment within socially acceptable limits. The implementation of this principle can be facilitated by an optimal combination of economic efficiency and social results, which will be different in Russian regions that differ in their economic potential, economic structure and resource availability. The presence of a certain number of citizens looking for work and officially recognized as unemployed should be considered as an inevitable result of the characteristics of the movement of labor and jobs. Minimizing the socially acceptable level of unemployment depends on the effectiveness of the organizational and economic mechanism for regulating the labor market, as well as its main links - the jobs market, which forms the demand for labor, and the labor market, which forms the demand for jobs. The main direction of state policy in the social and labor sphere is the formation of an effective system for creating jobs, preserving human resources in combination with proactive measures to prevent the growth of unemployment.

The following government tasks in this area can be identified:

Providing legal, economic and organizational conditions for creating and maintaining jobs, developing human resources in various sectors of the economy and regions of the Russian Federation;

Regulating the emerging national labor market and increasing the competitiveness of the domestic workforce;

Formation of an effective structure of employment of the population;

Improving the quality of created jobs;

Development of professional and territorial mobility of the workforce;

Creating favorable conditions for improving living standards by stimulating the labor activity of the population, strengthening the role and responsibility of participants in social and labor relations in the field of employment;

Preventing the growth of underemployment and mass unemployment.

The implemented employment policy becomes active when the funds of the State Employment Fund are used in full, and the structure of expenditures is dominated by financing the costs of maintaining jobs and creating additional ones, providing subsidies for organizations of their own business, covering the costs of professional education and retraining.

CONCLUSION

Employment and unemployment are among the central problems in the world. Achieving a high level of employment is one of the main goals of the macroeconomic policy of any state. Unemployment is especially aggravated in those countries where there is a transition to a different economic system. Currently, such a transition to market relations is being carried out in Russia, and in connection with this, great difficulties and socio-economic problems arise, which, in turn, cause the emergence of unemployment. The economic system that suffers is one that, when the available labor resources are not fully utilized, operates below its production possibilities frontier. Unemployment also causes considerable damage to people, preventing them from applying their skills in one or another type of activity, entailing loss of income, and therefore a decrease in living standards. People suffer serious psychological stress, and lack confidence in themselves and in the future. This is why politicians spend so much time on promises of job creation during their election campaigns.

According to many economists, unemployment is even necessary, because this objective phenomenon inherent in the labor market is its feature, therefore it cannot be unequivocally assessed as social evil. It increases labor productivity, stimulates interest in quality work, improving the educational level and qualifications of workers.

Based on the above, it can be argued that the problem of unemployment is one of the key issues in a market economy, and without solving it, it is impossible to establish effective economic activity.

Unemployment is a phenomenon inherent in all countries of the world, Russia is no exception. Currently, the unemployment rate in our country is 7%, but official data, unfortunately, does not reflect the true employment situation in Russia. At the same time, the scale of unemployment in the country should not be exaggerated. It is necessary to keep in mind the existence of significant “shadow” employment, not taken into account by official statistics (people engaged in small retail trade; employees of unregistered security structures; persons involved in illegal business (prostitution, drugs, etc.); criminal structures). There are also many types of activities (tutoring, home and car repairs, construction of summer cottages, etc.), which are often carried out without registration. There is an acute lack of information on the use of labor in non-state (commercial) enterprises and organizations, the development of processes for training and retraining of personnel, improving conditions and remuneration.

If until recently the Russian government did not pay due attention to the problem of unemployment and employment, now this issue has become one of the most discussed. The state is developing various social reform programs that focus on improving market mechanisms for regulating employment:

Programs to stimulate employment growth and increase the number of jobs;

Programs aimed at training and retraining the workforce;

Labor recruitment assistance programs;

Unemployment social insurance programs.

The state’s concern for achieving the most complete and effective employment in the country is the most important aspect of state regulation of the labor market, the formation mechanism of which will be constantly improved in relation to new conditions of economic development, structural restructuring of production, and effective social policy.

Based on the above, it is quite obvious that the problem of unemployment is a key issue in the Russian modern market economy, and without solving it it is impossible to establish effective economic activity.

So, unemployment is one of the most painful problems even for the most developed countries. There are many reasons for this. First of all, rising unemployment reduces demand for goods on the domestic market. People who do not receive a salary can buy only the bare minimum for subsistence. Secondly, unemployment exacerbates social problems in society and leads to an increase in crime. The loss of work aggravates the political situation in the country due to the anger of people.

I would like to note that one of the forms of combating unemployment is retraining the unemployed. The most common form of assistance to the unemployed is unemployment benefits.

A review of the most significant elements of the theory of unemployment, developed in the works of scientists from Western countries, gives grounds to draw a number of general conclusions.

First of all, we note that the theory of unemployment was developed in close connection with the theory of the labor market and employment. She established a number of general patterns that make it possible to explain the causes of unemployment, its forms and consequences, etc., regardless of the specific conditions of the functioning of the labor market in a particular country. These patterns must be taken into account when developing employment policies.

