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Culture of Ancient Rome World Artistic Culture Lesson-presentation Vasilyeva O.N. Lomovskaya secondary school Dyudkovo 2009Slide 2
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Worship of the Gods The Romans worshiped the gods of fate, cities, and patron spirits of every person. The gods of the hearth occupied a special place in their beliefs. To perform ceremonies in honor of the home gods, the Roman family gathered around the home altar. Lararias were built in the houses - something like a small chapel, where wax figurines of Lars (patrons of the house) and Penates (keepers of the hearth and food reserves) were located. The head of the family put honey cakes, wine, flowers in front of the altar, or threw the part of the dinner intended for the gods into the fire of the hearth. The cult of the Genius, the patron saint of the emperor and all men, was of national importance. Juno patronized women.
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Rome During the heyday of the Empire, the Roman type of urban planning spread: the city consisted of residential quarters, public buildings, squares (forums) and artisan districts. The Romans learned to make a material such as concrete from lime mortar, crushed stone and volcanic sand, which made it possible to erect massive and durable structures. The Romans took such architectural elements as the arch and vault from the Etruscans. The Romans borrowed architectural orders from the Greeks.
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Appian Way The Roman roads were of great strategic importance, they united different parts of the country. The Appian road leading to Rome (VI-III centuries BC. Named after the builder - censor Appius Claudius Tsek) for the movement of cohorts and messengers was the first of the network of roads that later covered all of Italy. Near the Aricci valley, a road paved with a thick layer of concrete, rubble, lava and tuff slabs, because of the terrain, ran along a massive wall (197 m long, 11 m high), dissected in the lower part by three through arched spans for mountain waters.
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Aqueducts and viaducts Rome is gradually becoming the most water-rich city in the world. Powerful bridges and aqueducts (the Appia Claudius aqueduct, 311 BC, the Marcius aqueduct, 144 BC), running tens of kilometers, have occupied a prominent place in the architecture of the city, in the form of its picturesque surroundings AKVEDUK (lat ., from "water" and "lead") - a bridge with a groove water supply and arched spans, sometimes in several tiers in places of lowering of the earth's surface. VIADUK (lat., From "path, road" and "lead") - a bridge along which a section of the road passes at the point of intersection with a ravine, ravine, another road, etc.
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Baths Public baths (baths) were equipped with a gymnasium, playgrounds, pools with hot, warm and cold water. Baths were a favorite resting place of the Romans. There they did physical exercises, exchanged news. Instead of soap, olive oil was rubbed into the skin. After the steam room, they plunged into a pool of cold water. Then they did a massage and went home for dinner.
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Roman Forum The center of life in Rome, the capital of the empire, was the square lying between two hills - the Capitol and the Palatine. It was called Forum Romanum. People's meetings were held here, at which they discussed laws, resolved issues of war and peace, and concluded trade deals. On the square there were buildings decorated with marble and bronze statues, columns and arches, which were erected in honor of the victories of the Roman emperors and generals.
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Arc de Triomphe Arc de Triomphe of Constantine. 4th century. Rome. The Arch of Emperor Titus was built in honor of his trip over rebellious Palestine. A 6-bronze sculptural group was hoisted on it: Titus, accompanied by the goddess Victoria, sat on a chariot drawn by four horses. The arches underneath were called triumphal, since they were associated with triumph - the solemn entry of the beggar into the city. 06the erection of triumphal arches spread throughout Europe.
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Trajan's Column In addition to arches, monumental columns were also built in Rome. This is the column of Trajan (architect Apollodorus), erected in 113 in honor of the victory of the Romans over the Dacians. The column, composed of 17 Carrara marble drums, rose 30 meters and was crowned with a bronze statue of the Emperor Trajan. Outside, the column was decorated with marble slabs with reliefs of the most important episodes of the war with the Dacians. This sculptural ribbon, about 22 meters long, encircles the entire column.
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The Pantheon - the temple of all gods For many centuries, this temple has been an unsurpassed example of construction, crowned with a dome. The grandiose round space of the temple is covered by a spherical cup of the dome with a diameter of 43.2 m. In the center of the dome there is a window with a diameter of 9 m, through which streams of sunlight are pouring. The entire weight of the huge dome is supported by eight massive pylons hidden in the wall. They are connected to each other by a system of brick arches. The wide stone pediment of the portico rests on 8 columns. The Pantheon is considered the most perfect example of Roman architecture, both technically and artistically.
