Bashkirs	Chuvash	Mari	Mordva

2.2. The meaning of the symbols of the Bashkir ornament

Kuskar – a symbol of curled ram horns and a symbol of herbs. The improvisation of this symbol through additional spiral curls led to the formation of various ornamental patterns and many other variations.

One of the elements of the Bashkir ornament is the solar sign - circle, a simplified image of the sun in the form of a circle with rays or a vortex rosette.

E The heart-shaped element denotes hospitality.

The origin of the ornament and its ancient meaning are associated with the religious worldview of people who sought to appease evil spirits by decorating clothes and household items, protect themselves from them, or give themselves strength. Many of these elements are found among other peoples.

When decorating their products, the people talked about themselves, about their family, about the surrounding life, nature, so we can give another definition to ornament - it is the symbolic-graphic language of the people, expressing their feelings and concepts.

The ornament is characterized by geometric and floral elements, as well as curvilinear elements, patterns in the form of curls, spirals, and heart-shaped figures.

M It is possible to catch certain patterns in pattern creation and identify series of ornaments. The basis of the ornamental series is usually a composition of two, three, four curls. The root figure is placed on the “horizon line”, less often on the central vertical; it stands out in color. From it, the ornament is built up and to the sides, less often down. A couple of curls produced several traditional connections.

First of all, these are the options. horn-shaped motifs. Derived from one point, slightly spread to the sides, with curls facing downwards, the horns could be flat or steep. The horns with a wavy upper contour looked elegant. The horn-like image was overgrown with hooks and supplemented with leaves, finger-like projections, and petals.

«
Close to the described series patterns in which the horns touched with convex backs; the “legs” of the couscars spread to the sides gave balance to the figure.

The outlines of the peak definitely appeared in the “cuskar” compositions, the basis of which was lyre-like motifs - curls turned towards each other and lowered down from a point on the original line. The development of the pattern went upward - from a sharp protrusion and sloping side walls.

Integral figure, which S.I. Rudenko especially singled out medieval nomadic pastoralists for their pattern-making; it was divided into two parts and, essentially, consisted of two curls. Individual integrals and sockets were often placed on the frame covering of the saddle cloth.

Patterns were common, in the center of which was placed a shape similar to a capital letter "x". In some embroideries, intersecting integrals were visible in its outlines, while the background surface gave an image of opposing peaks.

A separate group includes vertically elongated rod-shaped figures with double-sided curls (elongated x). Overgrown with hooks, brackets, leaves, or bifurcating, the rod expanded, forming a rhombus in the middle. “Cuscar” ornaments, enriched with leaves and fan petals, approached plant ones. The drawing showed slender trees or lush bushes, garlands, and curved shoots.” 3

Common ornamental subjects were the sun, stars, and solar signs. Images of birds and animals in traditional patterns were rare. However, the names of many motifs were associated with a “zoological” theme: doe (camel neck), bure tabany (wolf footprint), karlugas kanata (swallow’s wings), kubelek (butterfly), teke mogozo (ram horns), kikrek (cockscomb) and other. The Bashkirs' belonging to the Muslim world is also reflected in the ornament. The embroidered pattern could be supplemented with texts of sayings and prayers in Arabic graphics. A star and a crescent were sometimes embroidered on prayer rugs (namazlik), and on a tablecloth (kumgan), which was used during readings of the Koran at ceremonies, funerals, etc. Images of the mosque were found on the ends of woven towels.

Inna Nikitina

In our kindergarten we pay great attention to patriotic education. We introduce the children to the work and life of people of different nationalities and nationalities. We teach children to understand that all people should live in peace and harmony. We cultivate love and respect for work, interest in folk fine arts. We cultivate an aesthetic attitude and instill interest in various types folk crafts, to a variety of materials from which craftsmen made various products. Explained how it was born painting by Bashkir masters. We examined product samples, elements murals. Children learned what colors Bashkir craftsmen use in murals.

Abstract

organized educational activities

educational field "Artistic and aesthetic development"

"Painting towels

Bashkir ornament»

preparatory group

Integration of educational regions: "Cognitive Development", "Music", "Artistic and aesthetic creativity", "Speech development".

