My Perm Territory! You and I have everything ahead of us Fate has given us to walk together by the hand. Gray-haired Ural! You became young with us today. My Perm Territory - Where the dawn begins, My Perm Territory, May God protect you from troubles! Today, tomorrow and always you prosper, My Perm Territory! My Perm Territory! You and I have everything ahead of us Fate has given us to walk together by the hand. Gray-haired Ural! You became young with us today. My Perm Territory - Where the dawn begins, My Perm Territory, May God protect you from troubles! Today, tomorrow and always you prosper, My Perm Territory!

The purpose of the lesson: to get acquainted with the peoples of the Perm region. Tasks: Find out what peoples live in the Perm Territory. What are the distinctive features of these peoples. Get to know the culture, folk costumes, everyday life, activities of peoples.

The Perm Territory is an ethnoculturally unique region. The centuries-old history of the peoples of the Kama region shows that it was mastered by peoples of different origins, language, economic structure, traditions. The Perm Territory is an ethnoculturally unique region. The centuries-old history of the peoples of the Kama region shows that it was mastered by peoples of different origins, language, economic structure, traditions.

Seven peoples - Russians, Permian Komi, Udmurts, Mari, Mansi, Tatars and Bashkirs are traditionally living in the Kama region. Seven peoples - Russians, Permian Komi, Udmurts, Mari, Mansi, Tatars and Bashkirs are traditionally living in the Kama region.

RUSSIAN RUSSIAN - East Slavic people. One of the indigenous peoples of Russia. They are the largest people in Europe. The dominant religion among Russians is Orthodox Christianity, and the proportion of atheists is also high. The national language is Russian. Since the adoption of Christianity (the end of the 10th century), the peasant men's costume consisted of a canvas shirt, woolen pants and bast shoes with onuchi. A distinctive feature of the Russian national costume is a large number of outerwear. Cloak and swing clothes. The overcoat was worn over the head, the swing one had a cut from top to bottom and was fastened end-to-end with hooks or buttons. A decorative accent in this simple-cut garment was made by a narrow belt decorated with curly metal plaques. A fur coat and a pointed fur hat served as outerwear. Women wore kokoshniks with a crescent moon, embroidered on a velvet or silk base. Main crafts: embroidery, lace-making, painting, weaving.

KOMI - PERMYAKI They were engaged in hunting and fishing, arable farming, animal husbandry; at present, the main occupations of the Permian Komi are agriculture and work in the timber industry. The traditional settlements of the Komi-Perm are villages, and, as a rule, they are small. Traditional women's clothing is a canvas shirt, over the shirt is a sarafan made of printed or blue canvas, which was girded with a braided belt with fringe at the ends; over a sundress, a colored or white apron. Traditional women's hats are a cap with a hard bottom, trimmed with kumach and decorated with embroidery and stripes of braid. On the street, the samshura and kokoshnik were covered with a scarf. Mens clothing consisted of a shirt and pants. A long shirt made of white canvas, decorated with woven red stripes, instead of buttons, ties were sewn to the collar. The shirt was worn over the trousers, belted with a narrow braided belt. Hats: felted woolen caps, later caps.

TATARS The traditional home of the Tatars was a hut, fenced off from the street by a fence. The outer facade was decorated with multicolored paintings. Clothing for men and women consisted of wide-step trousers and a shirt (for women, it was supplemented with an embroidered bib). The headdress of men is a skullcap, and on top of it is a hemispherical hat with fur or a felt hat; women have an embroidered velvet hat (kalfak) and a scarf. Traditional shoes are leather ichigi with soft soles; outside the house they wore leather galoshes. The women's costume was characterized by an abundance of metal jewelry. Like many other peoples, the rituals and holidays of the Tatar people largely depended on the agricultural cycle.

MANSI Settlements are permanent (winter) and seasonal (spring, summer, autumn) at the fishing grounds. The settlement was usually inhabited by several large or small, mostly related families. The traditional dwelling in winter is rectangular log houses, often with an earthen roof, in the southern groups there are Russian-type huts, in the summer there are conical birch bark tents or quadrangular frame structures made of poles covered with birch bark, for reindeer herders they are covered with plague deer skins. The dwelling was heated and illuminated by a chuval - an open hearth made of poles coated with clay. The bread was baked in separate ovens. Women's clothing consisted of a dress, a swinging robe, a double reindeer coat, a scarf, and a large number of jewelry (rings, beaded beads, etc.). Men wore trousers and a shirt, deaf clothes with a cloth hood, for reindeer breeders - from a deerskin, or cloth clothes with a hood and unsewn sides (luzan). Food - fish, meat (jerky, dried, fried, ice cream), berries. They did not eat mushrooms, considering them unclean.

BASHKIRS Semi-nomadic way of life, wintering in villages and living in summer nomadic camps. Clothes were made from sheepskin, homespun and purchased fabrics. Various women's jewelry made of corals, beads, shells, and coins were widespread. backrests, various pendants, bracelets, earrings.

MARIANS The main clothing of the Mari was a tunic-shaped shirt, pants and a caftan, all clothes were girded with a belt towel, and sometimes a belt. Men could wear a brimmed felt hat, cap, and mosquito net. Leather boots served as footwear, and later - felt boots and bast shoes (borrowed from Russian costume). For work in swampy areas, wooden platforms were attached to the shoes. Belt pendants were common among women - jewelry made from beads, cowrie shells, coins, clasps, etc.

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City conference of students of educational institutions

"My Motherland - Perm Territory"

Subject: Ethnic kaleidoscope of the Kama region.

Completed: student 6 "B" class, school number 29

Kalina Maria

Supervisor: geography teacher

Berezniki 2011

Introduction. page 3

Chapter 1. History of the settlement of the Kama region. page 4

Chapter 2. Historical features of the peoples of the Kama region. page 5

2.1. Russians.

2.2. Komi-Perm.

2.3. Udmurts.

2.4. Mari.

2.5. Muncie.

2.6. Tatars.

Chapter 3. Contemporary ethnic portrait of the Kama region. page 13

Conclusion. page 16

Bibliographic list. p.

Introduction.

