War ... What does this terrible word mean to us? In war we are trying to defend our interests, our rights to freedom. People are fighting to live in peace! How much hatred and death the war brings. Of course, with all this, it cannot but have an impact on the people themselves, on their state of mind. The most valuable thing a person has is his soul, on which all the blows of fate are reflected. The spiritual power of people who went through difficult trials, but did not break, their transformed inner world at all times interested writers and poets. One of the main themes of the novel is the epic of L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" became the dialectic of the souls of heroes who went through the Patriotic War, heroes who "fell", but again "got up" and continued on their way.
"All the best moments of his life at the same time were recalled to him. And Austerlitz with a high sky, and the dead reproachful face of his wife, and Pierre on the ferry, and a girl excited by the beauty of the night, and this night, and the moon - and all this suddenly he remembered. " It seems to me that this episode in the novel "War and Peace" reveals to the reader the best moments in the life of Prince Andrei Bolkonsky, a hero who is looking for his worthy place in life and is ready to "live" again everything that once happened to him. Prince Andrew strives for the truth, and, probably, for this, Leo Tolstoy loves his hero.
Prince Andrew goes to war in 1805, for he is tired of secular idle talk, he is looking for a real thing. Bolkonsky, like his idol Napoleon, really wants to find "his Toulon". However, dream and real life are very different. Andrei Bolkonsky, like Napoleon at the Battle of Arcole, took up the banner on the Austerlitz field and drew the troops along with him. But this banner, which in dreams so proudly fluttered over his head, in reality turned out to be just a heavy stick, which is difficult and inconvenient to hold in his hands: "Prince Andrey again grabbed the banner and, dragging it by the pole, ran with the battalion." Is it possible to dream of a beautiful death when you drag the shaft behind you? In my opinion, LN Tolstoy denies the very notion of a beautiful death, and the description of the hero's injury is given in a very sharp form: “As if with a strong stick, one of the closest soldiers seemed to him to hit him in the head. it was painful, and most importantly, unpleasant ... "The war is senseless, and the desire to become like Napoleon, the man who started it, is shameful. A high clear sky will open before the eyes of Prince Andrey - a symbol of truth: "How could I not have seen this high sky before? And how happy I am that I finally recognized it. Yes, everything is empty, everything is deception, except for this endless sky." Prince Andrew renounces the deceitful way, from the glory and from the symbol of this glory - Napoleon. He acquires other values: happiness is simply to live, to see the sky is to be.
The hero is captured, recovers and returns to the Bald Mountains. He goes to his family, to that annoying "little princess" with a "squirrel expression" from whom he once fled. Now he is ready to love his wife, the mother of his unborn child. However, Lisa dies during childbirth. Andrey's soul is in confusion: the most terrible burden is unredeemed guilt before the deceased. Prince Andrew makes a bitter confession to Pierre: "I know only two real misfortunes in life: remorse and illness. And happiness is only the absence of these two evils." Under Austerlitz, the hero learned a great truth: life is infinite value. But unhappiness in life can be not only illness or death, but also an uneasy conscience. Before the battle, Prince Andrey was ready to pay any price for a minute of glory. After his wife died, he realized that he had paid for his Toulon with her life. Realizing this, Bolkonsky renounces ambition. There will also be a time of seclusion in his own world. The hero will return to the active life of a conversation on the ferry with Pierre Bezukhov about the meaning of being, about the purpose of man. After this conversation, a meeting with Natasha will take place, looking at which Andrei Bolkonsky will feel the desire to live. The prince goes to the people by a difficult road. He is mistaken and mistaken, but, probably, he always remembers the sky of Austerlitz, the frozen question on the dead face of his wife and always sees in front of him the image of Natasha striving for happiness.
Another hero of the novel, Pierre Bezukhov, also goes through delusions, mistakes and deception. For the first time we meet Pierre in Anna Pavlovna's salon.