Integrated Tasks:

Educational: Continue to teach children to introduce Bashkir folk craft. Teach children to recognize objects from Bashkir painting.

Developmental: To develop in children the ability to create compositions and harmoniously place a drawing on a sheet. Introduce children to the art of beauty. Improve your drawing skills Bashkir painting using characteristic elements and color scheme.

Educational: Cultivate interest in Bashkir decorative and applied arts.

Material: Drawing sheets, gouache or paint, brushes, Bashkir products(spoons, bowls, tray, etc.) Towel, embroidered Bashkir painting, sample elements Bashkir painting.

Organizing time:

Guys, what republic do we live in?

(In the Republic Bashkortostan)

What national instrument is made in Bashkortostan from reed?

(Kurai)

Listen Bashkir melody, which is played on the kurai, and I will read it to you poem:

Bashkiria is mine! Earth and sky!

My love, my nightingale land,

I feel sorry for the one who has never been here,

I feel sorry for the one who didn’t sing kurai!

Today we will go to the museum « Decorative arts Bashkir people» , where we will see a lot of interesting things. Close your eyes, let's count 1,2,3 - open your eyes, here we are in the museum.

(In a separate place there is a table with products Bashkir masters is a museum, the teacher tells and shows, the children look)

Look how many different products there are here. Who do you think made them?

(Bashkir masters)

Look these things

Today they came to visit us,

To tell us the secrets of ancient beauty.

To bring us into the world Bashkiria,

Into the world of legends and goodness,

To say what is in Bashkiria

Miracle people-masters!

-Bashkir people have long decorated with bright decorate your homes, wooden dishes, clothes, shoes. While decorating their products, people talked about themselves. Why did he do this?

(To make it beautiful)

-Bashkir art varied: this includes weaving, embroidery, and woodworking, tableware painting. The main occupation in the old days was cattle breeding: women wove and embroidered felts, carpets, rugs. Now in modern times We have a lot of folk arts and crafts in Bashkiria where the products are made. This includes the Birsk factory of artistic products, souvenir shops of Gafuriysky and Burzyansky timber industry enterprises, stone-cutting workshops in the cities of Sibay and Uchaly. The largest is Bashkir artistic association "Agidel" in Ufa. The main products of this association are painted wood products. Look how beautiful the spoons and cups are. What do they remind you of? painting, Guys?

(Russian Khokhloma painting)

Right. A few years ago, masters of Khokhloma paintings arrived in Bashkiria. A new association was opened here "Agidel", but only the technology was taken, but the composition, color Bashkir the artists developed it themselves. Russians and Bashkirs lived in friendship. As you already know, more of your products Bashkir craftsmen decorate with ornaments. Bashkirs closely connected with nature, in ornament there are natural forms, This: waves, mountains, sun, kurai flower. Masters also depict animals using characters: ram horns, crow's feet, eye, etc.

Did you enjoy your tour of the museum?

Do you want to become a master yourself for a while?

Let's close our eyes and find ourselves back in our group. Sit down at the tables.

Let's remember the elements again Bashkir ornament.

(The teacher shows samples ornaments, children call)

(Flocks of sheep, mountains, sun, ram's head, pasture, comb, ram's horns)

Now tell me how it is located Bashkir pattern on a sheet?

(Symmetrical)

Name the primary colors in ornament.

(Red, yellow, green, less often blue)

What background is the pattern shown on?

(On black, red, yellow, less often white)

Let's remember that Bashkir The masters associated each color of paint with nature.

(Color of life)

(Color of the earth)

(Grass color)

(Color of the sun)

(The color of purity)

Well done! Guys, look, I embroidered towel with Bashkir pattern.

And you will draw for me Bashkir pattern on paper towels. Look again at the elements of the patterns, think about the sketch and get to work.

(Children look at the samples and begin to draw)

(While drawing, the melody of the kurai sounds quietly.)