Recently, the world has not been very calm, here and there ethnic conflicts flare up, some of them last for years and centuries. In contrast to these regions, the Perm Territory, which is a multinational territory, has maintained peaceful relations between peoples for many centuries. For a long time, peoples settled on the Ural land, different in language and level of social and everyday development. Some of them had long-term ties with near and distant peoples. The inhabitants of the lands on the Kama traded with the cities of Central Asia, Iran, Byzantium, communicated with the Volga Bulgars, with the West Siberian Turks. The location of the Urals at the border of Europe and Asia predetermined a complex ethnocultural history. Nowadays, the history and culture of the peoples of the Urals attracts more and more attention, since many people want to know about the origin of their people, about the significance of their material and spiritual values \u200b\u200bfor the region, fatherland, and the world.

Komi-Permians, Russians, Tatars, Bashkirs, Mansi, Germans, Ukrainians, Jews, etc. have peacefully coexisted on the territory of the Kama region for many centuries. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to show the motley ethnic composition and history of the formation of the population of the Ural Kama region, also to conduct research and comparison of the ethnic composition of 6th grade pupils.

Settlement history.

When you get acquainted with the history and culture of the Perm Territory, you will certainly note one of its features - multinationality. Moving from village to village, you can get acquainted with all the peoples inhabiting the Volga and Ural regions.

For a long time, peoples of different languages \u200b\u200band levels of cultural and everyday development settled on the Ural land. The location of Prikamye at the border of Europe and Asia predetermined a complex ethnocultural history.

Almost 300 thousand years ago, for the first time, a human foot set foot on the banks of the Chusovaya and the ancient Kama. About 6 thousand years BC e. on the banks of the Kama and Volga, the foundations for the future Finno-Ugric peoples of Eurasia were formed.

In the 1st millennium BC. e. on the banks of the Kama and Volga, a single Finnish-speaking community is formed - Ananyin. Its tribes became the ancestors of the modern Finnish-speaking peoples of the Volga and Kama regions.

In the 1st millennium AD e. this unity falls into a number of tribes, which in the first half of the 2nd millennium AD. turned into ancient peoples. Among them were the ancestors of the modern Permian Komi: the tribes of the Lomovatov, Nevola and Rodanov archaeological cultures.

From the north and southeast, tribal lands of the Chepetsk and Vym cultures, the ancestors of the modern Komi and Udmurts, adjoined their territories.

The development of the Kama region by the Russians began from the northern regions. People from the northern Russian rivers are based here: Dvina, Pinega, Sukhona. The southern regions were mastered by the Bashkirs and Tatars. Several ethnic groups took part in the formation of the Perm Tatars, which at different times penetrated into the Kama region: the ancient Ugric population, Siberian Turks, Bashkir tribes and Kazan Tatars. In the XVI-XVII centuries in the south of the Kama region, along the river Bui, a small group of pagan Udmurts settled. Written sources of the 16th century note the appearance of the Mari population along the Iren and Sylva rivers at that time.

Historical features of the peoples of the Kama region.

2.1. Russians settled mainly in the Cherdyn, Okhansk, Osinsky, Kungur, Perm, Solikamsk districts.

Dwelling... In the Kama region, four main types of dwellings can be distinguished: two-chamber (hut, canopy), three-chamber communication (hut, canopy, cage or second hut), five-walled, cross. A four-walled hut with a passage served as housing for newly relocated families and the poorest part of the population.

The three-chamber dwelling was the main part of all dwellings known in the Kama region. Five-walled and cross-pieces were the property of mostly quiescent estates.

The interior of a traditional dwelling is recognized by ethnographers as an important ethnic feature. In Prikamye, the classic version of the layout with four sectors prevailed: a stove corner to the right or left of the entrance, and the stove with its mouth-forehead, the sixth one is facing the wall opposite to the entrance, the front one is red, a clean corner diagonally from the stove, the kitchen corner is kut, middle - in front of the mouth of the furnace, and the back of the hut, under the road - at the front door.

Along the walls, connecting in the front corner, there were wide benches tightly attached to them. Above the windows, parallel to the benches, shelves were installed - police. An indispensable accessory for the front corner is a dining table and a shelf with icons - a goddess, an icon girl. Chambers were installed above the entrance door from the stove to the side wall. A wardrobe was attached to the stove from the side of the front door - a golbets with doors. He covered the stairs to descend into the underground - basement.

Clothing.As outerwear, the peasants wore in winter and summer single-breasted caftans made of home cloth - ponitki or shabura. On the road they put on fur coats, sheepskin coats or zipuns. All types of the upper were girded with wide belts - sashes, belts.

The men wore a checkered shirt, as well as striped trousers - ports. Shirts were girded with a narrow belt - a vest.

The women used a suit, which consisted of a shirt and a sundress. On top of the sundress, they wore a short heart warmer, an apron with a bib.

On their heads, men wore caps felted of wool and cloth caps with a visor. In winter they wore sheepskin hats. Girls wore headbands in the form of ribbons every day, and wreaths of flowers on holidays. According to custom, women covered their hair not only with scarves, but also with kokoshniks. Festive headdresses were decorated with gold embroidery, beads, pearls, beads and buttons.

Traditionally, bast sandals with a round toe were used for men and women. Leather cats with sewn-on soles, without tops were widely used. Winter boots for peasants were made of sheep wool. Purchased boots, low shoes, and in some places shoes were worn as holiday shoes.

Food.In the diet of the Russian people, the main place was occupied by flour, cereal and meat dishes. Bread was the most essential product. It was baked from rye, oatmeal and barley flour. Shangi with potato, curd, berry, barley, millet fillings were baked from butter dough. Shangi was smeared on top with sour cream, crushed hemp seeds, poppy seeds. Pancakes and pies were also baked. The pies were stuffed with fish, vegetables, herbs. Various gingerbread and biscuits were baked from the dough, which have long been considered a festive treat. Dumplings are considered a primordial Ural dish. The name, according to scientists, comes from the Komi language word pelnyan, which is translated into Russian as bread ear. Dumplings were stuffed with meat, fish, cabbage, mushrooms, cottage cheese.

Various cereals were prepared from cereals - wheat, oat, pea, barley, buckwheat. They ate them with milk, butter, kvass, sweet must. Shchi was cooked from barley grits, which were more often called shti. There were various jelly - from potato starch, as well as oatmeal, rye, barley and pea flour.