This "fat young man with a shaved head and glasses" who had just arrived from abroad "was in the company for the first time." Bezukhov is clumsy, clumsy, but this is not the main reason for not accepting him by society. He is a "new man" in this world of hypocrisy and does not know how to hide his true feelings under the guise of affability. The hero's beliefs run counter to generally accepted ones. But suddenly the disdain towards Bezukhov of the whole society is replaced by respect and love. What happened? The fact is that Pierre, being the illegitimate son of Count Bezukhov, receives a huge inheritance after his death. Suddenly, this "clumsy young man" becomes a universal favorite: "Pierre, having suddenly become a rich man and Count Bezukhov, after his recent loneliness and carelessness, felt himself to such an extent surrounded and busy that he could only be alone in bed." Kind Pierre was sure that he was surrounded by sincere people, that everyone really loved him, everyone liked him: “It seemed so natural to Pierre that everyone loved him, so it would seem unnatural if someone did not love him that he could not not to believe in the sincerity of the people around him. " Money is the first and, perhaps, one of the most difficult tests that Pierre will have to go through. But now he is just embarking on his life path. The character of the hero has not yet taken shape, he grew up far from his family, outside the traditions of his father's circle. The young Count Bezukhov, in the words of Prince Andrei, has a "golden heart", but his passionate, temperamental nature does not recognize any discipline, so the forces raging in him find a way out in revelry and revelry. Meanwhile, Prince Vasily Kuragin, one of those two-faced members of secular society, who, like flies to honey, flocked to the news of the inheritance, is making plans to marry Pierre to his daughter Helene. Soon the entire secular society is confident that Bezukhov is going to propose marriage to her, although Pierre does not even think about it: "... between him and Helene there was some kind of connection, recognized by other people, and this thought ... frightened him ...". But gradually the hero gets along with this thought, instilled in him by everyone, and decides that, probably, this is how it should be: "They are all so waiting for this, so sure that it will be, that I cannot, I cannot deceive them." Pierre's marriage to the secular beauty Helene, a stupid and immoral woman, spiritually completely alien to him, does not bring happiness. Little changes in his life: all the same revelry, the same idleness. But the hero was not disappointed in life because of the failed family well-being. Pierre was not like that ... Among the heroes of the novel "War and Peace" we can call Bezukhov a truth-seeker. Pierre is an intellectual person who is looking for answers to the most important moral, philosophical, social questions, questions of the meaning of human life. The hero is kind, selfless, selfless. He is immersed in reflections on the fate of humanity, far from mundane material calculations. Behind Pierre's outward softness and even spinelessness is hidden great spiritual strength, independence of thoughts: "... he loved to argue and, despite his licentiousness and weakness in life, in the matter of thought and dispute he possessed a logical consistency ..." Tolstoy rewarded Bezukhov with the ability not to "become infected" with meanness, greed and other vices of the society that surrounded him. Burned by his gullibility towards people and naivety, Pierre acquired a sensitive soul, insight. How quickly and accurately he unravels the true essence of Boris Drubetskoy. But why does Bezukhov look awkward, ridiculous with such spiritual qualities? The hero's inability to keep himself in society could be ridiculous if there was no deep concentration behind it. The ability to be distracted from external circumstances, to go into your own world is one of its characteristic features. In captivity, the soldiers are surprised by the "incomprehensible ability for them to sit still and think without doing anything ...". Pierre is not a scientist, not a philosopher, he is just a young nobleman whom life itself confronts with the need to solve serious moral problems. Each trait of his spiritual appearance emphasizes the sincerity of his desire to serve people. It was from such nobles that people came out who were ready to give everything for the liberation of the people. And it is no coincidence that among them, after long social and moral searches, Pierre Bezukhov appears at the end of the work. These searches for sincere, sincere human relations are reflected in the hero's neglect of wealth and the blessings of life. Surrounded by the selfish Kuragin, Drubetskoy, Dolokhovs, he soon becomes convinced that money cannot add "peace of mind." Indifference to property is a very important trait in Pierre's character. Wealth is one of the main privileges of the ruling class. Refusing well-being, the hero thereby approaches the people. Only involvement with ordinary people, their fate in the era of the Patriotic War, the feeling of a general national disaster as a personal grief, opens up new perspectives and ideals for Pierre. Soon, Bezukhov finds the long-awaited happiness. He finds him next to a woman whom he secretly loved even from himself all his life. It is now, when Pierre has found the support and understanding of a loving person, that he discovered in himself the desire and strength to become a Decembrist, to stand up for the liberation of the people. I want to believe that he will make his dreams come true.