(During the drawing process, the teacher monitors the drawing technique, reminds how to draw, gives advice)

Let's finish. Now we will look at all our towels. How beautiful they turned out. Today we learned a lot about Bashkir crafts Well done, you showed your knowledge! Our Motherland is rich in talents. I want you to grow into good masters of your craft. The main thing is that you put your soul, all your efforts and skills into your work! Thank you.

Publications on the topic:

Summary of direct educational activities using ICT in the “Butterflies” preparatory group Educational areas: “Cognitive development”, “Speech development”, “Social and communicative development”, “Artistic and aesthetic.

Abstract directly - educational activities preparatory group (The number of children present at the lesson is 8 people).

Summary of direct educational activities in the preparatory group “Listopad” Program content: 1. Clarify and consolidate children’s knowledge about seasonal changes in nature - the change of seasons: 2. Form a generalized one.

Summary of direct educational activities in the preparatory group “We are astronauts” Goal: To consolidate the acquired knowledge about space, planets, and the Sun. Introduce children to the history of the development of astronautics. Tasks directly.

Summary of direct educational activities in the preparatory group "Cosmos" Objectives: Educational: 1. Expand children’s understanding of Space and planets solar system. 2. Give an idea of ​​how craters are formed.

Gulnara Mukhametdinova
Ornaments in the life of the Bashkir people

Mukhametdinova Gulnara

Project activities « Ornaments in the life of the Bashkir people»

Project type:

- project implementation: short-term

Cognitive - creative

Group

- project participants: 23 pupils, teacher, parents.

Relevance:

Joining folk culture on the one hand and the development of creative abilities on the other.

Problem:

Based on acquaintance with folk art, children learn to understand beauty, acquire standards of beauty. Looking at the works decoratively - applied arts They have a desire to learn how to create beauty themselves.

Target: creating conditions for the development of children’s cognitive and creative abilities. Develop interest in Bashkir folk art . Promote the speech, artistic, creative and social development of children.

Tasks:

Continue to introduce children to folk art, introduce children to costumes, traditions, way of life Bashkir people.

Develop children's cognitive activity, sense of color, compositional skills, develop fine motor skills, broaden your horizons, develop curiosity,

Replenish the active dictionary.

Develop skills in making patterns based on folk paintings, teach to compare and generalize.

Cultivate love for folk art, interest in popular applied arts.

Project hypothesis:

An active approach to introducing preschoolers to folk art will contribute to the development of children's cognitive and creative abilities.

Project implementation:

Health:

To develop cultural and hygienic skills, to consolidate the name of the word scarf on Bashkir language.

Introduce national dishes and drinks (baursak, bishbarmak, kumiss)

Physical Culture:

To form in children the need for physical activity, through folk games.

- “Yurt”, "kurai", "green scarf"

Socialization:

- game situation: “The dolls Aigul and Arslan came to visit the kindergarten”. Target: look at the costumes, pay attention to what Aigul is wearing, what Arslan is wearing. Summarize: Bashkir national costumes are bright and beautiful.

Teach children to say hello and goodbye Bashkir language,

- Bashkir folk game"Sticky Stumps".

Role-playing game "Family"- form ideas about family composition and traditions.

Role-playing game "Grandma's Chest"- decoration of the national costume, Bashkir ornament.

Conversation "We live in Bashkortostan» .

Looking at the illustration Bashkir folk costume.

Work:

Getting to know the work of a seamstress and dressmaker. They sew clothes (regular, holiday, national)

Manual labor (crafts)

Cognition:

Develop children's ability to name elements Bashkir costume: (Kharaus, dress with frills, ichiki)

Conversation "My Babai's Skullcap"

Didactic game "Find the same one" (apron, skullcap, etc.)

Develop fine motor skills hands: finger games Bashkir language(5 children with Timerbai)

Mathematical representations:

Exercise the ability to compare two objects - Skullcap (size and shape)

Cultivate attention. “Find an object by its appearance”

Construction:

Introduce children to design using elementary drawings - schemes: furniture for a doll.