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Colosseum During the Flavian Imperial Dynasty, 75-80s. a grandiose amphitheater was built in the center of Rome. In the Middle Ages, it received the name "Colosseum" - from the Latin word "colossus" - colossal. The Colosseum is a huge oval bowl measuring 188x156 m with rows of seats that go down to the center - the arena. Gladiator fights, fights between people and animals took place here. They could be watched by up to 56 thousand spectators. The structure is surrounded by a powerful wall. It is divided into 4 tiers, consisting of pillars and arches. Each tier was decorated with columns of various types: the lower one - Doric, the second - Ionic, the third - Corinthian. The fourth tier was a blank wall, dissected by Corinthian pilasters - protrusions. So the Roman architect skillfully and in his own way used the Greek order system, supplementing it with Roman elements - an arch and a vault.
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A sculptural portrait The Romans borrowed from the Etruscans the custom of venerating deceased ancestors. The plaster or wax mask was removed from the face of the deceased and displayed in the front room. During the funeral procession, the masks of not only the deceased, but also the ancestors were carried behind the coffin. This custom taught the Romans to see in a portrait not an ideal hero, but a real person, to appreciate the authenticity of a sculptural portrait.
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Sculptural portrait In the II-I centuries. BC NS. the Roman highest nobility was given the right to erect their statues in public places. They depicted specific people, and the sculptors tried to convey external similarity, but without idealization.
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Frescoes Wall frescoes are genuine masterpieces of painting found in the so-called Villa of the Mysteries in Pompeii. They depict not only the characters of myths, participants in the initiation into the cult of the god Dionysus, but also the hostess of the villa, the girl who serves her, the winged goddess. Roman frescoes often reproduced paintings by Greek masters. Landscapes, gardens and parks, cities and temples, birds and animals are captured in these paintings.
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Frescoes Fresco "Spring" from the city of Stabius, near Pompeii. The girl, symbolizing spring, moves away from the viewer into the depths of the space, breathing coolness and freshness. In her left hand she holds a cornucopia, and with her right she gently touches a flower rising from the ground. Her golden yellow cape, auburn hair and the pink tone of her bare shoulders harmonize wonderfully with the vibrant green backdrop of a blooming louga. The joy associated with the arrival of spring, with the warm spring sun, the fragrance of blossoming nature, the feeling of lightness of the girl's movements, as if floating in the air, permeate the entire pictorial composition.
The art of ancient Rome, like that of ancient Greece, developed within the framework of a slave-owning society, therefore these two main components are meant when they talk about "ancient art". Usually, in the history of ancient art, the sequence is followed first by Greece, then Rome. Moreover, the art of Rome is considered the completion of the artistic creation of the ancient society. This has its own logic: the flowering of Hellenic art falls on the 5th-4th centuries. BC e., the heyday of the Roman in the III century. n. NS. And yet, if we consider that the date, even legendary, of the founding of Rome 753 BC. e., then the beginning of the activity, including artistic, of the people who inhabited this city, can be attributed to the VIII century. BC BC, that is, a century, when the Greeks did not yet build monumental temples, they did not sculpt large sculptures, but only painted the walls of ceramic vessels in a geometric style.
Portrait of Pompey It is necessary to note the evolution from portraits of the Romans of the Early and Mature Republic, closed in their isolated clan world, to portraits of the leaders of the Late Republic, such as Pompeii, Caesar, Cicero. Almost imperial claims are embodied in the plasticity of these images. The meaning of the depicted, which is gaining a strong public resonance, goes beyond the republican perceptions. Portrait of Pompey. 1st century BC BC Copenhagen. New Carlsburg Glyptotek.
Pompeii. A street in the city of Sculptors of those years sought primarily to amaze a person. The sculptor Zenofor erected a huge statue for Nero, which stood for a long time at the entrance to the Golden House. It was a grandiose, probably awe-inspiring to the Romans, a portrait that had nothing to do with the colossus of the ancient Greeks. In the first period of the heyday of the Empire's art, however, chamber sculpture was also widespread, decorating the interiors with marble figurines, quite often found during the excavations of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabia. Pompeii. Street in the city.