LN Tolstoy asserts by the fate of his heroes that "calmness is a spiritual meanness." I think that all good people are characterized by dissatisfaction with themselves. In the spiritual search of the heroes of the novel "War and Peace", in their disappointments and hopes, an important side of life at the beginning of the nineteenth century and the opportunity for us to see and feel an important facet of life were reflected.
1. "Dialectics of the soul" of the heroes of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" (on the example of one of the characters chosen by the examinee.)
2. The originality of the lyric hero of poetry O.E. Mandelstam (for example, 2-3 poems of the candidate's choice).
Answers:
1. "Dialectics of the soul" of the heroes of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" (on the example of one of the characters chosen by the examinee.)
The novel "War and Peace" by Leo Tolstoy introduced us to many heroes, each of whom is a bright personality, has individual characteristics. One of the most attractive characters in the novel is Pierre Bezukhov. His image is in the center of War and Peace, because the figure of Pierre is significant for the author himself and plays a huge role in his work. It is known that the fate of this hero served as the basis for the idea of \u200b\u200bthe entire novel.
The image of Pierre Bezukhov was originally conceived as the image of the Decembrist, but then Tolstoy returned to the pre-December period of his hero's life and presented his youth and maturity. Tolstoy knew that it was Pierre Bezukhov, this gentle man, who would later appear as the organizer of a secret society of "independent and free people." It is Pierre who will later accuse the tsar of inaction, sharply criticize the social order, reaction and Arakcheevism.
The image of Pierre Bezukhov, like the images of Natasha Rostova and Andrei Bolkonsky, is given in dynamics, that is, in constant development. Leo Tolstoy focuses on sincerity, childlike gullibility, kindness and purity of the thoughts of his hero. And the reader cannot fail to notice these qualities, not to appreciate them, despite the fact that at first Pierre is presented as a lost, weak-willed, unremarkable young man.
The first acquaintance with the hero takes place against the background of the high society circle of Anna Pavlovna Sherer, and here it is already noticeable that Pierre does not fit into the false society of flatterers and careerists, the defining feature of which is the all-pervading lie. For this reason, the appearance of Pierre in the majority of those present causes fear, and his sincerity and straightforwardness - frank fear. Recall how Pierre walked away from an unnecessary aunt, spoke to the French abbot and got carried away by the conversation so that he began to clearly threaten to disrupt the system of secular relationships familiar to the Scherer house, which revived the dead, fake environment.
With one smart and timid look, Pierre seriously frightened the owner of the salon and her guests with their false norms of behavior. Pierre has the same kind and sincere smile, his special harmless gentleness is striking. But Tolstoy himself does not consider his hero weak and weak-willed, as it might seem at first glance: "Pierre was one of those people who, despite their outward, so-called weakness of character, do not seek an attorney for their grief."
Yes, in the image of Pierre Bezukhov we find features of weak-willed and even unconscious submission, which are especially manifested in episodes of marriage to Helene and relations with her. In the same way, superficially, but at the same time enthusiastically, with all his soul, Pierre obeys the spirit of Freemasonry. In an outburst of passion, he tends to succumb to such instant hobbies, taking them as true and correct. And then, when the true essence of things appears, when hopes collapse, Pierre just as actively falls into despair, disbelief, like a little child who has been offended.
And it is precisely at such critical moments that Pierre's strong will and the best aspects of his character are manifested, which cannot be overlooked. So, Bezukhov abruptly breaks with Helen, having learned how strong her love for his money was. Bezukhov himself is indifferent to money and luxury, therefore he calmly agrees with the demands of the cunning wife to give her most of his fortune. Pierre is disinterested and ready to do anything to get rid of the lies that the insidious beauty has surrounded him as soon as possible. Despite his carelessness and youth, Pierre acutely feels the border between innocent jokes and dangerous games that can cripple someone's life, so he is frankly indignant in a conversation with the villain Anatole after the failed abduction of Natasha. And these are far from the only scenes where Pierre is already more like an adult independent person, bold, ardent, with independent judgments. How wonderful he is in his lostness during the battle on the field of Borodino, and when rescuing a girl during a fire, and when he enters into a fight with the French in Moscow "in a rapture of rage"! Here he is no longer weak-willed and timid Pierre.
