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Lion Tolstoy: Brief biography

Tolstoy Lion Nikolaevich is the famous writer and philosopher. His views and beliefs became the basis of a new religious and moral teaching, which will later be called tools.

His legacy is ninety volumes of works, notes from a personal diary and letters. Tolstoy was repeatedly nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Childhood and youth

Levushka, as affectionately called the boy, was born on September 9, 1828. In the nobility manor of the mother in the clear Glade of the Tula province. Nowadays, the Museum-Manor annually attracts thousands of tourists and fans of Tolstoy creativity.

Generic estate of Lion Nikolayevich Tolstoy in a clear clearing

In the family, Levushka was the fourth boy, and the next year the long-awaited daughter Mashane appeared. But soon children are orphaned. Mother Maria Nikolaevna (Volkonskaya) died in the summer of 1830. After 7 years, left life and Nikolai Ilyich.

Children took under the custody of Aunt - Alexander Osten-Saken. Two she took with them to Moscow, and the rest lived in the manor. The memories of this time were always disturbed by the soul, but were infinite roads of Lion Nikolayevich.

In 1841, Osten-Saken died and children were transported to another Tete Pelagae Yushkova in. In 1843, the Lion went on his studies at the university. He treated indifferent to study, and teachers considered incompetent, preferring a variety of entertainment.

In the spring of 1847, without finishing their studies and having received a part of the inheritance, including a clear clearing, the 19-year-old young man went home. Here he immediately sketched an extensive plan of his education. But soon realized that plans to build easily, but it would be impossible to make themselves.

Employed asceticism, young man sometimes changes this lifestyle on the couments and gambling card games. Then the stage of discontent began and he again wrote the routine of the day to change his life.

Creativity Lion Tolstoy

In the spring of 1851, his brother Nicholas, who served in the Caucasian visited the estate. Lev Nikolayevich, having heard heroic stories about the war, decided to go with him.

In the Caucasus, Tolstoy served about two and a half years. He hunted, played cards and sometimes took part in raids. He liked such a pastime. Here he wrote a "childhood" using his memories.

Lion Nikolaevich Tolstoy in young years

In the summer of 1852, the writer sends a manuscript in w. "Contemporary" editor with a margin that further literary activity depends on his review. The answer came positive and Tolstoy in 1854 published a story, "adolescence."

In December 1854, Tolstoy arrived in Sevastopol, as he would write a detailed story. He describes the battle scenes. The style of the work of Patriotic, glorifying the courage and the courage of Russian soldiers.

He then proceeds to the story "Sevastopol in May". But the pride for the Russian troops turned into horror and shock from senselessness and inhumanity.

In 1855, Tolstoy leaves for St. Petersburg. Here he completes the trilogy about Sevastopol and the autumn writes a report on leaving military service.

Lev Nikolayevich is entirely devoted to literature. He writes the story "Blizzard", the story "Two Hussar", finishes the trilogy about childhood. And in January 1857 it goes to the voyage on European countries. He visited France, Italy, Germany: got acquainted with masterpieces of art. But in general, the trip disappointed him.

Six months later, the writer returned to his estate. There he worked on the story of "Cossacks" and the novel "Family Happiness".

In 1859, Lev Nikolaevich created several schools in the province for the children of peasants. At this time he was interested in education in Europe. A year later, he goes to Europe. Abroad, he stayed for 9 months and again experienced disappointment.

He decided to create his own education system by canceling all programs. In 1862, the writer publishes a magazine about pedagogy, in the application book for reading. He writes the "ABC" with his stories for children, makes translating folk fairy tales and songs.

Lion's wife Tolstoy

In the work of the writer, the crisis gradually comes. In his diary, he often expresses unsatisfactory from his life. He is tormented by reflections on death.

But he finds the meaning of life in love for his wife. At 34, Lev Nikolayevich marries 18-year-old Sophie Bers. This happy union existed for 48 years. Sophia gave birth to her husband thirteen children. It was the best period of life of Tolstoy, who finally gained.

Lion Nikolaevich and Sophia Andreevna

Sophia Andreevna was his secretary and even editor. She lived 75 years old, surviving her husband for 10 years.

"War and Peace"

Soon the writer begins to work on the novel "War and Peace". "Scale Epos" - so subsequently will call this work of criticism. Peaceful household scenes were taken from life, battle and civil episodes from the history of the Russian Empire.

The main idea of \u200b\u200bthe novel - pacifism: protest against any war. The work was completed in 1869 and had a deafening resonance in society.

For the "war and the world" will follow no less serious and dramatic work of "Anna Karenina" (1873-1876).

L. N. Tolstoy became a recognized writer, his works had a great success, he gained world glory. But it was little interested. He increasingly thought about social inequality in society and the bench existence of a simple people.

The Great Tolstoy left his life at the age of 82, November 20, 1910 and was buried in a clear glade.

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pseudonyms: L.N., L.N.T.

one of the most famous Russian writers and thinkers, one of the greatest writers of the world

Lev Tolstoy

short biography

"The greatest Russian writer, a writer, which is among the largest writers of the world, thinker, educator, publicist, corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Thanks to him, not only works included in the treasury of world literature, but also a whole religious-moral course - the Holp.

Tolstoy was born in the estate of the Casual Polyana, located in the Tula province, September 9 (August 28 under Art. Art.) 1828. Being a fourth child in the family of Count N.I. Tolstoy and Princess M.N. Volkonskaya, Lev early remained orply and brought up a far-relative T A. Yergolskaya. Children's years remained in the memory of Leo Nikolayevich as a happy time. Together with the family, 13-year-old Tolstoy moved to Kazan, where his relative and a new guardian PI lived. Yushkova. After receiving household education, Tolstoy becomes a student of the Philosophy of the Faculty (branches of the eastern languages) of Kazan University. Studying in the walls of this institution lasted in less than two years, after which Tolstoy returned to a clear clearing.

In the fall of 1847, the movement of Lion Tolstoy first took place to Moscow, later in St. Petersburg - to put the university candidate exams. These years of his life were special, priorities and hobbies replaced each other as a kaleidoscope. Stressful studies inferior space, gambling cards, passionate interest in music. Tolstoy, then wanted to become an official, then saw himself in the Connogvardesky regiment by the Junker. At that time, he made a lot of debt, it was possible to pay off with whom only many years succeeded. Nevertheless, this period helped Tolstoy better understand himself, see his shortcomings. At this time, he had a serious intention to engage in literature for the first time, he began to try himself in artistic work.

Four years after leaving the university, Lion Tolstoy succumbed to persuasion of the elder brother Nikolai, officer, go to the Caucasus. The decision did not immediately, but he assumed his adoption of a major loss in the card. In the fall of 1851, Tolstoy found himself in the Caucasus, where for almost three years he lived on the banks of the Terek in the Cossack Stanice. Subsequently, he was adopted for military service, participated in hostilities. During this period, the first published work appeared: the magazine "Contemporary" in 1852 printed the story "Childhood". She was part of the conceived autobiographical novel, for which the Tale "Defense" (1852-1854) was subsequently written (1852-1854) and those in 1855-1857. "Youth"; Part "youth" Tolstoy never wrote.

Having received the appointment in Bucharest in 1854, to the Danube Army, Tolstoy at a personal request was translated into the Crimean Army, fought as a battery commander in a deposited Sevastopol, having received the prowess of medals and the Order of St. Anna. The war did not interfere with continuing classes on the literary field: it was here that were written and for 1855-1856. We were published in the "contemporary" "Sevastopol stories", who had a huge success and consolidated in a thick reputation of a prominent representative of a new generation of writers.

As the great hope of Russian literature, according to Nekrasov, he was met in the contemporary circle, when he arrived in St. Petersburg in the fall of 1855. Despite the warm welcome, active participation in readings, discussions, dinners, Tolstoy did not feel in his literary environment. In the autumn of 1856, he retired and after a short stay in a clear Polyana in 1857 he left abroad, but in the fall of this year he returned to Moscow, and then to his estate. Disappointment in the literary community, secular life, dissatisfaction with creative achievements led to the fact that at the end of the 50s. Tolstoy makes a decision to leave writing work and gives the priority of activities on the field of education.

Returning to a clear clearing in 1859, he opens up a school for children of peasants. This occupation caused him such enthusiasm that he even specially traveled abroad to study advanced pedagogical systems. In 1862, the Count began to publish a magazine "Clear Polyana" pedagogical content with applications in the form of children's books for reading. Educational activities were suspended due to an important event in his biography - marriage in 1862 at S.A. Bers. After the wedding, Lev Nikolayevich transported a young spouse from Moscow to a clear clearing, where his family life and home care was completely absorbed. Only at the beginning of the 70s. He will bring back to the educational work for a while, will write "ABC" and "ABC new".

In the fall of 1863, he had an intention of the novel, which in 1865 will be printed in the "Russian Bulletin" as "War and Peace" (the first part). The work caused a huge resonance, from the public did not escape the skill with which Tolstoy painted a large-scale epic web, combining it with an amazing accuracy with psychological analysis, inscribed the privacy of heroes in the canvas of historical events. Roman-Epopeu Lev Nikolayevich wrote until 1869, and for 1873-1877. She worked on another novel that went to the Gold Foundation of World Literature, "Anna Karenina."

Both of these writings glorified the fat as the greatest artist of the word, but the author himself in the 80s. Loses interest in literary work. In his soul, in the worldview, there is a serious fracture, and during this period he repeatedly comes to suicide. These doubts and questions led to the need to start with the study of theology, and from under his feather the compositions of philosophical and religious nature begin to emerge: in 1879-1880 - "Confession", "Research of dogmatic theology"; In 1880-1881 - "Connection and translation of the Gospels", in 1882-1884. - "What is my faith?" In parallel, Tolstoy studied philosophy, analyzed the achievements of the exact sciences.

Outwardly, the fracture was manifested in a careplace, i.e. In the refusal of the possibilities of secured life. The graph moves into common clothes, refuses food of animal origin, from rights to his works and from the state in favor of the other family members, works physically. His worldview is characterized by a sharp rejection of the public elite, the ideas of statehood, serfdom and bureaucracy. They are combined with the famous slogan of non-resistance of evil violence, the ideas of crowds and universal love.

The fracture was reflected in the literary work of Tolstoy, which acquires the nature of the decisions of the existing situation of things with a call for people to act at the rally of the mind and conscience. By this time, he belongs to his story "Death of Ivan Ilyich", "Creicheraova Sonata", "Devil", the drama "Power of Darkness" and "Fruits of Enlightenment", the treatise "What is art?". An eloquent evidence of a critical attitude to the clergy, the official church and its teaching was published in 1899. Roman "Resurrection". Complete discrepancy with the position of the Orthodox Church turned into a thick official excavation from her; This happened in February 1901, and Synod's decision led to a loud public resonance.

At the turn of the XIX and XX centuries. In the artworks of Tolstoy, the theme of the cardinal life changes, the care of the previous lifestyle ("Father Sergiy", "Hadji Murat", "Living Corpse", "After Bala", etc.). Lev Nikolayevich himself also came to the decision to change the life structure, to live as he wanted, according to present views. Being an authoritative writer, the head of national literature, he rustles with the environment, goes to a deterioration in relationship with family, loved ones, experiencing a deep personal drama.

At the age of 82, in the middle of the household, the autumn night of 1910 Tolstoy leaves the clear glade; His companion was a personal doctor Makovitsky. On the Writer's road, the disease was overtaken, as a result of which they were forced to get off the train at Astapovo station. Here he was sheltered by the head of the station, and the last week of the life of the writer was held in his house, which is known as a preacher of a new teaching, a religious thinker. He followed his health the whole country, and when he was on November 10 (October 28, under Art.) 1910 died, his funeral turned into an event of a all-Russian scale.

The influence of the thick, its ideological platform and artistic manner on the development of the realistic direction in world literature is difficult to overestimate. In particular, its impact can be traced in the works of E. Hemingway, F. Moriak, Rollan, B. Show, T. Manna, J. Golzuorsi and other prominent literature figures.

Biography from Wikipedia

Count Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy (September 9, 1828, Clear Polyana, Tula Province, Russian Empire - November 20, 1910, Station Astapovo, Ryazan province, Russian Empire) - one of the most famous Russian writers and thinkers, one of the greatest writers of the world. Member of the Defense of Sevastopol. The enlightener, publicist, a religious thinker, his authoritative opinion was the cause of the new religious and moral flow - housing. Corresponding Member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences (1873), Honorary Academician on the category of graceful literature (1900). Was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Writer, while lifetime recognized by the head of Russian literature. The creativity of Leo Tolstoy marked the new stage in Russian and world realism, performing a bridge between the classic novel of the XIX century and the literature of the 20th century. Lion Tolstoy had a strong influence on the evolution of European humanism, as well as on the development of realistic traditions in world literature. The works of Leo Tolstoy were repeatedly shielded and staged in the USSR and abroad; His plays put on the scenes of the whole world. Lion Tolstoy was the most published in the USSR writer for 1918-1986: the total circulation of 3199 editions amounted to 436.261 million copies.

The most famous works of Tolstoy, as the novels "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina", "Resurrection", the autobiographical trilogy "Childhood", "Defense", "Youth", the story "Cossacks", "Death of Ivan Ilyich", "Crecera Sonata "," Hadji Murat ", the cycle of essays" Sevastopol stories ", the drama" Living Corpse "," Fruits of Enlightenment "and" Power of Darkness ", the autobiographical religious and philosophical works" Confession "and" What is my faith? " and etc.

Origin

Genealogical tree L. N. Tolstoy

Representative of the graphic branch of the nobled branch of thick, originating from P. A. Tolstoy's P. Tolstoy. The writer had extensive related relations in the world of the highest aristocracy. Among the cousins \u200b\u200band sisters of the Father - Adventurer and Brener F. I. Tolstoy, artist F. P. Tolstoy, Beauty M. I. Lopukhin, Soskaya Lioness A. F. Zagrevskaya, Camera Freilin A. A. Tough. The poet A. K. Tolstoy accounted for him by a secondary brother. Among the cousins \u200b\u200bof the Mothers are Lieutenant-General D. M. Volkonsky and a rich emigrant N. I. Trubetskaya. A. P. Mansurov and A. V. Vsevolozhsky were married to Mother's cousins. Tolstoy was associated with the property with Ministers A. A. Zakrevsky and L. A. Pepovsky (married to the cousins \u200b\u200bof his parents), generals of 1812 L. I. Dereraradovich (married to her grandmother's sister) and A. I. Yushkov (a virgin one of aunt), as well as with Chancellor A. M. Gorchakov (brother husband of another aunt). The general ancestor of Leo Tolstoy and Pushkin was Admiral Ivan Golovin, who helped Peter I to create a Russian fleet.

The features of Grandfather Ilya Andreevich are given in the "war and the world" with a good-natured, impractical old Graph Rostov. Son Ilya Andreevich, Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy (1794-1837), was the father of Leo Nikolayevich. Some of the character properties and facts of biography, he looked like a father Nicholya in the "childhood" and "adolescence" and partly to Nikolai Rostov in the "War and the World". However, in real life, Nikolai Ilyich was distinguished from Nikolai Rostov not only by good education, but also by beliefs that did not allow to serve under Nicolae I. A participant in the overseas campaign of the Russian army against Napoleon, including participated in the "Battle of Peoples" at Leipzig and visited In the French, but was able to escape, after the conclusion of the world, he retired in the rank of lieutenant colonel of Pavlograd Gusar Regiment. Soon after the resignation was forced to go to the official service, so as not to be in a debt prison because of the debts of the Father, the Kazan governor who deceased under investigation for official abuses. The negative example of the Father helped to develop Nicholas Ilyich his life ideal - private independent life with family joys. To bring your upset business in order, Nikolai Ilyich (like Nikolai Rostov), \u200b\u200bmarried no very young princess Mary Nikolaevna from the genus Volkonsky in 1822, marriage was happy. They had five children: Nikolai (1823-1860), Sergey (1826-1904), Dmitry (1827-1856), Lion, Maria (1830-1912).

