Salavat Yulaev.

This is not a historical study.

This is what I know or do you know about the so-called rebels in Russia?
Answer yourself briefly.

I asked myself this question.
He answered to himself - a little, almost nothing, except names.

I read not only Wikipedia. She can't be trusted. It is often controversial about what needs to be rechecked and only as a starting point for a search. He began with a search for the names that the Bashkirs call their children. I learned that the Bashkirs had a powerful wing among the Pechenegs and that the Chingizids (conventionally - Asians, some "Tatar-Mongols") had a striking force, after the Bashkirs and Bulgars had crumbled the invincible troops of Genghis Khan into crumb. And then they came to destroy the Polovtsians with a certain Batu. I read that all the same raids were made by Alexander's grandfather - Vsevolod the Big Nest, to the mythical Tatar-Mongols. And German historians turned everything over under Peter the first from his order and chronicle, and so the ruin and they destroyed or distorted everything. Well, there were no Tatar Mongols as a mighty army in the Russian lands, there were no princes, boyars, churchmen who had gone too far in internecine fights - power.

How is this so?
This was the only defeat of the invincible Genghis Khan. Know it was from the warriors of the Bashkirs and Bulgars. Yes, they were always there and supported each other. And in Bashkiria there are now a lot of Tatars - Bulgars. Tatars now constitute a significant part of Bashkiria - this is so. And many Bashkirs speak the Tatar language, it differs little from the Bashkir language. Turks and those understand Bashkirs, if you speak slowly.

This defeat to Chinchizkhan was not to be forgiven by his opponents. That means he was forever "on the stove".

Who are Batu and Batu? Nobody knows.
As if the story about him was sucked out of the finger. Do you know anything?
Batu came only 13 years later, after Chinzizkhan was lowered and released by the Bashkirs and Bulgars in battle. This was his only defeat - from the warriors from the Bulgars and Bashkirs. But almost no one knows or believes it.

For 37 years, this mythical "million" - "Chinchizids" could not conquer a few Bashkirs. Apparently they did not conquer, they could only offer an army to the soldiers.

It is not very clear from the history written down how this is a certain Batu, Batu came with the Kipchaks, with the same ones who had broken Genghis Khan's troops into crumbs and released him and his best soldiers Subedei and Jebe home, and did not finish them off on the spot.

Not the Mongols came, but the Kipchkaks then came, defending themselves against constant attacks from Asia and the Polovtsy, protected by the Kiev princes, who became related to the Polovtsians. Yes, the same Dolgoruky got dirty with his relatives with the Polovtsy and it was with them that he attacked the Bulgars and destroyed and burned their cities and villages and all of them at the root. Those who lived with the Bashkirs survived, Dolgoruky did not dare to meddle with them.

The history written down is so murky. Impossible to find out. Vsevolod the Big Nest made campaigns to pacify the presumptuous princes on the same route as Batu. There are facts about this. I don't know what happened then. Apparently Alexander Nevsky called the Kipchaks to the war with the Polovtsians. His grandfather had already smashed, or joined them later, he could be called Batu, Batu among the steppe people, and others by name. If he did not call, the Bashkirs came and with the Bulgars themselves already to take revenge on the Polovtsy to finish off their fucking and bloody whistle with princes and boyars at the head. Polovtsy finished off and left. What kind of gold is there in these cities they conquered? What is the reward? Walk by and spit - it's poverty. These were all beggar towns-villages, and Kiev was burned more than once and the walls were full of holes already several years before the alleged Tatar-Mongol attack. For 20 years, these attackers did not take tribute. It doesn't work that way. They take everything and attackers at once. How is it? You at least explain to me the cruelty of the attackers. I do not believe the German historians who described all these events. Otherwise, they would not even know the words about Alexander Nevsky. According to them, the millionth machine destroyed cities and villages from a thousand to three, five cities. Well, this is ridiculous. And how many warriors are there - three hundred with axes?

When I was looking for questions about the Bashkirs, I was completely bogged down in the distorted history of Russia and the history of the Tatar-Mongols. I had a simple and clear question - who are the Bashkirs?
Found something.
I was pulled out of the dregs of the swamp of existing contradictory studies by a simple thought - the Bashkirs then lived and now live, keeping their own. They have been living since time immemorial. Were never serfs. And the descendants of those Bashkir tribes that lived for centuries before the murky history of Rurik and still live today.

If you are of any nationality and faith, you kindly come to visit a Bashkir or Tatar village, They are nearby, then you and your grandmothers will receive, wearing red scarves with a pattern embroidered by their hands, and in the way that is customary among good Bashkirs. Do not give up kumis and horse meat.

I will refer to Wikipedia only as persons, dates. And the writing is changing. I don't trust them, but I read it.

Stepan Timofeevich Razin, also known as Stenka Razin; (about 1630, Russian kingdom - June 6, 1671, Moscow, Russian kingdom) - Don Cossack, leader of the uprising of 1670-1671 ...
(Wikipedia)
That is, they say that for one year Stepan Razin rebelled, supported by a large number of people. And he drowned not, as it were, some kind of enemy, but he drowned his real wife, his legitimate wife.
Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev (1742 - January 10, 1775, Moscow) - Don Cossack, leader of the Peasant War of 1773-1775 in Russia.
(Wikipedia)
That is, they say that there was a riot and an internecine war, organized by Yemelyan Pugachev, supported by a considerable number of people.

I was told at school that Razin and Pugachev were the liberators of the peasants.
Where are the numerous non-wooden and non-crumbling cement monuments to Stepan Razin and Emelyan Pugachev from the Don people? One?

Salavat Yulaev (Bashkir Salauat Yulaev; June 16, 1752 - October 8, 1800) - Bashkir national hero, one of the leaders of the Peasant War of 1773-1775, they write that he went to war at the same time. Poet-improviser (sesen). (From Wikipedia). Remember Salavat Yulaev is not an associate of Emelyan Pugachev, he had to go into battle, but on his own. Others simply left, got scared, some of the powerful Bashkir khans then left with the troops to the side.

The poet was a poet, but for a whole year he could not be defeated, destroyed by the organized and trained troops of the tsarist state. Salavat did not fight against the king. He knew that his people had sworn allegiance to Ivan IV, sending their ambassadors with gifts as a descendant of Chingiz. Both Tsar and Khan Ivan IV, a descendant of Genghis Khan by his mother, remembered that Chingiz was not killed by the Bashkirs, but released home, released without killing, in his own way.

Didn't you know that? What did you think it was just like that?

Salavat Yulaev did not stand behind Pugachev's troops. He was an independent fighting force. He had his own warriors - combat light and mobile cavalry with sabers, without cannons.
As for the revolt of Salavat Yulaev, he was forced to rebel not against the authorities, but against those who, under the guise of the authorities, robbed, took away the lands and natural resources from the Bashkirs in the Trans-Urals to Tyumen (it was they who finished off the thief and bandit this bitch Ermak) where today the Magnitogorsk and Chelyabinsk regions, where the ancestral lands of the Bashkirs were - lands, the right to free ownership of which was confirmed by both Chinchizkhan and Ivan IV (the Terrible).

Any warriors from Asia and Russia, who came not in peace, but with a sword to the Bashkirs, choked up to their throats with their attack, if it remained. Maybe too harshly said, but it is. And there were losses.

"In 1772, when Yulai Aznalin was with Russian troops in rebellious Poland as the head of one of the detachments of the Bashkir regiment, his son Salavat temporarily acted as a volost foreman. In October 1773, Salavat Yulaev was sent by his father to lead the Bashkir Shaitan detachment. of the Kudey volost (95 people) to the Sterlitamak pier, where the Ufa authorities formed a large detachment of "foreigners" to fight Pugachev.Salavat moved slowly and when in two weeks he finally reached Sterlitamak, which was only 400 km away, only 80 came with him It can be assumed that Salavat has already chosen the path that he will take, which is reflected in the songs and legends associated with him. 15 horsemen were sent by him along the roads and winter quarters for reconnaissance and call the Bashkirs to an uprising. “From all Bashkir villages I am I got the news, - the people remembered one of Salavat's speeches. oh ... they want to rebel. " Indeed, soon a flight began from the Sterlitamak teams. And when on November 7-9 the Pugachev commanders Ovchinnikov and Zarubin smashed General Kara, the Bashkirs did not help him. On November 10, the detachment of Alibay Murzagulov, in which the Shaitan-Kudean Bashkirs were also, went over to the side of Pugachev near the village of Bikkulova. This is how Salavat's insurgency began. "Http://enoth.org/enc/2/6.html
(Note that from Ufa to Sterlitamak less than 100 km, not 400 km. This is how historians write history.)

