What is cowardice? Instinct self-preservation or vice? What sensations are the person who retreated from the generally accepted rules of the morality and who committed an act, which is ashamed in the future? F.A.Vigdorova reflects on these issues.

The author lifts the problem of cowardice in his text. The writer illustrates the relevance of this problem. For this, it leads to the quotation of the Poet-Decembrist Ryleev, who wrote that "We are not afraid to die on the battlefields, but the word is afraid to say in favor of justice." The author surprises how many actions sometimes do not commit people precisely under the influence of momentary cowardice. Examples of this behavior are contained in sentences 16 - 24 text. The most terrible, according to the journalist, is to survive the cowardice and betrayal in everyday life. A broken window, an inappropriate loss of things or seen injustice ... how sometimes it is scary to make a confession about my own even a little offense!

It is impossible to disagree with the opinion of F. Vigdorova. To make truthful recognition, you need to be a bold and strong person. We are well known examples from the story of A.S. Pushkin "Captain's daughter". Schvabrin practically throughout the work makes cowardly actions: lies, reminded, becomes a traitor, caring only about his own good. Peter Grinev, on the contrary, retains dignity in any circumstances. So, the protagonist, risking life, declares that Pugachev will not swear.

Another cowardice evidence is observed in the Roman M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of our time." Grushnitsky, shooting with Pechorin, knew perfectly that the latter was not charged, but, nevertheless, he shoots in a practically unarmed person. Fate cruelly punished the meanness of a young man killed on this duel ... Perhaps Lermontov thus wanted to express their position on this issue. Cowardice is the quality of the scoundrel, unworthy to live.

Cowardice and betrayal have always been near. I believe that it is impossible to flush without committing betrayal towards those who surround us. Perhaps someone justifies their cowardice, but spiritual injury, pain from the cowardly behavior of friends or those whom we considered friends will be quite strong and will remain in the soul for a long time.

Cowardice, and after her, betrayal destroy not only the relationship between people, but also lick the person himself. And a thousand times the rights of Frida Abramovna Vigdorova, claiming in the final lines of the text that the courage is one thing. It does not have a plural, while the cowardice is a multi-coward.

Teacher comment:

An essay of cowardice and betrayal is easy to write to an adult man. Based on your life experience, it is easier to distinguish good and evil. And how to cope with this schoolboy, whose shoulders only a small life segment, and still ahead? How to find a problem in the text that he will write about?

You can determine the topic with the help of the question: what is the text? And allocate the problem that discuss. It should be alone. In the text there may be reflected several.

In the control version, the author clearly calls things with its own names, so difficulties with the choice of definitions cannot occur. You can advise you: decide that you will discuss - cowardice and betrayal or courage.

When you work on an essay, feel free to write emotionally. Let your spiritual impulses praise on paper. Because it is impossible to write about cowardice and betrayal. But do not get carried away excessive expression, do not use loud words. The essay is not a letter to the best friend, but a journalistic document.

If you can not focus on examples from life, remember the literature. In artworks, you can find many examples on this topic. And be sure to make a plan, determine which sequence will write.

Source text for writing an essay:

(1) I knew a wonderful writer. (2) Her name was Tamara Grigorievna Gabbe. (3) She told me one day:

- In life a lot of tests. (4) They do not list them. (5) But here are three, they are often found. (6) The first is the need for the need. (7) Second - well-being, glory. (8) And the third test is fear. (9) And not just that fear that the person recognizes in the war, and fear that overtakes him in ordinary, peaceful life.

(10) What is this fear that does not threatens either death nor injury? (11) Is it not fiction? (12) No, not fiction. (13) The fear of the multipath, sometimes he amazes fearless.

(14) "Amazing business," wrote the poet-Decembrist Ryleev, "we are not afraid to die on the battlefields, but the word is afraid to say in favor of justice."

(15) Since these words are written, many years have passed, but there are soul lenacy diseases.

(16) The person passed the war as a hero. (17) He went to intelligence, where every step threatened him to death. (18) He fought in the air and under water, he did not run from danger, fearlessly went towards her. (19) And now the war is over, the man returned home. (20) To his family, to its peaceful work. (21) He worked as well as fought: with passion giving all his strength, not regretting health. (22) But when the slander's brief was removed from his friend's work, the man whom he knew how he myself, in the innocence of which he was convinced, as in his own, he did not come down. (23) He, not afraid of either bullets, no tanks, was frightened. (24) He was not afraid of death on the battlefield, but was afraid to say the word in favor of justice.

(25) The boy smashed glass.

- (26) Who did it? - asks the teacher.

(27) The boy is silent. (28) It is not afraid to fly on skis from the most dizzying mountain. (29) He is not afraid to twist the unfamiliar river, full of cunning funnels. (30) But he is afraid to say: "I broke the glass."

(31) What is it afraid of? (32) Flooring from the mountain, he can roll his neck. (33) Swimming the river, can drown. (34) The words "I did it" do not threaten him death. (35) Why is he afraid to pronounce them?

(36) I heard a very brave man who last war, said once: "It happened scary, very scary."

(37) He spoke to the truth: he was scary. (38) But he knew how to overcome his fear and did what he told him a debt: he fought.

(39) In a peaceful life, of course, it can also be scary.

(40) I will tell the truth, and I will be excluded from school for it ... (41) I will tell the truth - they will be fired from work ... (42) I wonderfully silent.

(43) There are many proverbs in the world, which are justified by silence, and, perhaps, the most expressive: "My hut with the edge." (44) But the hut, which would be from the edge, no.

(45) We are all responsible for what is being done around us. (46) In response for everything bad and for everything good. (47) And do not think that this test comes to person only into some special, fatal minutes: in war, during some catastrophe. (48) No, not only in exceptional circumstances, not only per hour of mortal danger, human courage is experienced under the bullet. (49) It is tested constantly, in the most ordinary everyday affairs.

(50) Courage is one. (51) It requires that a person knows how to overcome the monkey in itself: in battle, on the street, at the meeting. (52) After all, the word "courage" has no multiple number. (53) It is one in any conditions.

(By F.A. Vigdorova *) * Fried Abramovna Vigdorova (1915-1965) - Soviet writer, journalist. (From Open Bank FIPI)

Material prepared Dovgomel Larisa Gennadievna

Transcript.

1 "courage and cowardice" - arguments for the final composition The essay in the context of this aspect can be founded on comparison of opposite manifestations of the personality from decisiveness and courage, manifestations of the will of the will and the strength of the spirit of some heroes to the desire to get away from responsibility, to hide from danger, to show weakness, which may lead even to betrayal. Examples of manifestation of these qualities of a person can be found in almost any product of classical literature. A.S. Pushkin "Captain's Daughter" As an example, you can take a comparison of Greeneva and Schvabrina: the first will be ready to die in the battle for the fortress, directly expresses his position to Pugachev, risking his life, left the oath of death, the oath was left, the second was frightened for his life and moved to the side of the enemy. The daughter of Captain Mironova is truly courageous. The "Course" Masha, who shuddered from the shots on the teaching in the fortress, shows the depth courage and hardness, confronts the claims of Schwabrin, being in its full power in the fortress occupied by Pugachevs. Capital Hero Roman A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" was essentially a coward, he completely subordinated his life to the opinion of the Company, which he himself despised. Understanding that it is to blame for the dueling duel and can prevent it, he does not do it, since the opinions of light and woven about himself. To avoid prosecution, he kills his friend. A vivid example of the truth courage The main character of the Roman M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don" Grigory Melekhov. The First World War picked up Grigory and twisted in the vortex of turbulent historical events. Gregory, as a true Cossack, is completely given to battle. He is determined and dare. Easily takes captive three Germans, deftly beats off the enemy battery, saves an officer. Certificate of his courage Georgievsky crosses and medals, officer's rank. The courage of Gregory shows not only in battle. He is not afraid to radically change his life, go against the will of the Father for the sake of his beloved woman. Does not tolerate Gregory and injustice and always openly speaks about it. He is ready to cool to change his fate, but not to change himself. Grigory Melekhov showed an outstanding courage in search of truth. But for him she is not just an idea, a certain idealized symbol of better human existence.

