Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov (May 11 (May 24) 1905, Don Cossack region - February 21, 1984) - Russian Soviet writer, Nobel Prize laureate in Literature (1965 - for the novel "Quiet Don"), classic of Russian literature.

Born on the Kruzhilin farm of the village of the Veshenskaya Oblast of the Don Cossack. Mother, a Ukrainian peasant woman, served as a maid. She was forcibly given in marriage to the Don Cossack-Ataman * Kuznetsov, but left him for a "nonresident" wealthy clerk AM Sholokhov. Their illegitimate son at first bore the surname of his mother's first husband, was considered a "Cossack son" with all the privileges and land share. However, after the death of Kuznetsov (in 1912) and adoption by his own father, he began to be considered the "son of a bourgeois", "nonresident" and lost all privileges.
Education was limited to four classes in the gymnasium - then there was a war. "Poets are born in different ways," he would say later. "For example, I was born out of the civil war on the Don." From the age of 15, he begins an independent labor activity. He changed many professions: a teacher of an educational program, an employee of the stanitsa revolutionary committee, an accountant, a journalist ... Since 1921, he has been a "bread commissar", in the surplus appropriation system. For "abuse of power in grain procurements" he was sentenced by the tribunal to death (replaced by prison - conditionally) ...
In the fall of 1922 M. Sholokhov arrived in Moscow, tried to enter the workers' school - they did not take it: he was not a member of the Komsomol. Lives odd jobs. Attends the literary circle "Young Guard", tries to write, publishes feuilletons and essays in the capital's newspapers and magazines. These experiments prompted the creation of "Don Stories" (1926), which immediately attracted attention.
In 1925, M. Sholokhov returned to his homeland and began the main work of his life - the novel "Quiet Don". The first two books of the novel were published in 1928. The publication was accompanied by stormy polemics: the novel about the civil war, written by a very young writer "anathemically talented" (according to M. Gorky's opinion), puzzled and epic scope, and skill, and the author's position. The publication of the third book of the novel was suspended due to the clearly sympathetic portrayal of the Upper Don Cossack uprising of 1919. In the pause that has arisen, M. Sholokhov takes up a novel about collectivization on the Don - Virgin Soil Upturned. There were no complaints about the content of this book. It came out in 1932. And in the same year the publication of The Quiet Don was resumed - after Stalin's intervention in the book's fate. In 1940, the last parts of this unique epic of the 20th century were published.
For "Quiet Don" M. Sholokhov was awarded the Order of Lenin, in 1941 he was awarded the Stalin Prize of the 1st degree. However, the party activity of the first person soviet literature (especially in the post-war years) it was noticeably superior to that of a writer: neither during the war years (military commander of Pravda and Krasnaya Zvezda), nor afterwards, almost nothing came out of his pen that resembled the author of Quiet Don (except, perhaps, the story "The Fate of Man", 1957).
In 1960, M. Sholokhov was awarded the Lenin Prize - for the second book of Virgin Soil Upturned, and in 1965 - Nobel Prize for "Quiet Don".
Twice Hero of Socialist Labor, holder of six Orders of Lenin, honorary doctor of several European universities Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov died and was buried in the village of Veshenskaya, on the steep bank of the Don.

russian Soviet writer and screenwriter, journalist, colonel

Mikhail Sholokhov

short biography

Youth

M. A. Sholokhov was born on May 24, 1905 on the Kruzhilin farm in the village of Vyoshenskaya (now the Kruzhilinsky farm in the Sholokhov district of the Rostov region). At birth, he received the surname - Kuznetsov, which he changed in 1912 to the surname Sholokhov.

Father - Alexander Mikhailovich Sholokhov (1865-1925) - a native of the Ryazan province, did not belong to the Cossacks, was a "shibai" (cattle buyer), sowed bread on the purchased Cossack land, served as a salesman in a commercial enterprise on a farm scale, as a manager at a steam mill and etc. Father's grandfather was a merchant of the third guild, originally from the city of Zaraisk, he moved with his large family to the Upper Don region in the mid-1870s, bought a house with a courtyard and started buying grain.

Mother - Anastasia Danilovna Chernyak (1871-1942) - a Cossack mother, daughter of a peasant migrant to the Don, a former serf of the Chernigov province. For a long time she was in the service of the landlord's estate Yasenevka. The orphan was forcibly given in marriage by the landowner Popova, for whom she served, to the son of the village chieftain Kuznetsov. But later she left her husband and went to Alexander Sholokhov. Their son Mikhail was born illegitimate and was recorded in the name of the official husband of the mother - Kuznetsov. Only after the death of the official husband, in 1913, the boy's parents were able to get married in the church of the Kargin farm (now the village of Karginskaya), and Mikhail received the surname Sholokhov.

In 1910, the family left the Kruzhilin farm: Alexander Mikhailovich entered the service of a merchant in the village of Karginskaya. The father invited the local teacher Timofey Timofeevich Mrykhin to teach the boy to read and write. In 1914 he studied for one year in Moscow in the preparatory class of the male gymnasium. From 1915 to 1918, Mikhail studied at the gymnasium in Boguchar, Voronezh province. He graduated from the four grades of the gymnasium (at the same desk he sat with Konstantin Ivanovich Kargin - the future writer who wrote the story "Bakhchevnik" in the spring of 1930). Before the arrival of German troops in the city, according to Mikhail, he dropped out of school and went home to the farm. In 1920, the family moved to the village of Karginskaya (after the arrival of Soviet power), where Alexander Mikhailovich was promoted to the head of the procurement office of the Donprodkom, and his son Mikhail became the clerk of the village revolutionary committee.