You know how the state power of Russia punished Stepan Razin and Yemelyan Pugachev - it is impossible to even call it a cruel word.
I have a question. Why was Salavat Yulaev not subjected to that painful physical destruction, quartering, chopping off ... and hanging the remains of the body and head, severed to the eye, rotting, not subjected to what Razin and Pugachev were subjected to?

His - Salavat Yulaev - the poet and the warrior was blinded.

Nineteen-year-old Salavat Yulaev fought for just over a year, commanding a small army of horsemen. His army and he himself fought against regular, well-trained troops against the troops of Suvorov, his students, armed with rifles and cannons, fought against the then best army in the world with the military strategy and tactics of Suvorov.

A little more than a year to fight ... you don't understand what it is now, you wouldn't have lived there for a day, in that war.

People gave Salavat Yulaev not only food and the best horses, they gave their sons to the voluntary militia, although fathers and mothers knew that they were giving their children to death in battle. To fight for their native lands, and not at random. Not a single battle with Suvorov's troops was lost to them. There were also severe losses, but Suvorov always won.

I will digress into the details about the Bashkirs, into what I myself could find out. I could be wrong. Although I know that no one wrote that way.
What I learned after reading a lot and contradictory and what conclusions I myself made and what I want to say the main thing and share.

Nowadays it is customary to use the term-prefix when talking about the tribes of the 10th century of Russia - "proto" (Proto-Slavs, Proto-Bashkirs, Proto-Bulgarians, Proto-Kazakhs).
The Bashkirs are an alliance of many different independent tribes who have always lived in good faith with the Bulgars and with the tribes up to the Tobol and Irtysh. There are drawings of dinosaurs in the Bashkir caves.
Oriental historians mention the Bashkirs centuries before the mythical person described under the name Rurik. Wow, European merchants sent them to study the trade routes of Rus-Tartaria and forgot forever in the writings of their someone when they wrote about the first Russian princes - about the warriors who guarded the princes, about the warriors in hats with fox tails. From time immemorial, only Bashkir warriors wore fox tails in hats without the Russian iron helmets. (Salavat Yulaev has fox tails on the Tavasiev monument.) That is, the khans-princes of the Bashkir khans knew, and knew each other very well.
Excavations conducted today in Ufa showed that as a settlement-city Ufa existed already in the 5th century. Only they destroyed it more than once. This is not a stone city, which the nomadic Bashkirs did not need. The city of Ufa \u003d winter camp, where the strategic point was also going. And he was restored again more than once. The city stands on a mountain and around three rivers and forests impassable then. Try to the enemy just come unnoticed. We met someone with sabers, someone with friendship.
And what, before the envoys of European traders there and before Rurik, in those lands that began behind the Bulgar land (from the present Tataria) to Tobol and Irtysh - there was no life there? It's funny. The Europeans sent their spies to Russia and the Volga lands and the Trans-Urals, where they could walk safely, in fact, these spies were somehow not killed while they were roaming there, although they wrote to themselves that they were guarded when they were too much in the forest they wanted to go in, they wrote that they say, excuse the princes to piss one by one, they don't go. So these are European spies, when they went out into the forest, they were guarded by warriors, so that European spies not only didn’t piss out of fear, but didn’t do it at all and survived along the way. They - well, what to think about them, about the bastards, if the Russian bath was described by fierce torture. We piss, if the itch on the road, then we go out together, so what?

And why did not this thief and robber Yermak with his daring thieves climb to the Bashkirs with the war? Was it on his way through the Bashkir lands to Siberia? The Bashkirs, like the Siberian tribes, were also then a weakened Nogai Khanate, where the Bashkirs were hired by the khans as warriors and the best. Yes, Ermak would disappear immediately with his thieves and history would not be written about him if he climbed to fight with the Bashkirs. Ermak did not dare to go to the Bashkirs. He climbed to steal in the weakened by constant ruinous attacks-wars with Asians - Uzbek khans, Turkmen, Tajiks, Kyrgyz and others in the Tyumen lands. They are nothing to you now. Then the warriors and attackers, cruelly and mercilessly, did not leave alive.
Know that the thief and robber Ermak was killed by Siberian warriors and Bashkir warriors, who climbed to steal and kill Tyumen's neighbors - they finished it off. There was a fight, but not like in a Soviet film from an artist.
They buried him as a warrior. Nobody knows where, so as not to disturb. And films and texts about Yermak are so shitty, they created beauty in the USSR about a thief and a robber for the agitation of pioneers and the cowardly.

What did Razin do? Personal interests. Skillfully. Like a godfather. Engaged. But the mind was not enough to win. He is known only for the fact that he killed his not a slave, but already his legal wife. He killed his wife for the joy of the creatures.

What did Pugachev do? Personal interests. Skillfully. Like a godfather. Engaged. Many people died. But the mind was not enough to win.

Bashkir tribes:
Old Bashkir (Burzyan, Uranium, Yumran, Yagalbai, etc.),
early Finno-Ugric-Samoyed (syzgy, kalser, tersyak, upey, uvanysh, etc.),
Bulgaro-Magyar (Yurmats, Bulyar, Tanyp, etc.) - Bulgars,
Oguz-Kypchak (aile, sart, istiak),
Kypchak (kanly, koshsy, saliut, badrak, min, mirkit, etc.),
nogai (nogai-burzyan, nogai-yurmaty),
layer associated with ethnic interaction with the peoples of the Volga-Ural region and Central Asia (Tatars, Kazakhs, Kalmyks, Karakalpaks, etc.)
(http://traditio-ru.org/wiki/Bashkirs)

You will be more attentive to this listing a little bit. That is, the Bashkir lands were then inhabited by the Kipchaks, Bulgars (Tatars), Finno-Ugrians, Oguzes, Siberian Nogays, Kazakh tribes. There was also a strong family connection with the Kipchaks. The ones that Batu had were the main force against the Polovtsians. Those who, with their lives, destroyed this two-century deadly dance in Russia. Something will become clearer to you when you read the intricate and contradictory studies of different historians. For example, about the "Tatar-Mongol", which did not exist. There were others - the Kipchaks - but with two campaigns, two winters, and inevitably killed the Polovtsians forever.

There was a campaign of the Kipchaks and Bulgars with Batu not against Russia, but against the Polovtsians. War dispelled all the Polovtsians and immediately returned home. But the losses in the war against the Polovtsy were among the Bashkirs and Bulgars, the Kazakhs were very cruel. The Kipchaks destroyed the Kipchaks, who were skillful, as skillful as they were, the Polovtsians with their lives, whom the Russian princes with their troops could not destroy for two centuries, became related with them.

Have you ever wondered why Ivan IV (the Terrible) did not conquer later, but formalized with gifts from the rich an alliance with the Bashkir state, and not with tribes, such as wild Indians?
Why did Ivan the Wise put a fortress there in Ufa? Yes from the attacks of the Asians. I put the same thing in Orenburg - there was a Bashkir land, but the Asians attacked it. Or did you not know about it?

I am writing about the Bashkirs. These tribes are the pride of the Bashkirs, they are known, but they do not stick out. The descendants of those "proto-Bashkirs" still live. They live openly and friendly, accepting others.

Many Bashkir people were destroyed from the attackers from Asia.

Some Bashkir tribes of those are only a few villages today, but they are precisely the ones who are known in the history of Russia as the wing of the Pechenegs, as the shock wing of the Chingizids, who destroyed the irrepressible Polovtsy in Russia, like the shock warriors of Kutuzov who came to Paris. These are also those soldiers who laid down their heads in the war against the fascists. These are those whom they especially loved to send to Afghanistan, in which they fought and built schools and kindergartens for children. They built schools and died. They themselves told me, who had been there, that the kind Uzbeks, Tajiks, Kyrgyz did not build anything there and did not go into battle and did not help - they lived separately, in their own "circles". Those peers who were there from Ufa told me so. In Chechnya, Bashkir boys and adult policemen were sent to the slaughter. Buried. We met the survivors.

Bashkirs are accepted in Afghanistan, Chechnya, Abkhazia. Accept. And they invite me to visit now.

If you think that everyone who rides a horse with a saber is already a warrior, then you are mistaken. Petya Rostov, described by Leo Tolstov, made a mistake in life. Those who attacked the Bashkirs were also cruelly mistaken. They thought that the shepherds were being attacked, their heads continued to think so when their bodies were deprived of their heads by the Bashkir shepherds.
Not in vain on the monument to Tavasiev Salavat with a whip, not with a saber. The Bashkirs lived in peace and good neighborliness with their neighbors - Bulgars, Kazakhs, Trans-Ural and Siberian tribes.