Communication:

Learn to write a story on a topic "Granny's Outfit",

Looking at the illustrations for the book "Grandma's Chest",

Didactic game "Make up Bashkir ornament and pattern»

Reading fiction literature:

- "The Wise Old Man and the Foolish King",

- "A smart girl".

Artistic creativity:

Drawing "yurts": to introduce children to decorative activities, to show ways of coloring elements of national ornament, drawing Bashkir ornaments

Independent creative activity children “We decorate the camisole with patterns Bashkir people»

Modeling "Baursak": develop the ability to tear small lumps from the main piece and roll them out in a circular motion.

Application “Decorating an apron for a doll”: develop the ability to cut out parts to decorate an apron Bashkir ornament and glue finished parts Bashkir ornament on the silhouette of an apron.

Working with parents:

Consultation “Customs and holidays « Bashkir people» .

Collaborative work of parents and children making crafts using Bashkir ornament, rug decoration Bashkir ornament

Final event: Exhibition of children's creativity.

Project methods:

Cognitive development (Conversations about culture Bashkir people, acquaintance with Bashkir patterns, national costumes)

Game activity ( "Make up Bashkir pattern» , "Patch the rug", « Bashkir Lotto» )

Productive activity (modeling, applique)

Artistic and aesthetic direction: drawings on the topic « Bashkir ornaments»

Interaction with parents: making crafts or decorations using Bashkir ornament, the work of parents together with children.

Project presentation:

Open display of OOD artistic creativity on topic: « Bashkir ornaments»

Exhibition of works by parents and children at topic: “Making crafts using Bashkir ornament».

Publications on the topic:

Open educational hour “National Ornaments” Regional sanatorium school - boarding school No. 4. Open educational hour: “National ornaments, what they talk about” Conducted by: teacher 1.

Summary of the Open lesson in the senior group “Decoration of a Bashkir house” Municipal budget preschool educational institution Kindergarten No. 218 urban district of the city of Ufa of the Republic of Bashkortostan Abstract.

Methodological recommendations “Means of folk (Bashkir) art in decorative drawing” Folk Bashkir decorative and applied art fosters a sensitive attitude to beauty and contributes to the formation of a harmoniously developed personality.

Theme of directly organized educational activities: “Journey into the past of the Bashkir people” 04/25/2012. /preparatory.

Generalization of family experience in developing a healthy lifestyle in children of the third year of life Early childhood is the foundation of a child’s overall development, the starting period of all human beginnings. It is at this age that the foundations are laid.

Ornament- one of the oldest forms of human visual activity, known since Paleolithic times. Translated from Latin, ornament means “decoration”, “pattern”. The initial images were simple: a twig, a fragment of a shell, drawn across damp clay, or plant seeds pressed into it. Over time, real seeds were replaced by images of them. Already in the Neolithic era, the ornament of ceramics was not a random set of strokes, stripes, dashes, but a thoughtful, compositionally verified design filled with symbolic content.

On the very special place of ornament in culture traditional society can be judged by the activity of its use. It was used to decorate clothes (everyday, festive, ritual), women's jewelry, various items (household utensils and religious objects), housing, its decoration, weapons and armor, and horse harnesses.

Bashkir ornament is characterized by both geometric and curvilinear floral patterns. The form depends on the technique of execution. Geometric motifs are made using the technique of counted embroidery and weaving. Curvilinear floral - using the technique of appliqué, embossing, silver notching, free embroidery technique (tambour, or “oblique mesh”). Usually patterns were applied to wood, leather, metal, and linen. There are a variety of ornamentation techniques: carving and painting on wood, embossing and carving on leather, metal processing, applique, braided and embedded weaving, knitting, embroidery.

Literature:
Essays on the culture of the peoples of Bashkortostan. Comp. Benin V.L. Ufa, publishing house: Kitap, 1994.

FEDERAL EDUCATION AGENCY

UFA STATE ACADEMY

ECONOMY AND SERVICE

TEST

Discipline: “Cultural Studies”.

On the topic: “Bashkir ornament.”

Completed by: Sitnikova Yu.A.

Group: GZ-2, Code: No.