I would like to once again note Tolstoy's ability to portray his hero as he is, without embellishment, as a natural person who is inherently constantly changing. The internal changes taking place in Pierre Bezukhov's soul are profound, and this is reflected in his appearance. At the first meeting, Pierre is "a massive, fat young man with a total observant gaze." Pierre looks completely different after his marriage, in the company of the Kuragin: "He was silent ... and with a completely absent-minded look was picking his nose with his finger. His face was sad and gloomy." And when it seemed to Pierre that he had found a sense of activity aimed at improving the lives of the peasants, he "spoke with the animation of joy."
And only freed from the oppressive lies of a secular farce, finding himself in difficult military conditions and finding himself among ordinary Russian peasants, Pierre feels the taste of life, finds peace of mind, which again changes his appearance. Despite his bare feet, dirty tattered clothes, matted hair filled with lice, his eyes were firm, calm and lively, and never before had he had such a look.
Thus, having traveled a difficult path, full of mistakes and delusions in the reality of Russian history, Pierre finds himself, retains his natural essence, does not succumb to the influence of society. Throughout the novel, Tolstoy's hero is in constant search, emotional experiences and doubts, which eventually lead him to his true vocation.
And if at first Bezukhov's feelings constantly struggle with each other, he thinks contradictory, then then he finally gets rid of everything superficial and artificial, finds his true face and vocation, clearly knows what he needs from life. We see how wonderful Pierre's real, genuine love for Natasha is, he becomes a wonderful father of a family, is actively involved in social activities, benefits people and is not afraid of new things.
“Dialectics of the Soul” is a constant image of the inner world of the heroes in movement, in development (according to Chernyshevsky). Psychologism (showing characters in development) allows not only to objectively depict a picture of the spiritual life of the heroes, but also to express the author's moral assessment of the depicted.
Tolstoy's means of psychological depiction: a) Psychological analysis on behalf of the author-narrator. b) Disclosure of involuntary insincerity, subconscious desire to see oneself better and intuitively seek self-justification (for example, Pierre's reflections on whether or not to go to Anatol Kuragin after he gives Bolkonsky his word not to do this). c) Inner Monologue, creating the impression of "overheard thoughts" (eg the stream of consciousness of Nikolai Rostov during the hunt and pursuit of a Frenchman; Prince Andrew under the sky of Austerlitz d) Dreams, disclosure of subconscious processes (eg Pierre's dreams). e) Impressions of the characters from the outside world. Attention is focused not on the object and phenomenon itself, but on how the character perceives them (eg Natasha's first ball). F) External details (eg oak on the way to Otradnoye, Austerlitz sky). g) The discrepancy between the time in which the action actually took place and the time of the story about it (for example, the internal monologue of Marya Bolkonskaya about why she fell in love with Nikolai Rostov).
According to N. G. Chernyshevsky, Tolstoy was most interested in “the mental process itself, its forms, its laws, the dialectic of the soul, in order to directly depict the mental process with an expressive, definitive term *. Chernyshevsky noted that Tolstoy's artistic discovery was a herd of depicting an internal monologue in the form of a stream of consciousness. Chernyshevsky identifies the general principles of the "dialectic of the soul": a) The depiction of the inner world of a person in constant motion, contradiction and development (Tolstoy: "man is a fluid substance"); b) Tolstoy's interest in turning points, crisis moments in a person's life; c) Eventfulness (the influence of events in the outside world on the inner world of the hero).
Spiritual quest of heroes:
The meaning of spiritual quests lies in the fact that heroes are capable of spiritual evolution, which, according to Tolstoy, is the most important criterion for the moral assessment of a person. The heroes are looking for the meaning of life (gaining deep spiritual connections with other people) and personal happiness. Tolstoy shows this process in its dialectical contradictions (disappointment, gain and loss of happiness). At the same time, the heroes retain their own face and their own dignity. The general and main thing in the spiritual searches of Pierre and Andrew is that in the end both come to a rapprochement with the people.