Grandfather's grandfather, Ekaterininsky General, Prince Nikolai Sergeevich Volkonsky, had some similarity with a harsh Rigorist - the old prince Bolkonsky in the "War and the World". The mother of Leo Nikolayevich, similar to the princess to the princess to the "War and the World", owned by a wonderful gift of the storytellers.

Childhood

Silhouette M. N. Volkonskaya - the only image of the mother of the writer. 1810th.

Lion Tolstoy was born on August 28, 1828 in the Krapvensky district of the Tula province, in the hereditary estate of the mother - Casual Polyana. He was a fourth child in the family. Mother died in 1830 from "Generic Hunt", as they talked, after six months after the birth of her daughter, when the lion was not 2 years old.

The house, where L. N. Tolstoy was born, 1828. In 1854, the house was sold to a writer for export in the village long. Broken in 1913

The rapid relative of T. A. Yergolskaya was engaged in the upbringing of orphaned children. In 1837, the family moved to Moscow, settling on the spoken, as the eldest son had to prepare for admission to the university. Sucdia, Father, Nikolai Ilyich, suddenly died, leaving the case (including some of the family-related liberty) in an unfinished state, and three younger children settled again in a clear Polyana under the supervision of Ergolskaya and aunt for the Father, Countess A. M. Osten-Saken prescribed guardian children. Here, Lev Nikolayevich remained until 1840, when Osten-Saken died, the children moved to Kazan, to the new guardian - the sister of Father P. I. Yushkova.

Yushkov's house was considered one of the most fun in Kazan; All family members highly appreciated the external shine. "Dormant fucking my- tells Tolstoy, - the purest creature, always said that she would not want anything to me like me, so that I had a connection with a married woman ".

Lero Nikolayevich wanted to shine in society, but the natural shyness and lack of external attractiveness prevented him. The diverse, as they define them, the Tolstoy, "Cleansing" on the most important issues of our Being - happiness, death, God, love, eternity - imposed a mark on his character in that era of his life. Tempered in "Adventure" and "Youth", in the Roman "Resurrection" about the aspirations of Irtienev and Nehludov to self-improvement taken by Tolstoy from the history of his ascetic attempts to this time. All this, wrote critic S. A. Hungry, led to the fact that Tolstoy was created, by expression from his story "Defense", " habit for constant moral analysis, destroying freshness of feelings and clarity" Leading examples of the self-analysis of this period, he ironically responds about the exaggeration of his adolescent philosophical pride and greatness, and at the same time notes an insurmountable inability to "get used to not be ashamed for every simplest word and movement" when a collision with real people, whose benefactor he is then It seemed.

Education

His formation was initially engaged in Governor-French-French Saint-Tom (the prototype of St.-Jérôme in the story "Defense"), who replaced his good-natured German Reselman, whom Tolstoy depicted in the story "Childhood" under the name of Karl Ivanovich.

In 1843, P. I. Yushkova, taking on the role of the guardianship of his minor nephews (only senior - Nikolai was adults) and nieces, brought them to Kazan. Following the brothers, Nikolai, Dmitry and Sergey Lev decided to enter the Imperial Kazan University (the most famous at the time), where they worked on the mathematical faculty of Lobachevsky, and on East - Kovalevsky. On October 3, 1844, Lion Tolstoy was enrolled by the student of the category of Eastern (Arabic-Turkish) literature as a silent - paying for his training. On the entrance exams, he, in particular, showed excellent results on the entry "Turkish-Tatar language". According to the results of the year, there was no feeling of the relevant subjects, could not stand the transitional exam and was to re-pass the first course program.

In order to avoid full repetition of the course, he moved to the Faculty of Law, where his problems with estimates for some subjects continued. The transitional May exams of 1846 were passed satisfactorily (he received one five, three fourths and four three; the average conclusion turned out three), and Lev Nikolaevich was translated into the second course. At the Law Faculty of Leo Tolstoy spent less than two years: "It was always difficult for him any education imposed on the other, and everything he learned in life, he learned himself, suddenly, quickly, strengthened labor," writes S. A. Tolstaya in His "materials to biographies L. N. Tolstoy". In 1904, he recalled: "... I am the first year ... I did nothing. For the second year I began to engage ... There was Professor Meyer, who ... gave me a job - a comparison of "punish" Catherine with Esprit des Lois <«Духом законов» (рус.) фр.> Montcape. ... This work was carried away, I went to the village, began to read Montcape, this reading opened to me endless horizons; I began to read and threw the university, precisely because I wanted to do. "

The beginning of literary activities

From March 11, 1847, Tolstoy was in the Kazan hospital, on March 17, he began to keep a diary, where, imitating Benjamin Franklin, set itself the goals and tasks for self-cultivation, noted the success and failure in performing these tasks, analyzed its shortcomings and the course of thoughts, The motives of their actions. This diary with small breaks he led throughout his life.

His diary L. N. Tolstoy lean from the young age until the end of life. Records from Tetradi 1891-1895.

After graduating from the treatment, in the spring of 1847, Tolstoy left his studies at the university and left for him in the section Clear Polyana; Its activity there is partly described in the work of the "Morning landlord": Tolstoy tried to establish a new relationship with peasants. His attempt to smooth out the feeling of guilt of a young landowner before the people also applies to the same year, when the story "Anton-Gorryka" appeared by D. Grigorovich and the beginning of the "Hunter's Notes" I. S. Turgenev.

In his diary, Tolstoy formulated a large number of life rules and goals for himself, but it was possible to follow only their insignificant part. Among those who have passed are serious English language, music, jurisprudence. In addition, nor in the diary, nor in letters did not affect the beginning of the classes of thick pedagogy and charity, although in 1849 he first opened a school for peasant children. The main teacher was the Fock Demidovich, Serf, but also Lev Nikolayevich often conducted classes.

In mid-October 1848, Tolstoy went to Moscow, settling where many of his relatives and acquaintances lived, - in the Arbat area. He took off to stay home Ivanova on the Sivz enemy. In Moscow, he was going to start preparing for the surrender of the candidate exams, but the classes were never started. Instead, he attracted a completely different side of life - a secular life. In addition to hobbies with a secular life, in Moscow, Lion Nikolayevich in the winter of 1848-1849 for the first time, a card game has appeared. But since he played very excitement and not always thinking of his moves - he often lost.

Having left for St. Petersburg in February 1849, he spent time in Kutzhi with K. A. Islavin - uncle of his future wife ("My love to Islavin spoiled for me as many as 8 months of life in St. Petersburg"). In the spring, Tolstoy began to take the exam on the candidate; Two exams, from criminal law and criminal proceedings, passed safely, but he did not pass the third exam and went to the village.

Later came to Moscow, where he often spent time in gambling, which often negatively affected his financial position. During this period of life, Tolstoy was especially interested in music (he himself played a piano and really appreciated the favorite works performed by others). Music's passion prompted him later to writing "Crazzer Sonata".

The favorite composers of Tolstoy were Bach, Handel and Chopin. The development of the love of Tolstoy to music was assisted that during a trip to Petersburg in 1848, he met in a very little suitable setting of the danceclass with the Darovyt, but the German-musician who came down on the way, who later described in the story "Albert". In 1849, Lev Nikolayevich settled in his casual melan Musician Rudolf, with whom he played four hands on the piano. Having flunked at that time with music, he played the works of Shuman, Chopin, Mozart, Mendelssohn to the day a day. At the end of the 1840s, Tolstoy in co-authorship with his familiar Zybini composed Waltz, who at the beginning of the 1900s he fulfilled with composer S. I. Taneyev, who made the record record of this musical work (the only painted thick). Waltz sounds in the film Father Sergius, removed on the story of L. N. Tolstoy.

Much time went on the couments, the game and hunt.

In winter, 1850-1851. Began to write "Childhood". In March 1851, he wrote a "history of yesterday". After 4 years after he left the university, the brother of Lion Nikolayevich Nikolai, who invited the younger brother to join the military service in the Caucasus, arrived at the Casual Polyana. The lion agreed not immediately until the major loss in Moscow did not accelerate the final decision. The writers' biographers mark a significant and positive influence of Brother Nicholas on the young and inexperienced in the life of the lion. The elder brother in the absence of parents was his friend and mentor.

To pay for debts, it was necessary to reduce their expenses to a minimum - and in the spring of 1851, thick thoroughly left Moscow to the Caucasus without a definite goal. Soon he decided to enter military service, but for this he launched the necessary documents left in Moscow, in anticipation of which Tolstoy lived for about five months in Pyatigorsk, in a simple hut. He spent a significant part of the time on the hunt, in the society of the Cossack Bishk, the prototype of one of the heroes of the story of "Cossacks", which appears under the name of the Eroshki.

In the fall of 1851, Tolstoy, passing the exam in Tiflis, entered the junker in the 4th battery of the 20th artillery brigade, which was standing in the Cossack Stanza Stanogladovskaya on the banks of the Terek, under Kizlyar. With some changes, it is depicted in the story "Cossacks". The story reproduces the picture of the inner life of the young Barin fled from the Moscow life. In the Cossack Stanitsa Tolstoy again began to write and in July 1852 sent the first part of the future autobiographical trilogy as the first part of the future autobiographical trilogy to the editorial office at the time of the magazine - "Childhood", signed only by the initials "L. N. T. ". When sending a manuscript to the magazine, Lion Tolstoy attached a letter in which it was said: " ... I look forward to your sentence. He or will encourage me to continue his favorite classes, or will make it burn everything started».

Having received a manuscript "Childhood", the editor of the "contemporary" N. A. Nekrasov immediately recognized her literary value and wrote a courteous letter to the author who had a very encouraging manner. In a letter I. S. Turgenev Nekrasov noted: "This is a new talent and, it seems reliable." The manuscript is still an unknown author published in September of the same year. Meanwhile, the novice and inspired by the author began to continue the tetralogy "Four Epochs of Development", the last part of which is "youth" - never took place. He pondered the Stabul "Morning landlord" (the finished story was only a fragment of the "Roman of the Russian landowner"), "Raid", "Cossacks". Printed in the "Contemporary" on September 18, 1852, "Childhood" had an extreme success; After the author's publication, immediately began to rank with a young literary school cinder, along with the loudness of I. S. Turgenev, Goncharov, D. V. Grigorov, Island, and Ostrovsky. Critics Apollo Grigoriev, Annenkov, Druzhinin, Chernyshevsky rated the depth of psychological analysis, seriousness of copyright intentions and bright convexity of realism.

A relatively late start of the field is very characteristic of Tolstoy: He never considered himself a professional writer, understanding the professionalism not in the sense of the profession that gives the means to life, but in the sense of the prevalence of literary interests. He did not take the interests of literary parties close to the heart, reluctantly talked about literature, preferring conversations about the issues of faith, morality, public relations.

Military service

Being a Junker, Lev Nikolayevich remained two years in the Caucasus, where he participated in many shoes with the mountaineers, headed by Shamil, and was subjected to the dangers of military Caucasian life. He had the right to the St. George Cross, however, in accordance with his beliefs "lost" his colleague-soldier, having considered that a significant facilitation of the conditioning conditions of the colleague is above personal vanity. With the beginning of the Crimean War, Tolstoy turned into the Danube army, participated in the battle at Oltenice and in the siege of the Silistria, and from November 1854, at the end of August 1855 he was in Sevastopol.

Stela in the memory of the Defense Member of Sevastopol 1854-1855. L. N. Tolstoy in the fourth bastion

For a long time, I lived on the 4th bastion, often subjected to attacks, commanded the battery in the battle of black, was when bombarded during the assault of Malakhov Kurgan. Tolstoy, despite all the everyday and horrors of the siege, at that time wrote the story of the Rubbing of the Forest, which reflected Caucasian impressions, and the first of three "Sevastopol stories" - "Sevastopol in December 1854". He sent this story to the contemporary. He was quickly published and read with interest to all Russia, making an amazing impression of the picture of the horrors who dropped out the defenders of Sevastopol. The story was noticed by the Russian Emperor Alexander II; He ordered to take care of the darisy officer.

During the lifetime of Emperor Nikolai I, Tolstoy assumed to publish with artillery officers " cheap and popular»Magazine" Military List ", but the project of the magazine Tolstoy could not be implemented:" For the project, my sovereign emperor did the emperor elected to allow us to print articles in the "disabled"", - bitterly Ironized Tolstoy about this.

For finding during bombardment on the Yazonovsky Forest Fourth Bastion, Cooling and Regulatory.

From the presentation to the Order of St. Anne 4th Art.

For the defense of Sevastopol, Tolstoy was awarded the Order of St. Anne 4th degree with the inscription "For courage", medals "For the protection of Sevastopol 1854-1855" and "In memory of the war 1853-1856" Subsequently, he was awarded to two medals "in memory of the 50th anniversary of the protection of Sevastopol": silver as a participant in the defense of Sevastopol and Bronze as the author of "Sevastopol stories".

Tolstoy, using the reputation of a brave officer and surrounded by the brilliance of fame, had all the chances of his career. Nevertheless, his career turned out to be spoiled by writing several satirical songs stylized under the soldiers. One of these songs was devoted to the failure during the battle at the river in the Black 4 (16) of August 1855, when General Read, incorrectly understood the orders of the commander-in-chief, attacked Fedyukhin heights. A song called "As the fourth number, we are not necessary to select the mountain," the whole range of important generals, which had a huge success. For her, Lev Nikolayevich had to keep the answer before the assistant chief of headquarters A. A. Yakimakh. Immediately after the assault on August 27 (September 8), Tolstoy was sent by the courier to St. Petersburg, where he graduated from "Sevastopol in May 1855" And he wrote "Sevastopol in August 1855", published in the first issue of the "contemporary" for 1856 already with the full signature of the author. "Sevastopol stories" finally strengthened his reputation as a representative of a new literary generation, and in November 1856 a writer forever leaves military service in the rank of lieutenant.

Traveling in Europe

In St. Petersburg, the young writer was welcomed in the Great Salons and in Literary Circles. He was closest to I. S. Turgenev, with whom they lived on one apartment for some time. Turgenev presented it in the conjunction of the "contemporary", after which the Tolstoy had friendly relations with such well-known writers as N. A. Nekrasov, I. S. Goncharov, I. I. Panayev, D. V. Grigorovich, A. V. Druzhinin, V. A. Sologub.

At this time, "Misel", "Two Husar" were written, "Sevastopol in August" and "Youth" was completed, the writing of future "Cossacks" was continued.

However, the fun and saturated life left a bitter precipitate in the soul of Tolstoy, at the same time he began with a strong disorder with a close-up of writers. As a result, "People aphibited by him, and he himself exposed himself" - and in early 1857 Tolstoy left St. Petersburg and went on a journey.

In the first foreign trip, he visited Paris, where the cult of Napoleon I was horrified ("Correction of the villain, terrible), at the same time he visited the balls, museums, admired the" sense of social freedom. " However, the presence on guillotine produced such a serious impression that Tolstoy left Paris and went to the places associated with the French writer and thinker J.-H. Rousseau - on the Lake Geneva. In the spring of 1857, I. S. Turgenev described his meetings with Lv's Tolstoy in Paris after a sudden departure from St. Petersburg:

« Indeed, Paris does not at all fall in his spiritual building; Strange he is a man, I have not met such and I do not quite understand. A mixture of poet, Calvinist, Fanatik, Barich - something resembling Rousseau, but more honestly Rousseau - highly moral and at the same time a non-fair creature».

I. S. Turgenev, full. Cathedral cit. and letters. Letters, t. III, p. 52.

Trips in Western Europe - Germany, France, England, Switzerland, Italy (in 1857 and 1860-1861) made a negative impression on it. He expressed his disappointment in the European lifestyle in the story "Lucerne". Disappointment Tolstoy caused a deep contrast between wealth and poverty, which he managed to consider through the magnificent appearance of European culture.