In 1920-1921 he lived with his family in the village of Karginskaya. After graduating from Rostov tax courses, he was appointed to the post of food inspector in the village of Bukanovskaya, then he joined the food detachment, participated in the surplus appropriation. In 1920, a food detachment led by 15-year-old Sholokhov was captured by Makhno. Then he thought that he would be shot, but he was released.

On August 31, 1922, while working as a village tax inspector, M. A. Sholokhov was arrested and was in the district center under investigation. He was sentenced to be shot. “I was driving a steep line, and the time was steep; I was a big commissioner, I was tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal for abuse of power ... - the writer later said. “I waited for death for two days… And then they came and released…”. Until September 19, 1922, Sholokhov was in custody. The father gave him a large bail and bailed him home until the trial. The parents brought a new metric to the court, and he was released as a minor (according to the new metric, the age decreased by 2.5 years). This was already in March 1923. Then the "troikas" were tried, the sentences were harsh. It was not difficult to believe that he was a minor, since Mikhail was small in stature and looked like a boy. The execution was replaced by another punishment - the tribunal took into account his minority. He was given one year of correctional labor in a juvenile colony and sent to Bolshevo (near Moscow).

In Moscow, Sholokhov tried to continue his education, and also tried his hand at writing. However, it was not possible to enter the preparatory courses of the workers' faculty due to the lack of the required work experience and the direction of the Komsomol for admission. According to some sources, he worked as a loader, handyman, bricklayer. According to others, he worked in the house management of a worker of the housing construction cooperative "Take an example!", The chairman of which was L. G. Mirumov (Mirumyan). He was engaged in self-education, took part in the work of the literary group "Young Guard", attended training sessions led by VB Shklovsky, OM Brik, NN Aseev. Joined the Komsomol. Active assistance in arranging the everyday life of M. A. Sholokhov and in promoting the first literary works with his autograph was provided by a staff member of the EKU GPU, a Bolshevik with pre-revolutionary experience - Leon Galustovich Mirumov (Mirumyan), whom M.A.Sholokhov met in the village of Vyoshenskaya even before his arrival in Moscow.

In September 1923, signed “Mik. Sholokh "in the Komsomol newspaper" Yunosheskaya Pravda "(" Young Leninist ") (now -" Moskovsky Komsomolets ") a feuilleton was published -" Test ", a month later there was a second feuilleton -" Three ", and then a third -" Inspector General. " In December 1923, M.A.Sholokhov returned to Karginskaya, and then to the village of Bukanovskaya, where he wooed Lydia Gromoslavskaya, one of the daughters of the former village ataman Pyotr Yakovlevich Gromoslavsky. But the former chieftain said: "Take Mary, and I will make a man out of you." On January 11, 1924, M.A.Sholokhov married his eldest daughter, Maria Petrovna Gromoslavskaya (1901-1992), who worked as a teacher primary school (in 1918, M. P. Gromoslavskaya, studied at the Ust-Medveditskaya gymnasium, the director of which at that time was F.D. Kryukov).

The first story "Animals" (later "Prodcomissar"), sent by M. A. Sholokhov to the almanac "Molodogvardeets", was not accepted by the editors. On December 14, 1924, the newspaper Young Leninist published the story “Birthmark”, which opened a cycle of Don stories: “Shepherd”, “Ilyukha”, “Foal”, “Azure Steppe”, “Family Man”, “Mortal Enemy”, “Two-Married "And others. They were published in the Komsomol periodicals, and then compiled three collections, published one after the other:" Don stories "," Azure Steppe "(both - 1926) and" About Kolchak, nettles and others "(1927).

After returning to Karginskaya, the eldest daughter Svetlana (1926, st. Karginskaya) was born in the family, then sons Alexander (1930-1990, Rostov-on-Don), Mikhail (1935, Moscow), daughter Maria (1938, Vyoshenskaya).

In 1938, Sholokhov was threatened with going to prison, because the Chekist Evdokimov petitioned for Stalin's arrest.

Family

1923, December. M.A.Sholokhov's departure from Moscow to the village of Karginskaya, to his parents, and together with them - to Bukanovskaya, where his bride Lydia Gromoslavskaya and future wife Maria Petrovna Gromoslavskaya lived (since their father Pyotr Yakovlevich Gromoslavsky insisted on the marriage of M.A. Sholokhov on the eldest daughter Maria).

1924, January 11. The wedding of M. A. and M. P. Sholokhovs in the Intercession Church of the village of Bukanovskaya. Registration of marriage in the Podtyolkovsky registry office (village Kumylzhenskaya).

1930, May 18. Birth of his son Alexander. Place of birth - Rostov-on-Don. Alexander was married to Violeta Gosheva, daughter of Bulgarian Prime Minister Anton Yugov.

1942, June. During the bombardment of the village of Vyoshenskaya in the courtyard of M.A.Sholokhov's house, the writer's mother died.