Stages of the spiritual quest of Andrei Bolkonsky.a) Orientation to the ideas of Napoleon, a genius commander, superpersonality (conversation with Pierre in the Scherer salon, departure to the army, military operations in 1805). b) Wounded at Austerlitz, crisis in consciousness (the sky of Austerlitz, Napoleon, bypassing the battlefield). c) The death of his wife and the birth of a child, the decision "to live for himself and his loved ones." d) Meeting with Pierre, conversation at the crossing, transformation into e) Meeting with Natasha in Otradnoye (rebirth to a new life, allegorically depicted as an old oak tree). f) Communication with Speransky, love for Natasha, awareness of the meaninglessness of "state" activities. g) Break with Natasha "spiritual crisis. h ) Borodino. The final change in consciousness, rapprochement with the people (the soldiers of the regiment call him “our prince.”) I) Before his death, Bolkonsky accepts God (forgives the enemy, asks for the Gospel), a feeling of universal love, harmony with life.
So L.N. Tolstoy is known not only as a genius writer, but also as an amazingly deep and subtle psychologist. Roman L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" opened the world a gallery of immortal images. Thanks to the subtle skill of the writer-psychologist, we can penetrate the complex inner world of the heroes, learning the dialectics of the human soul.
The main means of psychological depiction in War and Peace are internal monologues and psychological portraits.
The image of Pierre Bezukhov is one of the most important in the novel. The author introduces us to his hero already from the first pages of the work, in the salon of Anna Pavlovna Scherer. The image of Pierre Bezukhov, like the images of Natasha Rostova and Andrei Bolkonsky, is given in dynamics, that is, in constant development. Lev Tolstoy focuses on sincerity, childlike gullibility, kindness and purity of the thoughts of his hero. Pierre willingly and even joyfully obeys the will of others, naively believing in the benevolence of others. He becomes a victim of the greedy Prince Vasily and an easy prey for crafty Masons, who are also not indifferent to his condition. Tolstoy notes: obedience "did not even seem to him a virtue, but happiness." One of the moral delusions of the young Bezukhov is the unconscious need to imitate Napoleon. In the first chapters of the novel, he admires the "great man", considering him a defender of the conquests of the French revolution, later rejoices in his role as a "benefactor", and in the long term - and a "liberator" of peasants, in 1812 he wants to rid people of Napoleon, the "Antichrist". The desire to rise above people, even dictated by noble goals, invariably leads him to a spiritual dead end. In Tolstoy's opinion, both blind obedience to someone else's will and painful conceit are equally untenable: at the heart of both is an immoral outlook on life, which recognizes some people the right to command, and others - the duty to obey. Young Pierre is a representative of the intellectual noble elite of Russia, who disdained the "close" and "understandable".
Tolstoy emphasizes the "optical self-deception" of the hero, alienated from everyday life: in the ordinary he is unable to consider the great and the infinite, he sees only "one limited, petty, everyday, meaningless." Pierre's spiritual insight is the comprehension of the value of an ordinary, “unheroic” life. Having experienced captivity, humiliation, seeing the wrong side of human relations and high spirituality in an ordinary Russian muzhik Platon Karataev, he realized that happiness lies in the person himself, in “satisfying needs”. “… He learned to see the great, the eternal and the infinite in everything, and therefore… he threw the pipe into which he was still looking over people's heads,” Tolstoy emphasizes. At every stage of his spiritual development, Pierre painfully solves philosophical questions that “cannot be rid of”. These are the simplest and most insoluble questions: “What is wrong? What well? What should I love, what should I hate? Why live, and what am I? What is life, what is death? What is the power that controls everything? " The intensity of the moral quest increases in times of crisis. Pierre often feels "disgust for everything around him," everything in himself and in people seems to him "confused, meaningless and disgusting." But after violent fits of despair, Pierre once again looks at the world through the eyes of a happy man who has comprehended the wise simplicity of human relations.