Lev Nikolayevich writes the story "Albert". At the same time, friends do not cease to be surprised by His County: In his letter I. S. Turgenev, in the fall of 1857 P. V. Annenkov told the project Tolstoy for the appearance of all Russia forests, and in his letter V.P. Botkin Lion Tolstoy reported, as he was very happy That which was not only the writer, contrary to the advice of Turgenev. However, in the interval between the first and second trips, the writer continued to work on the "Cossacks", wrote a story "Three Death" and Roman "Family happiness".

Russian writers circle magazine "Contemporary". I. A. Goncharov, I. S. Turgenev, L. N. Tolstoy, D. V. Grigorovich, A. V. Druzhinin and A. N. Ostrovsky. February 15, 1856 Photo S. L. Levitsky

The last novel was published in the "Russian Bulletin" Mikhail Katkova. The collaboration of Tolstoy with the magazine "Contemporary", lasting since 1852, ended in 1859. In the same year, Tolstoy took part in the organization of the Literary Fund. But his life was not exhausted by literary interests: December 22, 1858, he almost died at the bear hunt.

Approximately at the same time he had a novel with the peasant of Aksigni Bazychina, marry plans.

In the next trip, he was interested in mainly popular education and institutions that are aimed at raising the educational level of the working population. The issues of public education, he intently studied in Germany and France and theoretically, and practically - in conversations with specialists. From the outstanding people of Germany, Bertold Auerbakh was most interested in him as the author of the people dedicated to the people's life of "Schwarzvalian stories" and as a publisher of folk calendars. Tolstoy himself a visit and tried to get close to him. In addition, he also met with the German teacher dysterweg. During his stay in Brussels, Tolstoy met Proudhon and a Leleshel. In London, I visited A. I. Herzen, was at the lecture of Charles Dickens.

The serious mood of Tolstoy During the second journey in the south of France, it was also facilitated by the fact that his favorite brother Nicholas died from tuberculosis almost in his hands. The death of his brother made a huge impression on a thick.

Gradually, the criticism of the years 10-12 goes to Lion Tolstoy, until the very appearance of "war and peace", and he himself did not strive for rapprochement with the writers, making an exception only for Afanasius Feta. One of the reasons for this alienation consisted in a laminating of Lion Tolstoy with Turgenev, which occurred at a time when both prose was visiting Feta in the estate of Stepanovka in May 1861. The quarrel almost ended in duel and spoiled relations between writers for many 17 years.

Treatment in the Bashkir Korans

In May 1862, Lev Nikolayevich, suffering from depression, on the recommendation of the doctors went to the Bashkir Khutor Karalyk, Samara Province to be treated with new and fashionable at the time by Katurity. Initially, he was going to be in the katubenitsa Postnikov not far from Samara, but, having learned that at the same time a lot of high-ranking officials had to come (the secular society that the young graph could not stand), went to the Bashkir Koral Karlyc, on the Karalyk River, at 130 versts from Samara. There, Tolstoy lived in the Bashkir Chibeque (Yurt), he fed on lamb, took the sun bath, drank koumiss, tea, and also entertained with Bashkirs playing checkers. For the first time he stayed there a month and a half. In 1871, when he already wrote a "war and peace", he again came there due to the deterioration of health. He wrote about his impressions like this: " Tosca and indifference passed, I feel coming to the Scythian state, and everything is interesting and new ... New and interesting, much: both Bashkirs, from which Herodot smells, and Russian men, and villages, especially adorable on the simplicity and kindness of the people».

Fascinated by the caraal, Tolstoy bought the estate in these places, and the next summer, he spent 1872 with the whole family in him.

Pedagogical activity

In 1859, even before the liberation of peasants, Tolstoy actively engaged in the school of schools in his Casual Polyana and in the whole of Krapivsky.

The Yasnocation School belonged to the number of original pedagogical experiments: in the era of worship before the German pedagogical school, Tolstoy strongly rebelled against any regulation and discipline at school. According to his thoughts, everything in teaching should be individually - both the teacher, and the student, and their mutual relations. In the Yasnocation School, children sat, who wanted, who wanted how much and who wanted. There was no definite teaching program. The only task of the teacher was to interest the class. Classes went successfully. They were tolly himself with the help of several regular teachers and several random, from the nearest friends and visitors.

L. N. Tolstoy, 1862. Photo M. B. Tulinova. Moscow

Since 1862, Tolstoy began to publish the pedagogical magazine "Clear Polyana", where he himself was the chief employee. Without testing the vocation of the publisher, Tolstoy managed to release only 12 issues of the journal, the last of which appeared with the lag in 1863. In addition to the theoretical articles, he also wrote a number of stories, fables and arrangements adapted for primary school. United, pedagogical articles of Tolstoy compiled a whole volume of collections of its writings. At one time they remained unnoticed. On the sociological basis of the ideas of Tolstoy on education, the fact that the tolstoy in the formation, science, art and success of the technique only saw the facilitated and improved methods of exploitation of the people with high-grades, no one paid attention. Not only: from the attacks of Tolstoy to European education and "progress", many have concluded that Tolstoy - "Conservative".

Soon Tolstoy left the classes in pedagogy. The marriage, the birth of own children, plans associated with writing the novel "War and Peace", for ten years pushed his pedagogical events for ten years. Only in the early 1870s, he began to create his own "alphabet" and published it in 1872, and then released a "new alphabet" and a series of four "Russian books for reading", approved as a result of long weary by the Ministry of Folk Enlightenment as a manual For primary educational institutions. In the early 1870s, training sessions in the Yasopolyan school again recovered for a short time.

The experience of the Yaspolyansky school was subsequently useful to some domestic educators. So S. T. Shatsky, creating in 1911 his own colony "Cheerful Life", was repelled from the experiments of Lion Tolstoy in the field of pedagogy of cooperation.

Social activities in the 1860s

Upon returning from Europe in May 1861, L. N. Tolstoy was offered to become the world mediator in the 4th plot of the Historns of the Tula province. Unlike those who looked at the people as the younger brother, which should be raised to themselves, Tolstoy thought on the contrary, that the people are infinitely higher than the cultural classes and that the gentlemen should borrow the heights of the spirit from men, so he, having accepted the post of mediator, actively defended land The interests of the peasants, often disturbing the royal decrees. "Mediation is interesting and fascinating, but it's not good that the nobility has hated me with all the power of the soul and suck me des Bâtons Dans Les Roues (Fr. Pickles in the Wheel) on all sides." The work by the mediator expanded the circle of observing the writer over the life of the peasants, giving him a material for artistic creativity.

In July 1866, Tolstoy spoke at the military-field court as a defender of Vasil Shabunin, a regular writer who standing near the clear glade of the Moscow Infantry Regiment. Shabunin hit an officer who ordered to punish him with rods for drunk. Tolstoy argued the insaneness of the Shabunin, but the court recognized him guilty and sentenced to the death penalty. Shabunin was shot. This episode made a big impression on Tolstoy, as he saw a merciless force in this terrible phenomenon, which was represented by a state based on violence. On this occasion, he wrote to his friend P. I. Biryukov:

« This case had much more influence on all my life than all the developing events of life: loss or correction of the state, successes or failure in the literature, even the loss of loved ones».

Flowering creativity

L. N. Tolstoy (1876)

During the first 12 years after marriage, he created a "war and peace" and "Anna Karenina". At the turn of this second era of the literary life of Tolstoy, there are still conceived in 1852 and completed in 1861-1862 "Cossacks", the first of the works in which the talent of mature fat was most realized.

The main interest of creativity for Tolstoy manifested in the "history" of characters, in their continuous and complex movement, development" His goal was to show the ability of the personality to moral growth, improvement, confrontation between the environment in support for the strength of his own soul.

"War and Peace"

The exit "War and the World" was preceded by the work on the novel "Decembrists" (1860-1861), to which the author has repeatedly returned, but which remained unfinished. And the share of "war and the world" fell unprecedented success. An excerpt from the novel called "1805" appeared in the Russian Bulletin of 1865; In 1868, three parts came out, followed by the rest of two soon. The first four volumes of the "War and Mira" quickly dispersed, and it took the second edition, which was released in October 1868. The fifth and sixth volume of Roman came out in one edition, printed already enlarged circulation.

"War and Peace" became a unique phenomenon both in Russian and foreign literature. This work has absorbed the whole depth and innercity of the psychological novel with a scope and multifigiousness of the epic fresco. The writer, according to V. Ya. Lakshin, turned "to the special state of the people's consciousness in the heroic time of 1812, when people from different layers of the population united in the resistance of foreign invasion", which, in turn, "created the soil for the epic."

National Russian features the author showed in " hidden heat of patriotism", In disgusting to the swollen heroic, in a quiet faith in justice, in the modest dignity and courage of ordinary soldiers. He depicted a war of Russia with Napoleonic troops as a nationwide war. The epic style of the work is transmitted through the completeness and plasticity of the image, branching and crossing of fate, incomparable paintings of Russian nature.

Tolstoy's novel is widely represented a variety of seats of society, from emperors and kings to soldiers, all ages and all temperatures in the space of the reign of Alexander I.

Tolstoy was pleased with his own work, but already in January 1871 he sent A. A. Fetu letter: "How happy I am ... What to write a crowded kind of" war "I will never be more". However, hardly Tolstoy crossed the importance of its preceding creations. To the question of Tokutomi Rock in 1906, what kind of work Tolstoy loves the most, the writer replied: "Roman" War and World "".

"Anna Karenina"

An equally dramatic and serious work was a novel about the tragic love "Anna Karenina" (1873-1876). Unlike previous work, there is no place in it infinitely happy to exercise by the bliss of being. In almost autobiographical Roman, Levin and Kitty are still joyful experiences, but in the image of family life, there are already more bitterness, and in the unfortunate conclusion of the love of Anna Karenina and the Vronsky, so much anxiety of mental life that this novel is essentially a transition to the third period of the literary activity of Tolstoy, dramatic.

It is less than the simplicity and clarity of spiritual movements, characteristic of the heroes of "War and Peace", more acute sensitivity, inner alerts and anxiety. The characters of the main characters are more complex and sophisticated. The author sought to show the finest nuances of love, disappointment, jealousy, despair, spiritual enlightenment.

Problems of this product directly led to the ideological pharmaceutical over the 1870s.

Other works

Waltz, painted by Tolstoy and recorded S. I. Taneyev on February 10, 1906

In March 1879, in Moscow, Lion Tolstoy met Vasiliy Petrovich Scheggolsky, and in the same year, at his invitation, he came to a clear clearing, where he stayed for about a month and a half. Just tustomy a lot of people's testes, epic and legends, of which more than twenty were recorded with Tolstoy (these records were printed in t. XLVIII anniversary edition of the compositions of thick), and the plots of some Tolstoy, if not recorded on paper, I remembered: Six-written thick works have a source of the stories of a shank (1881 - " What people are alive", 1885 -" Two old man"And" Three elders", 1905 -" Roots of Vasilyev"And" Prayer", 1907 -" Old man in church"). In addition, Tolstoy has diligently recorded a lot of sayings, proverbs, individual expressions and words told by a pike.

A new Mirosoznaya Tolstoy most fully expressed in his works "Confession" (1879-1880, published in 1884) and "What is my faith?" (1882-1884). The theme of the Christian start of love, devoid of any self-towering and towering on the love of sensual in the fight against the flesh, Tolstoy dedicated the story of "Crazcera Sonata" (1887-1889, published in 1891) and "Devil" (1889-1890, published in 1911). In the 1890s, trying to theoretically justify their views on art, he writes the treatise "What is art?" (1897-1898). But his novel "Resurrection" became the main artistic work of those years (1889-1899), the plot of which was founded on a true judicial case. The sharp criticism of church rituals in this work was one of the reasons for the oscillance of Tolstoy Holy Synod from the Orthodox Church in 1901. The highest achievements of the early 1900s became the story "Haji Murat" and the drama "Live Corpse". In Hadji Murate, the despotism of Shamil and Nicholas I. In the story Tolstoy glorified the courage of the struggle, the power of resistance and love for life. The play "Live Corpse" was evidence of new artistic quest for Tolstoy, objectively close to Chekhov drama.

Literary criticism of the works of Shakespeare

In his critical essay "About Shakespeare and Drama" on the basis of a detailed analysis of some of the most popular works of Shakespeare, in particular, "King Lear", "Othello", "Falstafa", "Hamlet", etc., Tolstoy sharply criticized the ability of Shakespeare Like playwright. At the representation of "Gamlet" he experienced " special suffering" for this " fake artwork».

Participation in the Moscow Census

L. N. Tolstoy in youth, maturity, old age

L. N. Tolstoy took part in the Moscow census of 1882. He wrote about it like this: "I offered to take advantage of the census in order to learn poverty in Moscow and help her work and money, and to make the poor not in Moscow."

Tolstoy believed that for society the interest and meaning of the census is that it gives him a mirror in which you want, do not want, all the society and each of us will look. He chose himself one of the most difficult plots, flowing alley, where there was an overnight stay, among the Moscow Golitties, this gloomy two-story building was called "Rzhanova Fortress". Having received the order of the Duma, Tolstoy A few days before the census began to bypass the site according to the plan, which he was issued. Indeed, a dirty surgent, filled in lowered by the most diverse, desperate people, served as a thick mirror, reflected the terrible poverty of the people. Under the fresh impression of the seen, L. N. Tolstoy wrote his famous article "On the census in Moscow". In this article, he pointed out that the purpose of the census was scientific, and was a sociological study.

Despite the census targets declared, the population with suspicion belonged to this event. On this occasion, Tolstoy wrote: " When we were explained that the people had already found out about bypassing apartments and leave, we asked the owner to locate the gate, and they themselves went to the courtyard to persuade the leaving people" Lev Nikolayevich hoped to call in rich sympathy for urban poverty, collect money, to gain people who want to promote this case and together with the census pass all the doors of poverty. In addition to fulfilling the duties of the correspondence, the writer wanted to enter into communication with the unfortunate, learn the details of their needs and help them with money and work, expulsion from Moscow, the premises of children to schools, old people and the old women in shelters and alone.

In Moscow

As Moscow writes, Alexander Vaskin, Lev Tolstoy came to Moscow for more than one hundred and fifty times.

The general impressions made by him from acquaintance with Moscow Life were usually negative, and the reviews about the social situation in the city are sharply critical. So, on October 5, 1881, he recorded in his diary:

"Stenach, stones, luxury, poverty. Debauchery. The villains that robbed people were gathered, they scored the soldiers, judges to protect their orgy. And feather. The people have nothing more to do, as, using the passions of these people, to lure the looted back. "

Many buildings have been preserved, associated with the life and creativity of the writer, on the streets of the stall, Sivtsi eneseek, Vozdvizhenka, Tverskaya, Nizhny Kislovsky Lane, Smolensky Boulevard, agricultural alley, Voznesensky alley and, finally, long-throat lane (Sovr. Lion Tolstoy Street) and others. Often there was a writer and in the Kremlin, where his wife's family lived - Berse. Tolstoy loved to walk in Moscow on foot, and even in winter. The last time the writer came to Moscow in 1909.

In addition, on the street Vozdvizhenka, 9, there was a house of Grandfather of Lion Nikolayevich - Prince Nikolai Sergeevich Volkonsky, bought by him in 1816 in Praskovi Vasilyevna Muravyova-Apostol (Daughters of Language General V. V. Groshetsky, who built this house, Writer's wife Senator I. M. Muravyov-Apostol, the mother of three brothers of the Decembrists of the Muravyovy-Apostles). Prince Volkonsky owned the house for five years, why the house is also known in Moscow as the main house of the estate of the princes Volkonsky or as the "House of Bologkoe". The house describes L. N. Tolstoy as the house of Pierre Probrazova. Lero Nikolayevich this house was well a sign - he often visited here young on the balls, where he cared for the adorable prince Praskov Schcherbatova: " With boredom and drowsiness went to Rumyn, and suddenly he drove me. P [Otkovye] Shi [Yerbatova] Charm. Freshly this was not long ago" The features of the beauty of Praskovia he endowed in Anna Karenina Kiti Shcherbatskaya.

