Conquests of Alexander the Great. Beginning of the Hellenistic period. In 338 BC. Greece came under Macedonian rule. Two years later, the creator of the Macedonian state, Philip II, fell at the hands of the conspirators, and his son Alexander the Great became the new ruler of the state. In 344 BC. Alexander undertook a joint campaign of Greeks and Macedonians in Asia against the Persians. Within a few years, he conquered Asia Minor, Syria and Palestine, Egypt, Mesopotamia and Persia, thus destroying the Great Persian Kingdom. Central Asia also came under the rule of Alexander, only the attempt to conquer India was not realized. During his campaign, Alexander, who began to be called the Great, captured almost all the possessions of the Persian state and considered himself the ruler of the world. However, after his death, strife began between his diadochi commanders, which resulted in the collapse of the Empire of Alexander the Great into three smaller states: Egypt, the Seleucid Kingdom and Macedonia.

Conquests of Alexander the Great. Beginning of the Hellenistic period. The campaigns of Alexander the Great and the wars that followed them caused a massive migration of Greeks and Macedonians from Europe to the countries of the Middle East. There they settled in old cities and founded new ones, some of which became rich and populous. Alexandria, founded by Alexander the Great in the Nile Delta, became the largest center in the Mediterranean. The eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea became Greek. Greek architecture became widespread - temples, theaters and stadiums were erected. Greek became the main language in almost all cities of this region. Thus, the campaign of Alexander the Great marked the beginning of a new period, which is usually called the Hellenistic period. It ended in the 1st century BC. when the eastern coast of the Mediterranean was conquered by the Romans. The Hellenistic period was characterized by the widespread spread of Greek civilization in the countries of the Middle East. At the same time, there was an increase in the influence of the East on Greek culture.

State and social structure. The traditional form of government of the Greeks - the polis - lost its significance during the Hellenistic period. All Hellenistic states were headed by monarchs of Greek-Macedonian origin. Their power was practically unlimited, only in Macedonia they had to reckon with the local aristocracy. In many matters of government, they began to proceed from the customs characteristic of the countries of the East. For example, the rulers of Egypt abandoned state supervision over the daily work of the peasants, which had existed there for thousands of years. This allowed them to replenish the state treasury with traditional annual taxes. To a much lesser extent, changes affected city life. Hellenistic cities were important centers of crafts and trade, and slavery became even more widespread compared to the previous period.

State and social structure. Formally, the old polis system was preserved in the cities: the council continued to work, officials were elected annually, and a people's assembly met. Their power, however, was limited. Important changes took place in the military structure. The army now consisted not of citizens, but of mercenaries recruited from outside. More often they lived in special military settlements. Citizenship now had no meaning either from a political or defensive point of view.

Culture of Hellenistic states. The culture of the Hellenistic states developed largely due to the patronage of monarchs. A particularly great contribution to the development of culture was made by the kings of Egypt from the Ptolemaic dynasty. The Alexandria Museion (Greek museion - temple of the muses), one of the main centers of science and culture of antiquity, was founded in Alexandria. (3rd century BC) At Museion there was a library in which almost all the literary heritage of the Greeks was collected. There manuscripts were copied, research was carried out, and studies in other sciences were carried out. The Library of Alexandria was headed by the most famous scientists of the time. Alexandria was far from the only major center of science and culture: Pergamon in Asia Minor was becoming increasingly important. In Greece, Athens was still in first place.

Literature of the Hellenistic period. But unlike previous poets, they were almost not interested in problems of social life and morality. Instead, they sang praises to one of the members of the royal family or wrote poems about the beautiful love of simple shepherds against the backdrop of the picturesque nature of Greece. Poetry was now expected not to have deep content, but to have a graceful and elegant style. Its goal was not to comprehend the place of man in the world and not to search for solutions to the basic problems of existence - poetry was simply supposed to bring pleasure. During the Hellenistic era, theater lost its former significance. This circumstance allowed poetry to stand out. Since its most important center was in Alexandria, it received the name Alexandrian poetry. Poets of the Hellenistic era were usually very erudite, familiar with Greek literature and the mythology of the previous period.