The Russians ate garden vegetables: cabbage, onions, carrots, beets, radishes, rutabagas; especially loved the turnip. Potatoes have been cultivated since the end of the 18th century. From meat, preference was given to beef and veal, pork is rare. In the northern part, where the main occupation of the peasants was hunting, the diet included the meat of wild animals and game - elks, hares, wood grouses, hazel grouses, ducks. They used fish in various forms: they cooked fish soup, baked fish pies; dried and dried fish were taken on the road. Berries, mushrooms, herbs, nuts, tree juices were of great help in nutrition. Traditional food was not complete without milk and dairy products. Raw milk, fermented milk, baked milk was used for food. For long-term storage, it was frozen. Cottage cheese, cream, sour cream were obtained from milk. Among the drinks in use were kvass and mash from oats, rye; rye wort beer.

Since the middle of the 19th century, tea has become common among drinks. In addition to purchased tea, the leaves of wild plants and herbs were brewed - currants, rose hips, St. John's wort, oregano, mint. The Russians consumed honey as a natural product to replace sugar. The food of the Russian peasants was heterogeneous.

Customs and traditions.The main events with which many customs and rituals were correlated were Orthodox holidays and the periods of the annual cycle associated with them.

From Christmas to Epiphany, widespread Christmastide rituals took place. The mummers brought great fun. The youth had fun with fortune telling. Gatherings where entertainment was combined with work - girls were spinning, guys were cutting out wooden dishes - were the yuletide amusements of young people. The Yule cycle ended with Baptism. An important moment of Epiphany is the procession of the cross to the Jordan - an ice hole in the river - for the holy water. At the same time, some swam in icy water, washed their hands and face with it.

The main holiday of the spring cycle was Maslenitsa. The main moment of the Maslenitsa festivities was horseback riding and from the icy mountains. A fun and noisy time ended with Shrovetide rituals. The coming seven-week Great Lent was filled with the idea of \u200b\u200bcleansing from sins, repentance. After Lent, Easter came - a bright holiday that lasted a week. At Easter, eggs were always painted. They were exchanged as a sign of greetings and congratulations, rolled on the forehead and made wishes. The first cattle herding after a long winter was timed to coincide with St. George's Day. The spring cycle of rituals and holidays ended with the Trinity. On the eve at seven. After funeral services in churches, they came to the cemeteries, arranged meals at the graves, and asked for forgiveness from the dead. On Ivan Kupala (John the Baptist), young people took part in festivities with lighting fires and pouring water over them. From Petrov's Day, haymaking began everywhere, and entertainment stopped for a long time. A break in work was allowed only on Ilyin's day. After him, the most important business began - harvesting.

2.2. Komi-Perm lived in Solikamsk, Cherdyn, Okhansk districts. In the upper reaches of the river. Yazva, a left tributary of the Vishera, in the northeast of the Perm Territory.

Dwelling.The Permian Komi had farmsteads similar to the estates of Russian peasants. The most common type of Permian Komi dwelling is a three-chamber connection. She united the hut - kerka, the canopy - the postsdz, the cage - the chom. Harsh winters led to the formation of estates with a merged arrangement of dwellings and a household yard. The type of house with a stove in the corner next to the entrance and the orientation of the mouth towards the opposite wall was prevalent everywhere. Diagonally from the stove, there was a ceremonial corner with icons and a table. The kitchen occupied the corner opposite the mouth of the stove. On the side, the oven had an extension made of boards. Under the ceiling, between the stove and the side wall, they laid beds for sleeping and storing bedding and clothes. There were benches along the walls, and above the windows were shelves on which items of spinning, knitting, sewing, and also dishes were kept. In old Permian Komi huts, two beams for kitchen utensils ran from the outer corner of the stove to the front wall of the house. In every Komi-Perm hut there was an underground, which was entered through an extension near the stove.

clothing... For a long time Komi-Permians sewed clothes from their own materials - canvas, cloth, skins and skins of domestic animals. Four colors prevailed in clothes - blue, white, red, gray. The basis of men's and women's underwear was a shirt with sleeves. Men wore shirts with a slit on the right side of the chest, with a stand-up collar. Women's shirts served not only as underwear, but also as an outlet, if the upper part and sleeves were sewn from the best grade canvas or beautiful purchased fabrics. Festive shirts were decorated with embroidery. The waist clothes of men were trousers - veshyan. An exclusively national Permian Komi costume was a sundress (borrowed from the Russians in ancient times), sewn from canvas motley and printed fabric. Outerwear was less distinctive than underwear. In cool weather, they wore canvas shaburs, and in cold weather, woolen cloths. These clothes were worn both on weekdays and on holidays. In winter, fur coats and sheepskin coats were worn everywhere. Headbands, headbands, and wreaths were the maiden dress. Married women were supposed to wear headwear that completely covered their hair. Men wore in summer hats and caps made of sheep's wool, with a high top and wide brim, and in winter, hats made of white homespun cloth and sheepskin. Belts not only adorned clothes, but also protected from evil forces. A man's shirt was tied with a narrow belt - a vest, and a sundress - with a hem. Outerwear was girded with a wide belt - a sash or a girdle. Common types of men's and women's shoes were bast shoes made of linden bark and birch bark, low leather cats and boots with soft soles, felt boots.

Food.In nutrition, the leading place was occupied by bread and cereal dishes. Komi-Permians prepared a variety of bread products. Oval-shaped yarushniki and round loaves were baked from fermented dough. Pies were always included in the traditional cuisine. Almost every holiday had its own cake. They were cooked with meat, pea, mushroom, cabbage, potato, cottage cheese, berry, with green onions, but the most favorite were fish pies and young horsetail heads - pistikas. Permian Komi cuisine is characterized by a variety of shanegs, pancakes, pancakes and dumplings.

They caught and consumed game birds - ducks, hazel grouses, partridges, wood grouses, black grouses. We ate elk dishes. There was always a lot of fish in the diet of the Permian Komi. It was used in all forms. Of the vegetables, they ate a lot of cabbage - fresh, sauerkraut, stewed. They consumed a lot of turnips, radishes, mushrooms. They gathered a lot of berries - cranberries, lingonberries, blueberries, cloudberries, raspberries. The fruits of bird cherry, viburnum, rose hips were of great importance. Pine nuts were a delicacy. Komi-Perm dwellers were content with drinks from rowan berries, viburnum, rose hips, cranberries, currants, as well as carrots, turnips, but the most favorite were bread kvass and beer.