2 He is looking for her incarnation in life. In contact with the multitude of small particles of truth and ready to accept each, he often detects their inconsistency in a collision with life, but the hero does not stop in search of truth and justice and goes to the end, in the final of the novel, making his choice. It is not afraid to completely change his life and a young monk, the hero of the poem M.Yu. Lermontov "MTSI". The dream of a free life was fully captured by Mcsi, a fighter by nature, the strength of the circumstances of forced to live in a hated gloomy monastery. He, who did not live on freedom, independently decides to the brave act of escape from the monastery in the hope of returning to his homeland. Only on the will, in those days that Mcyri spent outside the monastery, all the wealth of his nature was revealed: freedom, thirst for life and struggle, persistence in achieving the goal, inflexible will, courage, contempt for danger, love for nature, understanding her beauty and power. Courage, willing to victory manifests a MTSER in the fight against the leopard. In his story about how he descended from the rocks to the flow, contempt for the danger: but his youth is strong, and death seemed not terrible. Mcyri failed to achieve his goal to find their homeland, his people. "I left my prison on me," so he explains the reason for his failure. Mcyri fell victim to the circumstances that were stronger than him (the steady motive of fate in the works of Lermontov). But he dies adamant, the Spirit is not broken. Big courage is required to preserve yourself, his identity in the conditions of totalitarian regime, not to abandon its ideals and ideas, including in creativity, do not obey the conjuncture. The question of courage and cowardice one of the central in the Roman MA Bulgakova "Master and Margarita". The words of the Hero of the Roman Ga-Nochri approves the idea that one of the main human defects is cowardice. This thought is traced throughout the novel. All-seeing wave, opening the "curtain" of time, shows that the course of history does not change the human nature: Judah, aliasis (traitors, judosters) exist at all times. But at the heart of betrayal, too, most likely, the cowardice of the vice, which always existed, a vice, which underlies many serious sins.

3 Did the traitors are not panties? Is the lets not panties? And if a person is lying, he is also afraid of something. Back in the XVIII century, the French philosopher K. Gelvedi argued that "after courage, there is nothing more beautiful than recognition in cowardice." In his novel, Bulgakov argues that a person is responsible for improving the world in which he lives. Position non-participation is not acceptable. Is it possible to call the masters a hero? Most probably not. The master failed to remain a fighter to the end. Master is not a hero, he is only a servant of truth. Can not be a master hero, since he Stroyl refused his book. He broke with adversities who fell on him, but he broke himself. Then, when I escaped from reality to the Stravinsky clinic, when she assured himself that "no need to wonder the big plans," he commemorates himself to the inaction of the Spirit. He is not a creator, he is only a master, so he is given only by "peace." Yeshua is a wandering young philosopher who came to Urshalaim to preach his teachings. He is a physically weak man, but at the same time he is spiritually strong personality, he is a man of thought. The hero under no circumstances refuses its views. Yeshua believes that a person can be changed for a better good. It is very difficult to be kind, so good is easy to replace all sorts of surrogates, which often happens. But if a person does not bewit, will not refuse his views, then such good is all possible. The "tramp" managed, "weak man" to turn the life of Pontius Pilate, "Almighty Ruler". Pondi Pilate Representative of the power of the Imperial Rome in Judea. The rich life experience of this person helps him understand Ga-Nochri. Pontius Pilate does not want to ruin the life of Yeshua, trying to incline him to a compromise, and when it fails, he wants to persuade the high priest Kaifa pardon Ga-Nochri on the occasion of the occurrence of Easter holiday. Pontius Pilate feels both pity for Yeshua, and compassion, and fear. It is fear that determines the ultimately his choice. This fear is born by the dependence on the state, the need to follow his interests. Pontius Pilate for M. Bulgakov is not just a coward, apostate, but he is also a victim. He retreating from Yeshua, he ruins himself and his soul. Even after physical death, he is doomed to the mental suffering, from which only Yeshua can save him. Margarita in the name of his love and faith in the talent of his beloved overcomes fear and its own weakness, even the circumstances wins.

4 Yes, Margarita is not an ideal person: becoming a witch, she threatens the house of writers, participates in the Satan Ball with the greatest sinners of all times and peoples. But she did not hold. Margarita is fighting for his love to the end. Not in vain the same Bulgakov based on human relations to put just love and mercy. In the novel "Master and Margarita", according to A.Z. Vulisa, there is a philosophy of retaliation: what he deserved, and received. The biggest vice cowardice will necessarily entail the retribution: the flour of the soul and conscience. Back in the "White Guard" M. Bulgakov warned: "Never run away between the rat winning to the unknownness from danger." Take responsibility for the fate of other people, perhaps more weak, is also a great courage. Such, the hero of the legend from the story of M. Gorky "Staruha Izergil". Proud, "the best of all" man, Danko died for people. At the heart of the old-told Izergil legend, an ancient legend of a person who saved people, indicating the path from the impassable forest. Danko possessed a volitional character: the hero did not want to slave life for his tribe and at the same time understood that people would not be able to live in the depths of the forest without the usual space for them, light. Peaceful resistance, internal wealth, true perfection in biblical legends was embodied in externally beautiful people. That was how the ancient representation of a person about spiritual and physical beauty was expressed: "Danko is one of those people, a young handsome man. Beautiful always bold. " Danko believes in its own strength, so it does not want to spend them "on the Duma and longing." The hero seeks to bring people from the darkness of the forest to freedom, where much heat and light. Having a volitional character, he takes on the role of the leader, and people "everyone went together for him to believe in him." The hero was not afraid of difficulties during a difficult way, but he did not consider the weakness of people who soon became raped, since they did not possess the resistance of Danko and did not have a solid will. The culmination episode of the story was the scene of the court over Danko, when people who were tired by the severity of the paths, hungry and evil, began to accuse their leader in everything: "You are an insignificant and harmful person for us! You told us and tired, and for it you will deceive! " Without making difficulties, people began to shift responsibility from themselves to Danko, wanting to find the guilty of their misfortunes. The hero, unselfishly loving people, understanding that everything would die without him, "he ripped his chest to his hands and pulled his heart out of her and raised him high above his head." Lighting the dark path from the impassable forest to his

5 Heart, Danko brought people from Darkness to where "the sun shone, the steppe sighed, glitter grass in the rain diagrants and the golden river glitter." Danko looked at the picture that opened before him and died. The author calls his hero Gordem Mobbled, who died for people. The final episode makes the reader think over the moral side of the figure of the hero: Whether the death of Danko was dismissed, whether people of such a victim are worthy. The image of the "careful" person, who appeared in the epilogue of the narrative, frightened something and coming "to the proud heart of the foot". The writer characterizes Danko as a better person. Indeed, the main features of the character of the hero are spiritual resistance, the power of the will, selflessness, the desire to serve people, courage. He sacrificed his life not only for those who brought out of the forest, but for himself: he could not do differently, the hero was necessary to help people. The feeling of love filled the heart of Danko, it was an integral part of his nature, so M. Gorky calls the hero "the best of all". Researchers celebrate the connection of the image of Danko with Moses, Promethem and Jesus Christ. The name of Danko is associated with the single words "tribute", "ladies", "giving". The most important words of a proud, bold man in legend: "What do I do for people?!" Many works of classical Russian literature raise the matter of fear of life in different manifestations. In particular, many works of A.P. are devoted to the topic of fear, cowards. Chekhov: "Fears", "Cossack", "Champagne", "Beauty", "Lights", "Steppe", "Man in a case", "Death of the official", "Ionch", "Lady with a dog", "chameleon" , "Chamber 6", "Fear", "Black Monk" and others. Hero of the story "Fear" Dmitry Petrovich Silin is afraid of everything. According to the author of the story, he "sick fear of life." The hero, according to Chekhov, scares incomprehensible and incomprehensible. For example, Silin is afraid of terrible events, disasters and the most ordinary events. He is afraid of life itself. All that is incomprehensible to the surrounding world, for him a threat. He reflects and is trying to find answers to exciting questions about the meaning of life and human existence. He is convinced that people understand what they see and hear, and he daily poison himself with his own fear. The hero of the story is trying to hide and retire. He seems to run away from life: leaves the service in St. Petersburg due to the fact that he is experiencing fear and fear, and decides to live alone in his estate. And here