Artworks

• "Birthmark" (story)
• "Don stories"
• "Quiet Don"
• Virgin Soil Upturned
• "They fought for the Motherland"
• "The fate of man"
• "Science of Hate"
• "Word about the Motherland"

Early stories

In 1923, the feuilletons by M. A. Sholokhov were published in newspapers. Beginning in 1924, his stories appeared in magazines, which were subsequently combined into collections "Don Stories" and "Azure Steppe" (1926).

"Quiet Don"

Russian and world fame was brought to Sholokhov by the novel “Quiet Don” (1928 - 1-2 vols., 1932 - 3 vols., 4 vols. Published in 1940) about the Don Cossacks in the First World War and the Civil War; this work, which combines several storylines, is called an epic. A communist writer who was on the side of the Reds during the Civil War, Sholokhov devotes a significant place in the novel to the White Cossacks, and his main character, Grigory Melekhov, at the end of the story never "comes to the Reds." This drew criticism from communist criticism; however, such an ambiguous novel was personally read by JV Stalin and approved by him for publication.

During World War II, "And Quiet Don" was translated into European languages \u200b\u200band gained popularity in the West, and after the war was translated into Eastern languages, in the East the novel was also a success.

Virgin Soil Upturned

The novel "Virgin Soil Upturned" (v. 1 - 1932, v. 2 - 1959) is devoted to collectivization in the Don and the movement of "25-thousanders". Here is the author's assessment of the course of collectivization; the images of the main characters and the paintings of collectivization are ambiguous. The second volume of Virgin Soil Upturned was lost during the Great Patriotic War and restored later.

War works

Subsequently, MA Sholokhov published several excerpts from the unfinished novel "They Fought for the Motherland" (1942-1944, 1949, 1969), the story "The Fate of a Man" (1956). In 1941-1945, working as a war correspondent, he published several essays ("On the Don", "In the South", "Cossacks", etc.) and the story "Science of Hate" (1942), and in the first post-war years - several journalistic texts of a patriotic orientation ("The Word about the Motherland", "The Struggle Continues" (1948), "Light and Darkness" (1949), "The Executioners Do Not Escape the Judgment of Nations!" (1950), etc.).

Nobel Prize

In 1958 (for the seventh time) Boris Pasternak was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature. In March 1958, a delegation of the USSR Writers' Union visited Sweden and learned that the names of Sholokhov, Ezra Pound and Alberto Moravia were named among those nominated together with Pasternak. Secretary of the Board of the Union of Writers of the USSR Georgy Markov said “That among the highest circles<Шведской> The Academy has a definite opinion in favor of Pasternak "what would have to be opposed by the publication of materials "About the international popularity of Sholokhov, about his wide popularity in the Scandinavian countries".

It would be desirable, through cultural figures close to us, to make it clear to the Swedish public that the Soviet Union would highly appreciate the award of the Nobel Prize to Sholokhov.

It is also important to make it clear that Pasternak, as a writer, does not enjoy recognition from Soviet writers and progressive writers of other countries.

In 1958, Boris Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. In official Soviet circles, the award of the Pasternak Prize was perceived negatively and resulted in a persecution of the writer, under the threat of deprivation of citizenship and expulsion from the USSR, Pasternak was forced to refuse the Nobel Prize.

In 1964, French writer and philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre turned down the Nobel Prize for Literature. In his statement, in addition to personal reasons for refusing the prize, he also indicated that the Nobel Prize became "Western higher cultural authority" and expressed regret that the prize was not awarded to Sholokhov and that "The only Soviet work that received the prize was a book published abroad and banned in his native country"... The rejection of the prize and Sartre's announcement predetermined the selection of the Nobel Committee for the following year.

In 1965, Sholokhov received the Nobel Prize in Literature "for the artistic strength and integrity of the epic about the Don Cossacks at a crucial time for Russia." Sholokhov is the only Soviet writer to receive the Nobel Prize with the consent of the USSR leadership. Mikhail Sholokhov did not bow to Gustav Adolf VI, who was presenting the prize. According to some sources, this was done on purpose, with the words: “We, the Cossacks, do not bow to anyone. Here in front of the people - please, but before the king I will not, that's all ... ”.

In 2016, the Swedish Academy published a list of 90 nominees for the 1965 Prize on its website. It turned out that academics were discussing the idea of \u200b\u200bdividing the prize between Anna Akhmatova and Mikhail Sholokhov.

Sholokhov vs. Sinyavsky and Daniel

In 1966, he spoke at the 23rd Congress of the CPSU and spoke about the trial of Sinyavsky and Daniel:

Get these young fellows with a dark conscience in the memorable 20s, when they were judged not relying on strictly delimited articles of the criminal code, but guided by revolutionary legal consciousness ... (thunderous applause)... Oh, these werewolves would have received the wrong punishment! (thunderous applause)... And here, you see, they are still talking about the severity of the sentence! I would also like to appeal to the foreign defenders of the libelists: do not worry, dear ones, for the safety of our criticism. We support and develop criticism, it sounds sharp at our current congress. But slander is not criticism, but mud from a puddle - not paints from the artist's palette!

This statement made the figure of Sholokhov odious for a certain part of the creative intelligentsia in the USSR and in the West.