So the main thing I wanted to write:

In 1768, the Orenburg governor, Prince Putyatin, appointed Yulai Aznalin as the foreman of the Bashkir command of the Shaitan-Kudei volost of the Siberian road of the Ufa province. The thieves' colonization of the Bashkir lands beyond the Urals began. Yulai Aznalin was illegally taken away by the merchant Tverdyshev, the original Bashkir land for the Simsk plant, so Yulai Aznalin and his 19-year-old son Salavat on November 11, 1773, as part of the Sterlitamak Bashkir corps, voluntarily went over to the side of the rebels Yemelyan Pugachev, believing his promises to return them stolen from them land. (The city of Sim \u003d Bashkir territory by V.I.Lenin was assigned to the Chelyabinsk region.)

Before that, there were attempts to judicially resolve the issue of these lands. There were. But the court did not return the land to the Bashkirs.

Salavat Yulaev's father, Yulai Aznalin, fought for Russia with Poland, leading the 3000th detachment of the Bashkir cavalry, sent to fight in Poland in 1772 to help the Russian army. Bashkir horsemen under the leadership of Yulai participated in battles together with the Russian army near Warsaw, Vilna and other places. After the hostilities, Yulai Aznalin was awarded a special award - "Military Small Banner". Yulai gave the award for courage and bravery to his son Salavat Yulaev. For Salavat, the father's reward, as a family heirloom, was a matter of special pride. Wikipedia.

“In the middle of the 18th century. active factory colonization of the territory of the South Urals begins. Such an intensive expansion did not pass without leaving a trace for the indigenous population. The construction of the factories was accompanied by the illegal seizure of huge land plots from the Bashkir communities. " Wikipedia - article by Yulai Aznalin.

Suvorov and his disciples provided this insidiously - the defeat of Salavat Yulaev. The family of Salavat Yulaev - his wives and children were taken hostage and he was given too harsh conditions.
Prior to this, Salavat Yulaev asked relatives and friends to apply to the provincial chancellery and the Senate, "so that the sovereign's slaves would not be in the service of subordinates."
He rose up - "so that the sovereign's slaves were not in the service of subordinates."
Like Salavat Yulaev, a descendant of the people who lived on their land centuries before the mythical Rurik, the son of the people who had never been a serf, who had sworn forever to the Russian people had a class struggle, except for the desire to return their stolen land, the land, the right to which was also confirmed by Chinchizkhan, and Ivan IV (the Terrible).

Have you ever thought about how the Orenburg and Magnitogorsk and Chelyabinsk regions arose, inside what was originally Bashkir? Didn't think about it. It was Bashkir.

"Monuments to Salavat Yulaev:

The first monument-bust of Salavat in the republic by T.P. Nechaeva was installed in the open air in his native places - in the Salavat region in 1952.
In 1989, a similar wrought-copper bust monument was erected in the Estonian town of Paldiski.
In Ufa on November 17, 1967, a monument to Salavat Yulaev was unveiled by the Ossetian sculptor S.D. Tavasieva. The image of this monument fell on the coat of arms of Bashkortostan.
A copy of the monument in the Uvildy sanatorium in the Argayashsky district of the Chelyabinsk region was installed in 2005. Monuments-busts are installed in Salavat (bust of S. Yulaev), Sibay, Askarovo. In Krasnoufimsk, on June 28, 2008, a monument to the national hero was unveiled, which was erected on Salavat Yulaev Street.
Named after Salavat Yulaev:
the city of Salavat in Bashkortostan
Salavat district in Bashkortostan
hockey club "Salavat Yulaev"
ice sports palace in Ufa
street and avenue in Ufa
street in Chelyabinsk
street in Magnitogorsk
street in Ishimbay
street in Kurgan
street in Kazan
street in Kumertau
street in Belebey
street in Orenburg
street in Sterlitamak
street in Davlekanovo
street in Salavat
street in Lyantor
street in Buzuluk
street in Asha
street in Snezhinsk
street in Donetsk
street in Kryvyi Rih
Salavat Batyr street in Oktyabrsky
street in the village of Novousmanovo in Burzyansky district "
(Wikipedia)

During the Great Patriotic War, the name of Salavat Yulaev was borne by: a fighter-artillery battalion, an armored train and other units. The Bashkirs took the huge evacuated Rus and Belarus and Ukraine into themselves during the Great Patriotic War, when the Nazis attacked. Not only machine tools of factories were accepted. They took people to them. And the snot themselves ate from hunger then.

The image of Salavat Yulaev is immortalized in Bashkir and Russian folk art, in the works of Russian, Bashkir, Tatar, Kazakh, Chuvash, Udmurt and Mari writers.
Few people know that in honor of Salavat the minor planet 5546, which is located 392 million km from the Sun and 200 million km from the Earth, is named. The diameter of the planet is about 11 km. Shine in opposition to magnitude 16. The planet was discovered on December 19, 1979 by the Belgian astronomer A. Debeon and named by him in honor of the city of Salavat after visiting the BASSR in the 70s. On the territory of Bashkiria, the planet can be observed with a telescope.
General Shaimuratov, at the head of the Bashkir 112 Cavalry Division, liberated the Luhansk region from the Nazis. He died there. In the City of Petrovsk, the school is named after him.

These are the Tatar-Mongols.

Galim Farztdinov

The name of Salavat Yulaev is one of the most famous symbols of Bashkiria. This one became the personification of the struggle for freedom and one of the most prominent personalities under the leadership of Pugachev.

A family

In 1754, Salavat Yulaev was born in the Orenburg province. The biography of this man is associated with his native village Tekeevo. This settlement has not survived to our times, because it was destroyed during the Pugachevshchina by the troops of Catherine II.

Salavat came from a well-known family, whose members held various managerial positions (for example, Tarkhan), and also participated in previous uprisings against the Russian government.

The child's father was Yulai Aznalin. He made a good career in the army. He served as a centurion and managed to visit Poland, where he fought in the Bar Confederation, which did not like Russia's pressure on the Rzeczpospolita. In 1766, Yulai returned to his homeland and received the post of foreman of the volost. He was in charge of order on an important section of the road leading to Siberia.

Conflict between Bashkirs and officials

The Salavat family did not do without conflicts with the authorities in peacetime. So, his father had a long lawsuit with the local owners of factories who took land from ordinary Bashkirs. In the 18th century, the Urals attracted the attention of a wide variety of industrialists who built their enterprises with the permission of the central authorities. The builders of the Simsky and Katav-Ivanovsky factories tried to deprive local residents of their lands. Then Yulai went to the governor, but could not protect his fellow countrymen. By a court decision, the losing party had to pay 600 rubles. Such incidents did not improve relations between Russians and Bashkirs.

My father never mastered literacy, but he realized its importance. Therefore, he insisted that his son learn languages \u200b\u200band learn to write and read. In Salavat, they cultivated a feeling of love for the Motherland and devotion to their people. At the same time, the Bashkir had a good command of Russian, which was especially useful to him later, when he fought shoulder to shoulder with the Cossacks.

The news of the Pugachev uprising

In 1772, rumors circulated in the Volga region and the Urals that the former emperor Peter III had survived after a long imprisonment and was gathering troops to regain the throne. This man was actually Emelyan Pugachev - a fugitive Don Cossack, an adventurer. The history of Russia has already known many impostors. So, for example, in the Time of Troubles, the country was flooded with crooks who called themselves Tsarevich Dmitry - the son of Ivan the Terrible. The first of them even managed to capture Moscow (though not without help and troops). Other False Dmitrys were not so lucky.

Pugachev guessed right with his "confession." In the 70s, dissatisfaction with the authorities was ripening in the Urals and in the Volga region. Moreover, it was widespread among the most diverse social strata. The serfs did not want to put up with their disenfranchised position in relation to the nobles, who could use them as consumables. In addition, the slaves did not even have the right to complain about their owners, which was even confirmed by law - by a special decree of Catherine.

In order to develop industry in the Urals, workers were needed. Therefore, shortly before the appearance of Pugachev, a decree was issued, according to which the serfs now had to work not only on the land of the master, but also to build factories. They were also called mining peasants.

National minorities were also dissatisfied, whose interests were infringed upon to please industrialists. Salavat Yulaev, whose biography makes it possible to understand that he also falls under such a description, was among those who did not want to put up with this state of affairs.

Finally, Pugachev relied on the Cossacks. Unlike the peasants, they were a real military force. Their whole life was spent in battles or on duty at the border. It was with the Cossacks that Pugachev began his military campaign against the government. In September 1773, he laid siege to Orenburg, the largest city in the region.