Philosophy. At the end of the 4th century BC. Several influential philosophical schools developed in Greece. Epicurus and his followers believed that by overcoming the fear of death and enjoying life, a person can achieve peace of mind. More popular than the teachings of Epicurus - Epicureanism, was the teaching of another philosophical school - Stoicism. The founder of Stoicism, Zeno. According to his teaching, everything in the world occurs in accordance with the just and immutable divine order. Both the followers of Epicurus and the Stoics emphasized that philosophy frees people from fears and worries. The changes that have taken place in society have entailed changes in the way of thinking and worldview. This was clearly reflected in Hellenistic philosophy. In the classical period, philosophers paid special attention to the question of what virtues make a person a good citizen and how the state should cultivate these virtues. However, now the attention of philosophy switched from social problems to personal and spiritual problems. Zeno Epicurus

Development of science. If in the classical period individual sciences still formed a single whole with philosophy, then the Hellenistic period was characterized by a deepening specialization of individual sciences. For a long time he headed in the 3rd century BC. Library of Alexandria Eratosthenes was equally competent in astronomy, geography, and history. He calculated the approximate circumference of the globe (meridian length) and compiled a chronology covering the entire early history of Greece. Thus, the mathematician Euclid (second half of the 4th century BC) compiled a multi-volume fundamental work, “Elements,” in which he formulated the foundations of elementary geometry. Mathematician, physicist and inventor - Archimedes (3rd century BC) formulated, among other things, the law of hydrostatics. Astronomers of the Hellenistic period already knew that the Earth was spherical.

Development of science. One of the astronomers of that period, Aristarchus (4-2 centuries BC), was the first in history to develop the theory of the heliocentric structure of the universe. While developing astronomy, the Greeks during the Hellenistic period became acquainted with eastern astrology. It was during that period that, taking the 12 signs of the zodiac as a basis, detailed horoscopes began to be drawn up.

Change in the field of religion. Religion, like most spheres of life, during the Hellenistic period lost the features characteristic of that time when it served to satisfy the needs of a separate polis. If in the classical period various religious festivals came to the fore, now mysteries have taken their place. The Greek Pantheon also underwent some changes. The Greeks also placed many eastern gods next to the old gods. Since they found a lot in common between them, they often began to identify the gods. The most popular goddess of the Mediterranean during the Hellenistic period was the goddess Isis. Thus, the religion of the Hellenistic period was a kind of fusion of Greek religion and the religions of the Ancient East.

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Synthesis of eastern and ancient traditions in Hellenism The presentation was prepared by Bekasova I.A., teacher of fine arts and art at MBOU Secondary School No. 1, Chekhov, Moscow region.

Hellenism - (Greek Hellenes - to be likened to the Hellenes) a period in the history of the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean from the time of the campaigns of Alexander the Great (334-323 BC) until the conquest of these countries by Rome, which ended in 30 BC. e. subjugation of Egypt Hellenism is the final stage in the development of ancient Greek culture. The art of Hellenism is a kind of symbiosis of the Greek order and Eastern traditions. Characteristic features are decorativeness, emotional tension, and pathos.

Bronze statue of Alexander the Great. Roman copy from a Greek original from Herculaneum. Naples. Archaeological Museum. 330-320 BC.

Hellenistic Temple of the Sun (1st century) in Garni in the territory of modern Armenia. Hellenism During the construction of public buildings, the Great Corinthian order was used, in which the columns are equal in height to two floors of the building, reaching almost 18 m.

The Altar of Zeus in Pergamon is a memorial monument erected in the 2nd century. BC(?) in honor of the victory won by the Pergamon king over the barbarian Gauls.