Sholokhov M.A. against Solzhenitsyn, Sakharov, 1973

• Sholokhov M. A. signed a Letter from a group of Soviet writers to the editorial office of the newspaper Pravda on August 31, 1973 about Solzhenitsyn and Sakharov.

Last years

Until the end of his days he lived in his house in Vyoshenskaya (now a museum). He handed over the Stalin Prize to the Defense Fund, the Lenin Prize for the novel "Virgin Soil Upturned" handed over to the Karginsky village council of the Bazkovsky district of the Rostov region for construction new school, Nobel Prize - for the construction of a school in Vyoshenskaya. He was fond of hunting and fishing. Since the 1960s, he actually moved away from literature. The writer died of laryngeal cancer on February 21, 1984. Mikhail Sholokhov was buried in the village of Veshenskaya on the banks of the Don, but not in the cemetery, but in the courtyard of the house in which he lived.

Membership in organizations

• VKP (b) since 1932, delegate to XVIII-XXVI congresses;
• Central Committee of the CPSU since 1961;
• deputy of the USSR Armed Forces of 1-10 convocations (since 1937);
• full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939).

Awards and prizes

• Lenin Prize (1960) - for the novel Virgin Soil Upturned (1932-1960).
• Stalin Prize of the first degree (1941) - for the novel Quiet Don (1928-1940).
• Nobel Prize in Literature (1965) - "For the artistic strength and integrity of the epic about the Don Cossacks at a crucial time for Russia."
• international Peace Prize for Culture of the World Peace Council.
• international literary award "Sofia".
• international prize "Lotus" for writers from Asia and Africa.
• twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1967, 1980).
• six Orders of Lenin (1939, 1955, 1965, 1967, 1975, 1980).
• order of the October Revolution (1972).
• order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree (1945).
• medal "For the Defense of Moscow".
• medal "For the Defense of Stalingrad".
• medal "For the victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945."
• medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945."
• Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945."
• medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945."
• gold medal named after Alexander Fadeev (1972).
• order "George Dimitrov" (1975) (Bulgaria).
• order "Cyril and Methodius" I degree (1975) (Bulgaria).
• order "Star of Friendship of Peoples" I degree (German Democratic Republic).
• order of Sukhe-Bator (Mongolia).
• Honorary Doctor of Sciences of Rostov State University, Karl Marx University of Leipzig, University of St. Andrews (Scotland).

Memory

Lilac "Sholokhov"

Memorial museums

• State Museum-Reserve of M.A.Sholokhov (Rostov Region)
• Memorial Museum of M. A. Sholokhov in Western Kazakhstan
• House-Museum of M.A.Sholokhov in Nikolaevsk, Nikolaevsky district (Volgograd region)

In philately

Stamps







The problem of authorship of texts

The problem of authorship of texts published under the name of Sholokhov was raised back in the 1920s, when "Quiet Don" was first published. The main reason for doubting opponents' authorship of Sholokhov (both then and at a later time) was the unusually young age of the author, who created, and in a very short time, such a grandiose work, and especially the circumstances of his biography: the novel demonstrates a good acquaintance with the life of the Don Cossacks , knowledge of many localities on the Don, the events of the First World War and the Civil War that took place when Sholokhov was a child and teenager. To this argument, the researchers answer that the novel was written by Sholokhov not at the age of 20, but was written for almost fifteen years. The author spent a lot of time in the archives, often communicated with people who later became the prototypes of the heroes of the novel. According to some reports, the prototype of Grigory Melekhov was a colleague of Sholokhov's father Kharlampy Ermakov, one of those who stood at the head of the Vyoshensky uprising; he spent a lot of time with the future writer, talking about himself and what he had seen. Another argument of the opponents is the low, according to some critics, the artistic level of Sholokhov's Don Stories, which preceded the novel.

In 1929, at the direction of I.V. Stalin, a commission was formed under the leadership of M.I.Ulyanova, which investigated this question and confirmed the authorship of M. A. Sholokhov on the basis of the manuscripts of the novel provided by him. Later, the manuscript was lost and was discovered only in 1999. Until 1999, the main argument of the supporters of Sholokhov's sole authorship was considered a draft autograph of a significant part of the text of The Quiet Don (more than a thousand pages), discovered in 1987 and stored at the Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Supporters of Sholokhov's authorship have always argued that this manuscript testifies to the author's careful work on the novel, and the previously unknown history of the text explains the errors and contradictions in the novel noted by their opponents. In addition, in the 1970s, the Norwegian Slavist and mathematician Geir Hietso conducted a computer analysis of the indisputable texts of Sholokhov, on the one hand, and The Quiet Don, on the other, and came to the conclusion that Sholokhov was the author. A weighty argument was also that the novel takes place in places native to Sholokhov, and many of the heroes of the book have as their prototypes people whom Sholokhov knew personally. In 1999, after many years of searching, the Institute of World Literature named after AM Gorky RAS managed to find the manuscripts of the 1st and 2nd books of The Quiet Don, which were considered lost. Three examinations carried out: graphological, textual and identification, certified the authenticity of the manuscript, its belonging to its time and with scientific validity solved the problem of authorship of "Quiet Don", after which the supporters of Sholokhov's authorship considered their position to be unconditionally proven. In 2006, a facsimile edition of the manuscript was released, allowing everyone to be convinced of the original authorship of the novel.