Salavat joins the rioters

Yulai Aznalin, on behalf of the governor, gathered a detachment of a thousand people to attack the rebels. It was headed by Salavat Yulaev (he was 19 years old). His biography says that the young man did not yet know what war is, although in childhood he received enough skills to become a good fighter. On the approaches to Orenburg, he decided to go over to Pugachev's side. At this time, the alleged Peter III was actively campaigning. In his letters, he pointed out the injustices perpetrated by nobles and industrialists. This rhetoric had an effect. Not only Salavat Yulaev with his detachment passed to Pugachev, but also his father. He came to his son in the last days of 1773.

Brigadier Pugachev

What further tells the biography of Salavat Yulaev? The brief campaign in which he participated (the fighting lasted only a year) made his name immortal, although he spent much of his life in exile. At the very first acquaintance with Pugachev, the Bashkir attracted the attention of the chieftain. He was one of the main advisers to the "king" and directed military operations.

In total, the biography of Salavat Yulaev tells about several dozen battles. Most of them occurred in the Urals. So, for example, he freed the Katavsky and Simsky factories, because of which his father had litigations with officials. Here the uprising was especially strong, since the local population hated landlords and industrialists.

Salavat won most of his battles. However, even in case of defeat, he managed to minimize losses. He knew how to withdraw troops from the blow in time, so as not to sacrifice the lives of his comrades in vain. This is the biography of Salavat Yulaev. A brief war taught him tactics. He knew how to take advantage of the highlands of the Urals.

One of the main successes of the commander was the capture of the city of Kungur, after which he received the rank of brigadier, or general. Pugachev appreciated him very much. However, the ataman himself was soon captured, having suffered several defeats from government forces. Then the Bashkir decided not to surrender, but to continue the uprising in his country. This struggle is short biography Salavat Yulaev. The most important army of the empress at that time was in the Volga region. The army had to draw in reserves to defeat the rebels. Any biography of Salavat Yulaev in Russian speaks about the courage and bravery of the Bashkir.

Defeat and hard labor

At the end of November 1774, government troops managed to overtake the weakened detachment, led by Salavat Yulaev. The hero's biography says that his life has taken another dramatic turn. He was captured and under investigation. Not long before that, the Salavat family had been arrested and taken into custody as hostages. Yulai Aznalin also surrendered, hoping to save his son. The defeat of the Bashkir uprising on the Siberian road was one of the last episodes of the peasant war, although some of its centers continued to smolder until the summer of 1775.

First, father and son were sentenced to punishment with stigma and whip. In October 1775 they were sent to eternal hard labor. The place of exile was the Baltic fortress Rogervik in modern Estonia. Convicts were transported in a wagon train through the whole country, including through Moscow.

Salavat Yulaev spent the rest of his days at his new place of residence. The biography of the hero and the history of his struggle during the life of the prisoner were known to all Bashkirs, who preserved a good memory of him in their folklore. Yulaev spent 25 years in hard labor and died in 1800 relatively young (46 years old). Almost nothing is known about his life in forced labor. His father Yulay Aznalin died earlier, in 1797.

Bashkir poet

History knows another talent that Salavat Yulaev had. The biography (you can briefly talk about it, but in this case it will not be possible to mention all the merits of this person) of the hero suggests that poetry was not alien to him either. Most of the poems are dedicated to the native land, people, customs and faith of the ancestors. Yulaev wrote in the Bashkir language, therefore his texts are also valuable as a linguistic monument. He is credited with the authorship of several folk songs.

Memory of the hero

Today Salavat Yulaev, whose biography is known to every inhabitant of Bashkiria, is a national hero and symbol of the republic. Streets, districts, settlements, ships, etc. are named after him. There are monuments to Yulaev in many cities. His figure is reflected in literature, music (numerous operas and other academic works), as well as cinema.

A hockey club from Ufa, the capital of Bashkiria, is named after the hero. Local historians and historians continue to write monographs, the subject of which is Salavat Yulaev. The biography (a short story about this historical figure is present in every textbook on the history of the country, and in Bashkiria, separate lessons are devoted to him) of this person is worthy of giving at least a little attention to its study.

Salavat Yulaev - national hero of Bashkiria, one of the leaders of the Peasant War of 1773-1775, associate of Emelyan Pugachev; poet-improviser (sesen). Why is he so revered in Bashkiria? Because he is the most prominent person in the history of Bashkiria that has survived to this day. At all times, the inseparable essence of the Bashkir warrior was courage, love for horses, song, native spaces, ancient customs and the sacred faith of ancestors. The ideal of the Bashkir people of those centuries is a warrior-singer. This is exactly what Salavat Yulaev was. But little is known about him.

They started talking about it in the 20th century - at the dawn of Russian communism after the creation of the Bashkir Autonomous Socialist Republic (BASSR). Probably, Salavat Yulaev was a shining example of a fighter from the Bashkir people and an example was needed. The Bashkir ASSR became the first autonomous Soviet republic within the RSFSR. But at the same time, referring to the lack of engineering personnel in Bashkiria, they cut off the entire bush of the South Ural factories in favor of the Chelyabinsk region from the original Bashkir lands in favor of the Chelyabinsk region: Simsky, Ust-Katavsky, Katav-Ivanovsky, Yuryuzansky, Satkinsky, Zlatoustovsky and their factory villages. These were the lands for which Salavat Yulaev, his father Yulai Aznalin and their associates fought.

But this land conflict happened even earlier - before the birth of Salavat Yulaev. The main character in it is Shaganay Barsukov, the foreman of the Shaitan-Kudey volost until 1743. Probably, his surname comes from the word "burkhyk" (in translation from Bashk. - badger) - this is the nickname of his father, given to him for digging mines and pits. The badger, having an underground dwelling, digs out everything that is contained in the mountain, and makes it known about the mountain entrails. Badgers and Bashkirs were at that time the main actors in the search for metal ores. The gentle beast, the badger, the miner Burkhyk, his son the miner Shaganay and the Simsky ironworks located on their lands are links of one "iron" chain. It is possible that because of their underground mining, the family of Shaganai and his father Burkhyk received their nickname Shaitan, and that part of the Kudey volost where they lived, after the division began to be called the Shaitan-Kudey volost.

It is no coincidence that it was the breeder Matvey Myasnikov who negotiated the allotment of land for the construction of the Simsky iron-making plant. And not only because Shaganay made the deal easier. It was the patrimonial land of Shaganai and his relatives, it belonged to them. Yulai Aznalin, the father of Salavat, with another part of the Bashkir patrimonials tried to challenge this deal on the sale and purchase of land, made by Shaganai, but the court not only refused him, but also sentenced him to a fine. It was then that relations between the Aznali and Shaganai families heated up.

The second clan conflict occurred in 1771-1772. The eldest son of Shaganai was Rysbai, who in 1762 took part in the allotment of land to the breeders of the Simsky plant, Tverdyshev and Myasnikov. Yulai Aznalin was on a military campaign in Poland and left the young Salavat in his place as a foreman. It was then that the clash between Rysbai Barsukov and Salavat Yulaev took place. Apparently, Rysbay did not accept Salavat as a foreman.

Further events developed similarly to Shakespeare's famous tragedy "Romeo and Juliet". A new generation was born, in which young people from warring clans fell in love with each other, despite many years of enmity, and got married. One of the sons of Salavat, married the daughter of Rysbai. A girl named Usyktete with a tough disposition managed to extinguish the fire of blood feud, which lasted almost a century.

Biography of Salavat

But back to Salavat Yulaev. The established date of birth of Salavat Yulaev is considered to be 1752 (although some researchers say 1754). Salavat's father, Yulai Aznalin, was the foreman of the Shaitan-Kudey volost of the Ufa district after Shaganai Barsukov. The volost united the current villages of Idris (Idrisovo), Yunus (Yunusovo), Alka (Alkino), Shaganaevo (now Yulaevo), and now defunct Tekeevo and Aznalino. It is known that Salavat was born in the village of Tekeevo and spent a lot of time in his childhood in the village of his grandfather, Aznalino. P.S. Pallas noted this village in his travel notes: "Between the first hills we found the Kulmyak stream, he has a small Bashkir village of six courtyards, a dam and a cereal mill ..." a deal for renting land for 60 years for the Simsky plant. The contractual record on this transaction mentions influential votchinniki, who are related to each other: Idris Devyatkov, Alka Pulatov (Alexey Bulatov), \u200b\u200bhis father Bikbulat Tyukaev, and others. The village of Tekeevo supposedly arose in the 17th century at the confluence of the Khary Kunduz and Kuskandy rivers, and in the 1730s it was the most famous settlement in the district, the center of the volost. Therefore, Yulai and Salavat indicated her place of birth, which was natural for the semi-nomadic lifestyle of the Bashkirs of that time.