Checked by: Associate Professor of Cond. Chem. sciences

Timofeeva M.Yu

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………...3

1. Ornament as a phenomenon of national Bashkir culture………….3

2. Structure of the ornament………………………………………………………4

3. The significance of ornament in the history of cultural development………………………...6

Conclusion……………………………………………………………...6

References………………………………………………………..7

INTRODUCTION

Ornament- one of the oldest forms of human visual activity, known since Paleolithic times. Translated from Latin, ornament means “decoration”, “pattern”. The initial images were simple: a twig, a fragment of a shell, drawn across damp clay, or plant seeds pressed into it. Over time, real seeds were replaced by images of them. Already in the Neolithic era, the ornament of ceramics was not a random set of strokes, stripes, dashes, but a thoughtful, compositionally verified design filled with symbolic content.

The very special place of ornament in the culture of traditional society can be judged by the activity of its use. It was used to decorate clothes (everyday, festive, ritual), women's jewelry, various items (household utensils and religious objects), housing, its decoration, weapons and armor, and horse harnesses.

Bashkir ornament is characterized by both geometric and curvilinear floral patterns. The form depends on the technique of execution. Geometric motifs are made using the technique of counted embroidery and weaving. Curvilinear floral - using the technique of appliqué, embossing, silver notching, free embroidery technique (tambour, or “oblique mesh”). Usually patterns were applied to wood, leather, metal, and linen. There are a variety of ornamentation techniques: carving and painting on wood, embossing and carving on leather, metal processing, applique, braided and embedded weaving, knitting, embroidery.

1. ORNAMENT AS A PHENOMENON OF NATIONAL BASHKIR CULTURE.

Bashkir ornament- one of the phenomena of the national Bashkir culture, reflecting its originality and specific features. Ornament for the Bashkir people was the only form of artistic and visual creativity. Almost complete absence in Bashkir folk art realistic images of animals, people and landscapes were due to the influence of Muslim culture, namely the Islamic prohibition of depicting living things. Islam not only excluded from art all other images except ornament, but also determined the extreme stylization of its form and the spread of geometric ornament. However, the northern regions of the Muslim world knew the widespread use of animal images in ornamentation, often stylized, and sometimes even of a relatively realistic nature.

Paganism, with its magical, totemistic and animistic ideas, had a significant influence on the ornament, its content and form. The adoption and spread of Islam led to the destruction of a unified system of pagan ideas and beliefs. However, pagan motifs associated with folk myths lived on for a long time and firmly in the decorative and applied arts.

As the visual culture of the people developed, art became more and more connected with the aesthetic needs of people. The coloristic design of patterns is the clearest manifestation of national identity in art. Bashkir ornament is almost always multi-colored, with a predominance of warm colors: red, green, yellow. Blue, cyan, and lilac colors are less commonly used. The color scheme was greatly influenced by the appearance of aniline dyes. Their use destroyed the traditional flavor, which was based on more restrained color combinations, because before the advent of aniline dyes, the Bashkirs used natural ones. Natural wool colors took part in creating the traditional color: white, gray, black. The comparison of colors in the Bashkir ornament was contrasting: on a red background there was a green and yellow pattern, on a black background there was red and yellow. The background was always active; bright red, yellow and black colors were chosen more often for it, and much less often - White color canvas.

2. STRUCTURE OF ORNAMENT.

Bashkir ornament(both individual elements and the entire composition) is almost always symmetrical. The composition very succinctly and figuratively talks about people’s perception of the world. The whole world contains phenomena given only in opposition: day - night, life - death, light - darkness, male - female, left - right, etc. This is shown through the symmetry of opposing animal figures. In order for the opposites not to destroy each other in mutual struggle, a third element of the composition is needed, separating them - the golden mean, the starting point, the symbolic image of the axis of the world. Thus, the ornament reflected ancient ideas about the triple rhythm of existence, characteristic of most peoples.

The central part in such compositions was most often female figure, sometimes an image of a tree. Sometimes the central place was occupied by a symbolic rhombus. Such replacements are not accidental and logical, since both the female figure (the image of the goddess of all things), and the tree (the tree of life), and the rhombus (the symbol of arable land) are symbols of fertility, the life-giving principle.