Being in captivity, Pierre felt for the first time a feeling of complete merging with the world: "and all this is mine, and all this is in me, and all this is me." He continues to feel joyful enlightenment even after liberation - the whole universe seems to him reasonable and "comfortable". Tolstoy notes: "now he did not make any plans ...", "could not have a goal, because he now had faith - not faith in words, rules and thoughts, but faith in the living, always tangible God." While a person is alive, Tolstoy argued, he follows the path of disappointments, gains and new losses. This also applies to Pierre Bezukhov. The periods of delusions and disappointments that replaced spiritual enlightenment were not a moral degradation of the hero, a return of the hero to a lower level of moral self-awareness. Pierre's spiritual development is a complex spiral, each new round takes the hero to a new spiritual height. In the epilogue of the novel, Tolstoy not only acquaints the reader with the “new” Pierre, convinced of his moral rightness, but also outlines one of the possible paths of his moral movement associated with a new era and new circumstances of life.
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What is the dialectic of the soul in War and Peace? and got the best answer
Answer from Maxim Yu Volkov [guru]
Dialectics of the soul of the hero of Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" (Prince Andrei)
LN Tolstoy is a great realist artist. From under his pen came a new form of the historical novel: the epic novel. In this novel, along with historical events, he depicts the life of landlord Russia and the world of aristocratic society. Representatives of various strata of the nobility are shown here. The people of the advanced, thinking nobility are Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, to whom the writer treats with great sympathy. For the first time Tolstoy introduces us to Andrei Bolkonsky in the copyright 2001-2005 salon of Anna Pavlovna Sherer, the Empress's maid of honor, and describes his appearance. The writer pays much attention to the expression of boredom and discontent on the prince's face: he had a "tired, boring look", often "a grimace spoils his handsome face." Andrei Bolkonsky received a good education and upbringing. His father is an associate of Suvorov, a symbol of the 18th century era. It was his father who taught Prince Bolkonsky to value in people such human dignity as loyalty to honor and duty. Sending his son to the war (meaning the war of 1805-1807), the old prince says goodbye to him: “Remember one thing, Prince Andrew, if you are killed, it will hurt me, the old man, but if I find out that I did not lead like a son Bolkonsky, I will be ashamed. ”Andrei Bolkonsky has a contempt for secular society, this contempt was passed on to him from his father. He calls the people who gather in A.P. Sherer's salon "a stupid society" because he is not satisfied with this idle, empty, useless life. It is not for nothing that he says to Pierre Bezukhov: "The life that I am leading here is not for me." And more: "Living rooms, balls, gossip, vanity, insignificance - this is a vicious circle from which I cannot get out." Prince Andrew is a richly gifted nature. He lives in the era of the French Revolution and the Patriotic War of 1812. In such an environment, Prince Andrew is looking for the meaning of life. First, these are dreams of "my Toulon", dreams of glory. But the injury on the Austerlitz field leads the hero to disappointment. In general, the story of his life is a chain of the hero's disappointments: first in fame, then in social and political activities, and, finally, in love. It is by no means accidental that Andrei is destined to die on the heroic rise of Russian life, and Pierre will outlive him; It is no coincidence that Natasha Rostova will remain just a bride for Andrey, and will be a wife for Pierre. In a conversation with Pierre on the eve of the Battle of Borodino, Prince Andrey is deeply aware of the national character of this war. Prince Andrew tells Pierre that the success of the battle "has never depended and will not depend either on position, or on weapons, or even on numbers; and, least of all, on position." “And from what?” - asks Pierre. And he hears in response: “From the feeling that is in me, in him,” he pointed to Timokhin, “in every soldier.” However, to become like them, Prince Andrey is not destined to become like them in soul. At the fatal moment of his mortal wound, Prince Andrew experiences the last, passionate and painful impulse to earthly life: with a "completely new envious look" he looks at "grass and wormwood." And then, already on a stretcher, he will think: "Why was it so sorry for me to part with life? There was something in this life that I did not understand and do not understand." It is deeply symbolic that under Austerlitz the prince opened blue, detached from the bustle of the world, a high sky, and under Borodino - a land close but not given to him, an envious glance at it. In the dying Prince Andrew, heaven and earth, death and life are fighting each other. This struggle manifests itself in two forms of love: one - earthly, love for Natasha; the other is ideal love for all people. And as soon as love for all people penetrates into him, Prince Andrey feels detachment from life, liberation and removal from it. To love everyone is not to live an earthly life, it is to die. The land, to which Prince Andrew was passionately drawn, never fell into his hands, floated away, leaving in his soul a feeling of anxious bewilderment, an unsolved mystery.