Aznalino village. Artist A.T. Zagidullin, 1992, oil on canvas

It is known for sure that Salavat's mother was the daughter of a mullah and was an educated woman. She's with her children early years taught to read and write. Perhaps due to the fact that Salavat learned to read and write early, he began to write poetry early. About five hundred lines of poetry written by Salavat Yulaev have survived to this day. Looking at his father, at his irreconcilable struggle against the unjust plunder of the Bashkir lands, this had a great influence on Salavat Yulaev. For the first time Salavat raised the Bashkir poetic word as a sharp weapon in the struggle for a bright life. The Bashkir people dreamed of seeing not only batyrs with a sword, but also poets with a feather in their hand. It is not surprising, therefore, that he recognized in the legendary Salavat his national poet.

Then there was a conflict with the Shaganai clan. The violation of certain conditions of contracts by the tsarist authorities (seizure of patrimonial lands, increase in taxes, destruction of self-government, forced Christianization, etc.) added fuel to the fire of the already blood feud of clans. And this has repeatedly led to the emergence of Bashkir uprisings. And so, the thirst for freedom, justice led Salavat into the ranks of the rebels.

In November 1773, Salavat Yulaev voluntarily went over to the side of Yemelyan Pugachev. For only a year he was in the Pugachev army, but forever entered the history of Russia. When Salavat appeared before Pugachev, he was only 19 years old. The young Bashkir warrior quickly gained confidence, and in December 1773 Pugachev promoted Salavat to colonel, in June 1774 to brigadier (general). Salavat took part in 28 battles and was seriously wounded three times. After the defeat of the uprising and the arrest of Pugachev, he continued to fight against the government troops, but on November 25, 1774 he was taken prisoner, tried and exiled to the Rogervik fortress on the Baltic Sea (now the city of Baltiysk (in the lane from Estonian - Paldiski) in Estonia), where he stayed 26 years before his death in 1800.

Painting "Interrogation of Salavat Yulaev"

On March 17, 1775, the Russian Empress Catherine II announced a manifesto that betrayed the Pugachev revolt "to eternal oblivion and deep silence." The native villages of Pugachev's associates were destroyed by punishers, among them were Tekeevo and Aznalino. All places associated with these events were renamed, the Yaik River was renamed to the Ural. The Pugachev uprising was the last mass peasant and Cossack uprising in Russia until the beginning of the 20th century. But the memory of Salavat Yulaev could not be wrested from the Bashkir people.

Memory of Salavat Yulaev

For a long time it was not even known where the birthplace of Salavat Yulaev was. Local historians, having interviewed old residents, having studied historical materials and old maps, wrote down the shezhere (genealogy, chronicle) of the Salavat Yulaev clan and established the location of the Tekeevo (Tekey) village, where Salavat and his father Yulai were born. Tekeevo was located at the confluence of the rivers Kuskandy and Khary Kunduz. In 1936-1938, in an open field in the homeland of Salavat, a new regional center - Maloyaz (named after the nearest river) was built. The region was actively developing, life in the region began to improve, collective and state farms received good harvests. New houses, schools, clubs, kindergartens, roads began to be built. It was then, in the pre-war years, that the construction of the Kropachevo-Mesyagutovo road began. It was laid along the old Siberian highway of the time of Catherine II, stretching from Moscow through Ufa and Yekaterinburg to Siberian cities and penal servitude.

Terrain of the village Tekeevo. Artist A.T. Zagidullin, 1991, oil on canvas

June 22, 1941 was Sunday, Sabantuy began in the regional center. But the festive mood of the people was soon darkened by the message that Nazi Germany attacked Soviet Union... A general mobilization was announced in the country. The entire burden of rear work in the region fell on the shoulders of the elderly, women and children. In the years that followed, things got harder and harder. All the grown bread was sent to the front, not even setting aside for planting.

In 1943, there was a radical change in the course of the war. The state has taken a number of additional measures to strengthen the patriotic education of fighters and home front workers. Then they remembered about the national feelings of the Bashkirs, about the traditional fighting spirit, which they showed more than once in difficult days for their homeland. In the periods of calm between battles, the military units demonstrated the film "Salavat Yulaev" with Arslan Mubaryakov in the title role. The fighters saw their homeland on the screen, felt the fighting traditions of previous generations, patriotic feelings overwhelmed them. They did not forget about the home front workers. In 1943, in order to perpetuate the memory of the national hero of the Bashkir people, the Maloyazovsky district was renamed Salavatsky, and since then it honorably bears the name of the glorious batyr.

Stills from the film

After the war in 1952, the Bashkir Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks decided to hold commemorative events dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the birth of Salavat Yulaev, and this was unexpected for the public. The real situation was just depressing. Even the location of the anniversary celebrations was controversial. The birthplace of Salavat has not yet been established. The fact is that in the interrogation protocols of Salavat and Yulai it is indicated that both of them were born in the village of Tekey. Once a village with this name existed on the territory of the Salavat region at the confluence of the rivers Khara Kunduz and Kuskandy, but was burned by punitive forces back in 1774. Village with similar name Tickey has survived to this day on the territory of the modern Iglinsky district near Ufa near the M5 "Ural" highway. Before the Pugachev revolt, Yulai was a foreman in the territory included in both Shaitan-Kudeiskaya and Kubovskaya volosts. The village of Tikey belonged to the Kubov volost and on this basis the leadership of the Nurimanovsky (at the time of 1952) district declared its claims to the right to be considered the homeland of Salavat. But apart from the similarity in name, nothing connected the village of Tikeevo with Salavat Yulaev. Later it was proved that it is in the Salavat region that the homeland of Salavat and Yulai is located.

In the same 1952, a bust created by Tamara Nechaeva was installed in Ufa and Maloyaz. Working on the image, T. Nechayeva created many sculptural sketches from life, performed a number of sketches from artist A. Lutfullin and artist A. Mubaryakov, who after his successful performance of the role of Salavat in the film Salavat Yulaev became the personification of the national hero. People's Artist of the USSR Arslan Mubaryakov was born in 1908, which means that in 1951-1952, when the sculptor was working on the bust, he was 43-44 years old. Salavat Yulaev was only 20-22 years old during the years of his military activity. The bust represented the face of a man whose age was exactly twice the age of the hero. Twice! And this could not but catch the eye of people who knew the history of Salavat Yulaev. This, of course, is the main disadvantage of the sculpture. Unfortunately, the "mubaryakization" of Salavat, initiated by T. Nechayeva, has become not the best tradition. In subsequent sculptural and artistic images Salavat began to be presented as a forty-year-old man. Such is, for example, Salavat in the famous sculpture created by S.D. Tavasiev and installed in Ufa on the steep bank of the Belaya River.

Monument in Ufa

But a great absurdity occurred during the events dedicated to the 200th anniversary of Salavat Yulaev, a historical forgery was made - the village of Shaganai, founded by one of the noble Bashkirs of that time Shaganai Barsukov, who faithfully served the royal power and the blood enemy of Yulai Aznalin all his life, was renamed Yulaevo, calling the name of the rebel Yulai Aznalin. It has been established that Yulai Aznalin had nothing to do with the Shaganai village and never lived there.

In the place where the village of Tekeevo once was, in the 1960s, a geography teacher from the nearby village of Alkino Tarkhan Zagidullin, together with children from his local history circle, built a memorial obelisk here from bricks. At the same time, a museum began to form on a voluntary basis. Naturally, the museum was not funded in any way and was kept on enthusiasm. The popularity of the school museum in the village of Alkino grew, the number of exhibits increased. Here they began to bring guests who were interested in the fate of Salavat. Then the district administration decided to place the museum in the district center. The number of visitors has increased even more due to excursions of vacationers from the Yangan-Tau sanatorium, tourists sailing in Yuryuzan, schoolchildren and students. Then the decision to build a separate building for the Salavat Yulaev Museum was ripe.

The laying of the first stone of the Salavat Yulaev Museum was carried out in 1984. But soon great transformations began in the country and construction was suspended. Well, how could you come to terms with the fact that there is still no museum in the hero's homeland? Later sponsors were found. The project of the building was slightly altered, and construction continued. Classical forms began to dominate in the architectural design of the museum. The composition is based on the construction of a Bashkir yurt. The central part of the building was supported on the left and right by six arched openings for sculptures. Initially, the proposed topic was "Companions of Salavat Yulaev: Kinzya Arslanov, Yulai Aznalin, Kinzafar Usaev and others." But there was no information about the physical appearance of these people. Then the idea arose to create sculptures-symbols. The composition of the sculptures acquired an allegorical sound: "Struggle", "Call", "Victory," Farewell "," Song "and" Memory ". These six images describe the life path of Salavat Yulaev.