In 1886, 1888 and 1889, L. N. Tolstoy went three times on foot from Moscow to a clear clearing. In the first trip, his companions were a politician Mikhail Stakhovich and Nikolai Ge (Son of the artist N. N. Ge). In the second, Nikolai Ge, and with the second half of the path (from Serpukhov), A. N. Dunaev and S. D. Satent (Publisher's brother) were joined. During the third journey, Leo Nikolayevich accompanied the new friend and like-minded people 25-year-old teacher Evgeny Popov.

Spiritual crisis and preaching

In his work, "Confession" Tolstoy wrote that since the end of the 1870s, he became often to suffer unsolvable issues: " Well, well, you will have 6000 tents in the Samara province - 300 heads of horses, and then?"; In the field of literary: " Well, well, you will be norchal than Gogol, Pushkin, Shakespeare, Moliere, all writers in the world, - Well, well!" Beginning to think about raising children, he asked himself: " what for?"; arguing " about how people can achieve welfare", is he " suddenly spoke to myself: what is your business?"In general, he" i felt that what he was standing on, was waiting that what he lived, no longer" Natural result was the thought of suicide:

« I, happy man, hid the lace from myself, so as not to hang on the crossbar between the cabinets in my room, where I was one every day, undressing, and stopped walking with a rifle to hunt, so as not to be seduced too easy way to get rid of myself from life. I myself did not know what I want: I was afraid of life, I sought away from it and, meanwhile, was still hoping for her ".

Lion Tolstoy at the opening of the People's Library of the Moscow Society of Literacy in the village of Clear Polyana. Photo by A. I. Savelyev

To find an answer to the constantly exciting questions and doubts, Tolstoy first of all took up the study of theology and wrote and published in 1891 his "study of dogmatic theology" in Geneva, which criticized the "Orthodox-Dogmatic theology" of Metropolitan Makaria (Bulgakov). He led conversations with priests and monks, went to the elders to Optio deserts (in 1877, 1881 and 1890), read theological treatises, talked with an older Amvrosim, K.N. Leontiev, a hot opponent of Tolstoy's teachings. In a letter to T. I. Philippov dated March 14, 1890, Leontyev reported that during this conversation he said Tolstoy: "Sorry, Lev Nikolaevich, that I have little fanaticism. And it would be necessary to write to St. Petersburg, where I have connections so that you are expelled to Tomsk and so that you do not even allow you to attended you, and in order to send you a little. And then you are positively harmful. " To this, Lion Nikolayevich exclaimed with fervor: "Golubka, Konstantin Nikolaevich! Write, for the sake of God, so that I was exiled. This is my dream. I do everything possible to compromise myself in the eyes of the government, and everything comes with my hands. Please write you. " In order to explore the original sources of Christian teachings in the original, studied the ancient Greek and Hebrew languages \u200b\u200b(in the study of the latter, the Moscow Rabbi Shlomo Minor helped him. At the same time, he looked at the Old Believers, got close to the peasant preacher Vasily Suteayev, talked with Molokanov, Studdists. Lev Nikolayevich was looking for the meaning of life in the study of philosophy, in acquaintance with the results of the exact sciences. He tried to simplify as much as possible, live a life close to nature and agricultural life.

Gradually, Tolstoy refuses whims and facilities of a rich life (caressitution), a lot is engaged in physical labor, dresses in simple clothes, becomes a vegetarian, gives the family all its major fortune, refuses the rights of literary property. On the soil of a sincere desire for moral improvement, the third period of literary activity of Tolstoy is created, the feature of which is the denial of all established forms of state, social and religious life.

At the beginning of the reign of Alexander III, Tolstoy appealed to the Emperor asking for the pardon of the Tsarubyts in the spirit of the Gospel All Statement. From September 1882, a unlawful supervision is established for it to clarify relations with the sectarians; In September 1883, he refuses to fulfill the duties of the jury, motivating the refusal of incompatibility with its religious worldview. Then he received a ban on a public speech in connection with the death of Turgenev. Gradually, the ideas of housing begin to penetrate society. At the beginning of 1885, a precedent with a military service with reference to the religious beliefs of Tolstoy takes place in Russia. A significant part of Tolstoy views could not receive an open expression in Russia and was in full swinging only in foreign publications of his religious social treatments.

In relation to artistic works of Tolstoy, written during this period, there was no unanimity. So, in a long number of small ages and legends intended mainly for popular reading ("what people are alive", etc.), Tolstoy, according to their unconditional fans, achieved the top of the artistic power. At the same time, according to people who reproach Tolstoy, that he from the artist turned into a preacher, these artistic teachings written with a definite goal were grossly tendentious. High and terrible truth of the "death of Ivan Ilyich", according to fans, putting this work in one row with the main works of the genius of Tolstoy, in the opinion of others, deliberately tough, in it sharply emphasized the delicious higher layers of society to show the moral superiority of a simple "kitchen man "Gerasima. Opposite reviews caused "Crazcera Sonata" (written in 1887-1889, published in 1890) - An analysis of the married relationship made to forget about the amazing brightness and passionism, with which this story is written. The work was prohibited by censorship, it was able to printed thanks to the efforts of S. A. Tolstoy, who achieved a date with Alexander III. As a result, the story was published in a trimmed censorship in the collection of works of Tolstoy for personal resolution of the king. Alexander III was satisfied with the story, but the queen was shocked. But the people's drama "Power of Darkness", according to the fans of Tolstoy, became the great manifestation of his artistic strength: In the close framework of ethnographic reproduction of the Russian peasant life, Tolstoy managed to accommodate so many universal features that the drama with colossal success bypassed all the scenes of the world.

L. N. Tolstoy and his assistants constitute lists of peasants in need of help. From left to right: P. I. Biryukov, G. I. Raevsky, P. I. Raevsky, L. N. Tolstoy, I. I. Raevsky, A. M. Novikov, A. V. Tsinger, T. L. Tolstaya . Village Beguichevka Ryazan province. Photo P. F. Samarina, 1892

During hunger 1891-1892. Tolstoy organized in the Ryazan province agencies of the starving and needy. They were open 187 tables in which 10 thousand people were fed, as well as several dining rooms for children, distribution of firewood, the issuance of seeds and potatoes for sowing, bought and distributed horse farmers (almost all farms were depleted in a hungry year), in the form of donations Almost 150,000 rubles were collected.

The treatise "The Kingdom of God within you ..." was written in thick with small breaks for almost 3 years: from July 1890 to May 1893 the treatise, which caused the admiration of Critica V. V. Stasov (" first book of the XIX century") And I. E. Repin (" this thing is terrifying") It was impossible to publish in Russia because of censorship, and he was published abroad. The book began to illegally spread in a huge number of copies in Russia. In the very same Russian, the first legal edition appeared in July 1906, but after that it was withdrawn from the sale. The treatise was incorporated into the collected works of Tolstoy, published in 1911, after his death.

In the last major work, the "Resurrection" novel, published in 1899, Tolstoy condemned the judicial practice and the Great Lights of life, the clergy and worship portrayed the prisoner and connected with secular power.

December 6, 1908 Tolstoy recorded in the diary: " People love me for those trifles - "War and Peace", etc., which they seem very important».

In the summer of 1909, one of the visitors of the Casual Polyana expressed his delight and thanks for the creation of the "war and the world" and "Anna Karenina". Tolstoy answered: " It's like something came to Edison and would say: "I am very respecting you for what you are well dancing Mazurka." I attribute the importance to completely different my books (religious!)" In the same year, Tolstoy as described the role of its artistic works: " They attract attention to my serious things».

Some critics of the last stage of the literary activity of Tolstoy said that it was affected by the prevalence of theoretical interests and that creativity now for that only needs to be fat to ensure the propaganda of his socio-religious views. On the other hand, Vladimir Nabokov, for example, denies the presence of thick preaching concrete and notes that the strength and the universal meaning of his creativity have nothing to do with politics and simply displaces his doctrine: " In essence, a thick-thinker has always occupied only two topics: life and death. And these thus will avoid the artist" The opinion was expressed that in his work "What is art?" Tolstaya part completely denies and partly significantly diminishes the artistic meaning of Dante, Raphael, Goethe, Shakespeare, Beethoven, and others, he directly comes to the conclusion that " the more we give up beauty, the more we are moving away from good", Arguing the priority of the moral component of creativity over aesthetics.

Excommunication

After birth, Lion Tolstoy was baptized in Orthodoxy. Like most representatives of the educated society of their time, in his youth and youth, he was indifferent to religious issues. But when he was 27 years old, the next entry appears in his diary:

« Talking about the Divine and faith brought me to the great, huge thought, the implementation of which I feel capable of devoting life. This thought is the basis of a new religion corresponding to the development of mankind, the religion of Christ, but purified from faith and mystery, the religion of a practical, which does not promise the future of bliss, but gives bliss on earth».

In 40 years, having achieved great success in literary activities, writing glory, well-being in family life and an outstanding position in society, he begins to feel a sense of meaningless life. He is pursued by the thoughts on suicide, which seemed to him "way out of strength and energy." The exit offered by faith, he did not take it, it seemed to him "denial of mind." Later, Tolstoy saw the manifestations of truth in folk life and experienced the desire to connect with the faith of a simple people. For this purpose, during the year, he keeps posts, participates in worship services and performs rites of the Orthodox Church. But the main thing in this faith was the memory of the event of the resurrection, the reality of which Tolstoy, according to his own recognition, and during this period of his life "could not imagine." And he "tried to do not think about many more things to not deny." First after many years, the communion brought him an unforgettable painful feeling. The last time Tolstoy was partitioned in April 1878, after that he stops participating in church life due to complete disappointment in the church faith. The second half of 1879 was swivel aside by the teaching of the Orthodox Church, the second half of 1879 was. In 1880-1881, Tolstoy writes "Four-Genuine: Connection and Translation of Four Gospels", fulfilling his old desire to give the world to faith without superstitions and naive dreams, remove from the sacred texts of Christianity what he considered a lie. Thus, in the 1880s, it became on the position of the unequivocal denial of church creed. The publication of some works of Tolstoy was prohibited both spiritual and secular censorship. In 1899, a novel of Tolstoy "Resurrection" came out, in which the author showed the lives of various social layers of modern Russia; The clergy was depicted mechanically and abruptly performing rites, and some of the Cold and Cynic Toporovs were taken for the caricature on K. P. Pobedonossev, the Ober-Prosecutor of the Holy Synod.

There are various estimates of the lion of lion Tolstoy. The opinion is common according to which the practice of supporting, vegetarianism, physical labor and wide charity is the sincere expression of his exercise in relation to their own life. Along with this there are critics of a writer who doubt the seriousness of his moral position. The denying state, he continued to enjoy many class privileges of the highest layer of aristocracy. The transfer of the management wife to the estate, according to critics, is also far from "rejection of the property." John Kronstadt saw in "Noncompatacy and scattered, celebrating with the adventures of life in the summer of youth" the source of the "radical worm" of the graph of Tolstoy. He denied the church interpretations of immortality and rejected church authority; He did not recognize the state in the rights, as it is built (in his opinion) on violence and coercion. He criticized the church doctrine, which, in his understanding, is that " life, what is here on earth, with all its joys, beauty, with all the struggle of the mind against darkness, - the life of all people who lived before me, all my life with my inner struggle and victories of the mind is not a true life, but the life of the fallen , hopelessly spoiled; Life is true, sinless - in faith, that is, in the imagination, that is, in madness" Lion Tolstoy was not agreed with the teachings of the church that a person from his birth was vicious and sinful, because, in his opinion, such a doctrine " under the root hop all that there is a better in nature" Seeing how the Church quickly lost its influence on the people, the writer, according to K. N. Lomunova came to the conclusion: " Everything is alive - regardless of the church».

In February 1901, the Synod finally bent to the thought of the public condemnation of Tolstoy and about the announcement of him outside the church. Metropolitan Anthony (Vadkovsky) played an active role. As it is in camera furser journals, February 22, the victorious was Nicholas II in the Winter Palace and talked with him about an hour. Some historians believe that the victorious officers arrived at the king directly from the Synod with a finished definition.

February 24 (Art. Art.) 1901 in the official body of the Synod "Church statements, publishing with the Holy Governing Synod" was published " Defining the Holy Synod of February 20-22, 1901 No. 557, with the message of the right chadam Orthodoxy Grekorossiyskiy Church about the column of Lion Tolstoy».

<…> The famous world writer, Russian by birth, Orthodox on baptism and upbringing his own, Count Tolstoy, in the grace of the proud mind of his, boldly rebelled on the Lord and on Christ His and His His His property, obviously, before everyone, he fed from the fourth and cultivated his mother, church Orthodox, and dedicated his literary activities and given to him from God the talent for spreading the people of teachings, nasty Christ and the Church, and for extermination in the minds and hearts of the people of Faith faith, faith of Orthodox, who approved the Universe, who lived and saved our ancestors and to which Delightl held and strong was Russia Holy.

In his writings and letters, in a set of scattered and his students throughout the light, especially within the limits of our fatherland, he preaches, with the jealousness of the fanatics, the notification of all the dogmas of the Orthodox Church and the most essence of the Faith of Christian; rejects personal Livago God, in the Holy Trinity of the Holy Trinity, the Creator and Springtale of the Universe, denies the Lord Jesus Christ - Bogochelovka, the Redeemer and the Savior of the World, which affected us for the sake of the people and our sake of salvation and resurrected from the dead, denies the mustache Christmas and Merry Christmas, the Mary's Mary's Mary, does not recognize the afterlife and Mzvozda, rejects all the sacraments of the church and the fertile effect of the Holy Spirit and, swearing the most sacred objects of the faith of the Orthodox people, did not shudder to subjected to the moon of the greatest of the sacraments, the Holy Eucharist. All this preaches Count Tolstoy continuously, in the word and scripture, to the temptation and horror of the entire Orthodox world, and the wrong, but obviously before everyone, deliberately and deliberately spin himself from all communication with the Orthodox Church.

The former attempts were not crowned with his success. Therefore, the church does not consider him his member and cannot consider, he does not repeal and will not restore his communication with her.<…> Therefore, testifying to the disappearance of him from the church, together and pray, let the Lord give him repentance to the mind of truth (2nd. 2:25). Molimti, the merciful Lord, not at least the death of sinners, hear and nice and turn him to the Holy Church. Amen.

From the point of view of theologian, the solution of the Synod relative to Tolstoy is not a curse of the writer, but the statement of the fact that he is no longer a member of the church at his own desire. Anathema, meaning for believers, a complete prohibition of any communication is not performed against Tolstoy. In the Synodal Act of February 20-22, it was said that Tolstoy could return to the church if he brought repentance. Metropolitan Anthony (Vadkovsky), which was at that time the first member of Holy Synod, wrote Sophie Andreevna Tolstoy: "All Russia grieves about your husband, we are mournful. Do not believe those who say that we achieve his repentance with political goals. " Nevertheless, the environment of the writer and a sympathetic part of the public considered that this definition is an unreasonably cruel act. The writer himself was clearly annoyed. When Tolstoy arrived at the Optio desert, to the question of why he did not go to the elders, he replied that he could not go, because he was excommunicated.