Frieze of the altar of Zeus in Pergamon. II century BC. frieze of the Pergamon altar of Zeus. The struggle between gods and giants, depicted on the frieze, was supposed to recall the victory won by Pergamum over the barbarian Gauls. The relief shows huge snakes and predatory animals taking part in the battle. The rustle of wide-open wings, the rustle of snake bodies, the ringing of swords and shields create the sound accompaniment of the battle. The masters use high relief forms, showing some figures in almost circular sculpture: the sculptor’s chisel and drill cut deeply into the thickness of the marble, outlining the heavy folds of clothing. The relief acquires the contrast of illuminated and shaded surfaces. Black and white effects enhance the impression of battle tension, the sense of tragedy of the doomed giants and the delight of the victors. Episodes of struggle, Spanish. The struggle between gods and giants, depicted on the frieze, was supposed to recall the victory won by Pergamum over the barbarian Gauls. The relief shows huge snakes and predatory animals taking part in the battle. The masters use high relief forms, showing some figures in almost circular sculpture: the sculptor’s chisel and drill cut deeply into the thickness of the marble, outlining the heavy folds of clothing. The relief acquires the contrast of illuminated and shaded surfaces. Black and white effects enhance the impression of battle tension, the sense of tragedy of the doomed giants and the delight of the victors.

Three Moirai deal mortal blows to Agria and Foant with their bronze maces.

“Battle of Athena with Alcyoneus”

Laocoon. Rhodes and its sculptors Agesander, Polydorus and Athenodorus. Marble. Beginning 3rd century BC.

Statue of Aphrodite from the island of Melos (Milos) or Venus de Milo. 2nd century BC. White marble. It is believed that its creator is the sculptor Agesander or Alexandros of Antioch. The sculpture represents a type of Aphrodite of Cnidus (Venus the bashful): a goddess holding a fallen robe with her hand. It was found in 1820 on the island. Melos (Milos) in Southern Greece, one of the Cyclades islands of the Aegean Sea by peasant Yorgos Kentrotas while working in the soil. Her hands were lost after the discovery, during a conflict between the French, who wanted to take her to their country, and the Turks (owners of the island), who had the same intention. Venus of Melos

Nike of Samothrace 3rd century. BC. It stood in the form of a victory monument on the island of Samothrace. It seems to take off from a pedestal shaped like the bow of a ship.

Sources Thank you for your attention http://works.tarefer.ru/42/100420/index.html http://iskusstvu.ru/electronnoe_uchebnoe_posobie/3_1_2_Iskusstvo_Drevnej_Grecii_Jellinizm.html http://www.google.ru/imgres?hl=ru&newwindow= 1&sa=X&tbo=d&biw=1228&bih=879&tbm=isch&tbnid=xzP0c7yTacXnFM:&imgrefu

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Halicarnassus Mausoleum

In the city of Halicarnassus (Asia Minor) in 350 BC. e. At the behest of King Mavsol, a majestic tomb was built - a monument to the power of the king. The construction of the tomb was completed after the death of the king’s wife Artemisia. The authors of the tomb are considered to be the architects Pythias and Satyr and the sculptors Briaxis, Leochares, Skopas, Praxiteles. The architecture of the tomb combines Greek and Oriental motifs: it consists of a pyramid and an Ionic temple. In the massive stone foundation - the tomb - the ashes of the royal couple were kept in golden urns. This room was guarded by a row of stone lions. A temple surrounded by Ionic columns and statues rose above the base. The top of the building - a stepped pyramid at a height of 43 meters above the ground - was crowned with a sculptural image of a chariot drawn by horses. There were statues of the king and queen on it. The temple seemed so beautiful that it was classified as one of the seven wonders of the world. Since then, the grandiose tombs of people began to be called mausoleums. Eighteen centuries later, an earthquake destroyed the mausoleum to the ground. A treatise on the mausoleum was created, but it has not reached us.

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Venus de Milo Venus de Milo Common name for the Greek marble statue of the goddess of love Aphrodite Common name for the Greek marble statue of the goddess of love Aphrodite Found on o. Melos (Southern Greece). Found on o. Melos (Southern Greece). Currently kept in the Louvre. Currently kept in the Louvre.

Statue of Aphrodite Around 100 BC. e. Height: 204 cm Paris Marble. Louvre Known as "Venus de Milo"

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Characteristic features of Hellenistic sculpture are an interest in sharp, dramatic subjects; expression of movements, a whirlwind of feelings and experiences, interest in sharp, dramatic plots; expression of movements, a whirlwind of feelings and experiences; themes of old age, childhood, grief and even death appear; themes of old age, childhood, grief and even death appear

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