The museum was opened on June 15, 1991. Rif Khairullovich Vakhitov, a man on whose shoulders the entire burden of organizing work on the creation of the museum, fell on the audience with an opening speech:

“Our contemporary Mustai Karim writes about our batyr:“ How can we explain that for two centuries Salavat remains the first Bashkir, having become a symbol of his nation? Apparently, first of all, his human personality met the requirements of that time and those events. The combination of two qualities in him - a poet and a warrior - reflected the spiritual image of the people themselves. And therefore it is not surprising that his glorious name lives in the hearts of his fellow tribesmen. It has become a household name, meaning the high meaning of love and loyalty to one's people, one's Motherland. "

Marginal notes about the Bashkir hero

Today, June 12, a triple holiday is celebrated in Bashkiria - the Day of Russia, the Day of Ufa and the beginning of the Days of Salavat Yulaev. The Ufa historian Salavat Khamidullin dedicated today's column of Realnoe Vremya to the Bashkir national hero, whose name continues to cause heated debate. The columnist reveals the personality of Yulaev not only as a glorious batyr, but also as a poet, spiritual mentor and Muslim martyr.

Salavat is the national hero of Bashkortostan. A city, a rural area, a hockey club, streets and avenues bear his name. Dozens of books and scientific articles have been written about him. However, many of them sin with one-sidedness, attempts to adjust historical material to modern concepts. In tsarist times he was portrayed as a "thief and villain", in Soviet times - almost a revolutionary, and in the liberal era of the 90s. they tried to mold the banal out of him. But he was neither the one nor the other, nor the third.

Russian revolt - senseless and merciless?

The Pugachev movement was an anti-government movement. How should we who live today feel about this? Condemn the rebels for daring to express their protest by non-parliamentary methods? But the state left them no other means than to take up arms in order to convey their voice to those in power.

The Simbirsk merchant Ivan Gryaznov, who served as Pugachev's chief colonel, wrote: “The whole world knows how much Russia has been exhausted, from whom, you yourself are not unaware. The nobility possesses the peasants, but, although it is written in the Law of God that they should keep the peasants like children, they not only for the worker, but less venerated their dogs, with whom they chased hares. The companions started up a lot of factories and so depressed the peasants with their work that it never happened in exile, and it never happened ... "

In the enlightened 18th century, Russia was the only country in which the overwhelming majority of the indigenous population, and not imported from abroad, like the American Negroes, was in slavery. This state of affairs could not fail to be a breeding ground for revolts. All that was needed was an appropriate ideological platform. And she was found.

The Don Cossack Emelyan Pugachev declared himself the "miraculously saved" Tsar Peter Fedorovich, and the people willingly believed in it. So Pugachevshchina, in the words of A.S. Pushkin, was a merciless riot, but far from senseless. Another thing is that the ruling elite of the state made erroneous conclusions from the events that took place - it finally conserved the serf system instead of carrying out reforms.

Interrogation of Salavat (1955). Hood. A.A. Kuznetsov

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe Bashkir uprising

“Doesn't the damned bastard come to his senses? After all, it is not Pugachev that is important, but general indignation is important, ”General A. Bibikov wrote to the writer D. Fonvizin. Indeed, general indignation gripped all strata of the population: the serfs groaned under slavery, into which they were finally plunged by the liberties granted to the nobility by Catherine II; mining workers - under the heavy yoke of forced labor; Volga foreigners - Tatars, Chuvash, Mari, Udmurts - suffered from national oppression. However, they were not the driving force behind the movement.

The secretary of the Pugachev military collegium, Alexei Dubrovsky, testified during interrogation: "The Yaik Cossacks are the cause of all the indignation and the initiation of the case, who, communicating with the Bashkir people, wanted to cancel the offense allegedly committed by them from the boyars ...".

What were the Bashkirs unhappy with? The rapid industrialization that swept the region hurt their interests. As a result of direct confiscations and unequal transactions made under the administrative pressure of the Orenburg governors, the Bashkirs lost millions of acres of land and forest land. Moreover, the wounds of previous uprisings have not yet healed.

The 19th century writer and ethnographer Philip Nefedov described the mood of the Bashkir nobility on the eve of the uprising on the example of Salavat's father Yulai Aznalin, the foreman of the Shaitan-Kudey volost: “Yulai was a patrimonial, a wealthy, intelligent and influential person<...>... Local authorities treated the Bashkir foreman with confidence; it was not for nothing that Yulai participated in the pursuit of the Kalmyks and went to Poland to pacify the Polish confederates<...>... But the Bashkir foreman, in reality, was far from what he so skillfully knew how to seem. In front of Yulai's eyes, Bashkir villages were burning, the land was ruined; the merchant Tverdyshev took the land from him for the Simsky plant<...>... A true Bashkir, who passionately loved his homeland, Yulai could not remain an indifferent spectator; he masked his feelings, but in his heart he remained dissatisfied and concealed revenge. From such a father was born Salavat. "

The Bashkirs were not mistaken about the true origin of Pugachev. After the war, the centurion of the Bala-Katay volost, Upak Abzanov, testified during interrogation: “Knowing that Pugachev is one of the worst robbers, the Bashkir elders obeyed him only by flattering his flattering promise that he could return the land that had settled in these places and that there would be no masters, will become autocratic, ”that is, free and equal.

Bashkir warriors. Hood. A.O. Orlovsky (posredi.ru)

"Our Salavat was a hero"

On November 9, 1773, near the village of Yuzeeva, a rebel army consisting of Cossacks and Bashkirs suddenly attacked and defeated the vanguard of the corps of General Kara, the commander of the first punitive expedition. At the most critical moment of the battle, the Bashkir cavalry of Prince Urakov, marching to the aid of Kar, in full force went over to the enemy's side near the village of Bikkulovo. Among them was a young warrior Salavat Yulaev.

Having received the rank of colonel from Pugachev, he left for his homeland to lead the movement on the Siberian road of Bashkiria. Here, in a short time, he gathered a detachment and, moving north, on January 12, 1774, without a fight, took the Krasnoufimskaya fortress. Then he went to Kunguru, the then capital of the Perm Territory, and led all the rebel forces.

Simultaneously with Salavat, the Tabyn Cossack and the Pugachev brigadier Ivan Kuznetsov arrived to the city with his detachment, whose daughter Oksana, according to the script of Yakov Protazanov's film "Salavat Yulaev" (1941), was allegedly married to Salavat-batyr. On January 23, 1774, the Pugachevites undertook a general assault on Kungur: Kuznetsov, with one thousand peasants and Cossacks with six cannons, moved from the south, and Salavat, who had 3 thousand Bashkirs and 10 cannons, struck from the north. In one place, the Yulaevites managed to make a breach in the fortress wall and break into the city, but the garrison managed to repel the attack of the Bashkirs. Then there were several more assaults, but the fortress withstood. It was during the days of the fierce siege of the city that the song was born among the local Russian population:

Our Salavat was a hero
He boldly went to battle
He put on three chain mail,
And he approached Kunguru,
I loaded forty guns
Yes, he shot at Kungur-fortress.

At the same time, the marching sergeant major of the Burzyan volost and the rebel chief colonel Karanay Muratov besieged Menzelinsk and Elabuga, and the aforementioned Ivan Gryaznov with a group of Bashkir leaders, among whom were the foremen of the Ailinskaya, Kara-Tabyn, Bikatinskaya volosts Isa Toktagulov, Yulaman Kushulov, Yulaman Kushush others, captured Chelyabinsk. Thus, there were four insurgent camps Orenburg, Menzelinsky, Kungursky and Chelyabinsky, which operated autonomously.

Obelisk in honor of the victory over Pugachev in Kungue. Photo wikipedia.org

Pugachev and Salavat

In March 1774, the troops of the second punitive expedition under the command of General Bibikov approached Orenburg, besieged by Pugachev's main army. Upon learning of Pugachev's plans to secretly flee to Persia, the Bashkirs told him: “You assured us that you were the sovereign, and you promised to take Orenburg, so that the province would not exist, so that we would not be subject to it. And now you want to flee and leave us to the same destruction that our fathers suffered for the mutiny, who were executed by death. And so we will not let you go anywhere until that time, until you really fulfill your promise. "

They kept Pugachev from fleeing, so the uprising dragged on for another year. At the invitation of the foreman of the Bushman-Kypchak volost Kinzi Arslanov, the "tsar" went into the depths of Bashkiria, where in a short time a new 10,000-strong army was assembled. The second stage of the Pugachevshchina began. A.S. Pushkin wrote: “The Bashkir people did not quit. Their old rebel Yulai, who hid during the executions of 1741, appeared between them with his son Salavat. All Bashkiria rose up, and the calamity flared up with great force.