In "Answer the Synod", Lion Tolstoy confirmed his gap with the church: " The fact that I was moving away from the church, calling himself an Orthodox, it is quite fair. But I'm not from it because I risen on the Lord, but on the contrary, just because I wanted to serve him with all the power of the soul" Tolstoy objected to him in defining the Synod of the accusations: " The Synod Resolution generally has many drawbacks. It is illegal or deliberately ambiguous; It is arbitrarily unreasonable, unlikely and, moreover, contains slander and incitement to ill feelings and actions" In the text of the "Synod Answer", Tolstoy reveals in detail these theses, recognizing a number of significant discrepancies between the dogmas of the Orthodox Church and his own understanding of the teachings of Christ.

Synodal definition caused a perturbation of a certain part of society; Numerous letters and telegrams with expressions of sympathy and support passed to Tolstoy. At the same time, this definition provoked the flow of letters and from another part of society - with threats and brands. The religious preaching activity of Tolstoy was criticized from the Orthodox positions long before its oscillation. Extremely sharply appreciated, for example, Saint Feofan Reasanizer:

« In his scriptures - Hula on God, on Christ the Lord, in St. Church and its sacraments. He is the destroyer of the kingdom of truth, the enemy of God, servant Satanin ... This demons of the Son dares to write a new gospel, which is the distortion of the Gospel of the True».

In November 1909, Tolstoy recorded the thought, which pointed to his wide understanding of religion:

« I do not want to be a Christian, as I did not advise and would not want to be Brassists, Buddhists, Confuciusists, Talesist, Mohammedan and others. We must all find, everyone in their faith, what is common to everyone, and, by refusing exclusive, their own, hold on to what is general».

At the end of February 2001, Graph Vladimir Tolstoy, managing the Museum-Manager of the Writer in Casual Polyana, sent a letter to the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Alexy II asking to revise the Synodal definition. In response to a letter in Moscow Patriarchate, they said that the decision on the emission of Lion Tolstoy from the Church, which was rendered exactly 105 years ago, was not possible to revise, since (according to the secretary of the relationship between the Church of Mikhail Dudko), it would be wrong in the absence of a person who was wrong The action of the Church Court is distributed.

Letter L. N. Tolstoy Wife, left before leaving from a clear clearing.

My departure will upset you. I regret it, but understand and believe that I could not do otherwise. My position in the house becomes unbearable. In addition to all of the other, I can't live in the conditions of luxury in which I lived, and I do what we usually make old people of my age: go from worldly life to live in privacy and quiet the last days of your life.

Please understand it and do not go after me if you find out where I am. Such your arrival will only worsen your and my position, but will not change my decision. Thank you for your honest 48-year-old life with me and ask for me to forgive me in everything, than I was to blame for you, just like me, I just say goodbye to you in everything you could be guilty before me. I advise you to make up with the new position in which my departure puts you and not have an unkind feeling against me. If you want to tell me, say Sasha, she will know where I will move to me what you need; To say about where I, she cannot, because I took a promise with it not to tell this anyone.

Lev Tolstoy.

Collect my things and my manuscripts and send me I instructed Sasha.

V.I. Rossinsky. Tolstoy says goodbye to daughter Alexander. Paper, pencil. 1911.

On the night of October 28 (November 10), 1910, L. N. Tolstoy, fulfilling his decision to live in recent years, respectively, by his views, secretly left forever Clear Polyana, accompanied by only his doctor D. P. Makovitsky. At the same time, Tolstoy did not even have a certain plan of action. He started his last journey at Schekino station. On the same day, recreated at the station Gorbachevo to another train, I drove to the city of Belueva Tula province, after - the same, but on the other train station to Kozelsk station, hired a yamchik and headed for the Optio desert, and from there the next day - in Sha Moredinsky The monastery, where met with his sister, Maria Nikolaevna Tolstoy. Later, the daughter of Tolstoy Alexander Lvovna arrived in Shamordino secretly.

On the morning of October 31 (November 13), L. N. Tolstoy and accompanying went from Shamordino to Kozelsk, where the number 12 of Smolensk - Rannburg, next in the eastern direction already approached the train station. Ticket when landing did not have time; I arrived before Belava, purchased tickets to Volovo station, where they intended to transfer to some train, next in the southern direction. The accompanying thick later also testified that there was no dedicated goal. After the meeting, I decided to go to his niece Elena Sergeyevna Denisenko, to Novocherkassk, where they wanted to try to get foreign passports and then go to Bulgaria; If it fails to go to the Caucasus. However, on the road, L. N. Tolstoy felt badly, the cold turned into a bruboral inflammation of the lungs, and the accompanying were forced to interrupt the trip on the same day and put the sick Leo Nikolayevich from the train at the first large station near the settlement. This station was Astapovo (now Lion Tolstoy, Lipetsk region).

The news of the disease of Lion Tolstoy caused a strong stir of both in the highest circles and among the members of Holy Synod. The state of its health and state of affairs was systematically sent to the cipher telegrams by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Moscow Gendarme Railways. An emergency secret meeting of the Synod was convened, at which, on the initiative of the Ober-Prosecutor Lukyanov, the question was raised about the church in case of a sad outcome of the disease of Leo Nikolayevich. But the question has not been solved positively.

Lev Nikolayevich tried to save six doctors, but on their proposals he only answered: " God all arranged" When he was asked what he himself wants himself, he said: " I want no one to bother to me" The last meaningful words he pronounced a few hours before his death to his senior son, who did not manage to disassemble from the excitement, but who heard the doctor Makovitsky, were: " Seryozha ... Truth ... I love a lot, I love everyone ...»

7 (20) November 1910, after a heavy and painful illness (chuckled), on the 83rd year of life, Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy died in the house of the head of the station Ivan Ozolina.

When L. N. Tolstoy came to Optio desert before death, the monastery's igumen and the skittone was the old man of Wormophy. Tolstoy did not dare to go into the skete, and the old man went for him to Astapovo station to give him the opportunity to reconcile with the church. He had the spare holy gifts, and he received the instructions: if the whole word "I repent," he will tell him in a thick whisper to him in his ear, he has the right to swear. But the elder was not allowed to the writer, as his wife did not let him and some of his closest relatives from the number of Orthodox believers.

On November 9, 1910, a few thousand people were gathered in a casual glade on the funeral of Lion Tolstoy. Among the audience were the writers and fans of his creativity, local peasants and Moscow students, as well as representatives of state bodies and local police sent to the Casual Polyana authorities who feared that the farewell ceremony with Tolstoy could be accompanied by counter-government statements, and possibly that even will turn into a demonstration. In addition, in Russia, these were the first public funerals of the famous man who had to go through the Orthodox rite (without priests and prayers, without candles and icons), as the thickness wished himself. The ceremony was peacefully, which was noted in police reports. Following, observing the full order, with quiet singing was performed from the station to the manor of the coffin of Tolstoy. People lined up, silently entered the room for farewell with the body.

On the same day, the newspapers published a resolution of Nicholas II on the report of the Interior Minister about the death of Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy: " Unfortunately regretting the death of the Great Writer, which embodied during the heyday of his dating in the creations of his images of one of the glorious Godin of Russian life. Lord God may be a merciful judge».

November 10 (23), 1910, L. N. Tolstoy was buried in a clear glade, on the edge of the ravine in the forest, where in childhood he was looking for a "green wand" with his brother, which was kept "secret," how to make all the people happy. When the coffin was lowered into the grave, all those present reverend the knees.

In January 1913, a letter of Countess S. A. Tolstoy was published on December 22, 1912, in which she confirmed the news in the press that his span of a certain priest was committed at the grave of her spouse, while she denied rumors about The fact that the priest was unrealistic. In particular, the Countess wrote: " I still declare that Lev Nikolayevich never expressed his desire to be wishes, and before he wrote in his diary of 1895, as if the will: "If possible, then (bury) without priests and funerals. But if it is unpleasant to those who will bury, then let them bury, as usual, but as you can cheaper and easier "" The priest who volunteered to disturb the will of His Holiness Synod and secretly emit an excommable graph, turned out to be Gregory Leontievich Kalinovsky, - the priest of the village of Ivankova Pereyaslavsky County of Poltava province. Soon he was revealed from his post, but not for the illegal funeral of Tolstoy, but due to the fact that he is under the investigation of the murder in a drunk peasant<…>, and a meant priest Kalinovsky behavior and moral qualities are rather disapproving, that is, a bitter drunkard and capable of all sorts of dirty affairs", As reported in the agent gendarmes.

Report by the head of the St. Petersburg Security Department Colonel Background Cotten Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire:

« In addition to the reports from 8th of November, I report to your high-speed information about the unrest of young people who took place on November 9 ... On the occasion of the burial day of the deceased L. N. Tolstoy. At 12 o'clock in the afternoon, the Armenian Church of the Panhid on the late L. N. Tolstoy, which was attended by about 200 people praying, mostly Armenians, and a minor part of young students. At the end of the memorial, the prayers were separated, but in a few minutes the church began to arrive students and ridges. It turned out that ads on the entrance doors of the university and higher female courses were posted by announcements that the Panhid on L. N. Tolstoy will be held on November 9 per hour of afternoon in the above church.
The Armenian clergy interpreted secondly, by the end of which the church could no longer accommodate all praying, a significant part of which stood on Parity and in the courtyard at the Armenian Church. At the end of the memorialist, all those who were on the poverty and the church yard were sanging "Eternal memory" ...»

« Yesterday was a bishop<…> It is especially unpleasant that he asked to let him know when I dying. No matter what they did not come up with something like that to assure people that I "repented" before his death. And therefore I declare, it seems, I repeat that return to the church, coming up before death, I can not, as I can't talk to the sick words or look in the death of death, and therefore everything that will talk about my suicide repentance and communion, - False».

The death of Lion Tolstoy was reacted not only in Russia, but in the whole world. Student and working demonstrations were held in Russia with portraits of the deceased, who became a response to the death of the Great Writer. To honor the memory of Tolstoy, Workers in Moscow and St. Petersburg stopped the work of several factories and factories. Legal and illegal gatherings, meetings, leaflets were produced, concerts and evenings were canceled, at the time of mourning, theaters and cinema were closed, suspended book bench and shops trading. Many people wanted to take part in the funeral of the writer, however, the government, feasting spontaneous unrest, in every way prevented this. People could not fulfill their intention, so clear Polyana was literally covered with condolescent telegrams. The democratic part of the Russian society was outraged by the behavior of the government, the long years of the threat of a thick, forbidden his work, and, finally, who prevented honoring his memory.

A family

Sisters S. A. Tolstaya (left) and T. A. Bers (right), 1860s.

Lev Nikolayevich from youthful years was familiar with love Alexandrovna Islavina, in marriage Bers (1826-1886), loved to play with her children Liza, Sonya and Tanya. When the daughters were grated, Lev Nikolayevich wondered about marriage on the eldest daughter Lisa, he hesitated for a long time, until he had chosen in favor of the middle daughter of Sofia. Sophia Andreevna answered consent when she was 18 years old, and Count 34 years old, and on September 23, 1862, Lev Nikolayevich married her, after admitting his breasting connections.

For a while in his life, the brightest period comes in his life - he is truly happy, in many ways thanks to the practicality of his wife, material welfare, outstanding literary creativity and in connection with the All-Russian and worldwide glory. In his wife's wife, he found a helper in all matters, practical and literary - in the absence of secretary, she corresponded to his drafts for several times. However, very soon, happiness is overshadowed with inevitable small bites, mimolet quarrels, mutual misunderstanding, which over the years has only been aggravated.

For his family, Lion Tolstoy suggested some "plan of life", according to which he assumed a part of income to give up the poor and schools, and the way of life of his family (life, food, clothing) is greatly simplified, while also selling and distribute " all too much»: Piano, furniture, crews. His wife, Sophia Andreevna, such a plan was clearly not satisfied, in the soil they broke out the first serious conflict and began her " an undeclared war"For a secured future of your children. And in 1892, Tolstoy signed a separate act and handed over his wife and children all real estate, not wanting to be the owner. Nevertheless, together they lived in great love almost fifty years.

In addition, his older brother Sergey Nikolayevich Tolstoy was going to be married with the younger sister of Sophia Andreevna - Tatiana Bers. But Sergei's unofficial marriage with the Gypsy singer Maria Mikhailovna Shishina (who had four children from him) made the marriage of Sergei and Tatiana's impossible.

In addition, the father of Sofia Andreevna Life Medic Andrei Gustavi (Eustafievich) Bers before marriage with Islavina had a daughter of Barbar from Varvara Petrovna Turgeneva - Mother Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. According to Mother, Varya was the native sister of Ivan Turgenev, and the Father - S. A. Tolstoy, thus, together with the marriage, Lion Tolstoy acquired the relationship with I. S. Turgenev.

L. N. Tolstoy with his wife and children. 1887 year

From the marriage of Leo Nikolayevich with Sofia Andreevna, 9 sons and 4 daughters were born, five children from thirteen died in childhood.

• Sergey (1863-1947), composer, musicologist. The only one of all those who survived the October Revolution of Children of the Writer, who did not emigrate. Cavalier of the Order of the Labor Red Banner.
• Tatiana (1864-1950). Since 1899, married Mikhail Sukhotin. In 1917-1923 was the keeper of the Museum-Manor Clear Polyana. In 1925, I emigrated with my daughter. Daughter Tatyana Sumetina-Albertini (1905-1996).
• Ilya (1866-1933), writer, memoist. In 1916 he left Russia and went to the United States.
• Lion (1869-1945), writer, sculptor. From 1918 in emigration - in France, Italy, then in Sweden.
• Maria (1871-1906). From 1897, he was married to Nikolai Leonidovich Obolensky (1872-1934). Died from inflammation of the lungs. Buried in p. Kočaki Krapivsky County (Sovr. Tul. Region, Shchekinsky district, der. Kočaki).
• Peter (1872-1873)
• Nikolai (1874-1875)
• Varvara (1875-1875)
• Andrei (1877-1916), an official of special instructions at the Tula Governor. Participant of the Russian-Japanese war. Died in Petrograd from general blood infection.
• Mikhail (1879-1944). In 1920, emigrated, lived in Turkey, Yugoslavia, France and Morocco. Died on October 19, 1944 in Morocco.
• Alexey (1881-1886)
• Alexandra (1884-1979). From the age of 16 became a father's assistant. Head of the military medical detachment during World War II. In 1920, the HCC was arrested in the case of the Tactical Center, sentenced to three years, after liberation worked in a clear glade. In 1929, emigrated from the USSR, in 1941 he received US citizenship. Died on September 26, 1979 in the state of New York at the age of 95, the last of all the children of Lion Tolstoy.
• Ivan (1888-1895).

As of 2010, there were a total of more than 350 descendants of L. N. Tolstoy (including both the living and those who already died) who lived in 25 countries of the world. Most of them are the descendants of the 10 children of Lvovich Lvovich Tolstoy. Since 2000, once every two years in Casual Polyana are the meetings of the descendants of the writer.

Views on the family. Family in the work of Tolstoy

L. N. Tolstoy tells the tale about cucumber grandchildren Ilyusha and Sona, 1909, Krekshino, photos of V. G. Chertkov. Sophia Andreevna Tolstaya in the future - the last wife Sergei Yesenin

Lion Tolstoy both in his personal life and in creativity, the central role was assigned to the family. According to the writer, the chief institution of human life is not a state or church, but a family. Tolstoy from the very beginning of creative activity was absorbed by thoughts about the family and dedicated to this first work - "Childhood". Three years later, in 1855, he writes the story of the Note of Marquera, where the thrust of the writer for gambling and women is already traced. This is also reflected in his novel "Family happiness", in which the relationship between men and women are strikingly similar to the marital relations of the very thick and Sophia Andreevna. In the period of a happy family life (1860s), which created a stable atmosphere, the spiritual and physical balance and the source of poetic inspiration was written two greatest works of the writer: "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina". But if in "War and the World" thoroughly defends the value of family life, being convinced of the ideal, then in Anna Karenina, he already expresses doubts about his achievability. When the relationship in his personal family life became more severe, these exacerbations were expressed in such works as "Death of Ivan Ilyich", "Creicherova Sonata", "Devil" and "Father Sergius".