6 gets a second strong blow when his spouse and friend betray it. When he learns about treason, fear drives him out of the house: "His hands trembled, he was in a hurry and looked at the house, it was probably scary." It is not surprising that the hero of the story compares himself with a newborn midge, whose life consists of some horrors. In the story of "Chamber 6" the topic of fear also goes to the fore. Andrei Efimovich's story hero is afraid of all. Most of all he is becoming reality. Nature itself looks terrible for him. The most ordinary things and items are frightening: "Here it is reality!" I thought Andrei Efimovich. There were scary and the moon, and a prison, and nails on the fence, and a distant flame in the Kostopolnaya Plant. " The fear of incomprehensibility of life is presented in the story "Man in a case". This fear makes the hero to move away from reality. The hero of Belikov's story is trying to "hide from life" into the case. His case is made of circulars and regulations, for the execution of which it is constantly watching. His fear is indefinite. He is afraid of everything and at the same time nothing concrete. The most hated failure of the rules and the retreat from the regulation. Even insignificant little things plunge Belikov in mystical horror. "The reality annoyed him, frightened, kept in a constant alert, and, perhaps, in order to justify this sobbiness, his aversion to the present, he always praised the past and something never happened; and the ancient languages \u200b\u200bhe taught , were for him, in essence, the same Kalosh and an umbrella, where he was hiding from the actual life. " If Silin is trying to hide in his estate in front of life, Belikova, Belikov, fear of life makes hide in a case from the rules and strict laws and in the end forever hid underground. The Hero of the story "On Love" Alekhin is also afraid of everything and also prefers to hide, retaining in his estate, although he had a good opportunity to engage in literature. He is afraid even his love and torments himself when he dubts this feeling and loses his beloved woman. The problem of fear is devoted to the fairy tale M.E. Saltovkova - generous "Wheel Pescar". The reader sweeps the life of Pescar, simple in its device, based on fear in front of potential hazards of the world order. The father and mother Hero lived a long life and died by their death. And before you move to the world of others, you visited the son of being careful, because all the inhabitants of the water world, and a person in any

7 Moment can destroy it. Young Pescar has so well learned the science of his parents, which literally sharpened himself in the underwater hole. From her he went out only at night, when everyone slept, he had fallen out and the round day "trembled" just not grabbed! In this fear, he lived as much as 100 years, really surviving his relatives, although he was a small fish that everyone could swallow. And in this sense, his life was a success. It came true and his other dream to live so that no one would have learned about the existence of the wisdom of Pescar. Before death, the hero is thinking about what it would be if all the fish lived just like him. And it turns: the genus of Pescares would cease! Over the opportunity to make friends, to create a family, grow children and give them their own life experience. It is clearly aware of this before his death and, deeply thinking, falls asleep, and then unwittingly violates the boundaries of his hole: "Rowing it" from the hole is shown outside. And then the scope for reader fantasy, because the author does not report what happened to the hero, but it only stating that he suddenly disappeared. There were no witnesses of this incident, so not only the task of to live was imperceptible to be reached with peckery, but also the "topsack" just as imperceptibly disappear. The author with bitterness summarizes the life of his hero: "I drank trembled, and dying trembled." Often bold helps to become anxiety, care for loved ones. Non-light courage shows a little boy from the story of A.I. Cook "White Poodle" in the story All the most important events are associated with the white poodle of Arto. The dog is one of the artists of the stray troupe. Grandfather Skodzhakin really appreciates him and speaks about the dog: "He feeds, Sort and dress us two." It is using the image of the puddle the author reveals human feelings and relationships. Grandpa and Seryozha love artist and belong to him, as a friend and family member. That is why they do not agree to sell a favorite dog for any money. But the mother Trillie thinks: "Everything is sold, what is bought." When her spoiled son wanted a dog, she offered a fabulous money to artists and did not even want to listen that the dog is not for sale. When Arto could not buy, he decided to steal. Here's when Grandfather Imboke showed weakness, Seryozha shows a decisiveness and goes to a brave, decent adult act an act: by all means returning the dog. With a risk to life, almost having a janitor, he frees a friend.

8 to the theme of cowardice and courage has repeatedly addressed modern writers. One of the most striking works of the story of V. Zhetznikov "Stuffed". In one of the provincial schools comes a new student Lena Zrazolev. She is the granddaughter of the artist leading a closed lifestyle, which was the reason for the removal of citizens from him. Classmates openly give to understand the new girl whose rules here. Over time, the inscycling is beginning to despire for her kindness and soft-heartedness, classmates give her nickname "Stuffed". The Lena is a good soul, and she is trying in every possible way to establish contact with classmates, trying not to react to an offensive nickname. However, the cruelty of children led by class leaders has no boundaries. Only one person feels a feeling of pity for the girl and begins to be friends with Dima Somov. Once the children decided to strive lessons and go to the movies. Dima returned to the class to pick up the forgotten thing. He was met by the teacher, and the boy was forced to tell the truth that his classmates escaped from lessons. After that, children decide to punish Dima for betrayal, but unexpectedly Lena, who retained the neutrality all this time, stands up for his friend and begins to justify him. Classmates quickly forget the sin of Dima and carry their aggression on the girl. Lena declared a boycott to teach her. Brutal children burn the scarecrow, symbolizing Lena. The girl is no longer to withstand such a blowing, asks the grandfather to leave this city. After the Besseltseva left, the children experience the torment of conscience, they understand that they lost a really good, honest person, but it's too late. An explicit leader in the class is the iron button. Her behavior is determined by the desire to be special: volitional, principled. However, these qualities are inherent in her only outwardly, they need to keep leadership. At the same time, it is one of the few who kindly sympathizes Lena and highlights it among the others: "I did not expect this from the stuffed, finally silent the iron button. All embedded. Not each of us is capable of it. It is a pity that she turned out to be a traitor, and then I would make friends with her and you are all the cocks. You yourself do not know what you want. " And the reason for this sympathy, it is aware of only at the very end, at the time of farewell to the ingredes. It becomes obvious that Lenka is not like the rest. It has inner strength, courage, allowing to resist lies and preserve the spiritual principle.

9 A special place in the system of the story of the story occupies Dimka Somov. At first glance, this is a person who is not afraid of anything, does not depend on others and it differs from his peers. This manifests itself in his actions: in his attempts to protect Lena, in how he freed the dog from the roller, in the desire to be independent of his parents and earn money. But then it turns out that, like redhead, he depended on the class and was afraid to exist separately. Fearing the opinions of classmates, he was capable of a repeated betrayal: he betrays the ingredes when he does not admit his misconduct when, together with everyone he burns the scarecrow, when he tries to scare her when, along with the rest, she throws her dress in a circle. Its external beauty does not correspond to internal content, and in the episode of farewell to the ingredes, he causes only pity. Thus, none of the class did not stand the moral test: they did not have enough for this moral basis, internal strength and courage. Unlike all the characters, Lena turns out to be a strong personality: nothing can push it into betrayal. Several times she forgives Somov this testifies to her kindness. She finds the strength to survive all the insults and treason, do not get out. It is not by chance that the action unfolds against the background of portraits of the ancestors of Lena, especially the bold general of Raevsky. Apparently, they are designed to emphasize the courage, characteristic of her kind. Courage and cowardice in extreme situations, in war. The most striking true qualities of the human personality are manifested in extreme situations, in particular, in war. Roman L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" not only and not so much about war, how many human characters and qualities that manifest themselves in difficult conditions for choosing and the need to make a deed. Important for the writer are reflections on true courage, courage, heroism and cowardice as personalities. Brighter than these qualities are manifested in military episodes. Drawing heroes, Tolstoy uses the reception of opposition. What kind of different we see Prince Andrei and Gherkov in battle near Shangraben! Bagration sends Gherkova with an order to retreat on the left flank, that is, where the most dangerous is now. But the horses are desperately a coward and therefore jumps not to where shooting, but looking for chiefs "in a safer place where they could not be." Thus, a vital order by this adjutant