Unemployment is voluntary or involuntary unemployment that arises as a result of a constant imbalance in the labor market, when the supply of labor exceeds the demand for labor. The state (situation) of unemployment is characterized by four main features: need (for work), activity (search for work), attitude (desire to work) and status (being outside of work).

The main types of unemployment are frictional, structural, and cyclical. The combination of frictional and structural unemployment determines its natural level, which is adequate to the conditions of full employment. The actual unemployment rate depends on a number of factors, including the dynamics of macroeconomic indicators, changes in wage levels, inflation rates and others. Exceeding the natural rate of unemployment causes negative economic, social and psychological consequences. In this regard, representatives of most scientific directions and schools propose the use of various measures to regulate the labor market and mitigate the social consequences of unemployment, including government regulation measures.

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Years	Per 1000 population
Years	Number of births	Number of deaths	Natural increase, decrease

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2.2 Social consequences of unemployment

Due to job loss, many families found themselves below the poverty line.

Poverty is the economic condition of people who do not have a minimum (according to country standards) means of subsistence. The number of poor people in our country increased sharply after 1991 and has continued to grow inexorably for 15 years.

2.3 Relationship between unemployment and inflation

Unemployment and inflation have a certain quantitative relationship. Professor of the London School of Economics A. Phillips in the late 1950s established such a relationship, which is known as the Phillips curve.

The Phillips curve is a graphical representation of the relationship between inflation and unemployment. P. Samuelson called the Phillips curve a “trade-off between inflation and unemployment,” and the conditions of the compromise are determined by the slope of the Phillips curve

Conclusions from the Phillips curve:

1. The level of inflation depends on the dynamics of wages, since wages are the main element of production costs.

2. There is an inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment. Rising wages, which increase demand, lead to expanded production and job creation.

3. To reduce the unemployment rate in the country, one should not fight inflation.

4. If unemployment in the country is at the natural level, then there will be no inflation.

Chapter 3. The problem of unemployment in Russia and ways to solve it. State employment policy

The state employment service registered 1.7 million people as unemployed in September. The economically active population by the end of September was estimated at 74.5 million people, or about 51% of the country's total population.

In February 2006, the number of unemployed increased by 1.1% compared to the previous month. The total number of unemployed in Russia is 5.727 million people. This is 7.7% of the country's total economically active population.

At the same time, the number of officially registered unemployed in February 2006 increased by 3.7% compared to the previous month and amounted to 1.906 million people.

3.1 Features of state employment policy and ways to solve unemployment problems

Employment policy is part of the economic policy of the state. It should be focused on solving the most pressing problems. This:

promoting the development of small businesses at different levels of management;

development of a concept for ensuring employment and survival of the population of small towns;

focus on reducing unemployment and reviving production; overcoming the practice of late payment of wages and repayment of accumulated debt;

the formation of an effective labor market, which implies an increase in labor prices as the national economy grows;

purposeful formation of the public sector of the economy to preserve jobs.

Ways to solve unemployment problems

The direct path is the revival of domestic production, the organization of new jobs in all areas of economic activity.

Indirect is administrative or legislative regulation of employment. It means:

Ensuring legal protection of employees.

Use of alternative forms of employment.

Development of the unemployment insurance system:

increasing the share of contributions to the employment fund, which will stimulate the structural restructuring of enterprises;

the use of insurance principles, when, along with the employer, the employee himself participates in the formation of the fund;

state financing of special programs to assist specific social groups in the labor market - military personnel who have been laid off, refugees, youth, etc.;

simplification of the procedure for registering unemployed people with employment services.

Solving the problem of non-payment of wages.

violate their obligations, which leads to labor conflicts in various forms. In the current situation in the country, the main thing is missing - equality of rights of the parties.

3.2 Creating a more flexible labor market model

Ideally, Russia should create the most flexible labor market, guaranteeing low unemployment (at the US level, approximately 4-5% of the economically active population) and sustainable high rates of economic growth (3-5% per year with a corresponding increase in wages).

One of the main obstacles to internal migration is subsidized housing costs. The market for officially rented housing is impossible in our country simply because municipal housing is paid at a price below the market price.

But home ownership still ties a person to a specific place. That's why we must encourage a shift to rental housing.

3.3 New state program to reduce unemployment

In the direction of assisting citizens who are especially in need of social protection, the first priority has been given to the task of accurately recording the unemployed by individual groups and categories in order to implement the principle of targeting in the work of employment services.

In the field of optimization of employment services, the task has been set to develop an information support system for employment service bodies and provide accessible information to clients of these services.

In general, this Concept represents a step forward compared to similar previous documents of the Government of the Russian Federation.

Bibliography

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2. Vlasova V.M. Stabilization of employment in market conditions: - M. p.63-64

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5. Economic theory: Borisov E.F. textbook allowance. - M.: TK Welby, Prospekt Publishing House, 2006 - 256 p.

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