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy paid a lot of attention to the family. His reflections are not limited to the details of married relations. In the trilogy "Childhood", "Defense" and "Youth" The author gave a bright feature description of the world of the child, in the life of the child's love of their parents play an important role, and on the contrary - the love he receives from them. In the "war and the world" Tolstoy, the most fully revealed different types of family relations and love. And in the "family happiness" and "Anne Karenina" various aspects of love in the family are simply lost behind the force of "EROS". The critic and philosopher N. N. Strakhov after the release of the novel "War and Peace" noted that all previous works of Tolstoy can be attributed to the category of preliminary studies that ended with the creation of a "family chronicle".

Philosophy

The religious and moral imperatives of Lion Tolstoy were the source of the Movement of the Treaty, built on two fundamental theses: "Oblosts" and "non-resistance to evil violence." The latter, according to the Tolstoy, was recorded in a number of gospels and there is a rod of the teachings of Christ, as, however, Buddhism. The essence of Christianity, according to Tolstoy, can be expressed in a simple rule: " Be good and do not oppose evil violence"-" The Law of Violence and the Law of Love "(1908).

The most important foundation of the teachings of Tolstoy became the words of the Gospel " Love your enemies"And the Nagorny Sermon. The followers of his teachings - the Tolstovs - the five commandments proclaimed by Lvom, who were not angry, do not commit adultery, do not swear, do not oppose evil violence, love their enemies as their neighbor.

Among the adherents of the teachings, and not only, the Book of Tolstoy "What is my faith", "Confession", etc., was greatly popular with a lot of various ideological flows: Brahmanism, Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Islam, also the teachings of moralist philosophers (Socrates, late Stoikov, Kant, Schopenhauer).

Tolstoy developed a special ideology of non-violent anarchism (it can be described as Christian anarchism), which was based on the rationalistic understanding of Christianity. Considering the coercion of evil, he made the conclusion about the need to abolish the state, but not by the revolution based on violence, but by the voluntary refusal of each member of the Company from the execution of any state duties, whether the military service, paying taxes, etc. L. N. Tolstoy believed: " Anarchists of right in everything: and in the denial of the existing, and in approving that with existing neravas there can be nothing worse than violence; But they are rudely mistaken, thinking that anarchy can be established by the revolution. Anarchy can only be established by the fact that there will be more and more people who do not need the protection of government power and more and more people who will be ashamed to make this power.».

The ideas of non-violent resistance set forth in L. N. Tolstoy in the work "The Kingdom of God within you" influenced Mahatma Gandhi, who consisted of a Russian writer in correspondence.

According to the historian of the Russian philosophy V. V. Zenkovsky, the huge philosophical meaning of Lion Tolstoy, and not only for Russia, in his desire to build a culture on a religious basis and in his personal example of liberation from secularism. In the philosophy of Tolstoy, he notes the coexistence of the atolar forces, "acute and unobtrusive rationalism" of its religious and philosophical constructions and the irrationalistic overwhelmingness of his "Panmoralism": "Although Tolstoy does not believe in the Deity of Christ, but he said to Tolstoy as they can believe only those Who sees God in Christ, "" he follows him like God. " One of the key features of the world's worldview is the search and expression of "mystical ethics", which he considers it necessary to subjugate all the secularized elements of society, including science, philosophy, art, considers "blasphemy" to put them for one level with good. The ethical imperative of the writer explains the lack of contradiction between the names of the head of the book "The Way of Life": "a reasonable person cannot be not recognized by God" and "God can not know the mind." As opposed to the patristic, and later the Orthodox identification of beauty and good, Tolstoy decisively declares that "good has nothing to do with beauty." In the book "Circle of reading", Tolstoy leads the quotation of John Ryoskovina: "Art is only then on a proper place when his goal is moral cultivation.<…> If art does not help people open the truth, but only delivers a pleasant pastime, then it is a shameful, and not an exalted business. " On the one hand, the discrepancy of Tolstoy with the Church of Zenkovsky characterizes not so much as a reasonably reasonable result, but as a "fatal misunderstanding", since "Tolstoy was a hot and sincere follower of Christ." The denial of church view on dogmatics, the deity of Christ and his resurrection in Tolstoy, he explains the contradiction between "rationalism, internally inconsistent with his mystical experience." On the other hand, Zenkovsky himself notes that "Gogol has for the first time about the internal heterogeneity of aesthetic and moral sphere;<…> For the reality of an alien aesthetic start. "

In the field of ideas about the proper economic structure of Society, Tolstoy adhered to the ideas of the American economist Henry George, advocated the proclamation of the Earth with the common property of all people and the introduction of a single tax on land.

Bibliography

Of those written by Lvy, 174 of its artistic works are preserved, including unfinished essays and draft sketches. Tolstoy himself considered quite finished works of 78 of his works; Only they were printed in his life and entered the collected works. The remaining 96 of his work remained in the archive of the writer himself, and only after his death they saw the light.

The first of his published work is the story "Childhood", 1852. The first lifetime published writer's book - "Military stories of Count L. N. Tolstoy" 1856, St. Petersburg; In the same year, his second book "Childhood and Advocacy" was published. The last artistic work printed during the Life of Tolstoy - an artistic essay "Grateful soil", dedicated to the meeting of Tolstoy with a young peasant in Meshchersky 21 June 1910; The essay was first published in 1910 in the "Speech" newspaper. A month before his death, Lion Tolstoy worked on the third version of the story "no in the world to blame."

Lifetime and post-mortem editions of essays

In 1886, the spouse of Leo Nikolayevich first carried out the publication of the collected writer's writer. For literary science, the edition has become Full (anniversary) collection of threats in 90 volumes (1928-58), which included many new artistic texts, letters and diaries of the writer.

Currently they had them. A. M. Gorky RAS is preparing for the publication 100-Tomny Collected Works (in 120 books).

In addition, and later the meeting of his writings was repeatedly published:

• in 1951-1953, "Collected Works in 14 Volumes" (M.: Goslitisdat),
• in 1958-1959, "Collected Works in 12 Volumes" (M.: Goslitisdat),
• in 1960-1965, "Collected Works in 20 volumes" (M.: Hood. Literature),
• in 1972, "Collected Works in 12 Volumes" (M.: Hood. Literature),
• in 1978-1985, "Collected Works in 22 volumes (in 20 books)" (M.: Hood. Literature),
• in 1980, "Collected Works in 12 volumes" (M.: Contemporary),
• in 1987, "Collected Works in 12 volumes" (M.: True).

Translations of works

In the days of the Russian Empire, for 30 years before the October Revolution, 10 million copies of Tolstoy books in 10 languages \u200b\u200bwere published in Russia. Over the years of the existence of the USSR, the works of Tolstoy were published in the Soviet Union in the amount of over 60 million copies in 75 languages.

The translation of the total collection of the works of Tolstoy to the Chinese language was carried out by Cao Income, the work took 20 years.

World recognition. Memory

On the territory of Russia, four museums dedicated to the life and work of L. N. Tolstoy was created. The manor of Tolstoy Clear Polyana, together with all its forests, fields, gardens and land turned into a museum-reserve, her branch of the Museum-Manor L. N. Tolstoy in the village of Nikolskoye-Vyazemsky. Under the protection of the state there is a house-manor Tolstoy in Moscow (Lion Tolstoy, 21), transformed on the personal instructions of Vladimir Lenin to the Memorial Museum. Also turned into a house museum at Astapovo station, Moscow-Kursko-Donbass. d. (Now the station is Lion Tolstoy, Southeast. d.), where the writer died. The largest Museums of Tolstoy, as well as the Center for Research Work on the Study of Life and Creativity of the Writer, is the State Museum of L. N. Tolstoy in Moscow (Ul. Prechistenka, House No. 11/8). The name of the writer in Russia has been named many schools, clubs, libraries and other cultural institutions. His name is the district center and the railway station (formerly Astapovo) Lipetsk region; district and district center of the Kaluga region; The village (the former Old Yurt) of the Grozny region, where Tolstoy was in his youth. In many cities of Russia there are squares and streets wearing the name of Lion Tolstoy. In different cities of Russia and the world monuments are established to the writer. In Russia, the monuments of Lion Nikolayevich Tolstoy are established in a number of cities: in Moscow, in Tula (as a native of the Tula province), in Pyatigorsk, Orenburg.

To the cinema

• In 1912, the young director Yakov Protazanov took off a 30-minute mute film "Care of the Great Elder" based on certificates about the last period of life of the Lion Tolstoy using documentary frames. In the role of Lion Tolstoy - Vladimir Chaternikov, as Sophia Tolstoy - British-American actress Muriel Harding, who used Olga Petrov's alias. The film was very negatively met by the native writer and his surroundings and did not go to the rental in Russia, however, it was shown abroad.
• Lero Tolstoy and his family dedicated to the Soviet full-length fiction film director Sergei Gerasimov "Lev Tolstoy" (1984). The film tells about the last two years of the writer and his death. The main role of the film was performed by the director himself, as Sophia Andreevna - Tamara Makarova.
• In the Soviet television film "Coast of his life" (1985) about the fate of Nikolai Miklukho-Maklya, the role of Tolstoy performed by Alexander Vocach.
• In the television film "Young Indiana Jones: Traveling with Father" (USA, 1996) as Tolstoy - Michael Hof.
• In the Russian TV series "Goodbye, Dr. Chekhov!" (2007) The role of Tolstoy executed Alexander Pashutin.
• In the film 2009 of the American director of Michael Hoffman, "Last Resurrection", the role of Lion Tolstoy performed Canadian Christopher Plammer, for this work he was nominated for the Oscar Prize in the category "The Best Male role of the second plan". British actress Helen Mirren, whose Russian ancestors were mentioned Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace", played the role of Sofia Tolstoy and was also nominated for Oscar for the best female role.
• In the film "About what else men" (2011), the episodic role of Lion Tolstoy ironically played Vladimir Menshov.
• In the film "Fans" (2012), Ivan Krako starred as writer.
• In the film in the genre of historical fantasy "Duel. Pushkin - Lermontov "(2014) in the role of a young Tolstoy - Vladimir Balashov.
• In the comedy film of 2015, the director Renee Ferre "Anton Chekhov - 1890" (FR) Lion Tolstoy played Frederick Pierro (Rus.) Fr.

The value and effect of creativity

The nature of perception and interpretation of the creativity of Leo Tolstoy, as well as the nature of its impact on individual artists and the literary process, was largely determined by the peculiarities of each country, its historical and artistic development. So, the French writers took him, above all, as an artist who opposed Naturalism and knew how to combine a truthful image of life with spirituality and high moral purity. British writers relied on his work in the fight against the traditional "Victorian" chandeliness, they saw an example of a high artistic courage. In the US, Lion Tolstoy became a support for writers who argued the acute social topics in art. In Germany, its antimylitarian performances acquired the greatest importance, German writers studied his experience of a realistic image of the war. Writers of Slavic peoples impressed his sympathy of "small" oppressed nations, as well as the national-heroic topics of its works.

The enormous influence of Lion Tolstoy had the evolution of European humanism, on the development of realistic traditions in world literature. Its influence affected the work of Romen Rollan, Francois Moriak and Roger Martin Du Gara in France, Ernest Hemingway and Thomas Vulf in the USA, John Golsuorussi and Bernard Shaw in England, Thomas Mann and Anna Zgers in Germany, August, Strindberg, and Arthur Lundquist in Sweden, Rinner Rilke in Austria, Eliza Obyshko, Boleslav Prus, Yaroslav Ivashkevich in Poland, Mary Puimanova in Czechoslovakia, Lao Shex in China, Tokutomi Rock in Japan, and each of them experienced this influence in its own way.

Western humanist writers, such as Romain Rollan, Anatole France, Bernard Shaw, Brothers Henry and Thomas Manna, carefully listened to the author's implanting voice in his works "Resurrection", "Fruits of Enlightenment", "Crecera Sonata", "Death of Ivan Ilyich " The critical worldview of Tolstoy penetrated into their consciousness not only through his journalism and philosophical works, but also through his artistic works. Heinrich Mann said that the works of Tolstoy were for the German intelligentsia antidote against Nizrasche. For Henry Manna, Jean-Rishar Blok, Hamlin Garaland Lion Tolstoy was a sample of large moral purity and non-infirmity to public evil and attracted them as the enemy of oppressors and defender oppressed. The aesthetic ideas of the worldview of Tolstoy somehow affected the Book of Roman Rollan "People's Theater", in the articles of Bernard Show and Bolevlav Prus (Treatise "What is Art?") And in the book of Frank Norris "Romanist's responsibility", in which the author repeatedly refers to Tolstoy .

For the Western European-European writers of generation Romen Rollan Lev Tolstoy was the eldest fellow teacher. He was the center of attraction of democratic and realistic forces in the ideological-literary struggle of the beginning of the century, but also the subject of everyday acute disputes. At the same time, for later writers, the generation of Louis Aragon or Ernest Hemingway, the creativity of Tolstoy became part of the cultural wealth, which were assimilated by them in the young years. Nowadays, many foreign crossings, do not even consider themselves pupils of Tolstoy and do not define their attitude towards him, at the same time assimilate the elements of his creative experience, which became the general heritage of world literature.

Lion Nikolaevich Tolstoy was nominated 16 times on the Nobel Prize in literature in 1902-1906. And 4 times - to the Nobel Prize of the World in 1901, 1902 and 1909.

Writers, thinkers and religious figures about the thick

• French writer and member of the French Academy Andre Morua argued that Lion Tolstoy - one of the three greatest writers in the entire history of culture (along with Shakespeare and Balzac).
• German writer, Laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature Thomas Mann said that the world did not know another artist, in which the epic, the Homerovskaya began would be as much as in Tolstoy, and that the elements of the epic and disruptive realism live in his creations.
• Indian philosopher and politician Mahatma Gandhi talked about the fat as the most honest person of his time, which never tried to hide the truth, embellish her, not afraid of either spiritual, nor secular power, supporting his sermon business and going for any victims for the sake of truth.
• Russian writer and thinker Fedor Dostoevsky spoke in 1876, that only Tolstoy shines the fact that, except the poem, " knows to the smallest accuracy (historical and current) depicted reality».
• Russian writer and critic Dmitry Merezhkovsky wrote about Tolstoy: " His face is the face of mankind. If the inhabitants of other worlds asked our world: who are you? - Humanity could answer, pointing to Tolstoy: Here I "".
• Russian poet Alexander Blok responded about Tolstoy: "Tolstoy - the greatest and only genius of modern Europe, the highest pride of Russia, a person, one name - fragrance, writer of the Great Purity and Shrine".
• Russian writer Vladimir Nabokov in the English "lectures in Russian literature" wrote: "Tolstoy - unsurpassed Russian prose. Leaving aside of his predecessors Pushkin and Lermontov, all the great Russian writers can be built in such a sequence: the first - Tolstoy, the second - Gogol, the third - Chekhov, the fourth - Turgenev ".
• Russian religious philosopher and writer Vasily Rozanov about Tolstoy: "Tolstoy - only a writer, but not a prophet, not saint and therefore his teaching no one wakes up".
• The famous Theologian Alexander Men said that Tolstoy is still a voice of conscience and lively reproach for people, confident that they live in accordance with the moral principles.

Criticism

Many newspapers and magazines of all political destinations wrote about the thickness during his lifetime. Thousands of critical articles and reviews are written about it. His early works were evaluated in revolutionary-democratic criticism. However, "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina" and "Resurrection" did not receive in the modern criticism of the present disclosure and lighting. His novel "Anna Karenina" did not receive a decent assessment in criticism of the 1870s; The ideological-shaped system of the novel remained uncovered, as well as his amazing artistic force. At the same time, Tolstoy himself, not without irony, wrote: " If there are short-sighted critics that I wanted to describe only what I like, as the Blond lulled and what shoulders in Karenina, they are mistaken».