Nevertheless, a number of supporters of the version of plagiarism, based on their own analysis of the texts, remained unconvinced. It boils down to the fact that Sholokhov, most likely, found the manuscript of an unknown White Cossack and revised it, since the original would not have passed the Bolshevik censorship and, possibly, the manuscript was still "raw". Thus, Sholokhov created his own manuscript, but on someone else's material.

Questions

1. In what environment and under the influence of what events in the life of the country took place the formation of Platonov the thinker and Platonov the artist?

2. How did Platonov's attitude to the revolution and its consequences change? What did the writer decisively refuse to accept in contemporary Soviet reality?

3. What types does A. Platonov divide his heroes into?

Tasks

Prepare messages by topic:

"The work of life and service to him" (based on the story "The Secret Man")

"Problems of the story" The Secret Man "

(1905 - 1984)

Sholokhov was born on May 24, 1905 in the Kruzhilin farm, near the village of Veshenskaya, in the Don Cossack Region, was not a Cossack by birth. His father, Alexander Mikhailovich Sholokhov, was the son of a Russian merchant; mother, Anastasia Danilovna Chernikova, was from Ukrainian serfs. Mikhail's father wanted his son to receive a good education and apparently have enough money to pay for it. Trained by a local teacher, Mikhail entered elementary school in 1912 in Karginie farm, where his parents lived at the time. In the 1914-1915 academic year, he attended a private gymnasium in Moscow. For the next three years, he studied at the gymnasium in the city of Boguchar (Voronezh province), and from the fall of 1918 he studied for several months at the Veshenskaya gymnasium. The teaching was interrupted by the civil war. Sholokhov tried to fill the gaps in his education with abundant reading.

The fact that during the civil war Sholokhov lived almost all the time on the territory occupied by whites was of great importance. It must have been main reason why he, in his own words, described in "Quiet Don" "the struggle of whites with reds, and not reds with whites."

Since 1922, Sholokhov, living in his native places, worked in various positions for the new regime. He taught adults to read and write, was a statistician for about a year. On December 2, 1921, he was transferred to the Karginskaya procurement office as an assistant accountant, and a month later he was appointed as a clerk in the inspection department. The events of the period 1920-1922 provided themes for most of Sholokhov's early stories (they were reflected in The Quiet Don). The beginning of Sholokhov's literary career belongs to this period of his life.

In October 1922, Sholokhov left for Moscow in the hope of becoming a writer and continuing his education. The capital did not welcome the young inspector with open arms. He was forced to work as a laborer, loader, bricklayer, clerk. This enriched his life experience, made it possible to better and deeper know the life of a simple worker. In Moscow, Sholokhov joined a group of Komsomol writers at the Molodaya Gvardia magazine. Since 1923: "I publish in Komsomol newspapers and magazines," said Sholokhov (although he himself repeatedly emphasized in his interviews the fact that he had never been a member of the Komsomol). but komsomol newspaper "Yunosheskaya Pravda" was the first printed organ that provided Sholokhov with its pages.

In 1925 (this year Sholokhov's father died), the stories “Melon plant”, “Shepherd”, “Nakhalenok”, and the story “Path-path” were published one after another. In 1926, the first collection of Sholokhov's stories “Don Stories” and “Azure Steppe” appeared in print. main topic early stories of Sholokhov - the class struggle on the Don. The result of many years creative work Sholokhov, four large books of The Quiet Don appeared. Already in 1928, the magazine "October" began to publish the novel "Quiet Don". In 1941, the novel was awarded the State (Stalin) Prize of the first degree.

In 1932, Sholokhov was admitted to the CPSU (b), and he was also elected a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In 1938, the Academic Council of the Institute of World Literature nominated Sholokhov as a candidate for full membership of the USSR Academy of Sciences. By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in January, Sholokhov was awarded the Order of Lenin (for outstanding achievements in the development of Soviet literature, 6 times). In 1931-1932 Sholokhov made his first foreign trips to Germany, Sweden, Denmark, England, France.

During the Great Patriotic War, the writer did not stay away from the struggle. In military correspondence and essays “he reveals the antihuman character of the war unleashed by the Nazis. In 1943, Sholokhov began work on the novel They Fought for the Motherland.
In the postwar years, Sholokhov was engaged in public activities as a deputy of the Supreme Soviet. In 1957, Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov made a trip to Finland and Sweden, and in 1959 he traveled to Italy, France, and Great Britain. In 1960 he became laureate of the prize in the field of literature, and in 1962 Sholokhov was elected Doctor of Laws at St. Andrews University in Scotland. In 1965 M. Sholokhov was awarded the Nobel Prize. In 1980, M.A. Sholokhov was awarded the second Gold Star of the Hero of Socialist Labor (awarded twice).