The troops of six tsarist generals - Shcherbatov, Freiman, Stanislavsky, Decolong, Golitsin, Reinsdorp - were shackled by the actions of the detachments of Karanay Muratov, Kaskin Samarov, Murat Abralov, Aladdin Bektuganov, Yulaman Kushaev and other Bashkir leaders. This circumstance allowed the lieutenant colonel of the St. Petersburg carabiner regiment I.I. Mikhelson will focus exclusively on pursuing Pugachev. Walking across to him, on May 5, he met with Salavat.

A.S. Pushkin wrote: “Mikhelson<...> continued on his way, despite all sorts of obstacles, and on May 5 at the Simsky plant overtook a crowd of Bashkirs led by the fierce Salavat ... ". Next fight with Salavat occurred near the village of Yeral.

Mikhelson reported: “The inhabitants announced to me that the villains, having gathered in great numbers, having several cannons, only little gunpowder, were expecting me from a village four miles away on a field<...>... Approaching them, they, starting to shoot, rushed straight to my front lines. The villains, not respecting our attack, went straight to meet us, but with the help of God, they were put on the run by no little resistance from them ... ”.

On June 3 and 5, the combined forces of Salavat and Pugachev gave two battles to Mikhelson, the outcome of which each side declared as its victory. One way or another, Mikhelson's detachment, battered in a series of battles, had to retreat to Ufa. It was this circumstance that made it possible for the rebels to escape from the pursuit and break through to Kazan. To celebrate, Pugachev awarded Salavat the rank of brigadier, that is, brigadier general.

"The capture of Kazan by Pugachev" (1847). Hood. F. Moller (cultobzor.ru)

And one warrior in the field

Salavat did not take part in the Kazan campaign, as he was wounded at the Wasp and was forced to go home to recover. The 10-thousandth Bashkir cavalry (out of 20 thousand people of the entire Pugachev army) during the assault on the provincial center was commanded by the rebel general Yulaman Kushaev. According to the testimony of a participant in those battles of the Bashkir of the Ailinsky volost, Khamza Bayazitov, at the walls of Kazan "the Bashkirs were in front of the Pugachev crowd, being extremely chopped up." After the burning of the city, the Bashkirs said goodbye to the "tsar" and returned to their homeland, and Pugachev, having crossed the Volga, moved on.

Pushkin wrote: "Pugachev fled, but his flight seemed like an invasion." On August 24, 1774, Mikhelson defeats Pugachev near Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd, - approx. ed.) and soon the self-appointed king is captured. By the fall of 1774, the uprising almost ceased.

Only one Salavat continues active resistance. On September 18, near the village of Buraevo, a Bashkir batyr suddenly attacked a detachment of Lieutenant Colonel I.K. Ryleev, embarrassing him: "A daring project so made with their villainous thoughts against the troops entrusted to me is harmful, which I have never imagined from such a treacherous people, but now I have seen in the real case."

On September 22, near the village of Norkino, Ryleev's detachment was again attacked, of which he reported: "While on the march, on this 22nd, the Bashkir villain Salavatka, who met the villain, had a fierce battle, which had a villainous crowd of up to three thousand people."

On October 18, 1774, the commander-in-chief of the punitive forces, General-in-Chief P.I. Panin turned to the Bashkirs with the last ultimatum, demanding, as a sign of "his true repentance", to hand over "the chief among the Bashkir people, now the troublemaker, Salavatka." However, this did not work.

Then on October 27, on behalf of Catherine II, the head of secret commissions, Major General P.S. Potemkin: "<...> Bashkir foreman Salavat Yulaev. With the utmost sorrow I inform you that to this time you are sinking in anger and blinding<...>... I, being empowered by Her Majesty's most merciful attorney, I assure you that you will immediately receive forgiveness. But if you still get rid of this broadcasting, then don't expect any mercy. " It should be noted that the government has not approached any of the rebels with such a proposal. However, Salavat rejected him. As the investigation later found out, he and his closest associates swore an oath "so that until their death they would be in anxiety and not submit." On November 25, 1774, the rebellious batyr was captured.

Face of Salavat

The facts of Salavat's biography and combat path are known thanks to archival documents, according to which it is difficult to reconstruct his personality. Pushkin described him as "the fierce Salavat". Much more in this regard is given by the essays of the historian and ethnographer Ruf Ignatiev (1818-1886), as well as writers from the Urals, Philip Nefedov (1832-1902) and Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak (1852-1912), who wrote what is called in hot pursuit, when they were alive, if not the Pugachevites themselves, then their children and grandchildren. That is why their characteristics are casts of the image of Salavat, which was formed in the popular consciousness and which, as it seems to us, is closest to its prototype.

Philip Nefedov wrote: “... The thought of liberating his homeland haunted him and called him to work, beckoned to a feat. Free the Motherland! How many bewitching, charming for many minds in this thought; but only a poet like Salavat could act as a fighter for its implementation. In his religious and poetic mood, he more than once heard God himself, commanding him to rebel against his enemies and liberate his homeland. "

At one time Mustai Karim and Rasul Gamzatov, folk poets of Bashkortostan and Dagestan, singing the images of the heroes of their peoples, compared Salavat Yulaev and Imam Shamil to each other. However, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe similarity of the images of the leader of the mountaineers and the leader of the Bashkirs was first expressed back in the 19th century by Ruf Ignatiev, who, after listening to a number of songs and epics about Salavat, concluded that “it was a batyr, a messenger of Allah and a patriot, like some Kaz- mullah or Shamil<...>... Torture, whip punishment and exile gave Salavat the epithet of a martyr. "

Thus, the cult of Salavat was formed among the Bashkirs in the 19th century, although he was not the most famous leader during the Pugachev period, not to mention the leaders of the previous Bashkir uprisings of the 17th-18th centuries. The halo of the martyr who suffered for the whole people overshadowed the images of the other batyrs of the past. Mamin-Sibiryak, in his "Privalov Millions", described a scene that was probably spied somewhere during his Ural childhood: "<...> in the quiet air melted and froze Bashkir monotonous song, telling about the exploits of the Bashkir heroes, especially about the famous Salavat ... ”.

Ruf Ignatiev, after listening to a number of songs and epics about Salavat, concluded that "it was a batyr, the messenger of Allah and a patriot ..."

Poet Salavat

Salavat was a poet, although the originals of his poems, apparently, have not reached our time. They have survived only in the form of Russian interlinear translations included in the works of Ruf Ignatiev, Philip Nefedov and others. In turn, the named authors received word-for-word translations from Abdulla Davletshin, a lieutenant colonel, nobleman and former head of the 1st canton of the Bashkir army. It is not known where the texts of poems in the Turkic language, from which the translation into Russian was carried out, went. Nefedov wrote: “Salavat is a representative of more than one brute physical force. He is a scientist and a poet. He knows the Koran and Sharia, the old men respectfully bow their heads to the young men, everyone talks about him, and not only the mullahs, but even the akhuns themselves are surprised at his erudition ... ”. Salavat's poems are imbued with the thought of God's wisdom that created this beautiful world, and therefore the batyr's duty is to defend his native land. The fate of the horseman is in the hands of the Motherland, and the fate of the Motherland is in the hands of the horseman.

I look at the chain of mountains
In our blissful land
And, absorbing their space,
I know God's mercy.
The sky split with songs -
The nightingale sings in the valley;
Like an adhan, your voice rings
Praising God.
Doesn't it call to prayer
Loyal Muslims?
Escorts me into battle
My Ural, dear camp.

After spending 25 years in hard labor in the Baltic port of Rogervik (Paldiski, Estonia, - approx. ed.), Salavat Yulaev died on September 26, 1800. The last lines of the warrior poet attributed to him were the poem "I am not dead, Bashkirs!":

You are far away, my Fatherland!
I would return to my native land,
I'm in shackles, Bashkirs!

Snow covers my paths
But in the spring the snow will melt
I am not dead, Bashkirs!

Salavat Khamidullin

reference

Salavat Ishmukhametovich Khamidullin - historian, candidate of historical sciences, journalist.