Literary critics

The first in the press favorably responded to the literary debut of the thick critic of the "domestic notes" S. S. Dudyshkin in 1854 in the article dedicated to the "Childhood" and "Defense". However, two years later, in 1856, the same critic has written a negative review of the book edition of "Childhood" and "Advocacy", "Military Stors". In the same year, N. G. Chernyshevsky's review appears on these books of Tolstoy, in which the critic draws attention to the ability of the writer to portray the human psychology in its contradictory development. There, Chernyshevsky writes about the absurdity of reproaches to the Tolstoy from S. S. Dudyshkina. In particular, objecting to the remark of the criticism that Tolstoy in his works does not depict female characters, Chernyshevsky draws attention to the image of Lisa from "two hussars". A high assessment of Tolstoy's creativity was given in 1855-1856 and one of the theoretics of "pure art" P. V. Annenkov, noting the depth of thought in the works of Tolstoy and Turgenev and the fact that the thought and expression of the art of art in thick mercy together. At the same time, another representative of the "aesthetic" criticism, A. V. Druzhinin, in the reviews for the "blizzard", "two hussars" and "military stories" described the thickness of a deep connoisseur of social life and a subtle researcher of the human soul. Meanwhile, Slavophil K. S. Aksakov In 1857, in the article "Review of modern literature" found in the works of Tolstoy and Turgenev, along with the "truly beautiful" works, the existence of unnecessary details, because of which "the total line binding them in one whole "

In the 1870s, P. N. Tkachev, who believed that the task of the writer was to express the liberation aspirations of the "progressive" part of society in his work, in the article "Salon art", dedicated to the novel "Anna Karenina", sharply negatively responded About the work of Tolstoy.

N. N. Strakhov compared the novel "War and the World" on its scale with the work of Pushkin. The genius and innovation of Tolstoy, according to criticism, manifested themselves in the ability of "simple" means to create a harmonious and comprehensive picture of Russian life. An objectivity inherent to the writer allowed him "deeply and truthful" to portray the dynamics of the internal life of heroes, which is not subordinate to the thickness of any initially specified schemes and stereotypes. Critic also noted the desire of the author to find his best features in man. Particularly appreciates fears in the novel that the writer is interested not only by the spiritual qualities of the person, but also the problem of nadudividual - family and community-consciousness.

Philosopher K. N. Leontyev In published in 1882, the brochure "Our New Christians" expressed doubt in the socio-religious consistency of Dostoevsky's teachings and Tolstoy. According to Leontiev, Pushkin's speech of Dostoevsky and the story of Tolstoy "What people are alive" show the immaturity of their religious thinking and the insufficient acquaintance of these writers with the content of the heads of the Church's fathers. Leontyev believed that the Tolstaya "Religion of Love", adopted by the majority of "non-Slavophiles", distorts the true essence of Christianity. Ohn was the attitude of Leontyev to the artworks of Tolstoy. The novels "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina" critic announced the greatest works of world literature "over the past 40-50 years." Considering the main disadvantage of Russian literature ascending to Gogol "humiliation" of Russian reality, critic believed that only Tolstoy managed to overcome this tradition, depicting "Higher Russian society ... Finally, humanly, that is, impartially, and in places and with obvious love." N. S. Leskov In 1883, in Article "Count L. N. Tolstoy and F. M. Dostoevsky as the Yeressirahi (Religion of Fear and Religion of Love)" Criticizing the Leontyev brochure, causing him in "fire-warness", ignorance of patristic sources and misunderstanding The only argument chosen of them (what Leontiev and himself recognized).

N. S. Leskov divided the enthusiastic attitude of N. N. Insurance to the works of Tolstoy. Contracting the "religion of love" of a thick "fear religion" K. N. Leontiev, Leskov believed that it was the first closer to the essence of Christian morality ..

Later, the creativity of Tolstoy appreciated, unlike most critics-Democrats, Andreevich (E. A. Solovyov), who published his articles in the magazine "Legal Marxists" "Life". In the late Tolstoy, he especially appreciated the "inaccessible truth of the image", the realism of the writer, disrupting the cover "with the conventions of our cultural, public life," detecting "her lies, covered with high words" ("Life", 1899, No. 12).

Critic I. I. Ivanov in the literature of the end of the XIX century found "Naturalism", ascending to Macassana, Zol and Tolstoy and being an expression of a general moral decline.

According to K. I. Chukovsky, "to write a" war and peace "- think only, with some terrible greed needed to be thrown on life, grab everything around my eyes and ears, and accumulate all this immeasurable wealth ..." (Article "Tolstoy as Artistic genius ", 1908).

The representative of the development at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries of Marxist literary criticism V. I. Lenin believed that Tolstoy in his works was an expressive of the interests of the Russian peasantry.

Russian poet and writer, Laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature Ivan Bunin in the Liberation Researment (Paris, 1937) described the artistic nature of the thick-intensive interaction of the "animal primary" and the refined taste to the most complex intellectual and aesthetic searches.

Religious critics

The opponents and critics of the religious views of Tolstoy were the historian of the Church Konstantin Victoronessians, Vladimir Solovyov, the Christian philosopher Nikolay Berdyaev, the historian-theologian Georgy Floor, Candidate of theology of John Kronstadt.

The contemporary of the writer Religious philosopher Vladimir Solovyov resolutely dispersed with Lv's Tolstoy and condemned his merchant activities. He noted the rudeness of the attacks of Tolstoy to the church. For example, in a letter to N. N. Strahov in 1884 he writes: "The other day I read the thick" What is my faith. " Is the beast in the forest with deaf? "Solovyov indicates the main point of his discrepancies with Lv Tolstoy in a large letter to him from July 28 - 2 August 1894:

"All our disagreement can be concentrated in one particular point - Resurrection of Christ".

After long-term fruitless efforts spent on reconciliation with Lvom Tolstoy, Vladimir Solovyov writes "Three conversations", in which there is a sharp criticism in a sharp criticism. In the preface, he compares the Christianity of Tolstoy with the "Drocroleev" sect, the whole faith of which boils down to prayer: "Hash is , my hole,, save me. "Oncewood calls the words" Christianity "and" Gospel ", under the cover of which supporters of Tolstoy teachings preach the views, directly hostile Christian faith. From the point of view of Solovyov, the hoodies could avoid obvious a lies, simply ignoring Christ alien to them, especially since their faith does not need external authorities, "keeps her own." If they still want to refer to any figure from religious history, they would not be a honest choice for them, and Buddha. Tolest idea of \u200b\u200bnon-resistance to evil violence, according to Solovyov, in practice means unrelazing effective assistance to victims of evil. It is based on a false idea of \u200b\u200billusory evil, or about evil just as a lack of good. In fact, the evil really, his extreme physical expression is death, in the face of which the successes of good in the personally moral and public areas (which limit their efforts of the Tolstsky) cannot be considered serious. A genuine victory over evil with the need should be a victory over death, this event of the Resurrection of Christ, witnessed historically. Having also criticized the Tolstovsky idea of \u200b\u200bfollowing the voice of conscience as a sufficient tool for the incarnation of the Gospel ideal in human life. Talk only warns from brightest deeds, but not prescribes how and what to do. In addition to conscience, a person needs to assist over, the direct action of good origin within it. Of this inspirations of good The followers of the Tolstsky teaching are deprived. They hope only on moral rules, not noticing that they serve as the false "God of the century of this."

In addition to the vigorious activity of Tolstoy, his personal path to God attracted the attention of his Orthodox critics after many years after the death of the writer. For example, St. John Shanghai has expressed this:

"[Lion] Tolstoy carelessly, self-confidently, and not in the fear of God approached God, unworthyly met and became a bogotrizer"

Modern Orthodox theologian George Orechanov believes that Tolstoy followed a false principle representing the danger and in our day. He considered the teachings of different religions and allocated in them the general - moral, which was considered true. All that is different, - the mystical part of the creeds - they were discarded. In this sense, many modern people are a followers of Lion Tolstoy, although they do not count themselves to the sweatshirts. Christianity boils down in their moral teaching, and Christ for them is nothing more than a teacher of morality. In fact, the foundation of Christian life is Vera on the Sunday of Christ.

Criticism of social views of the writer

In Russia, the opportunity to openly discuss the social and philosophical views of the late Tolstoy, appeared in 1886 in connection with the publication in the 12th volume of his collected works of the abbreviated version of the article "So what do we do?".

The controversy around the 12th volume was opened by A. M. Skabichevsky, condemning Tolstoy for his views on art and science. H. K. Mikhailovsky, on the contrary, expressed support for the views of Tolstoy on Art: "In the XII volume of works by gr. Tolstoy says a lot about the absurdity and the illegitivity of the so-called "science for science" and "art for art" ... c. Tolstoy speaks many faithful in this sense, and in the attitude of art is extremely significantly in the mouth of the first-class artist. "

Abroad on the article Tolstoy responded Romain Rollan, William Howels, Emil Zol. Later Stephen Collegig, highly appreciating the first, descriptive part of the article ("... It's hardly a social criticism is brilliantly demonstrated on earthly phenomenon than in the image of these rooms of the beggars and fallen people"), at the same time noticed: "But barely, in The second part, the thickness of Tolstoy moves from the diagnosis of therapy and trying to preach the objective correction methods, each concept becomes foggy, the contours flexible, thoughts that customize one other stumble. And this confusion grows from the problem to the problem. "

V. I. Lenin in the article "L. N. Tolstoy and modern working movement "wrote about the" powerless curses "of Tolstoy" at the address of capitalism and the "power of money". According to Lenin, criticism of thick modern orders "reflects the fracture in the views of millions of peasants who have just reached freedom from serfdom and saw that this freedom means new horrors of ruin, hungry death, homeless life ...". Earlier in the work "Lion Tolstoy as a mirror of the Russian Revolution" (1908), Lenin wrote that thick rides, as a prophet, who opened new recipes for the salvation of mankind. But at the same time, he is great as an expressant of ideas and sentiments that have developed from the Russian peasantry by the time of the bourgeois revolution in Russia, as well as that tolstoy original, since his views express the features of the revolution as the peasant bourgeois revolution. In the article "L. N. Tolstoy "(1910) Lenin indicates that the contradictions in the views of Tolstoy reflect" conflicting conditions and traditions that determined the psychology of various classes and a layer of Russian society into a tremendous, but pre-revolutionary era. "

G. V. Plekhanov in the article "Mixing Representations" (1911) highly appreciated the criticism of Tolstoy private property.

Plekhanov also noted that the teaching of Tolstoy about the absence of evil is based on the opposition of eternal and temporary, metaphysically, and therefore internally contradictory. It leads to the rupture of morality with life and care to the desert of quietism. He noted that the religion of Tolstoy is based on faith in spirits (animism).

There is a teleology of the religiosity of Tolstoy, and everything is good that there is in the soul of man, he attributes to God. His doctrine of morality is purely negative. The main attractiveness of the folk lifestyle consisted for Tolstoy in religious faith.

V. G. Korolenko in 1908 wrote about the Tolstoy, that his wonderful dream of the waters of the first centuries of Christianity could act strongly on ordinary souls, but the rest could not follow him into this "interfernial" country. According to Korolenko, Tolstoy knew, saw and felt only the very bottoms and the very heights of the social system, and it is easy for him to abandon "one-sided" improvement, such as constitutional system.

Maxim Bitter enthusiastically treated Tolstoy as an artist, but condemned his teaching. After Tolstoy spoke out against the Zemsky Movement, Gorky, expressing discontent of his like-minded people, wrote that Tolstoy was in captivity of his idea, separated from Russian life and stopped listening to the voice of the people, the glory was too high over Russia.

Sociologist and historian M. M. Kovalevsky spoke that the Tolstov Economic Teaching (the main idea of \u200b\u200bwhich is borrowed from the Gospels), shows only that the social doctrine of Christ, perfectly adapted to simple shorts, rural and pastoral life of Galilee, can not serve as a rule The behavior of modern civilizations.

Lion Nikolaevich Tolstoy is one of the greatest writers-novelists of the world. He is not only the world's largest world writer, but also a philosopher, a religious thinker and educator. All of this in more detail you will learn from this.

But that's what he really achieved success is, it is under the guidance of a personal diary. This habit inspired him to write his novels and leads, and also allowed to form the majority of life goals and priorities.

Interesting the fact that this nuance of the biography of Tolstoy (diary) was the result of the imitation of the Great.

Hobbies and military service

Naturally, Leo Tolstoy was. He loved the music very much. The most favorite composers were Bach, Handel and.

From his biography, it clearly follows that sometimes he could have played a trip to the piano, Chopin, Mendelssohn and Shuman.

It is reliably known that the elder brother of Leo Tolstoy - Nikolai, had a great influence on him. He was another and mentor of the future writer.

It was Nikolai who invited younger brother to join the military service in the Caucasus. As a result, Lion Tolstoy became a UNCER, and in 1854 he was translated into, where he participated in the Crimean War until August 1855

Creativity Tolstoy

During service, Lion Nikolayevich had quite a lot of free time. During this period, he wrote an autobiographical story "Childhood", in which the masterfully described the memories of the first years of life.

This work has become an important event for drawing up its biography.

After that, Lion Tolstoy writes the next story - "Cossacks", which describes its army life in the Caucasus.

Work on this work was carried out up to 1862, and was finished only after the service in the army.

Interesting the fact that Tolstoy did not stop his writing activities even during participation in the Crimean War.

During this period, from under his feather, a story "Defense", which is a continuation of "childhood", as well as "Sevastopol stories".

After the end of the Crimean War, Tolstoy leaves the service. Upon arrival home, he already has greater glory on the literary field.

His outstanding contemporaries are talking about a major acquisition for Russian literature in the face of Tolstoy.

Being still young, Tolstoy was distinguished by arrogance and stubbornness, which is noticeable about him. He refused to belong to a philosophical school, and once publicly called himself an anarchist, after which he decided to leave in 1857

Soon he had an interest in gambling. But it lasted for a short time. When he lost all his savings, he had to return home from Europe.

Lion Tolstoy in youth

By the way, the passion for gambling is observed in the biographies of many writers.

Despite all the difficulties, he writes the last one, the third part of his autobiographical trilogy "Youth." It happened in the same 1857

Since 1862, Tolstoy began to publish the pedagogical magazine "Clear Polyana", where he himself was the chief employee. However, having no vocation of the publisher, Tolstoy managed to release only 12 numbers.

Lion's family Tolstoy

September 23, 1862 in the biography of Tolstoy there is a steep turn: he marries Sophia Andreevna Bers, who was a daughter of a doctor. 9 sons and 4 daughters were born from this marriage. Five children from thirteen died in childhood.

When the wedding took place, Sophia Andreevna was only 18 years old, and the Count Tolstoy is 34 years old. Interesting the fact that in front of marriage Tolstoy admitted to the future wife in his breastings.

Lion Tolstoy with the wife of Sofia Andreevna

For a while in the biography of Tolstoy, the brightest period comes.

He is truly happy, and in many ways, thanks to the practicality of his wife, material supply, outstanding literary creativity and in connection with the All-Russian and even world glory.

In the face of his wife Tolstoy found the assistant in all matters, practical and literary. In the absence of the secretary, it was she who rewrote to his drafts for several times.

However, very soon, their happiness is overshadowed by inevitable small bitters, mumbling quarrels and mutual misunderstanding, which over the years is only aggravated.

The fact is that for his family, Lion Tolstoy offered a kind of "plan of life", according to which he assumed a part of the family income to give the poor and schools.

The way of life of your family (food and clothing), he wanted to significantly simplify, while he intended to sell and distribute "everything more superfluous": piano, furniture, crews.

Tolstoy with family behind a tea table in the park, 1892, Clear Polyana

Naturally, his spouse, Sophia Andreevna, such an ambiguous plan was clearly not satisfied. In the soil, they broke out the first serious conflict, which served as the beginning of the "undeclared war" for ensuring the future of their children.