Roman "Quiet Don"

Around this work, there are still disputes about the true authorship. Monographs challenging the authorship of the great novel were published far from Moscow. One of them - under the pseudonym "D" - was published by the efforts of A.I. Solzhenitsyn, under the title "Stirrup" Quiet Don ". This book was published in Russian in Paris (which, you see, is rather suspicious). Another was written by Roy Medvedev, who did not hide his authorship, a famous publicist and historian (formerly a dissident, then a people's deputy of the USSR). His book has been printed in English and French in London and Paris. The appearance of these works has sown strong doubts in the minds of Russian readers regarding the authorship of Mikhail Sholokhov. Later, other authors of the popular novel began to appear, for example, Fyodor Kryukov (who died in 1920, a forgotten Russian writer, a native of the Don). How to refute assumptions, hypotheses developed by such authoritative people as A.I. Solzhenitsyn, R.A. Medvedev, the anonymous writer "D" and other literary critics who have appeared in different cities of the country, claimants for the authorship of the novel "Quiet Don". The only proof of Sholokhov's authorship could be manuscripts. But the manuscripts of the first and second volumes of the novel, not a single page, are not in any of the archives. Namely, the first two volumes of The Quiet Don, published in 1928, raised doubts about the authorship. There is a historical (logical) explanation for this strange, at first glance, circumstance, when half of the novel is partially preserved and the other half is not. The writer's house on the Don came under fire when Veshenskaya was on the front line in 1942. Then, on the threshold of the house, the writer's mother was killed. In the same hours, sheets of manuscripts, written by the hand of Mikhail Sholokhov, flew across the village. The soldiers used the sheets of the novel to smoke. There are eyewitnesses to this disaster. Some of the sheets were picked up and saved by people who returned them to the author after the war. It would seem that such a tragedy, when the blood of a loved one drips onto the white sheets of a novel, when manuscripts perish in the hours of a national tragedy, could cool the ardor of the deniers, find compassion in the hearts of people. Doubts about Sholokhov's authorship should have been dispelled, but the false authors did not calm down.

One literary critic Lev Kolodny decided to find the true author of The Quiet Don. Comparing episodes from Sholokhov's life with the text of the novel, Kolodny became convinced that the author of The Quiet Don was Sholokhov. Hospital addresses, street names - everything is authentic, these are Moscow addresses. For example, the eye clinic of Dr. Snegirev, Kolpachny Lane. These are by no means fictitious names. In a minute, picking up the weighty volume of the Suvorin edition of the Address and Reference Book for 1913, which was not without reason called “All Moscow,” Lev Kolodny learned that K.V. Snegireva was indeed located at 11 Kolpachny Lane. According to eyewitnesses, acquaintances, friends, relatives, Sholokhov actually visited the above places personally. Few people know that he had a permanent address in Moscow (this was verified by Kolodny at his permanent postal addresses). “... the manuscripts do not burn” - Lev Kolodny proved this to us in his book, thus confirming the authorship of Mikhail Sholokhov, the true author of the novel “Quiet Don”.

The novel "Quiet Don" is one of the most remarkable works socialist realism, and its author should be awarded the highest award.

The history of the creation of the novel "Quiet Don"

Sholokhov conceived a great novel about the people and the revolution in the mid-1920s. The desire to create a novel about the Don, to show the Cossacks during the period of dramatic events preceding the 1917 revolution arose in the writer while working on the Don stories and has not left him since then. In October 1925 he began work on a novel, which was named Donshchina. The book was conceived as a completely traditional story for Soviet literature about the fierce struggle for the victory of Soviet power on the Don in the fall of 1917 and in the spring of 1918. At the beginning of work on the novel, Sholokhov faced great difficulties. He doubted that he would cope with the task at hand, and also that he had chosen the right path.

After writing several chapters, Sholokhov put aside the manuscript of the Don region for some time. Having put off work on Donshchina, Sholokhov began to think about a broader novel. So, in the process of work, the writer came to the idea of \u200b\u200bfollowing the ideological revolution of the Don Cossacks, revealing the reasons for the complication of his paths in a difficult time for Russia. He understood that without disclosing the historically established living conditions and everyday life of the people, without explaining the reasons that prompted a significant part of it to take the side of the White Guards, the novel started by the Kornilov revolt, the Cossack troops' march on Petrograd, would not solve the problem of the people's paths in the revolution. For this, first of all, it was necessary to reveal the world of his life with all the difficulties and contradictions. Pushing aside the story to the time preceding the imperialist war, the writer strove to show the growth of revolutionary sentiments among his heroes, the scope of the people's struggle for new life... The transition from one concept to another led to a change in the title of the novel - "Quiet Don".

The meaning put into this name, Sholokhov strove to reveal with all the figurative structure of the narrative, as an epic canvas about the fate of the Russian people in their struggle for freedom. The writer set a goal to create the very image of the "quiet Don", to show the life of the people and the important changes in it caused by the revolution. The title of the novel conceals the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe writer, which is also concentrated in epigraphs borrowed, like the title of the novel, from folk art.
The idea of \u200b\u200ba new novel, according to the author himself, fully matured at the end of 1926. After that, Sholokhov began to actively collect material. It was at this time that the writer moved to the village of Veshenskaya and forever tied his creative destiny... The work on the novel required a lot of hard work. The life of the Cossack farm was familiar to the writer from childhood. But, despite this, Sholokhov made many trips to the surrounding farms and villages, recording the memoirs of participants and witnesses of the First World War and the Revolution; stories of old people about the life and life of the Cossacks of those years. Collecting and studying Cossack folklore, the writer traveled to the archives of Moscow and Rostov to study newspapers and magazines, to get acquainted with old books on the history of the Don Cossacks, special military literature, memories of contemporaries about the imperialist and civil wars.
Sholokhov carefully thought out the plan of his novel, and later changed only the details, although much, according to him, had to be changed and redone many times. Selecting and organizing material for the novel, Sholokhov did a tremendous and hard work historian. He resorted to the abundant use of documents, confirming the events and facts depicted by citing appeals, leaflets, telegrams, appeals, letters, declarations, decrees and orders. Some chapters of the novel are entirely built on these documents. In the process of working on the structure of the book, the author had to intersperse many events, facts, people and at the same time not lose the main characters in them.