Customs and traditions.Officially, the Perm Komi professed Orthodoxy. Part of the population retained the Old Believer Orthodox traditions. Calendar rituals and holidays of the Permian Komi are similar to the Russian ones, but they have their own peculiarities. First, they celebrated Christmas Eve - the evening before Christmas and Christmas itself. They cooked juicy, brewed beer, baked cookies in the form of animal figurines. From Christmas to Epiphany, Christmas rituals and amusements were performed. Maslenitsa opened the spring-summer period of the calendar. We prepared for Maslenitsa in advance and celebrated it from Thursday to Sunday. We went home and took food. On Sunday, they asked each other for forgiveness for explicitly and implicitly inflicted offenses. During Great Lent, the Permian Komi fulfilled not only church requirements, but also observed pagan rituals. On Palm Sunday, they brought pussy willow branches and put them on the icons. They whipped children and animals with camel in the hope that this would protect them from disease. On Holy Week - according to the church calendar - the Permian Komi performed rituals aimed at ensuring prosperity, health of people and domestic animals, and protection from evil spirits. Easter was celebrated by participating in church services and visiting family and friends. Ritual food was primarily red-colored eggs. Weather permitting, livestock were sent to pasture on St. George's Day. In Semik, meals were arranged in honor of deceased relatives in the house, church and cemetery. A birch tree was brought from the forest to Trinity, put it in front of the house or in the middle of the village and decorated with ribbons, eggshells. On the eve of Midsummer's Day we washed in the bathhouse, steamed with a new birch broom. After that, the broom was thrown into the river and watched. Special rituals were performed on Ilyin's day. In many temples, sacrifices were made - meat from domestic animals. After celebrating Ilyin's day, they started cleaning. Three holidays in the name of the Savior Jesus Christ were associated with the harvest. At the end of the field work, from the Intercession of the Day to the beginning of Filippov's Lent, weddings were celebrated everywhere and gatherings were arranged.

2.3. Udmurts. Most of the Udmurts live in their historical homeland - between the Kama and Vyatka rivers. Southern (Buisk) Udmurts - in the Kuedinsky district of the Perm region.

Dwelling. In the Udmurt villages, dwellings of the same type as those of the Russians of the Kama region have long dominated, differing only in a low underground. The building was three-part - two huts, of which one is uninhabited, and a canopy between them. As in the North Russian house, the stove and the front corner were located diagonally. Under the influence of the Bashkirs, bunk beds and a cauldron appeared in the Udmkrt houses on the side of the furnace. In a typical Udmurt estate there was a log barn. Household items were kept there and the family lived in the summer. In the courtyard of each house there is a hut, a wooden, shed-like building without windows and a floor, which serves as a home shrine, family sacrifices are performed here.

Clothing. A shirt - made of white canvas or blue motley, pants, an apron, stockings - is typical for a women's underwear. Before leaving the house, women put on a caftan - for work, on holidays a vest made of bright Bukhara fabric with braid. The basis of the men's suit was a white shirt and blue motley pants, over which a white canvas caftan was worn. For both men and women, woolen or canvas zipuns served as everyday outerwear. They were girded: women - with a woven belt, men - with a leather belt with rings for a knife and an ax. Winter clothes were fur coats, beshmets, sheepskin hats, shawls. Men wore skullcaps or felt hats with brim on their heads. It was the custom for women to wear a manlai - a small hat with coins sewn in the front and a turban made of a towel over it. The girls also put on a manlai, on it - ukochag, on top - a cap. Ancient adornments were temple rings made of silver coins, rectangular bibs of embroidered fabric with braids, chains, coins or discs. They wore bast bast shoes and canvas onuchi on their feet; on holidays they wore boots.

Food. Soups with meat, sour and unleavened dough, mushrooms, cereals, herbs (sorrel, nettle, snow, cow parsnip) were widespread among traditional dishes. Obligatory ceremonial treat - soup and roast goose. Pork meat was not eaten. Often they cooked porridge from barley and pea groats. They baked rye and wheat bread, oat cakes, wheat pancakes with porridge and butter, shangi and pies with different fillings. Children loved small bread honey balls - chak-chak. Diversified food with dairy and vegetable dishes, egg dishes, cooked jelly. Kvass and tea were common drinks.

Customs and traditions. The pagan religion of the Buisk Udmurts is associated with their ethnocultural development and self-awareness. In Udmurt myths, a tree is glorified - a visible image of the center of the universe. In the religion of the Bui Udmurts, a special place was given to sacred groves. The Buysk Udmurts celebrated Maslenitsa as Russians, but with more archaic symbols. Easter was celebrated on the days of the Orthodox calendar, but included in the celebration of the veneration of the forces and elements of nature. Everything that happens on Easter was believed to mark the beginning of a new agricultural year. On Easter day itself, eggs were painted, children were given gifts. The funeral ceremony for deceased ancestors became a cult act of seeing off Easter. During the celebration of Orthodox saints - Peter and Paul, Elijah, the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos - the Udmurts also honored pagan deities giving fertility. From the neighboring Bashkirs and Tatars, the Buysk Udmurts adopted Sabantuy - a spring-summer holiday timed to coincide with the end of field work.

2.4. Mari. In the Kama region, the group of the Sylven Mari is one of the smallest. The oldest settlement is the village of Tebenyaki, located on the banks of the Sylva.

Dwelling.Under the influence of the Russians, the Mari at the end of the 19th century. They began to build dwellings with cages, similar to the Russian three-chamber communication. The small hut itself had two windows on the front and side walls. For ventilation, a small window with a sliding wooden shutter was cut through the kitchen wall under the ceiling. The internal situation had a North Russian look.

Clothing. White shirt served as underwear and outer dress. It was richly decorated with embroidery, trimmed with strips of red fabric. The applique shirt, along with embroidery, played the role of a talisman against evil spirits. An apron was an important part of a woman's costume. The shirt was always belted, shells, coins, beads, buttons were sewn to the ends of the belts. An integral part of a woman's costume was a neck-chest decoration made of coins and beads. Married women wore a pointed headdress over which they wore a four-coal scarf. Common jewelry for women were ear pendants with coins and goose down, bracelets and rings. The girls wore a high cap, adorned entirely with coins and shells. Men's clothing consisted of pants and a shirt with a belt, felted hats, and bast shoes. Shirts were sewn long, the chest cut was decorated with embroidery. Women wore caftans, the hem and sides were trimmed with colored ribbons. Autumn-winter caftans were sewn of cloth. Wealthy Mari wore leather cats, shoes, boots, bast shoes, which were worn over woolen and canvas onuchi, were common. Boots were used as winter shoes.