In 1892, Tolstoy signed a separate act and, not wanting to be the owner, gave his wife and children all real estate.

It must be said that the biography of Tolstoy is largely unusually contradictory because of his relationship with his wife, with which he lived for 48 years.

Tolstoy works

Tolstoy is one of the most fruitful writers. His works are large-scale not only in volume, but also in the senses that he affects them.

The most popular works of Tolstoy are considered "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina" and "Resurrection".

"War and Peace"

In the 1860s, Lion Nikolayevich Tolstoy with the whole family lives in a clear clearing. It was here that his most famous novel "War and Peace" appeared.

Initially, part of the novel was published in the "Russian Bulletin" called "1805".

After 3 years, another 3 chapters appear, thanks to which the novel was completely over. He was destined to become the most outstanding creative result in the biography of Tolstoy.

Both critics and the public have long discussed the work of the "War and Peace". The subject of their disputes were wars described in the book.

Also, well discussed well discussed, but still fictional heroes.

Tolstoy in 1868

The novel became interested in the fact that it featured 3 meaningful satirical essays on the laws of history.

Among all other ideas, Lion Tolstoy tried to convey to the reader that the position of a person in society and the meaning of his life is derived from his daily activities.

"Anna Karenina"

After Tolstoy wrote "War and Peace", he began working on his second, not less famous novel "Anna Karenina".

The writer has made many autobiographic essays. It is easy to trace, looking at the relationship of Kitty and Levin - the main characters "Anna Karenina".

The work was printed by parts between 1873-1877, and it was very highly appreciated both critics and society. Many have noticed that "Anna Karenina" is almost the autobiography of Tolstoy, written from a third party.

For your next work, Lev Nikolayevich received a fabulous fees for those times.

"Resurrection"

In the late 1880s, Tolstoy writes Roman "Resurrection". His plot was founded on a genuine judicial case. It was in the "Resurrection" clearly indicated by the sharp views of the author on church rites.

By the way, this work became one of the reasons that served as a complete discontinuity between the Orthodox Church and the Graph Tolstoy.

Tolstoy and religion

Despite the fact that the above-described works had enormous success, the writer did not give any joy.

He was in depressive condition and worried deep inner devastation.

In this regard, the next stage of the biography of Tolstoy became a continuous, almost convulsive search for the meaning of life.

Initially, Lev Nikolayevich was looking for answers to questions in the Orthodox Church, but this did not bring him any results.

Over time, he began in every way to criticize both the Orthodox Church itself, and in general the Christian religion. He began to publish their thoughts on these acute issues in the Intermediator.

His main position was that the Christian doctrine is good, but Jesus Christ himself seems to be not needed. That is why he decided to make his own transfer of the Gospel.

In general, the religious views of Tolstoy were extremely complex and confusing. It was some kind of incredible mixture of Christianity and Buddhism, seasoned by various oriental beliefs.

In 1901, the definition of the Holy Governing Synod about the column of Lion is Tolstoy.

It was a decree, in which it was officially notified that Lion Tolstoy is no longer a member of the Orthodox Church, as its publicly expressed beliefs are incompatible with such membership.

The definition of the sacred synod is sometimes mistakenly interpreted as oscillation (anathema) thick from the church.

Copyright and conflict with wife

In connection with his new convictions, Lion Tolstoy wanted to distribute all his savings and abandon his own property in favor of the poor. However, his spouse, Sophia Andreevna, expressed a categorical protest in this regard.

In this regard, in the biography of Tolstoy, the main family crisis has emerged. When Sophia Andreevna found out that her husband publicly refused copyright on all his works (which, in fact, was their main source of income), they began fierce conflicts.

From the Diary Tolstoy:

"She does not understand, and do not understand the children, spending money that everyone living with them and bought by books is suffering, my shame. Shame let it, but for which the weakening of the action that truth could have to have. "

Of course, to understand the wife of Leo Nikolayevich is easy. After all, they had 9 children whom he, by and large, left without livelihood.

Pragmatic, rational and active Sophia Andreevna could not allow this to happen.

Ultimately, Tolstoy compiled a formal testament, giving the right of younger daughter, Alexander Lvovna, who completely sympathized with his views.

At the same time, an explanatory note was attached to the will that in fact the texts of these should not be someone's property, and the permissions for the observation of processes assumes V.G. Chertkov is a faithful follower and a pupil of Tolstoy, who had to pick up all writer's writers, up to drafts.

Later creativity Tolstoy

Late pieces of thick were realistic fiction, as well as stories filled with moral content.

In 1886 one of the most famous Tolstsky Agens appears - "Death of Ivan Ilyich".

Her main character is aware that he spent most of his life, and the awareness came too late.

In 1898, Lev Nikolayevich wrote an equally well-known work "Father Sergius". In him, he criticized his own beliefs that appeared from him after his spiritual rebirth.

The rest of the work is devoted to the topic of art. These include a "live corpse" play (1890) and a brilliant story "Haji Murat" (1904).

In 1903, Tolstoy wrote a small story called "after Bala". It was published only in 1911, after the death of the writer.

last years of life

The last years of his biography, Lion Tolstoy was more famous as a religious leader and moral authority. His thoughts were aimed at to resist evil by the non-violent method.

In yet the life of Tolstoy became the idol for the majority. However, despite all its achievements, there were serious flaws in his family life, which especially aggravated to old age.

Lion Tolstoy with grandchildren

The spouse of the writer, Sophia Andreevna, did not agree with the views of her husband and experienced dislikes to some of his followers who often came to a clear clearing.

She said: "How can you love humanity, and hate those next to you."

All this could not continue long.

In the autumn of 1910, Tolstoy, accompanied by only his doctor D.P. Makovitsky forever leaves a clear clearing. At the same time he had no specific action plan.

Death Tolstoy

However, on the road, L. N. Tolstoy felt bad. At first he was cold, and then the disease turned into inflammation of the lungs, in connection with which it was necessary to interrupt the trip and put the sick Leo Nikolayevich from the train at the first large station near the settlement.

This station was Astapovo (now Lion Tolstoy, Lipetsk region).

The hearing of the writer's disease instantly spread to the entire neighborhood and far beyond. Six doctors tried in vain to save the Great Starta: the disease was inexorably progressed.

On November 7, 1910, Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy died at the age of 83. He was buried in a clear glade.

"Unfortunately regretting the death of a great writer, who embodied during the heyday of his diving in the creations of his images of one of the glorious Godin of Russian life. The Lord God will be a merciful judge. "

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Tolstoy Lion Nikolayevich was born 28.08.1828 (or 09.09.1828 old style). Died - 07.11.1910 (11/20/1910).

Russian writer, philosopher. Born in Casual Polyana, Tula province, in a rich aristocratic family. Entered the Kazan University, but then left him. At the age of 23, went to war with Chechnya and Dagestan. Here I began to write the trilogy "childhood", "adolescence", "Youth".

In the Caucasus

In the Caucasus participated in hostilities, being an artillery officer. During the Crimean War, went to Sevastopol, where he continued to fight. After the end of the war went to St. Petersburg and in the magazine "Contempor" published "Sevastopol stories", in which his outstanding writer talent brightly reflected. In 1857, Tolstoy went on a journey through Europe, which disappointed him.

From 1853 to 1863 He wrote the story of "Cossacks", after which he decided to interrupt literary activities and become a landowner landowner, engaging in the village. To this end, he left for a clear clearing, where he opened a school for peasant children and created his own pedagogy system.

In 1863-1869. He wrote his fundamental work "War and Peace". In 1873-1877 Created a novel "Anna Karenina". At the same years, the worldview of a writer, known as the "Topstone", is fully formed, the essence of which is visible in the works: "Confession", "What is my faith?", Crecera Sonata.

The doctrine is described in the philosophical and religious works "Study of dogmatic theology", "Connection and translation of the four Gospels", where the main emphasis is made on the moral cultivation of a person, the evidence of evil, the absence of evil by violence.
Later the Dilogy was published: the drama "Power of Darkness" and the comedy "Fruits of Enlightenment", then a series of stories-Proverbs about the laws of being.

From all over the corners of Russia and the world, the writers of creativity of the writer, to whom they treated, as to the spiritual mentor. In 1899, Roman "Resurrection" was published.

Latest works Tolstoy

The latest works of the writer are the stories "Father Sergius", "After Bala", "Posthumous notes of the elder Fyodor Kuzmich" and the drama "Living Corpse".

The confessional journalism of Tolstoy gives a detailed view of his sincere drama: drawing pictures of social inequality and the fear of the educated layers, thick in tough form put questions about the meaning of life and faith in the society, put all state institutions, reaching the denial of science, art, court, marriage, Achievements of civilization. The social declaration of Tolstoy relies on the idea of \u200b\u200bChristianity as a moral teaching, and the ethical ideas of Christianity are meaningful to them in the humanistic key, as the basis of the world's world fraternity. In 1901, the Synod reaction was followed: the world-famous writer was officially excommunicated from the church, which caused a huge public resonance.

Death

On October 28, 1910, Tolstoy secretly left the family with a clear clearing, the road fell ill and was forced to get off the train on the small railway station Astapovo Ryazan-Ural Railway. Here, in the house of the station's head of the station, he spent the last seven days of his life.

Lion Tolstoy was born on August 28 (September 9) of 1828 in the famous nobility family in the genital manor of the mother's Clear Polyana Tula province. He was the fourth child in the family. But in childhood, the future great writer Osapotel. After another childbirth, when the lion was not two years old, mother died. After seven years, the father suddenly died suddenly. The guardian of the children was appointed their aunt - Countess Alexander Osten-Saken, but she soon did not become. In 1840, Lev Nikolayevich, along with the brothers and sister, Maria moved to Kazan to another Tete - Pelagae Yushkova.

Training

In 1843, the crowned Lev Nikolayevich comes to study in the prestigious and one of the most famous Imperial Kazan University on the category of Eastern Literature. However, after successful entrance exams, the future luminaries of Russian literature considered training and examinations and failed the final certification for the first course. In order not to take up training, the young Lion Tolstoy was transferred to the Faculty of Law, where he is not without problems, but still switched to the second course. However, here he became interested in French philosophical literature and, without accustomed in the second year, left the university. But the training was not interrupted - settling the clear Polyana estate inheritance, he was engaged in self-study. Every day he set itself the task and tried to perform them, analyzing the per day. In addition, in the routine of the day of the Tolstoy, work with the peasants and the establishment of life in the estate was included. Feeling guilt before serfs, he opened school for peasant children in 1849. But the self-education of the young Tolstoy was not asked, not all sciences were interested in him and gave him. He was going to solve this problem in Moscow, preparing for candidate exams, but instead of them carried a secular life. The same thing happened in St. Petersburg, where he left in February 1849. Without turning the exams on a candidate of rights, he again went to a clear clearing. From there, he often came to Moscow, where he paid a lot of time gambling. The only useful skill that he acquired during these years was music. The future writer learned to play well on the piano, the result of which was the written Waltz and the subsequent writing of "Crazser Sonata".

Military service

In 1850, Lion Tolstoy began writing the autobiographical story "Childhood" - far from the first, but quite a large and significant literary work. In 1851, the elder brother Nicholas, who served in the Caucasus arrived in the estate. The need for change and financial difficulties forced Lion Nikolayevich to join the brother and go with him to war. And by the autumn of the same year, he was enrolled by a junker in the 4th battery of the 20th artillery brigade, which was standing on the bank of the Terek under Kizlyar. Here, Tolstoy again appeared the opportunity to write, and he finally graduated from the first part of his childhood trilogy, which in the summer of 1852 sent to the magazine "Contemporary". The publication was rated the work of a young author, and with the publication of a story to Lion, Nikolayevich came the first success.

But also the service of Lev Nikolayevich did not forget. For two years in the Caucasus, he has repeatedly participated in the skirmis with the enemy and even distinguished himself in battle. With the beginning of the Crimean War, he was transferred to the Danube Army, together with which he was in the thick of the war, having passed and the battle of the Black River, and beating the enemy's attack on the Malakhov Kurgan in Sevastopol. But even in the troops, Tolstoy continued to write, publishing the first of three "Sevastopol stories" - "Sevastopol in December 1854", which was also favorably accepted by readers and is highly appreciated by the emperor Alexander II. At the same time, the artillers writer tried to achieve permission to publish a simple magazine called "Military Leader", where military literature could be published, but this idea did not receive support from the authorities.

Creative way and recognition

In August 1855, Lev Nikolayevich was sent by the courier to St. Petersburg, where he finished the remaining two "Sevastopol stories" and remained, until he left the service in November 1856. In the capital of the writer, he accepted very well, he became a welcome guest in literary salons and circles, where he began his way with I.S. Turgenev, N.A. Nekrasov, I.S. Goncharov. However, it all quickly bored with Tolstoy, and in early 1857 he goes to a foreign journey. In the next four years, he visited many countries of Western Europe, but did not find what he was looking for. The European lifestyle has not categorically approached.

Between these trips, Lev Nikolayevich continued to write. The result of this creativity has become, in particular, the story of "three deaths" and the novel "Family happiness". In addition, he finally finished the story of the "Cossacks", which almost 10 years wrote with breaks. However, the popularity of Tolstoy went to the recession, which was caused by a twirling with Turgenev and the refusal to continue secular life. This was added to the overall disappointment of the writer, as well as the death of the eldest brother of Nikolai, whom he considered the best friend and who died literally in his arms from tuberculosis. However, after treatment from depression in the Bashkir farm, the cavalca burst again returns to creativity, and also determined with family life. In 1862, he launched to one of the daughters of his old familiar love of Alexandrovna Islavina (in marriage Bers) - Sofa. At that time, his future spouse was 18 years old, and the column was already 34 years old. In marriage, Tolstoy had nine boys and four girls, but five children died back in childhood.

The wife has become for the writer a real companion of life. With her help, he starts creating his most famous novel "War and Peace" about Russian society in the period from 1805 to 1812, passages and heads of which he published from 1865 to 1869.

Creative and philosophical fracture

The next great work of the author was the novel "Anna Karenina", over which Tolstoy began to work in 1873. After that, the novel in the works of Leo Nikolayevich came a ideological fracture, which was expressed in the new looks of a writer for life, attitude to religion, criticizing power, attention to the social aspects of the Company of the Company. Works on the plots of secular life did not interest him anymore. All this was reflected in the autobiographical work "Confession" (1884). Next followed the religious and philosophical treatise "What is my faith?", "Summary of the Gospel", and later - the Roman "Resurrection", the story "Haji Murat" and the drama "Living Corpse."

Together with his work, Lev Nikolayevich himself changed. He refuses wealth, clothes simply, engaged in physical work, separating itself from the rest of the world. Tolstoy pays great attention to the issues of faith, but this philosophy takes him away from the Lon of the Russian Orthodox Church. In addition, the church foundations are actively criticized in such works of the writer as the Roman "Resurrection", because of which the sacred synod in 1901 leaves him from the church, although this solution was rather a fact of a fact than a measure.

At the same time, thick time pays for assistance to peasants, takes care of their education and feed. During hunger in the Ryazan province, Lev Nikolayevich opened for those who need the canteens, where thousands of peasants were fed.

The last days

On October 28 (November 10), 1910 Tolstoy secretly leaves a clear clearing and random trains heading towards the border, but at the station Astapovo (now Lipetsk region), he is forced to leave the train due to the binding inflammation of the lungs. 7 (20) November of the Great Writer did not. He died in the house of the station's head at the 83rd year of life. Lion Nikolayevich Tolstoy buried in his estate clear glade in the forest on the edge of the ravine. A few thousand people arrived at the funeral. A tribute to the Writer was given in Moscow, and in St. Petersburg, and even abroad. On the occasion of mourning, some entertainment events were canceled, the work of factories and factories were suspended, people went to street demonstrations with portraits of Leo Nikolayevich.