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Answer from Nikita Mironov[guru]
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Answer from GALINA[guru]
The most valuable thing a person has is his soul, on which all the blows of fate are reflected. The spiritual power of people who went through difficult trials, but did not break, their transformed inner world at all times interested writers and poets. One of the main themes of the novel is the epic of L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" became the dialectic of the souls of heroes who went through the Patriotic War.
The hero of the novel, Pierre Bezukhov, goes through delusions, mistakes and deception. For the first time we meet Pierre in Anna Pavlovna's salon.
This "fat young man with a shaved head and glasses" who had just arrived from abroad "was in the company for the first time." Bezukhov is clumsy, clumsy, but this is not the main reason for not accepting him by society. He is a "new man" in this world of hypocrisy and does not know how to hide his true feelings under the guise of affability. The hero's beliefs run counter to generally accepted ones. But suddenly the disdain for Bezukhov of the whole society is replaced by respect and love. What happened? The fact is that Pierre, being the illegitimate son of Count Bezukhov, receives a huge inheritance after his death. Suddenly, this "clumsy young man" becomes everyone's favorite: "Pierre, having suddenly become a rich man and Count Bezukhov, after his recent loneliness and carelessness, felt himself to such an extent surrounded and busy that he only managed to stay alone in bed." Kind Pierre was sure that he was surrounded by sincere people, that everyone really loved him, everyone liked him: “It seemed so natural to Pierre that everyone loved him, so it would seem unnatural if someone did not love him that he could not not to believe in the sincerity of the people around him. " Money is the first and, perhaps, one of the most difficult tests that Pierre will have to go through. But now he is just embarking on his life path. The character of the hero has not yet taken shape, he grew up far from his family, outside the traditions of his father's circle. The young Count Bezukhov, in the words of Prince Andrei, has a "golden heart", but his passionate, temperamental nature does not recognize any discipline, so the forces raging in him find a way out in revelry and revelry. Meanwhile, Prince Vasily Kuragin, one of those two-faced members of secular society who, like flies to honey, flocked to the news of the inheritance, is making plans to marry Pierre to his daughter Helene. Soon the entire secular society is confident that Bezukhov is going to propose marriage to her, although Pierre does not even think about it: "... between him and Helen some kind of connection was formed, recognized by other people, and this thought ... frightened him ...". But gradually the hero gets along with this thought, instilled in him by everyone, and decides that, probably, this is how it should be: "They are all so waiting for this, so sure that it will be, that I cannot, I cannot deceive them." Pierre's marriage to the secular beauty Helene, a stupid and immoral woman, spiritually completely alien to him, does not bring happiness. Little changes in his life: all the same revelry, the same idleness. But the hero was not disappointed in life because of the failed family well-being. Pierre was not like that ... Among the heroes of the novel "War and Peace" we can call Bezukhov a truth-seeker. Pierre is an intellectual man looking for answers to the most important moral, philosophical, social questions, questions of the meaning of human life. The hero is kind, selfless, disinterested. He is immersed in reflections on the fate of humanity, far from worldly material calculations. Behind Pierre's outward softness and even spinelessness is hidden great spiritual strength, independence of thoughts: "... he loved to argue and, despite his licentiousness and weakness in life, in the matter of thought and dispute he possessed a logical consistency ..." Tolstoy rewarded Bezukhov with the ability not to "get infected" with meanness, greed and other vices of the society that surrounded him. Burned by his gullibility towards people and naivety, Pierre acquired a sensitive soul, insight. How quickly and accurately he unravels the true essence of Boris Drubetskoy. But why with such soulful ka
LN Tolstoy believed that the most diverse feelings, aspirations, desires live in a person. Therefore, the heroes of the writer can be different, the author sees his hero "now a villain, now an angel, now a sage, now a strong man, now a powerless being." The attractiveness of seeking, thinking, doubting heroes lies precisely in the fact that they passionately want to understand what life is, what is its highest justice. Hence, a continuous movement of thoughts and feelings arises. Movement is like a collision, a struggle of various solutions. The discoveries that the heroes make are steps in the process of their spiritual development.