Customs and traditions. The rituals and traditions of the Mari in most cases remained pagan. Orthodoxy influenced the growth of the education of the Mari. Of the Orthodox saints, the Mari especially worshiped Nicholas the Wonderworker. The system of rituals was greatly influenced by the main occupation of the population - agriculture. The beginning of the ritual calendar coincided with the Orthodox Vasiliev day. For several days the mummers had fun, the youth wondered. The winter cycle ended with the celebration of Maslenitsa. During butter week, we rode down the mountains and treated each other with milk and butter. The beginning of the summer cycle coincided with orthodox Easter, although in its content, with the exception of the timing, there was nothing Orthodox. On the eve of the field work, the Aga-Payram holiday was celebrated. Before the Orthodox Trinity, the Sylva Mari commemorated the dead. At the end of the field work, it was time for prayer in the groves.

2.5. Muncie in Prikamye have always been a small people. They lived along the rivers Chusovaya, Kosva, Yayva, Kolva in hard-to-reach forest places.

Dwelling. In the 19th century, the Mansi built dwellings in different ways - depending on the natural conditions and prevailing occupations. The connection with Russian peasants influenced their building traditions. One type of dwelling is a rectangular log yurt with an earthen floor and a flat roof covered with split logs and birch bark. A canopy and a porch were attached to the end of the log house. For household items and foodstuffs, a barn was built on four pillars. Nomadic Mansi reindeer herders in the upper reaches of the Vishera spent their summer in conical tents made of reindeer skins and birch bark. They spent the winter in huts or yurts without a floor with a hearth in the middle and a smoke hole in the roof. Over time, a building resembling a Russian hut became a typical Mansi dwelling.

Clothing. For the manufacture of outerwear, deer skins were used. From skins taken in winter, they sewed traveling clothes, from summer skins - women's fur coats. The skin from the deer legs was used to make shoes and mittens. The clothes were sewn with tendons and threads of nettle fibers. Men's suit consisted of short fur pants tucked into stockings, lower and upper shoulder clothing - a shirt made of linen, or nettle, a malitsa made of deer skin removed in autumn, turned with the fur inside, with a hood; parkas of a deaf cut with fur outside, which was worn over a malitsa. For skiing, the Mansi wore boots made of tanned skins. Leather pistons were used as summer footwear. Clothes were girded with braided and leather belts decorated with openwork metal or bone overlays. A knife in a scabbard and the fangs of a bear were hung from the belt to protect against misfortune. The men wore hats made of sheep skins on their heads. Mansi hairstyle is of interest. Hair was not cut and was braided into two braids, the ends of which were connected with a plait with chains and buttons. Earrings were worn in their ears. The female costume is also distinctive as the male one. The women wore cotton shirts. Later they began to wear a dress similar in cut to the Russian. Oversized reindeer fur coats were worn over the shirt. Such fur coats were decorated with mosaic patterns. Women wore loose-fitting caftans made of blue, green or red cloth. Women's shoes were nyars, which were worn with stockings knitted from sheep or dog hair. Clothes were decorated with beads and ornaments. A widespread headdress was a scarf, which was decorated with a sewn fringe of thread. Girls wore headbands that were decorated with large beads and coins. All Mansi groups had a chest decoration - a turlapse. It consisted of an openwork beaded mesh sewn to the canvas. Women loved to wear rings and earrings. The hairstyle consisted of two braids and numerous beading and metal pendants.

Customs and traditions.The transition of the Mansi to Orthodoxy in the 18th century was only a formal act, but they both steadfastly preserved pagan beliefs. Family and clan cults prevailed. Each family had their own gods in the form of wooden images, dressed in specially sewn clothes. They sacrificed to God. Sacred objects of clan cults were stored on sacred trees, in special barns in remote places, caves. Mansi deified not only trees, but also mountains and rivers. Caves became the venue for religious rites. In the past, family and clan groups had shamans who "communicated with spirits."

2.6. Tatars. Today, the Sylva and Irene Tatars are settled in several southeastern regions of the Perm Territory - Berezovsky, Kishertsky, Kungursky, Oktyabrsky, Ordinsky, Suksunsky, Uinsky.

Dwelling. All buildings were built of wood, only the roofs were covered with thatch. The dwelling of the Sylva and Irene Tatars is more often four-walled, with a passage, less often five-walled; usually large. In some places the dwelling is similar to the Russian one - three-chambered, consisting of a hut, a canopy, a cage. The facades of houses are decorated with applied decorative carvings and painted. Until the 1930s, the traditional features of the interior of dwellings were preserved in the villages and hamlets. It is a stove with a hearth and a greased cauldron, bunks along the front wall. The tradition of decorating a home with colored curtains, embroidered valances, towels with patterned ends has survived to this day.

Clothing. The sets of traditional clothing of the Sylva and Irene Tatars are essentially similar to those of the Tulva Bashkirs, there are only differences in cut, color and size. In the villages along the Iren River, they preferred dark green and black camisoles and caftans, and in the villages along the Sylva River, dark red. They wore original women's hats - cloth caps in the shape of a truncated cone with a cloth blade attached to the back, covering the hair. It was customary to wear silver jewelry.

Customs and traditions. The Tatars were Muslims. The Tatars did not perceive the Orthodox rituals, and only timed their rituals to the dates of the Orthodox calendar. So, during the celebration of Easter, children went around the house and received colored eggs from the owners. On Ilyin's day they did not work, went to visit each other and treated themselves. It happened that the Tatars determined the time of their main holiday - sabantuy, taking into account the fairs in the neighboring villages.

Contemporary ethnic portrait of the Kama region

In the cities and villages of the Ural Kama region, about 3 million people live - this is 15% of the population of the Urals and 2% of the total population of Russia. By the number of inhabitants, the Perm Territory takes 14th place in Russian Federation and 4th place in the Urals.

Representatives of more than 120 nationalities live on the territory of the region, which belong to three language groups: Slavic (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles, etc.), Turkic (Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, etc.), Finno-Ugric (Permian Komi, Udmurts, Mari, Mordovians, Komi, Estonians).