10 Not transferred. But he transmits another officer Prince Bolkonsky. He is also scary, the nuclei fly right above him, but he prohibits himself to be crazy. Before the battery, Trozil's barbell takes, and on the officer dinner, boldly and loosely laughed at an amazing hero, but a ridiculous and timid man captain carcass. Not knowing how the battery was masculously acted, Bagration Raw Captain for left an instrument. None of the officers did not find courage to say that the battery Tushina was without cover. And only Prince Andrei was indignant by these riots in the Russian army and inevitution to appreciate the true heroes and not only justified the captain, but his soldiers called him and the true heroes of the day, which is obliged to the troops. Timokhin, inconspicuous and no outstanding in ordinary circumstances, also demonstrates true courage: "Timokhin with a desperate cry rushed on the French with one sapeter, came to the enemy, so the French disassembled weapons and ran". One of the main characters of the novel, Andrei Bolkonsky, possessed such qualities as pride, courage, decency and honesty. At the beginning of the novel, he is dissatisfied with the void of society and therefore goes to military service, in the army. Going to war, he dreams of committing a feat and earn folk love. In war, he shows courage and courage, the soldiers characterize him as a strong, bold and demanding officer. In first place he poses honor, debt and justice. During the Austerlitsky battle, Andrei makes a feat: picks up the banner who fell out of the hands of the wounded soldier and fascinates the soldiers fleeing in a panic. Another hero, which passes through the test of its nature Nikolai Rostov. When plot logic leads him to the field of Shenagraben battle, the moment of truth occurs. Until this time, the hero is absolutely confident in his courage and is that it will not be disgraced in battle. But, having seen the true face of the war, coming to the measurement closely, Rostov is aware of the impossibility of murder and death. It can not be that they want to kill me, he thinks, running away from the French. He is confused. Instead of shooting, he throws his pistol in the opponent. His fear is not fear of the enemy. They own a sense of fear for their happy young life. Petya is the youngest in the family of growth, mother's favorite. He hits the war very young, and the main goal for him to make a feat, become a hero: "... Petya was in a constantly happy excited state

11 joys on the fact that he is big, and in a constantly enthusiastic hasty, not to miss some incident of the present heroism. " He has few combat experience, but a lot of youthful dust. Therefore, he boldly rushes into the smallest of combat and falls under the fire of the enemy. Despite the young age (16 years old), Petya desperately dare and sees his destination in the ministry of Fatherland. The Great Patriotic War gave a lot of material for thinking about courage and cowardice. True courage, the courage in war can show not only the soldiers, a warrior, but also a simple person, the circumstances of the circumstances involved in the terrible cycle of events. Such a story of a simple woman is described in the Roman V.A. Spun "Mother Human". In September 1941, Hitler's troops were far advanced into the depths of Soviet territory. Many areas of Ukraine and Belarus turned out to be occupied. It remained in the territory-busy territory and lost in the steppes of the farm, where a young woman Mary, her husband Ivan and their son Valkytka lived happily. Having captured the previously peaceful and abundant land, the fascists ruined everything, the farmers burned, hijacked people to Germany, and Ivan and Vasyatka hung. One Mary managed to escape. Lonely, she had to fight for his life and for the life of his future child. Further events of the novel reveal the greatness of Mary's soul, which became truly a man's mother. Hungry, exhausted, she does not think at all about himself, saving a girl to Sanya, mortally wounded by the fascists. Sanya replaced the deceased Vasyatka, became a part of the life of Mary, which fascist invaders pulled out. When the girl is dying, Maria is barely crazy, without seeing the point of its further existence. And yet she finds courage in order to live. Having experienced a burning hatred for the fascists, Maria, who met the wounded young German, hesitantly throws on him with the forks, wanting to take revenge on his son and for her husband. But the German, defenseless boy, shouted: "Mom! Mum!" And the heart of the Russian woman fluttered. The great humanism of a simple Russian soul is extremely simple and clearly shown by the author in this scene. Maria felt his duty in front of people hung up to Germany, so it began to collect a harvest with collective farm fields not only for ourselves, but also for those who may be back home. The sense of executable debt supported it in heavy and lonely days. Soon she had a large farm, because Mary's looted and burned outlook

12 It was all living. Maria became like the mother of all her land, mother, buried her husband, Vasyatku, Sanya, Werner Braht and a completely unfamiliar, killed on the forefront of glory. Maria was able to take the seven Leningrad orphans under his shelter, the will of the destroyed fate on her farm. So met this courageous woman Soviet troops with children. And when the first Soviet soldiers entered the burned farm, Mary seemed that she gave birth to the light not only of her son, but also all the disadvantaged children of the world of the world ... In the story of V. Bynikov "Sotnikov" the problem of genuine and imaginary courage and heroism is emphasized which is the essence of the plot line of the work. The main characters of the Tale - Sotnikov and Fisherman - in the same circumstances behaved differently. Fisherman, embodiment, agreed to enter the police, hoping at a convenient case to return to the partisan detachment. Sotnikov chooses heroic death, because he is a man with an exacerbated sense of responsibility, debt, the ability to not think about himself, about his own destiny, when the fate of the Motherland is being solved. The death of Sotnikov became its moral triumph: "And if anything else cared for him in life, it is the last of his duties towards people." The fisherman also discovered the shamedy fabulous, the cowardice and for his salvation agreed to become a policeman: "The opportunity to live is the main thing. Everything else". The huge moral power of Sotnikova is that he managed to accept the suffering for his people, to preserve faith, not to succumb to the thought of the fisherman. In the face of death, a person becomes such what it really is. Here it is checked by the depth of his beliefs, civil durability. This thought is traced in the story V. Rasputin "Live and Remember." Before the heroes of the story, the Nastya and Guskov is a problem of moral choice. A deserter husband, who and deserter became by chance: after the injury, he followed his vacation, but for some reason he was not given, immediately sent to the front. And, driving past the native home, honestly fought soldiers does not withstand. He runs home, perhaps the fear of death, becomes a deserter and a coward, condemning the death of everyone, for the sake of whom he left, who loved so much: Wife Nastya and the child they were waiting for ten years. And the swollen walls can not withstand the severity that fell on her. Not

13 withstands because its soul is too high, her moral thoughts, although she may not even know this word. And she makes his choice: goes along with his unworn child in the Water of Yenisei, because it is asking to live in the light. And not only a deserter addresses Rasputin's "Live and Remember". He addresses us, alive: live, remember that you always have a choice. In the story k.d. Vorobyeva "killed near Moscow" is told about the tragedy of the young Kremlin cadets sent to death during the offensive of the Germans near Moscow in the winter of 1941. In the story, the writer shows the "merciless, terrible truth of the first months of war." Heroes Tale K. Vorobyeva The Writer talks about what is the birthplace for them, war, enemy, home, honor, death. All the horror of the war is shown by the eyes of cadets. Vorobyov draws the path of the Kremlin cadet of Lieutenant Alexei Yastreb to victory over himself, over the fear of death, the way of gaining courage. Alexey wins, because in a tragically cruel world, where the owner of everything is now war, retained the dignity and humanity, good nature and love of their homeland. The death of the company, the suicide of the Ryumin, death under the caterpillars of German tanks, who survived after the cadet, all completed the revaluation of values \u200b\u200bin the consciousness of the main hero. In the story V. Kondratieva "Sasha" discloses the whole truth about the war, the missing then and blood. Fights under Rzhev were scary, exhausting, with tremendous human losses. And the war appears not in the pictures of heroic battles it is just difficult, hard, dirty work. A man in war is in extreme, inhuman conditions. Will he be able to stay by a person next to death, blood mixed with mud, cruelty and pain for the validation land and died friends? Sasha ordinary infantryman, he has been fighting for two months and saw a lot of scary. Two months from one hundred and fifty people left sixteen. V. Kondratyev shows several episodes from Sasha's life. Here it is mining felt boots for the road, risking life, goes back under the fire, to say goodbye to the guys and give off his machine, here he leads to the wounded, without relying on the fact that they will deal with themselves, here it takes captive Germans and refuses His shoot ... The desperate courage exhibits Sasha takes the Germans with bare hands: he has no cartridges, he gave his disc to the Rotty. But the war did not kill in him kindness and humanity.