On Bashkir kharaus one can find both a highly stylized anthropomorphic figure in the center of the composition and an image of a tree.
The composition of the patterns of Bashkir kharaus is multivariate. It cannot be considered as a simple borrowing of an ornamental plot. The combination of horses, trees, humans, and birds in one composition does not contradict popular ideas. “In Bashkir folklore,” notes researcher M. M. Sagitov, “in critical situations, the horse takes the form of a sacred family tree of a poplar, the mighty branches of which lift the hero to an unattainable height and thereby save him from the pursuing enemy. The motive of turning a horse into a family tree is characteristic of Turkic-Mongol epic".

Compositions with horses on charaus are also interesting because in the upper corners of the composition above the horses there are symmetrically located figures representing two birds that represent the sky. “In Bashkir folklore,” notes M. M. Sagitov, “three worlds are usually depicted: heavenly, earthly and underground or underwater. Ordinary people live on earth, and the underground world is inhabited by spirits and monsters hostile to people and celestials.” Similar compositions with two horses and birds above them, facing the central figure, are found not only among the Bashkirs, but also in Chuvash and Russian embroidery, in the ornaments of the Finno-Ugric peoples.

The patterns on the kharaus reflected the ideas of the Pre-Islamic period in the history of the Bashkirs. Islamic culture has led to a high degree of stylization of originally realistic forms, which makes it difficult to “read” the ornament and reconstruct the ancient ideas of the people.

With the help of amulets, a person believed to protect himself from harmful spirits, the evil eye and other misfortunes. This purpose of the ornament corresponded to its location on clothing and on the home. Clothes were decorated with ornaments primarily on edges, cuts, and openings: collars, cutouts, fasteners, edges of sleeves and hem. Clothing itself was considered to be a fairly reliable protection for a person from harmful influences from the outside, but the weak point of clothing was the holes through which evil spirits could penetrate, and therefore they needed additional protective power. The edges decorated with a pattern were considered inaccessible to negative influences, the seams were made double, and among some peoples the clothes along the seams were additionally stitched with colored threads. “It is no coincidence that on decorative products of most peoples, embroidery patterns are located along the seams and sides of clothing or along the edges of flat products. In this light, it is not without interest to note that the ancient Turkic terms generally accepted in the Bashkir language for designating embroidery - sigeu, secret - in their original sense go back to concepts of “limit”, “frame”, “edge” (from the book by N.V. Bikbulatov, R.G. Kuzeev and S.N. Shitova “Decorative creativity of the Bashkir people”).

When decorating a home, we proceeded from the same ideas: “My house is my fortress,” and therefore, first of all, it is necessary to decorate the places where evil spirits can enter the house. First of all, gates, shutters and window frames, as well as the edges of the roof, were decorated. The simplest and most common form of amulet-amulet in Bashkir ornament was a triangle, or less often a rhombus. Both of these figures are a symbolic image of the eye: a triangle in profile, a rhombus in front. The eye in the image was endowed with magical powers, being the most reliable remedy against the evil eye. Triangle amulets can be found in the decoration of saryk shoes, on women's clothing and on other items. The idea that the image of a triangle can protect against harmful external influences was widespread among many peoples. The amulet, designed to prevent evil forces at any moment, was depicted as directed towards all four cardinal directions, or at most two.

3. THE IMPORTANCE OF ORNAMENT IN THE HISTORY OF CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT.

Ornament as a phenomenon of national culture refracts its various facets. Since culture is constantly tuned to self-reproduction, the transmission from generation to generation of traditional forms of culture is of great importance. The original interpretations of certain ornamental motifs and plots have long been forgotten, but this becomes unimportant when techniques and plots are passed on from generation to generation, since the very fact of continuity is important. Continuity is the main quality of traditional national culture, thanks to which some subjects or elements of ornament can exist without changing for centuries and millennia. Such stability of the ornament helps in the study of bygone folk ideas, and also allows it to be used as a historical source.