• Was born in the city of Sterlitamak in 1968.
• Education: Bashkir State University (Faculty of History).
• 1990-1991 - correspondent for the newspaper "Istoki".
• 1991-1995 - editor of the youth edition of the Republican TV, head of the creative association "Molodist".
• Since 1995 - a correspondent for the "Bashkortostan" program, editor of TO "Gilem", TO of socio-political programs, head of the department of cognitive and historical programs, head of the editorial office of educational programs at the BST studio.
• Author and TV presenter of the TV projects "Historical Environment" and "Clio".
• Author of a number of documentaries, books and scientific publications about the history of Bashkortostan and Bashkir clans. Columnist for Realnoe Vremya.
• Laureate of the State Prize of the Republic of Belarus. S. Yulaev, Republican prize in the field of journalism named after Sh. Khudaiberdin. Winner of international and republican TV festivals.

December 6, 1774

October 8, 1800.

Memory of Salavat Yulaev

Salavat city in Bashkortostan


Ice Sports Palace in Ufa

Salavat Yulaev are dedicated to:

Salavat Yulaev Order

Monuments:

Other:

08.10.1800

Salavat Yulaev

National Hero

Pugachev's associate

news and events

Monument to Salavat Yulaev unveiled in Ufa

In the city of Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, on the high bank of the Belaya River, on November 17, 1967, a monument to the national hero Salavat Yulaev was opened. The monument is a sculptural work of the Soviet monumental sculptor Soslanbek Tavasiev, who worked on it for over 30 years. The monument is unique in that it weighs 40 tons and has only three anchor points. The height of the model reaches 9.8 meters.

National hero of Bashkiria Salavat Yulaev died in hard labor

Bashkir national hero, poet-storyteller, ascetic of Yemelyan Pugachev Salavat Yulaev died in hard labor on October 8, 1800. As a young man, Salavat was mobilized to fight Emelyan Pugachev. However, soon, together with the detachment, Yulaev went over to the side of the rebels, who were besieging Orenburg. Yulaev directed many events in the Pugachev uprising, took part in more than twenty battles. Because of betrayal, Salavat Yulaev was arrested. During interrogations, he did not betray any of his comrades. After a lengthy investigation in Ufa, Kazan, Moscow, Orenburg and again in Ufa, Salavat Yulaev, together with his father, Yulai Aznalin, were subjected to punishment with a whip and stigma, after which they were sent to eternal hard labor in the Baltic fortress of Rogervik.

Bashkir national hero Salavat Yulaev arrested

The national hero of Bashkiria, Salavat Yulaev, was arrested on December 6, 1774 because of treason. The team of Lieutenant Leskovsky from the corps of General Freiman, reinforced by the horse detachments of Misharsky elders Muksin and Zyamgur Abdusalyamov, overtook Salavat Yulaev with a group of comrades-in-arms who remained with him in the Karatau mountains and after a short skirmish seized them. At the same time, Yulai Aznalin brought a confession to the collegiate adviser Timashev and was taken into custody. Even before the arrest, Yulaev's wives and children were seized and brought to Ufa as hostages. During interrogations, Salavat did not betray any of his comrades, he did not slander anyone, trying to alleviate his fate.

Salavat Yulaev was born on June 27, 1754 in the village of Tekeevo, Orenburg region. The boy came from a noble family, in each generation of which there were tarkhans, mullahs, abyzes, batyrs, who had led the Bashkir uprisings from the beginning of the 18th century.

The history of Salavat began in October 1773, when a young man mobilized to fight Emelyan Pugachev. However, soon, together with the detachment, Yulaev went over to the side of the rebels, who were besieging Orenburg. Until November 1774, he led the uprising in Bashkiria. In mid-January 1774, his detachment joins the detachment of Kanzafar Usaev, Colonel of Pugachev's army, and together they storm the city of Kungur. For faithful service on June 3, 1774, Emelyan awarded Kanzafar Usaev and Salavat Yulaev the rank of brigadier.

Yulaev directed many key events of this war, took part in more than twenty battles. He and his detachment took the Simsky and Katavsky factories. He also besieged the Chelyabinsk fortress, participated in the siege of Orenburg, burned the Krasnoufimsk fortress. Salavat never allowed the complete defeat of his army. Each time he managed to save the main forces, in the shortest possible time to restore battle formations and again participate in battles.

In late March - early April 1774, the tsarist troops managed to inflict a serious defeat on the main insurgent forces near Orenburg, Ufa, Menzelinsky, Kungur, Krasnoufimsky and Chelyabinsk. After the defeats inflicted by Mikhelson and the capture of Pugachev, despite repeated demands to end resistance and surrender, Salavat continued the uprising in Bashkortostan.

The Bashkir hero is also known as a poet-improviser. His works, preserved thanks to the recordings from the words of storytellers in the 19th century, are one of the outstanding phenomena of early Bashkir literature. Yulaev's poems called on the people to fight the oppressors, sang the beauty of their native land, the people and their ancient customs, the sacred faith of their ancestors and love.

Due to betrayal, the command of Lieutenant Leskovsky from the corps of General Freiman, reinforced by horse detachments of Misharsky elders Muksin and Zyamgur Abdusalyamov, December 6, 1774 overtook Salavat Yulaev in the mountains of Karatau with a group of comrades-in-arms who remained with him and after a short skirmish seized them. At the same time, Yulai Aznalin brought a confession to the collegiate adviser Timashev and was taken into custody. Even before the arrest, Yulaev's wives and children were seized and brought to Ufa as hostages.

During interrogations, Salavat did not betray any of his comrades, did not slander anyone, trying to alleviate his fate. After a long investigation in Ufa, Kazan, Moscow, Orenburg and again in Ufa, by the verdict of July 26, 1775, Salavat, together with his father, Yulai Aznalin, was subjected to punishment with a whip and stigma. Shackled hand and foot on October 13, 1775, on two carts under guard, they were sent to eternal hard labor in the Baltic fortress Rogervik.

National hero of the Bashkir people, poet, associate of Emelyan Pugachev, symbol of modern Bashkortostan Salavat Yulaev died in hard labor October 8, 1800.

Memory of Salavat Yulaev

The national hero of the Bashkir people is a symbol of modern Bashkortostan. The district, city, streets, cultural and educational institutions are named after him.

The Salavat Yulaev Museum operates in the native places of Salavat: in the Maloyaz village of the Salavat region of the Republic of Bashkortostan; the branch of the museum is located in the village of Alkino.

Named after Salavat Yulaev:

Salavat city in Bashkortostan
Salavat district in Bashkortostan
Hockey club "Salavat Yulaev"
Ice Sports Palace in Ufa
Streets and avenues of Salavat Yulaev in many cities of Russia, Ukraine

Salavat Yulaev are dedicated to:

Opera "Salavat Yulaev" written by Zagir Ismagilov and poet Bayazit Bikbai in 1955

Ballet Mountain Eagle (Ural Burkралtө, 1959, libretto and music by Kh.F. Akhmetov and N. G. Sabitov, choreography by K. D. Karpinskaya)

The film "Salavat Yulaev", filmed in 1941 in the USSR by director Yakov Protazanov.

The Republic of Bashkortostan established:

Salavat Yulaev Order

State Prize named after Salavat Yulaev for best works in the field of literature, art and architecture (since 1967).

Monuments:

Monument to Salavat Yulaev at the parliament building of the Republic of Belarus (40 Zaki Validi St.).

The first monument-bust of Salavat in the republic by T.P. Nechaeva was installed in the open air in his native places - in the Salavat region in 1952.

In 1989, a similar wrought-copper bust monument was erected in the Estonian town of Paldiski.

In Ufa, on November 17, 1967, a monument to Salavat Yulaev was unveiled by the Ossetian sculptor S. D. Tavasiev. The image of this monument fell on the coat of arms of Bashkortostan.

A copy of the monument in the Uvildy sanatorium in the Argayash district of the Chelyabinsk region was installed in 2005.

Monuments-busts are installed in Salavat (bust of S. Yulaev), Baymak, Sibay, Askarovo.

In Krasnoufimsk on June 28, 2008, a monument to the national hero was unveiled, which was installed on Salavat Yulaev Street.

Other:

A double-deck motor ship named after "Salavat Yulaev"

In 1919-1920, the political department of the Bashkir Separate Cavalry Division published the newspaper Salavat.

During the Great Patriotic War, the name of Salavat Yulaev was borne by an anti-tank artillery regiment, an armored train and other units.

The image of Salavat Yulaev is immortalized in Bashkir and Russian folk art, in the works of Russian, Bashkir, Tatar, Kazakh, Chuvash, Udmurt and Mari writers.

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