14 did not want war and ordinary girls of the heroine book B. Vasilyeva "And dawns here are quiet." Rita, Zhenya, Lisa, Galya, Sonya entered unequal struggle with the fascists. Simple yesterday's schoolgirls made a courageous warriors, because he always flared up a spark of heroism in an important epoch of life in an ordinary person ... ". Rita Osyanina, volitional and tender, she is the most courageous and fearless, because she is a mother! She protects the future of his son, and because it is ready to die so that he can live. Zhenya Comlkova Cheerful, Muchy, beautiful, mischievous to adventurism, desperate and tired of war, from pain and love, long and painful, to a distant and married man. She, without thinking, guessess the Germans from Vaskov and the wounded Rita. Saving them, the dies itself. "And it could be aimed, says waskov later, but did not want." I did not want, because I realized that she saves others that Rita was needed to her son she should live. Willingness to die to save the other is not this real courage? Sonya Gurvich The embodiment of student student and poetic nature, "Beautiful Stranger", who came out of the Tomika poems by A. Blok, rushes to save the vasus of Vaskov and dies from the hand of the Fascist. Lisa Brichkin ... "Ah, Lisa-Lizaveta, did not have time, could not overcome the bog of war." But without unnecessary thought, she ran back, towards his mind. It was scary? Yes of course. One among the swamps is necessary and went, not a minute not doubting. Does not the courage of the war generated? The main character of the work of B. Vasilyeva "The lists did not mean" Lieutenant Nicholas Plugs, recently graduated from a military school. This is an enthusiastic young man, full of hopes and thinking that "... Every commander must first serve in the troops." Talking about the short life of Lieutenant, B. Vasilyev shows how the young man becomes a hero. Having received an appointment to a special western district, Kolya was happy. As in the wings, he flew to the city of Brest-Litovsk, in a hurry to determine the part. His wiring around the city was the Girl of Mirra, who helped him get to the fortress. Before going to the duty officer on the shelf, Kolya went to the warehouse to clean the shape. And at that time the first explosion rang out ... so the war began for Plugnikov. Hardly time to jump out the outside of the second explosion, taking the entrance to the warehouse, the lieutenant began his first fight. He sought to make a feat, thinking with pride: "I went to a real attack and, it seems that someone killed. there is

15 What to tell ... ". And on the next day, he was frightened by German car gunners and, saving his life, threw the fighters already trusted to him. From this point on, the consciousness of Lieutenant is beginning to change. He blames himself for cowardice and puts himself a goal: in order not to give enemies to capture the Brest Fortress. Plugs realizes that true heroism and feat requires man of courage, responsibility, readiness to "put his soul for his other." And we see how awareness of debt becomes the driving force of his actions: it is impossible to think about yourself, because in danger of the homeland. Having passed through all the cruel tests of the war, Nikolai became an experienced fighter, ready to give everything in the name of the victory and firmly believe that "a person cannot be defeated, even killing." Feeling blood connection with the Fatherland, he remained faithful to military duty, having encouraging the enemies to the end. After all, the lieutenant could leave the fortress, and it would not be a desertion from him, because he did not mean in the lists. Plugs understood that his sacred duty to protect his homeland. Leaving one in the destroyed fortress, the lieutenant met the elder of the seven, who from the very beginning the siege of Brest wore the banner of the shelf on his chest. Dying from hunger and thirst, with an interrupted spine, Starin kept this shrine, firmly believing in the liberation of our Motherland. Plugs received a banner from him, having received an order to survive by anything and return the scarlet staging Brest. Much had to go through Nikolai for these harsh days of testing. But no misfortunes could break in him and repay his fiery love for patronycia, because "in the important epochs of life, the spark of heroism begins in an important epoch of life." The Germans drove him into the caasemont, from which there was no second exit. Plugs hid the banner and went out into the world, said to be sent to him: "The fortress did not fall: she just bleed. I am the last drop ... "How deeply disclosed in your human essence Nikolai Plugs in the final scene of the novel, when he is accompanied by Ruvim Svitsky comes out of the caasemate. It is written if you seek an analogy to musical creativity, according to the principle of the final chord. All those in the fortress were surprised to look at Nicholas, this "uncompressed son of unoccupied homeland." Before them stood "incredibly thin, no longer had the age of a person." Lieutenant was "without cap, long

16 Gray Hair touched the shoulders ... He stood, strictly straightened, threatening his head high, and, without stopping, looked at the sun with blind eyes. And from these non-moving terrible eyes, tears flowed uncontrollab. " Having affecting the heroism of Pluzhnikov, German soldiers and the general gave him the highest military honors. "But he did not see these honors, and if he had seen, he would still be anyway. He was above all imaginable honors, above glory, above life, above death. " Lieutenant Nikolai Pluggers was not born a hero. The author tells in detail about his pre-war life. He is the son of the Khmishnikov Komissar killed from the hands of Basmachi. Still in the school Kolya considered a sample of the general who participated in the Spanish events. And in the context of war, a nonstunted lieutenant was forced to make independent decisions; When I received an order to retreat did not leave the fortress. This construction of the novel helps to understand the spiritual world not only Pluzhnikov, but also all courageous defenders of the Fatherland.

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Pontius Pilate is a cowardly man. And it was for the cowardice that he was punished. The procurator could save Yeshua Ga-Nozri from execution, but signed a death sentence. Pontius Pilate was afraid for the inviolability of his power. He did not go against the Sedrin, ensuring his peace of time for the life of another person. And all this despite the fact that Yeshua was sympathetic to the procurator. The cowardiness prevented a person to save. Cowardice is one of the most serious sins (according to the novel "Master and Margarita").

A.S. Pushkin "Evgeny Onegin"

Vladimir Lensky called Evgeny Onegin on a duel. He could cancel the duel, but Strestil. The cowardice manifested itself in the fact that the hero was considered with the opinion of society. Evgeny Onegin thought only about the fact that people would say about him. The result was sad: Vladimir Lensky died. If his friend did not bear, but chose the moral principles to public opinion, the tragic consequences could be avoided.

A.S. Pushkin "Captain's daughter"

The siege of the Belogorsk fortress by the troops of the impostor Pugachev showed whom to consider the hero, who - a coward. Alexey Ivanovich Shvabrin, saving his life, at the very first opportunity betrayed his homeland and switched to the side of the enemy. In this case, cowardice - synonym

All arguments for the final essay in the direction of "courage and cowardice". Do you need to have courage to say no?

Some people are peculiar to the timidity. Such people are very often not able to refuse than enjoying others. This example can serve as a heroine story A.P. Chekhov "". Julia Vasilyevna works by a governess at the narrator. It is characterized by shy, but this is her quality reaches the absurdity. Even when it is frankly oppressed, it is unfairly deprived of the money earned, it is silent, because the character does not allow her to rebuff and say "no." The behavior of the heroine shows us that the courage is needed not only in emergency situations, but also in everyday life when you need to stand up for yourself.

How does the courage in war manifest?