N. G. Chernyshevsky called this feature of the artistic method of L. N. Tolstoy in revealing the inner world of characters "the dialectics of the soul." LN Tolstoy himself believed that "in order for readers to sympathize with the hero, it is necessary that they recognize in him as much their weaknesses as virtues, possible virtues, and necessary weaknesses ..."
In the novel War and Peace, the author goes along the path of spiritual quest together with the heroes. Different characters and destinies in his novel represent different types of man's relationship to life, to people, to God. Not all of Tolstoy's heroes strive to know the truth. But the author's favorite heroes solve moral and philosophical problems, looking for answers to "eternal" questions. One of these heroes is Prince Andrei Bolkonsky.
One of the main characters of Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Prince Andrei, appears on the pages of the novel in the drawing room of Anna Pavlovna Sherer. This is a young man with rather handsome features and a tired, bored look. We see Prince Andrew, tired of the false, stupid society, irritated. For him, the living room, gossip, balls, vanity, insignificance are a vicious circle from which he is trying to escape. That is why Prince Andrei Bolkonsky goes to war. His goal is to achieve glory, glory for which he is ready to sacrifice everything.
In the battle of Austerlitz, Andrei, with a banner in his hands, runs to his dream of Toulon, but, defeated, he falls, and at the same time, the significance of the goal he was striving for is falling, Andrei feels its meaninglessness. Prince Andrew sees nothing but the immeasurably high sky, everything seems empty, a deception, everything except the endless sky. In these minutes he sees "little" Napoleon, sees his pettiness, the insignificance of his greatness, as well as the insignificance of life and death, which no one could understand and explain.
His purpose in life was destroyed, life was over. The turning point that changed this view was the accidentally overheard night conversation between Natasha Rostova and Sonya. This slender girl, admiring the beauty of the night, dreaming of a flight, was able to revive in Prince Andrei the belief in the ability to benefit people, in the possibility of happiness and love. The second meeting with Natasha took place at the ball, the first ball of Natasha Rostova.
Andrei Bolkonsky was attracted to her by what so distinguished her from secular society: her sincerity, naturalness, joy and timidity, even her mistakes in French. He felt that the alien world of this girl beckoned to him. Opposites began to coexist in Andrei: that infinitely great and irresistible that lived in him after Austerlitz, and what she was - narrow and corporeal.
After the engagement, at some point, the hero was frightened by that loyalty and trustfulness of Natasha, that joyful and at the same time heavy sense of consciousness of duty. Perhaps that is why Prince Andrew concedes to his father, agrees to postpone the wedding for a year. During his absence, Natasha's passion for Anatol turns out to be stronger than her love for Andrei. And Prince Andrew, who spoke about the forgiveness of the fallen woman, himself was unable to forgive. He becomes obsessed with a desire for revenge.
But the meeting with Anatol did not bring the expected satisfaction to Bolkonsky. Both heroes were wounded, and the pitiful sight of the groaning Anatole awakened in Prince Andrei a close and heavy feeling that connected him with this man. He remembered his tenderness and love for Natasha and felt her with even greater strength. He managed not only to forgive, but also to fall in love with Anatole with love, which is loved by brothers, loving, hating, enemies.
Prince Andrey forgave Natasha and fell in love with her with that new, pure, divine love. Earthly love gave way to Christian love. During illness, after being wounded, the hero has a struggle between life and death. He comprehended his new feeling - love, which God preached on earth and which Princess Marya taught him. Love is God, there is life. To love everything is to love God in all manifestations. Bolkonsky was able to understand this because he fell in love. The fear of death was gone, since death began to mean for him the return of a particle of love to the eternal source.
Having passed the life path of constant search for answers to eternal questions, constant self-improvement, Andrei Bolkonsky reached the highest point of his development.