The predominant people of the Kama region are Russians. There are 2.6 million people living in the region (84% of the total population). Among other nationalities, the most numerous are Tatars (4.9%), Komi-Perm (4%), Bashkirs (1.6%), Ukrainians (1.5%), Udmurts (1%), Belarusians (0.5%) , Germans (0.5%).

The 2002 census notes changes in the ethnic composition of the Kama region population. The share of Russians in the total population increased from 83.8% to 85.2% due to a decrease in the number of other peoples. The last census showed the originality of the difficult ethnic situation among the Tatar and Bashkir population of the Bardymsky District of the Perm Territory. Researchers distinguish the indigenous Turkic population of the region as a special ethnic group of Tulven Tatars and Bashkirs. The main features, which is the duality of ethnic identity, that is, the awareness of belonging to both the Bashkir and Tatar ethnos. According to the 1989 census, 85% of the region's population considered themselves Bashkirs, 4.9% as Tatars, while the overwhelming majority of Bashkirs (98%) consider Tatar their mother tongue. In 2002, 59.5% of the district's population were registered as Bashkirs, 32.3% of the district's population as Tatars.

The dynamics of the Permian Komi population is as follows: their number has decreased, in 2002 the Permian Komi population amounted to 103.5 thousand people. As before, the bulk of the Permian Komi population (80.3 thousand) is concentrated in the regions of the Permian Komi District. The number of the Udmurt population of the Kama region decreased by almost 20% between the censuses. One of the reasons for the significant decrease in the number of Udmurts was the actively ongoing assimilation processes. Similar processes took place among the Permian Mari, whose number also decreased over the period between censuses by 20%. Assimilation processes were also the main reason for a significant decrease in the number of Ukrainians and Belarusians in the Kama region. As a result of emigration, the number of Jewish and German populations declined. It is necessary to highlight the main trends in the change in the ethnic map of the region. Firstly, the ethnic composition of the population has become more complex: according to the 1989 census, representatives of about 100 peoples lived in the Kama region, in 2002 - 120. Secondly, there was a decrease in the total population of the Perm Territory. There was a significant decrease in the rural population, which caused a decrease in the number of almost all peoples traditionally living in the Kama region. Thirdly, the census also showed the ongoing assimilation processes, characteristic, first of all, of the Mari, Udmurt, Permian Komi, Ukrainian and Belarusian populations of the Kama region. Fourth, the results of the census indicated the active formation of "new" diasporas of the peoples of Central Asia and Transcaucasia, the number of which increased by 1.5-2 times.

The settlement of each nationality has its own characteristics. Russians live throughout the Ural Kama region. Komi-Permyaks make up the majority of the population in the former Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. Outside its borders, they live mainly in adjacent areas - Usolsky, Solikamsky, Sivinsky, Karagaysky, Ilyinsky, as well as in large cities. Tatars and Bashkirs live mainly in the southern regions: Bardymsky, Kuedinsky, Oktyabrsky, Ordinsky, Uinsky, Tchaikovsky and Chernushinsky. Many Tatars and Bashkirs live in mining towns - Chusovoy, Kizel, Gremyachinsk, Gubakha. Numerous nationalities do not form areas of compact settlement, but they also tend to gravitate towards certain places. For example, Ukrainians are concentrated in urban settlements of the Kizelovsky coal basin, Belarusians - in the northern taiga regions, Udmurts - in areas adjacent to the republic. The multinational people of the Ural Kama region live in peace and harmony.

Our city of Berezniki is also a multinational territory. People of different ethnicity live here. Since the 1930s, a lot of people from different parts of the USSR forcibly and voluntarily came here to construction sites. The last census showed that 87% of Russians, 4.3% of Tatars, 2.3% of Ukrainians, 1.4% of Perm Komi, 0.8% of Belarusians, 0.6% of Udmurts live in Berezniki. , 0.4% - Bashkirs, 3.2% - people of other nationalities (Germans, Jews, Azerbaijanis, Tajiks, etc.).

It was decided to study the ethnic composition of 6th grade pupils (80 people) and compare it with the ethnic composition of the Perm Territory and the city of Berezniki. The guys were asked questions: 1) What nationality do you consider yourself to? 2) What is the nationality of your parents?

The study revealed that the ethnic composition of the sixth graders is close to the ethnic composition of the Perm Territory and the city of Berezniki. Among 6th grade pupils, 79% were Russians, 8.7% were Tatars, 2.5% were Komi-Perm, 5% were Ukrainians, 1.25% were Germans, 1.25% were Kazakhs, 1.2% - Udmurts, 1.1% - Bashkirs. I would like to note that not all guys can unambiguously determine their nationality. This is due to the fact that in our city there are many families where parents belong to different nationalities. Many families celebrate Easter and Sabantuy, cook chak-chak and dumplings, celebrate the New Year according to the Orthodox and Muslim calendar.

Conclusion.

In the course of the work it turned out that the formation of the ethnic composition of the population of the Perm Territory began long ago. Already in the "Tale of Bygone Years" many peoples are mentioned, including "Perm" - Komi, "Yugra" - the ancestors of the Mansi and Khanty, living in the Urals. The process of forming the population of the Kama region lasted a long time. From the 10th to the 19th centuries, Russians, Tatars, Bashkirs, Udmurts, etc. entered and settled on the territory of the region.At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, a large influx of Ukrainians, Belarusians, Germans and others began for the construction of industrial enterprises, mining, timber harvesting ... All these peoples found a new home on the territory of the Ural Kama region. This house turned out to be large and friendly. A long life together is reflected in everyday life, architecture of the national dwelling, costume, national cuisine, even in national customs and traditions.

At present, the interaction of peoples continues and the formation of new national diasporas in the Perm Territory. This is especially evident in large cities of the region, including in Berezniki. The national structure of the Kama region was very clearly reflected in the study of the ethnic composition of sixth graders. I would like to hope that the peaceful life of the backgammon of the region will continue, and that the peoples will not lose their identity.

Bibliographic list.

1. Komi-Perm cuisine. Kudymkar. 1998

2., Sharygin. Perm region. Permian. 1999

3. Perm cuisine. Permian. 1991

4. Traditional costumes of the peoples of the Kama region. M. 1990

5. On the ancient Perm land. M. 1988

6. Chagin and the culture of the Urals in the XIX - XX centuries. in. Ekaterinburg. 2002

The Perm Territory is located on the border of Europe and Asia, between the Russian Plain and the Ural Mountains.