Extreme conditions, as a rule, reveal the true essence of a person. Confirmation This can be found in the story M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man". During the war, Andrei Sokolov was in captivity of the Germans, he Morious hunger, held in Karzer for an attempt to escape, but he did not lose his human dignity, did not lead himself as a coward. The situation is indicative when for unwarly words, the camp, the camp caused him to be shifted. But Sokolov did not refuse his words, did not show the German soldiers of his fear. He was ready to adequately meet death, he retained life for it. However, after the war, he was waiting for a more serious test: he learned that his wife and daughters died, and only a funnel remained at the place of the house. His son survived, but the happiness of the father was short-lived: on the last day of the war, Anatoly was killed by sniper. Despair did not break his spirit, he found courage to continue life. He adopted the boy who also lost the whole family during the war. Thus, Andrei Sokolov shows a wonderful example of how to preserve the dignity, honor and remain brave in the most difficult life situations. Such people make the world better and kinder.

How does the courage in war manifest? What person can be called brave?

War is a terrible event in the life of any person. She takes friends and loved ones, makes children orphans, destroys hope. One people war breaks, others - it makes stronger. A vivid example of a bold volitional personality is Alexey Meresyev - the main character of the "Tale of this man" B.N. Field. All his life, a hard wound in battle, who dreamed of becoming a professional pilot-fighter, and in the hospital, both legs amply. The hero seems to be his life, he can't fly, walk, deprived of hope for the creation of a family. Being in a military hospital and seeing the example of the courage of other wounded, he understands what to fight. Every day, overcoming physical pain, Alexey makes exercises. Soon he can already walk and even dance. With all the forces of Meresyev, trying to receive admission to flight school, because only in heaven he feels in his place. Despite the serious requirements for pilots, Alexei receives a positive response. The girl he loves does not refuse him: after the war they marry, and their son is born. Alexey Meresyev - an example of a person with an inconibrated will, whose bravery could not even break the war.

"In the battle, those most of all are dangerous, which are more than others obsessed with fear; The courage is the same as the wall. "S.S. Crispy
Whether you agree with the statement of L. Lahertoof: "The flight always fits more soldiers than in the battle."

In the Roman-Epopea "War and Peace" you can find many examples of human behavior in war. So, the officer of Zherkov manifests himself as a person, not ready to sacrifice himself for victory. During the Shenagraben battle, he exists a cowardice that leads to the death of many soldiers. By order of Bagration, he must go to the left flank with a very important message - ordered to retreat. However, the panties panties and does not pass the message. At this time, the French attack the left flank, and the bosses do not know what to do, because they did not receive any orders. Hair begins: the infantry runs into the forest, and the hussars go to the attack. Due to the actions of Zherkov, a huge number of soldiers die. During this battle, the young Nikolai Rostov is injured, he, together with the hussar, boldly rushing into the attack while other soldiers are in confusion. Unlike Gherkov, he did not hold, for which he was produced into officers. On the example of one episode in the work, we can see the consequences of courage and cowardice in war. Fear paralyzes some and forces others to act. Neither escape, nor the struggle guarantee the salvation of life, but courageous behavior not only retains honor, but also gives strength in battle, which increases the chances to survive.

How are the concepts of courage and self-confidence? The courage to recognize the wrongness. What is the difference between true courage from false? What is the difference between courage and risks? Do you need to have courage to recognize your mistakes? Who can be called a pant?

The courage, expressed in excessive self-confidence, can lead to irreparable consequences. It is believed that courage is a positive quality of character. This statement is true if it is associated with intelligence. Sometimes the fool is sometimes dangerous. So, in the novel "Hero of our time" M.Yu. Lermontov can find this confirmation. The young Junker is Hushnitsky, one of the characters of the chapter "Princess Mary", is an example of a person paying great attention to the external manifestations of courage. He loves to produce an effect on people, talks to lush phrases and pays excessive attention to his military form. It can not be called a coward, but also the courage of his showing, is not aimed at real threats. A conflict arises from Hushnitsky and Pechorin, and the offended pride requires a duel with Gregory. However, the pearshnitsky is solved for meanness and does not charge the opponent's pistol. Having learned about this, puts it in a difficult situation: ask for forgiveness or be killed. Unfortunately, the Juncker cannot defeat his pride, he is ready to brave death, because recognition is unthinkable for him. His "courage" does not bring any benefit. He dies because it is not aware that the courage to admit his mistakes is sometimes more important.

How are the concepts of courage and risks, self-confidence, stupidity? What is the difference between arrogance and courage?

Another character whose courage was stupid, is Azamat, the younger brother of Bala. He is not afraid of risk and whistling the head bullets, but his courage is stupid, even fatal. He steals his sister from the house, risking not only relationships with his father and his safety, but also with the happiness of Bale. His bravery is not aimed at self-defense or to save lives, therefore leads to sad consequences: his father and sister die from the hands of the robber, whom he stole a horse, and he himself is forced to flee into the mountains. Thus, courage can lead to terrible consequences if it is used by a person to achieve goals or protect its ego.

Courage in love. Can love inspire people to feats?

Love inspires people to feats. Thus, the main characters of the story O. Genry "" showed an example of courage to readers. For the sake of love, they sacrificed the most expensive: Della gave her beautiful hair, and Jim -chases, who got him from his father. In order to realize what is really important in life, short-lasting courage is needed. More courage needs to sacrifice something in the name of your loved one.

Can a bold man be afraid? Why should not be afraid to admit in your feelings? What is dangerous indecision in love?

A. Morua in the story "" shows readers than dangerous indecision in love. The main hero of the story Andre falls in love with the actress by the name of the feminine. He carries her violets every Wednesday, but not even deciding to approach her. Passion will be buried in his soul, the walls of his room are hung with portraits of the beloved, but in real life he can not even write a letter to her. The reason for such behavior lies in his fear to be rejected, as well as in self-satisfaction. He considers his passion for the actress "hopeless" and elevates women to an unattainable ideal. However, it is impossible to name this person with a "coward". In his head there is a plan: go to war to make a feat that "bring" him to the feminine. Unfortunately, there he dies, so without having time to say her about his feelings. After his death, a feminine from his father finds out that he wrote a lot of letters, but never sent a single one. If Andre, at least once approached her closer, I would know that for her "modesty, constancy and nobility is better than any feat." This example proves that indecisiveness in love is dangerous in that it does not give a person to become happy. It is likely that the courage of Andre would be able to make up two people, and no one would have to mourn an unnecessary feat, which did not bring him closer to the main goal.

What deeds can be called brave? What is the feat of a doctor? Why is it important to be brave in life? What does it mean to be brave in everyday life?

Dr. Smokes is a noble person who has chosen to serve people. Only the non-equilibrium to others, their troubles and diseases may cause such a choice. Despite the adversity in family life, smoke thinks about patients more than themselves. His dedication in the work often threatens him with dangers, so he dies, saving a boy from diphtherite. He manifests himself as a hero, making what he was not obliged. His courage, the loyalty to his profession and the debt does not allow him to do otherwise. To be a doctor with a capital letter, it is necessary to be brave and decisive, such as Osip Ivanovich smoke.

What does cowardice lead to? What actions pushes a man cowardice? What is dangerous cowardice? What is the difference between fear and cowardice? Who can be called a coward? Can a bold man be afraid? Is it possible to say that one step is from fear to cowardice? Cowness is a sentence? How does extreme conditions affect courage? Why is it important to have courage when making your solutions? Can the cowardice inhibit the development of the person? Do you agree with the approval of Didro: "We consider the coward of the one who allowed him in his presence offensively respond about his friend"? Do you agree with the approval of Confucius: "Cowardly, in to know what should do and not do this"

It is difficult to be brave always. Sometimes even strong and honest people with high moral principles can be frightened as, for example, the hero of the story V.V. Zheleznikova Dima Somov. His character, such as "courage", "correctness" stand out against the background of other guys from the very beginning, it appears before readers as a hero who does not help to offend the weak, protects animals, seeks to independence and loves labor. During the campaign, Dima saves Lena from classmates who began to scare it, putting the "muzzles" of animals. It is for this reason that Lenochka Besseltseva falls in love with him.