A year later, the magazine "October" published the first book of the epic "Quiet Don", in 1928 - the second, which absorbed the once postponed chapters of "Don region". One might have expected the third book to be released just as soon, but suddenly the work slowed down.

In the fall of 1926, the writer sat down for his conceived work, and a year later the first book of the epic "Quiet Don" was published in the magazine "October", in 1928 - the second, which absorbed the once postponed chapters of "Don region". One might have expected the third book to be released just as soon, but suddenly the work slowed down. The reason for this was the emerging problems of "non-literary nature". In the center of the story of the third book - the uprising of the Cossacks in 1919 - a topic too painful for the new government. A stormy polemic begins around the chapters of this book, often taking the form of outright attacks. The writer and influential literary functionary A. Fadeev strongly recommends that the author immediately, in the third book, make Grigory Melekhov “ours”. Sholokhov writes: "... Fadeev suggests that I make such changes that are unacceptable to me in any way ... I would rather not publish at all than do it against my will, to the detriment of both the novel and myself." The reader had to wait several more years for the third book. Protagonist works Grigory Melekhov, contrary to the strong recommendations of the author, came not at all to true Bolshevism, but to his own home, to his son, to the land he had left.

The novel was completed in 1940. Released as a separate edition in 1953, the novel was mutilated by the editor's scissors: only in this strongly "cut down" and "supplemented" form was it admitted to the reader, and the author had to agree with the "correction." Not distorted by censorship and editorial interventions, the full text of his work Sholokhov will see published only in 1980. In the collected works - fifty years after writing and four years before the end of life.

A very short biography (in a nutshell)

Born on May 24, 1905 on the Kruzhilinsky farm (now the Rostov region). Father - Alexander Mikhailovich Sholokhov (1865-1926). Mother - Anastasia Danilovna (1871-1942). In 1919 he graduated from the Vyoshenskaya gymnasium. In 1922 he was sentenced to death for abuse of power, later the sentence was changed to 1 year of corrective labor. In 1924 he married Maria Gromoslavskaya. He had 4 children from her - 2 boys and 2 girls. In 1928, he wrote the first two volumes of the novel "Quiet Don", and the last, fourth volume, was published only in 1940. In 1965 he received the Nobel Prize. He died on February 21, 1984 in the village of Vyoshenskaya, Rostov Region, at the age of 78. He was buried in the courtyard of his house in the village of Vyoshenskaya. Major works: "Quiet Don", "The Fate of a Man", "They Fought for the Motherland", "Virgin Land Upturned", "Nakhalenok" and others.

Short biography (in detail)

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov - Soviet writer and public figure; twice Hero of Socialist Labor, full member of the Academy of Sciences, as well as the Nobel Prize in Literature. Sholokhov was born on May 24, 1905 on the Kruzhilinsky farm. Initially, he bore the surname Kuznetsov, but in 1912 he changed his father's surname - Sholokhov.

In 1910, his family moved to the Karginovsky farm, where Mikhail studied at home with a local teacher. Then the boy studied for 1 year in Moscow at a male gymnasium, and for 3 years at a gymnasium in the Voronezh region. He was forced to leave his studies and return home in connection with the outbreak of the First World War.

In 1922, the writer moved to Moscow with the aim of further education. Here he met many poets of the Young Guard circle. In 1923 his first feuilleton "Test" appeared in the newspaper "Yunosheskaya Pravda". It was followed by feuilletons "Three" and "The Inspector General". A year later, the story "Birthmark" was published. In 1924, Sholokhov married an elementary school teacher, Maria Gromoslavskaya.

In 1925 he met Alexander Serafimovich, whom he later named one of his first teachers. Meanwhile, stories of the young writer appeared in the magazine, which were later combined into the cycles "Azure Steppe" and "Don Stories". At the end of 1926, he began working on the book The Quiet Don. In 1932, the first volume of the book "Virgin Land Upturned" was published, which shocked the literary community of the country. The second volume appeared only in 1959.

During the Great Patriotic War, the writer worked as a war correspondent and was often at the front. At the same time, he began to publish parts of his new novel, They Fought for the Motherland. In 1965 Sholokhov was awarded the Nobel Prize for the novel "Quiet Don". After the war, he was mainly engaged in social activities, and in last years took a great interest in fishing and hunting.

The writer died on February 21, 1984 in the village of Vyoshenskaya, Rostov region, at the age of 78. He was buried there, in the courtyard of his house on the banks of the Don River.