Top-5 attractions of the Perm region

1. Most tourists start their journey around the Perm Territory with it, where they first go to look at the collection of wooden sculptures of the 17th-20th centuries.
2. Open air is located nearby. On the picturesque bank of the Kama, samples of rural architecture of the 17th-20th centuries are collected.
3. For many decades, a small merchant town has attracted thousands of tourists, because on its outskirts there is the famous Kungur Ice Cave.
4. Not only believers strive to visit: from the high hill on which the monastery stands, a magnificent view of the surrounding mountains opens. Permians even claim that this place looks like Switzerland!
5. The infamous maximum security colony has now been turned into the Museum of the History of Political Repression. It is located in the Chusovsky district, in the village of Kuchino.

There are many cities in the Perm Territory that are definitely worth visiting. In the north of the region is one of the ancient cities Solikamsk, which for centuries was considered the "Salt Capital" of the Russian State. In addition to the salt museum, several ancient stone temples in this city deserve attention.

Nearby is the tiny town of Usolye, famous for the beautiful Transfiguration Cathedral and the Stroganov Chambers.

The Perm Territory is rich in natural "wonders": colored marble on the rocky banks of the Chusovaya River, the cascade of Zhigalan waterfalls, and many beautiful karst grottoes and deep caves.

Balneological resorts of the Perm region

In the age-old pine forest on the banks of the Kama in 1935, the most popular balneological resort of the Perm Territory -. It is located just 54 km from Perm and is one of the largest multidisciplinary resorts in Russia.

Traditions of the Perm Territory

Kitchen

The Perm Territory is famous for its own culinary traditions that emerged at the junction of Russian and Komi-Permian cultures. Mushrooms, berries (wild strawberries, stoneberries, blueberries, cloudberries, lingonberries, cranberries, and others), herbs (snow, horsetail, hawthorn) are widely used in dishes - they are eaten as a salad, added to soups, stewed, salted.

Also, the meat of wild animals is often used - elk, bear, wild boar, hare and game - black grouse, hazel grouse, wood grouse.

One of the main dishes of Perm cuisine is dumplings: many families have old proven recipes for making stuffing from different types meat in "secret" proportions.

Even in cities, housewives still cook fried closed pies "posikunchiki" sprinkled with juice with different fillings and shangi - open cheesecakes with different fillings, most often with potatoes or cottage cheese. But unlike classic cheesecakes, the filling is only lightly spread on the dough.

Treatment in the Perm region

In the north of the Perm Territory, salt deposits are hidden underground, which remained there from the time when the sea splashed on the site of this land, in the Permian period. Potassium salts help in the treatment of many diseases of the pulmonary, cardiovascular and nervous systems, therefore, several dozen speleological hospitals have been opened in the region.

Another healing element left by the ancient sea is a concentrated bromide brine, which competes in action with the advertised salts of the Dead Sea and is successfully used in health resorts in the Perm Territory.

Another gift of nature to the Perm Territory is the Suksun mud.

Active rest in the Perm region

Abundant rivers - Koiva, Chusovaya, Sylva, Vishera, Iren, Kolva and others have become a real place of pilgrimage for lovers of rest on rafts, kayaks and for avid fishermen.

In winter, residents of the Perm Territory go skiing and snowboarding in the Zhebrei ski complexes in the village of the same name, Ivan Gora in Gamovo, in the Gubakha active recreation center.

The climate of the Perm region

The Perm Territory is located in a zone of moderate continental climate. However, the region's long north-south extension creates several climatic zones. Winter is usually cold, snow lies from November to early-mid April, and in the north of the region - until May. The average January temperature is -17 ° С, but in the north there are frosts down to -35 ° С. The average temperature of the warmest month (July) is + 15 ° С.

The best time to travel

It's nice to travel around the Perm Territory in the summer, especially if you're lucky and it will be dry. However, at this time, hordes of mosquitoes spoil the life of tourists. It is good to admire nature in early autumn, in September, when the trees turn from green to gold and red. If there is no rain, then this is a rather comfortable time for travel, especially since the blood-sucking insects are already disappearing.

But in winter in the Perm Territory, you can enjoy a real Russian winter with giant snowdrifts and bitter frosts.

Hotels in Perm Krai

In the Perm Territory there are many sanatoriums, recreation centers, hotels. You can choose a suitable option and book accommodation in them in the "Hotels of Perm" section of the Travel.ru website.

Svetlana Surnina
The project "Life and traditions of the peoples of the Perm region"

Municipal autonomous preschool educational institution

« Kindergarten No. 60 "

Project"Life and"

Developed: Surnina Svetlana Valerievna,

Gurova Yana Nikolaevna,

educators MADOU "Kindergarten number 60"

Project held within the institutional

Dating younger preschoolers with everyday life and traditions of the peoples of the Perm region.

Head of N.P. Popova

Berezniki, 2016

Project“Life and traditions of the peoples of the Perm region»

2. Leaders the project(FULL NAME.) teacher of the group S.V. Surnina

3. Personnel: group educator, parents, children of the younger group

4. District, city that presented project: the city of Berezniki

5. Organization address: Vera Biryukova street, 3

6. Phone: 23-22-78

7. View, type the project: short-term, informational - creative - cognitive.

8. Purpose, direction of activity the project folk traditions of the Perm region, to unite the efforts of the family and the preschool educational institution on the formation of moral and patriotic feelings and tolerance towards people of other nationalities in children.

9. Tasks:

To form the primary ideas of children about their hometown, about the family, about the culture of life of the Ural people.

Acquaintance of children with the sights of their hometown, with nature Perm region... Give an idea of \u200b\u200bsome of the crafts in the Urals.

Raising patriotic feelings in children, love for their native nature, respect for traditions of the Urals, to the hometown, to the home.

To cultivate respect for the family in which the child lives, love for loved ones.

10. Summary the project: Our project makes it possible to convey to our children a unique, enchanting image of the Urals, knowledge about culture and traditions of the Perm region... Work on project is of great importance for the formation and development of child-parent relations; fosters respect for elders, for family members; instills a sense of affection for his family and home. Acquaintance of children with their native land forms in children such character traits that will help them become a patriot and a citizen of their homeland.