But over time, we observe the moral drop of the "hero" of Dima. At first he is frightened with the problem with a classmate's brother and violates its principle. He does not tell that his classmate Valya-Novoverier, because his brother is afraid. But the next act showed a completely different side of Dima Somov. He deliberately allowed the whole class to think about the fact that Lena told about the breakdown of the teacher's lesson, although he did it himself. The reason for this act became cowardice. Further, Dima Somov is deeply immersed in the bunch of fear. Even when Lena declared a boycott, mocked her, Somov could not confess, although there was a lot of chances. This hero paralyzed fear, turning it from the "hero" in an ordinary "coward", devalued all his positive qualities.

This hero shows us and other truth: we are all wovenings from contradictions. Once we are bold, sometime afraid. But there is a huge abyss between fear and cowardice. Cowardice is not useful, it is dangerous, because he pushes a person to the bad acts, the low-lying instincts awakens. And fear is what is inherent to everyone. A person who makes a feat may be afraid. Heroes are afraid, ordinary people are afraid, and this is normal, fear in itself is the condition of survival of the species. But cowardice is an already shaped character trait.

What does it mean to be brave? How does the courage affect the formation of a person? In what life situations is best manifested by courage? What does the real courage manifest? What deeds can be called brave? The courage is the resistance of fear, and not his absence. Can a bold man be afraid?

Lena Besseltseva is one of the strongest images in Russian literature. On her example, we can see a huge abyss between fear and cowardice. This is a little girl who falls into an unfair situation. It is inherent in fear: it scares the cruelty of children, she is afraid of stuffed animals at night. But in fact, it turns out to be the most bold of all the heroes, because she is able to stand up for those who are weaker, she is not afraid of universal condemnation, it is not afraid to be a special, not like others. Lena proves his courage many times, for example, when he rushes to the aid of Dima, when he is in danger, even though he betrayed it. Her example taught the whole class of good, showed that everything is not always solved in the world. "And the longing, such desperate longing on human purity, in disinterested courage and the nobility and more and more captured their hearts and demanded an exit."

Do I need to defend the truth, fight for justice? Do you agree with the approval of Didro: "We consider the coward of the one who allowed him in his presence offensively respond about his friend"? Why is it important to have courage in defending your ideals? Why are people afraid to express their opinion? Do you agree with the approval of Confucius: "Cowardly, in to know what should do and not do this"

To fight injustice, you need courage. The hero of the story of Vasilyev saw injustice, but due to the weakness of character I could not withstand the team and its leader of the iron button. This hero tries not to offend Lena Incassive, refuses to beat her, but at the same time tries to preserve neutrality. Vasilyev is trying to protect Lena, but he lacks character and courage. On the one hand, it remains hope that this character will correct. Perhaps the example of the brave Lena Inzolev will help him to overcome fears and teach him to defend the truth, even if everything around against. On the other hand, Vasilyeva's behavior and what his inaction led to, teaches us that it is impossible to stand aside if you understand that injustice happens. The silent consent of Vasilyev is instructive, since many of us face similar situations in life. But there is a question that should ask yourself every person before making a choice: is there something worse than you know about injustice, being her witness and just be silent? The courage, as well as cowardice - the matter of choice.

Do you agree with the statement: "You can never live happily, when all the time tremble from fear"? How is constant related to cowardice? What is dangerous fear? Can fear to interfere with a person to live? How do you understand the statement of Gelving: "To be completely devoid of courage, you need to be completely devoid of desires"? How do you understand a steady expression: "Does your eyes are great"? Is it possible to argue that a person is afraid of what does not know? How do you understand the statement of Shakespeare: "Panties die many times before death, the brave die only once"?

"Promotud Piskary" is an instructive story about what fear is dangerous. Piskary lived all his life and trembled. He considered himself very smart, because he made a cave in which he could be safe, but the opposite side of such an existence was the utmost lack of real life. He did not create a family, did not find friends, did not breathe with full breasts, did not eat his feet, he did not live, just sat in his Nore. He sometimes thought about whether someone had the benefit of his existence, understood that there was no, but fear did not allow him to get out of his comfort and security zone. So Piskary and died, without knowing any joy in life. In this instructive allegory, many people can see themselves. This tale teaches us not to be afraid of life. Yes, she is full of dangers and disappointments, but if you are afraid of all, when to live?

Do you agree with the words of Plutarch: "The courage - the beginning of the victory"? Is it important to be able to overcome your fears? Why do you need to deal with fears? What does it mean to be brave? Is it possible to raise courage? Do you agree with the statement of Balzak: "Mandrel fear can make timid, but he is indecisive, he attaches to the courage"? Can a bold man be afraid?

The problem of overcoming fear is also revealed in the novel of Veronica's mouth "Divergent". Beatris Praior is the main heroine of the work, leaves his house, the fractions of the detachable, to become fearless. She is afraid of the reaction of his parents, it is afraid not to pass the rite of initiation, be incomprehensible in a new place. But her main strength is that she challenges with all his fears, looks in his face. Tris exposes itself to a huge danger, being in the society of fearless, because she is "other", such as she destroy. It scares her terribly, but much more she is afraid of himself. She does not understand the nature of his difference from others, it is frightened by the thoughts that its very existence can be dangerous for people.

Fighting with fears is one of the key problems of the novel. So, the beloved Beatris is called Form, translated from English this means "four". It is such a number of fears that he needs to win. Tris and Ot fearlessly fight for their lives, for justice, for peace in the city, which is called the house. They defeat both external enemies and internal, which, undoubtedly, characterizes them as bold people.

Do you need courage in love? Do you agree with the assertion of Russell: "Fear of love - means to be afraid of life, and to be afraid of life, then be two thirds of the dead"?

A.I. Kuprin "Pomegranate bracelet"
George Yolkov - a small official, whose life is devoted to unrequited love for the princess faith. As you know, love him born long before her marriage, but he preferred to write her letters, pursued her. The reason for this behavior was rooted in its insecurity and in fear to be rejected. Perhaps, be bolder, I could be happy with a woman who loves.

Can a person be afraid of happiness? Do you need to have courage to change your life? Do you need to risk?

Vera Shein was afraid to be happy and wanted a calm marriage, without shocks, so married for fun and cute Vasily, with whom it was very simple, but she did not experience great love. Only after the death of his rider, looking at his dead body, faith realized that the love of which every woman dreams passed by her. The morality of this story is: you need to be bold not only in household life, but also in love, you need to risk, without fearing to be rejected. Only courage can lead to happiness, cowardice and, as a result, conformism, leads to a great disappointment, as it happened at the faith of Sheina.

How do you understand the statement of tweeza: "The courage is the resistance of fear, and not his absence," how the power of the will is associated with courage? Do you agree with the words of Plutarch: "The courage - the beginning of the victory"? Is it important to be able to overcome your fears? Why do you need to deal with fears? What does it mean to be brave? Is it possible to raise courage? Do you agree with the statement of Balzak: "Mandrel fear can make timid, but he is indecisive, he attaches to the courage"? Can a bold man be afraid?

Many writers appealed to this topic. So, the story E. Ilyina "The Fourth Height" is devoted to overcoming fears. Gulya Queen - an example of courage in all its manifestations. All her life is a battle with fear, and each of her victory is a new height. In the work we see the history of the life of one person, the formation of a real personality. Each one step is a determination manifest. From the first rows, the tales of the little Guly exhibits real courage in a wide variety of life situations. Overcoming children's fears, pulls out of the car with bare hands, sneaks into a cage from elephants in the zoo. The heroine is growing, and the tests found in life are becoming more serious: the first role in the cinema, recognizing its wrongness, the ability to respond for their actions. Throughout the work, she struggles with his fears, makes something afraid. Already an adult Gulya Queen is married, her son is born, it seems that these fears are defeated, you can live a calm family life, but there is a biggest test ahead. War begins, and her husband goes to the front. She is afraid of her husband, for his son, for the future of the country. But fear does not paralyze her, does not force to hide. The girl goes to work in a hospital to at least somehow help. Unfortunately, her husband dies, and the Gulya is forced to continue to fight alone. She goes to the front, unable to look at the horrors taking place with her close. The heroine takes the fourth height, she dies, defeating the most recent fear living in man, fear of death. We see on the pages of the story, as the main character is afraid, but it overcomes all his fears, such a person, undoubtedly, can be called the brave.