CV video (for those who prefer to listen)

Mikhail Sholokhov is one of the most iconic writers of the 20th century. His works have gained great popularity not only in the USSR, but also far beyond its borders. In 1965 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.

We bring to your attention the biography of Sholokhov. She, like outstanding people, is full of surprises and visionary accidents. By the way, pay attention to the most.

Brief biography of Sholokhov

Parents

His father, Alexander Mikhailovich, was engaged in agriculture, and also performed many other work for hire. Mother Anastasia Danilovna, who became an orphan in childhood, was a hereditary Cossack.

It is interesting that, being illiterate, she possessed wisdom and extraordinary insight. Anastasia Danilovna specially learned to read and write in order to write letters to her son when he was studying at the gymnasium.

As a girl, she was forcibly married to the son of the chieftain Kuznetsov. However, she soon left her husband for Alexander Sholokhov. As a result, their son Mikhail was born illegitimate and at the beginning had the surname Kuznetsov. Not everyone knows this fact from the biography of the great writer.

Only after the death of the first spouse Anastasia, the couple was able to officially get married. Thanks to this, Mikhail's surname changed to "Sholokhov", under which he entered.

The Sholokhovs lived in relative prosperity. Due to the fact that Alexander Mikhailovich often had to change jobs, the family often moved from one place to another.

Upbringing and education

The parents loved their only child and tried to give him the best possible education. They hired a home teacher for him, Timofey Mrykhin, who taught the boy to read, write and count. This played an important role in his biography.

Studying gave him real pleasure, and he never had to be forced to pore over textbooks: he happily did it on his own.

After 3 years, he continues his studies at the Boguchar gymnasium for boys, where he is to finish 4 classes.

During this period, the young man avidly reads works famous classics: , etc.

In 1917, on the eve of the revolution, the head of the family becomes the manager of the steam mill. After 3 years, the family moved to the village of Karginskaya, where in 1925 the writer's father was destined to die.

During the bloody confrontation between the "red" and "white", Sholokhov did not take either side.

When power was in the hands of the Bolsheviks, he agreed with their ideology, and in 1930 he became a member of the Communist Party.

In the pre-revolutionary life of the writer, no serious "sins" were found, so he had a fairly good reputation in the eyes of the new Soviet regime.

However, there was still one flaw in his biography.

In 1922, Sholokhov was sentenced to death for abuse of office while working as a tax inspector.

Fortunately, the sentence was not carried out thanks to the help and ingenuity of his parents. They managed to forge the birth certificate of their son, which is why he was tried as a minor.

Biography of Sholokhov

Mikhail Sholokhov began to seriously engage in writing in 1923. Initially, he wrote short feuilletons and humorous stories.

From time to time he worked in various Komsomol publications, publishing his works in them.

Sholokhov's work

Speaking about the work of Sholokhov, one immediately recalls the main work of his life - "Quiet Don". This novel became one of the key novels of the 20th century.

An interesting fact is that in connection with this book, the writer was often accused of plagiarism. Discussions about this do not subside today. Some researchers believe that Sholokhov stole the novel from a white officer who was repressed by the Bolsheviks.

The writer himself did not react in any way to such statements, claiming that “Quiet Don” was written by him alone, and all conversations on this topic are insinuations from the envious.

Contemporary Russian literary critic Dmitry Bykov is sure that the author of the work is Sholokhov. He draws such conclusions based on his writing style.

For 20 years, starting in 1930, Mikhail Alexandrovich wrote another brilliant novel, Virgin Soil Upturned, in which collectivization is described in vivid colors. This is the second most important work in his creative biography.

Another popular novel by Sholokhov is They Fought for the Motherland. Interestingly, shortly before his death, the writer, for some reason, decided to burn it. As a result, only a few chapters of this have survived.

A fragment of Sholokhov's biography related to the Nobel Prize deserves special attention. In 1958, the disgraced was nominated for this award for the 7th time.

Concerning Soviet Union sent a telegram to his ambassador v. It said that he would appreciate the award of this prize to Sholokhov.

However, this did not help, as a result of which the Nobel Prize was still awarded to Pasternak. Only 7 years later, in 1965, Mikhail Alexandrovich also became the owner of this prestigious award.

Personal life

Mikhail Sholokhov married Maria Gromoslavskaya when he was barely 19 years old. In this marriage, the couple had 4 children: Svetlana (1926), Alexander (1930), Mikhail (1935) and Maria (1938).

Family of M.A.Sholokhov (April 1941). From left to right Maria Petrovna with her son Misha, Alexander, Svetlana, Mikhail Sholokhov with Masha

Friends noted that by nature, Mikhail was a direct, truthful and courageous person.

Some of his contemporaries argued that among all the writers, only Sholokhov could openly communicate with, looking him straight in the eyes.

Death

In recent years, Mikhail Alexandrovich lived in the village of Veshenskaya, and practically did not pay attention to writing. Instead, he preferred to take walks in solitude with nature, or go fishing. At the end of his life, he did not spare money for charity.

Interestingly, the place of his burial is not in the cemetery, but right in the courtyard of the house in which he lived. Many streets and avenues of the cities of the former USSR are named after him, and more than one film has been shot based on his biography.

What can we say about the work of Sholokhov: based on his works, many wonderful films have been created, both in Russia and abroad.

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