11. Venue: music hall, group,

12. Dates: 2 weeks

13. Number of participants the project: (adults, children) 20 children, 15 adults

14. Age of children: younger group (3-4 years)

Cooperative activity:

Hearing Russians folk songs , callouts.

View presentation « Traditions of Russian life»

Conversation "Traveling around the hometown" (see Appendix # 1)

Excursion to the museum "Russian chamber" (see Appendix # 2)

A story about the origin story of the matryoshka.

goal: To acquaint children with the history of the creation of Russian nesting dolls.

(see Appendix # 3)

Russian game folk instruments.

Russians folk outdoor games"Geese-geese", "Grandma and Pie"

Independent activity children:

Examining illustrations of nature and life Perm region

D / game "Collect the dishes"

Construction from building material “Like a hut stood on chicken legs.

Album review "My friendly family"

Drawing on a theme: .

(see appendix 4)

goal: To form children's interest in Russian applied art.

Working with parents (informative material for parents)

Consultation "Family and family values" (see Appendix No. 5)

Exhibition of drawings "My family" (see Appendix No. 6)

16. Expected results:

Children will receive basic knowledge about their homeland, their hometown, family; the social experience will expand; new impressions and emotions about the surrounding world will appear, the horizons will expand.

Photo report

goal: Introducing children to cultural values, and folk traditions of the Perm region

Tasks: Educational (educational):

1. To consolidate and enrich the knowledge of children about their hometown, its places of interest.

Developing:

1. To develop attention, memory of children, visual-figurative thinking.

2. To develop artistic perception to form a holistic picture of the world.

Educational:

1. To educate caring attitude to the surrounding world of nature, to the hometown.

Expected Result: Children will receive basic knowledge about their homeland, their hometown, family; the social experience will expand; new impressions and emotions about the surrounding world will appear, the horizons will expand.

Appendix No. 2

Excursion to the museum "Russian chamber"

goal: Formation of patriotic feelings in preschoolers, acquaintance with folk culture of the past, the formation of ideas about history and traditions of the Russian people; introducing children to the museum environment

Tasks:

To acquaint children with objects of ancient life and their title: stove, grapple, cast iron, spinning wheel, spindle, chest, towel, samovar, kokoshnik, sash, ruble, rolling pin, bast shoes

Develop curiosity, cognitive interest in the objects of the man-made world.

Instilling love for Russians folk traditions.

Foster feelings of patriotism and pride in the history of your people.

Expected Result: introduce children to folk customs , ob-rows, holidays, folk art , art; develop cognitive activity, independence, creativity through activities in the museum

Appendix 4

Photo report

Drawing on a theme: "Let's decorate a sundress for a matryoshka".

Tasks:

Arouse the desire to decorate objects;

Continue to teach how to work with pencils, hold correctly.

Develop independence in children in choosing a pattern.

Continue to acquaint with Russian folk art.

Develop a sense of rhythm.

To foster a desire to help the matryoshka decorate sundresses.

Appendix No. 5

Consultation for parents.

"Family and family values"

What is family?

A family is a small group based on marriage or consanguinity, the members of which are linked by a common life, mutual assistance, moral and legal responsibility.

In the theory of family law, the family is defined as a circle of persons bound by personal non-property and property rights and obligations arising from marriage, kinship, and adoption.

For a child, a family is an environment in which the conditions for his physical, mental, emotional and intellectual development are formed.

For an adult, the family is a source of satisfaction for a number of his needs and a small team that makes various and rather complex requirements for him. At the stages of a person's life cycle, his functions and status in the family change sequentially.

A family. What should a family be built on? Maybe on trust and love? Or maybe on mutual respect and understanding? Of course, all these are components of a strong foundation for a family, in a word, family values. That is, family values \u200b\u200bare something that cannot be bought for any money, inherited. Family values \u200b\u200bcan be found and carried through all life together. Of course, it is difficult to tell about all the stages of family formation within the framework of one article. Therefore, let's talk about how you can bring family values, such as family traditions.

About family traditions

The real striving for family happiness and family well-being finds expression in the creation of family traditions... Once upon a time traditions were a must "United" families, reflected the moral position of its members. Early involvement of children in the discussion of all issues of family life is a long-term good tradition.

Family traditions - this is the spiritual atmosphere of the house, which is the daily routine, customs, lifestyle and habits of its inhabitants. For example, some families prefer to get up early, have a quick breakfast, go to work and meet in the evening without asking or talking. In other families, joint meals are taken, discussion of plans, increased attention to each other's problems appears.

Each house, during its existence, has its own ritual. The house gets used to its tenants, begins to live in their rhythm. Its energy structure changes somewhat under the influence traditions... After all, by and large, traditions is not only a family way of life, but also the relationship that develops between family members. It is this relationship that catches the house. If the family fixes traditions for themselves as obligatory, they can do a good job. Often following traditions helps us live... And no matter how strange they seem, it is important one thing: family traditions and rituals should not be cumbersome and far-fetched. Let them come naturally into life.

It is extremely difficult to form a family traditionif the children have grown up and have already formed a common attitude towards the family. Another thing is young families, where parents are free to show the child all the beauty of the world, envelop him in love and form a reliable life position throughout life.

A small child perceives the world through the eyes of adults - his parents. Dad and mom form the children's picture of the world from the very first meeting with their baby. First, they build for him a world of touches, sounds and visual images, then they teach the first words, then they convey their attitude to all this.

Settlements are permanent (winter) and seasonal (spring, summer, autumn) at the fishing grounds. The settlement was usually inhabited by several large or small, mostly related families. The traditional dwelling in winter is rectangular log houses, often with an earthen roof, in the southern groups there are Russian-type huts, in the summer there are conical birch bark tents or quadrangular frame structures made of poles covered with birch bark, for reindeer herders they are covered with plague deer skins. The dwelling was heated and illuminated by a chuval - an open hearth made of poles coated with clay. The bread was baked in separate ovens. Women's clothing consisted of a dress, a swinging robe, a double reindeer coat, a scarf and a large number of jewelry (rings, beaded beads, etc.). Men wore trousers and a shirt, deaf clothes with a hood made of cloth, for reindeer breeders - made of reindeer hide, or cloth clothes with a hood and unsewn sides (luzan). Food - fish, meat (jerky, dried, fried, ice cream), berries. They did not eat mushrooms, considering them unclean.