The comprehensive requirements for the EGE in recent years have changed repeatedly, but one remained unchanged - the need to prove the rightness of their judgments. And for this you need to choose the right arguments.

The problem of repentance will be interested in us first. In this article we will present several options for arguments selected from the school list of literature. From it you can choose those that are best suited for your work.

What are the arguments for?

When writing an essay for part C, you need to express your opinion on a given topic. But your thesis needs evidence. That is, it is necessary not only to express your position, but also to confirm it.

Very often, the examinations of repentance come across the exams, the arguments for her pick up quite simply, if the student is familiar with the school literary program. However, not everyone can immediately remember the necessary work, so it is better to choose several arguments in advance to the most common topics.

What are the arguments

In order to fully disclose the problem of repentance, the arguments need to be selected, based on the main requirements of the exam in the Russian language. According to them, all evidence is divided into three types:

• Personal experience, that is, the facts taken from their lives. They do not have to be reliable, since no one will check whether it really happened.
• The information that was received by the student from the school program. For example, from the lessons of geography, history, etc.
• Literary arguments that will be interested in us first. This is a reader's experience that the examiner must acquire during the training.

Arguments from literature

So, we are interested in the problem of repentance. Arguments from literature will be needed, if you want to get a high score for an essay. At the same time, selecting the arguments, it is necessary to prioritize the works that are included in the school curriculum or are considered a classic. You should not take the texts of little-known authors or popular literature (fantasy, detectives, etc.), as they can be unfamiliar. Therefore, it is necessary to refresh the basic works that were studied in school years in advance. Usually in one novel or story you can find examples of almost all themes found in the exam. The optimal option will immediately choose several works that are well familiar to you. So, let's look at the classics in which the problem of repentance rises.

"Captain's daughter" (Pushkin)

In Russian literature, the problem of repentance is very common. Arguments Therefore, it's pretty simple. Let's start with the most famous of our writer A. S. Pushkin and his novel "Captain's daughter".

In the center of the work is the love of the main character of Peter Greeneva. This feeling is wide and thoroughly like life. We are interested in this feeling that it is thanks to him that the hero realized that evil that caused his loved ones, realized his mistakes and was able to repent. Due to the fact that Grinev revised his views on life and attitude towards others, he was able to change the future for himself and his beloved.

Thanks to repentance, in Peter the best of its qualities - generosity, honesty, selflessness, courage, etc. It can be said that it changed it and made another person.

"Sotnik" (bulls)

Now let's talk about the work of Bykov, which presents a completely different side of the problem of repentance. Arguments from literature can be different, and you need to choose them depending on your approval, therefore it is worth stocking a variety of examples.

So, the topic of repentance in the "Centroop" is not at all like Pushkinskaya. First of all, because the heroes themselves differ. The guerrilla fisherman is captured to survive, he needs to give the Germans to the Germans. And he makes this act. But the years pass, and the thought of betrayal does not leave him. Rasskowning overtakes it too late, this feeling can no longer fix anything. Moreover, it does not give a fisherman to live quietly.

In this work, repentance did not become an opportunity to get out of the vicious circle and get rid of suffering. Bulls did not consider fisherman worthy of forgiveness. On the other hand, a person must answer all his life for such crimes, as he betrayed not only his friend, but also his loved ones.

"Dark Alleys" (Bunin)

May appear in the other light the problem of repentance. The arguments for writing on the exam should be diverse, so take for example the story of the Bunin "Dark Alleys". In this work, the hero did not have enough strength to recognize his mistakes and repent, but the retribution overtook him. Once in his youth, Nikolai seduced and threw the girl, sincerely his loved. Time passed, but she never could forget the first love, so he refused the courting of other men and chose a privacy. But Nikolay did not gain happiness. Life cruelly punished him for misconduct. The Hero's wife constantly changes him, and the Son became a real scoundrel. However, all this does not lead it to thoughts about repentance. Here repentance appears in front of the reader as an act, requiring incredible spiritual efforts and courage, which may not be found in itself. It is for indecisiveness and bravery pays Nikolai.

As an argument, an example from the "Dark Alley" is suitable only for those who in their thesis turned to the problem of paying and retribution for those who have not repented in their atrocities. Only then the mention of this work will be appropriate.

"Boris Godunov" (Pushkin)

Now let's talk about the problem of late repentance. Arguments for this topic will be slightly different, since there will be only one of the aspects of repentance. So, it is excellent this problem is disclosed in the tragedy of Pushkin "Boris Godunov". This example is not only a literary, but also in part historical, since the writer appeals to the description of the epochal events that occurred in our country.

The problem of late repentance is very brightly represented in Boris Godunov. Arguments for written work on this topic must be required, taking into account the Pushkin tragedy. In the center of the work, the story of Godunova, who climbed the royal throne. However, he had to pay a terrible price for power - to kill the baby, a real heir, Tsarevich Dmitry. Several years have passed, and now it's time to repent. The hero is no longer able to fix the deed, he can only suffer and suffer. The conscience does not give him peace, Godunov begins to have a bloody boys everywhere. Approximate to the king understand that he fools and go crazy. The boyars decide to throw off the unlawful lord and kill him. Thus, Godunov dies for the same reason as Dmitry. Such is the payroll of the hero for a bloody crime, repentance for which it overtakes it only after several years.

The problem of human repentance. Arguments from the novel Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

The theme of repentance has become the basis for another great work that has gained considerable popularity and love of readers.

The main character commits a crime to prove its inhuman theory of lower and higher people. Raskolnikov makes murder and begins to suffer, but in every way trying to drown out the voice of his conscience. He does not want to recognize his wrongness. Rasskowning becomes a turning point in the life and fate of Raskolnikov. It opens to him the road to faith and true values, makes you reconsider my views and realize that is truly expensive in this world.

Dostoevsky throughout the novel led his hero to repentance, recognizing his guilt. This feeling caused the best features of the character of Skolnikov and made it much more attractive. Although the penalty for his crime is still suffered, and it turned out to be very severe.

Relasking problem: arguments from life

Now let's talk about another type of arguments. Similar examples are very simple. If anything like this did not happen in your life, it can be invented. However, such arguments are assessed lower than literary. So, for a good book example, you will receive 2 points, and for life - only one.

Arguments based on personal experience are based on observations of their lives, the life of parents, relatives, friends and acquaintances.

It must be remembered

There are several common requirements for any writings, including those that reveal the problem of guilt and repentance. Arguments must necessarily confirm the thesis expressed by you and in no case contradict him. It is also necessary to take into account the following points:

• Checking take into account and evaluate only the first two arguments, therefore it makes no sense to bring more examples. It is better to pay attention not to quantity, but quality.
• Remember that literary arguments are assessed above, so try to include at least one such example.
• Do not forget about the examples taken from folklore or folk fairy tales. Such arguments are also taken into account, but are evaluated with only one point.
• Remember that for all arguments you can score 3 points. Therefore, it is best to follow the following scheme: one example of folklore or personal experience, the second one from the literature.

Now a few words about how to properly write a literary argument:

• Be sure to point out the name and initials of the author and the full name of the work.
• A little to name the writer and the name, you need to describe the main characters, their words, deeds, thoughts, but only those that are associated with the theme of the composition and your thesis.
• An approximate volume of text on the argument is one or two sentences. But these numbers depend on a specific topic.
• Start bringing examples only after you express your position.

Summing up

Thus, the problem of repentance in the literature is widely represented. Arguments for the exam in the Russian language Therefore, it is not difficult to choose. The main thing is that all your examples confirm the thesis and looked concisely and harmoniously. Often the main problem of examiners becomes not the choice of work, but its description. Express in several sentences thought is not always easy. In order to avoid a similar problem, you need to practice in advance. Take a sheet of paper and try to concisely and clearly describe your judgments, without knocking out of the stated volumes.

The main thing is not to lose confidence and how best to prepare as possible, then it will be easy to get.