Colosseum The Colosseum is the largest of the ancient Roman amphitheaters, one of the famous ancient monuments of ancient Rome and one of the most remarkable structures in the world. It is located in Rome, in the hollow between the Esquiline, Palatine and Caelian hills, in the place where there was a pond that belonged to the Golden House of Nero. The Colosseum was originally called the Flavian Amphitheater because it was a collective edifice of the emperors of the Flavian dynasty. The construction was carried out for 8 years, in the years. n. NS.
The symbol of Rome is the famous Capitoline wolf. Capitoline she-wolf (lat.Lupa Capitolina) Etruscan bronze sculpture, stylistically dated to the 5th century BC. and kept in Rome since antiquity. Depicts (approximately life-size) a she-wolf breastfeeding two babies Romulus and Remus, the legendary founders of the city. It is believed that the wolf was the totem of the Sabines and Etruscans, and the statue was transferred to Rome as a sign of the fusion of the Romans with these peoples.
Basilica Emilia The Basilica Emilia, the remains of which can still be seen on the north side in front of the Basilica Julius, was built in 179 BC. NS. Mark Emilius Lepidus and Mark Fulvius Nobilior on the site of an older temple. Now it's hard to believe it, but Pliny the Elder called the basilica one of the most beautiful buildings in the world. The basilica had three naves and three entrances from the square, large windows to illuminate the interior, and relief decorations depicting the mythical foundation of the city. During the reign of Augustus, the portico of Gaius and Lucius was built opposite the basilica.
Neptunov's Cart In 1736, the sculpture-fountain composition "Neptunov's Cart" was placed in the central basin of the Upper Park. The sculptures were cast in lead and gilded. The center of the composition was the figure of Neptune "with a carriage", as well as dolphins and "riding" on horses. The central stream of the fountain raised a gilded copper ball. After repeated restorations, Neptunov's Cart had to be removed in 1797. Instead, a new group, "Neptune", was installed, which continues to this day. The original figures of the fountain were created in Nuremberg (Germany). In 1660, Georg Schweigger (German: Georg Schweigger) and goldsmith Christoph Ritter (German: Christoph Ritter) introduced the model in the form of its component parts. Then Schweiger and his student Jeremiah Eissler (German: Jeremias Eissler) worked on the model until 1670, but the complete set of figures was completed only in years. The casting was made by Heroldt (German: WHHeroldt). The fountain was never exhibited in Nuremberg, but it became known as a kind of attraction, even when it was in a warehouse. In 1796, the bulk of the figures were bought by Russia and sent to Peterhof. The copy currently installed in the city park of Nuremberg has been there since 1902.
Pantheon Pantheon (ancient Greek πάνθειον temple or a place dedicated to all gods, from ancient Greek πάντεζ everything and θεόζ god) "temple of all gods" in Rome, a monument of centric-domed architecture of the heyday of architecture of Ancient Rome, built in 2nd century AD NS. under the Emperor Hadrian on the site of the previous Pantheon, built two centuries earlier by Mark Vipsanius Agrippa. The Latin inscription on the pediment reads: “M. AGRIPPA L F COS TERTIUM FECIT ", which in translation sounds like:" Marcus Agrippa, son of Lucius, elected consul for the third time, erected this. "
Fountain of the Turtles The Fountain of the Turtles in the small square of Mattei is the most enchanting of the fountains in Rome. Its beauty, its graceful lines make one believe in the legend that this jewel of art of the late 16th century belongs to Raphael, but it is the work of Landini (1585).
A relief with figures of Roman dignitaries acted as orators, drawing the crowd: from here Cicero spoke against Catiline, and Antony moved the Romans with his eulogy on Caesar's death. But moments of splendor were followed by a gradual decline, and at first the Forum had to give way to new forums of the era of the empire, after which, together with the entire Roman civilization, shaken by the invasions of barbarians, plunged into the darkness of the long Middle Ages. In the last century, however, an interest in archeology arose and systematic excavations began.
Temple of Antoninus and Faustina Erected by the Senate in AD 141 in honor of Faustina, wife of Antoninus, deified after death. Later it was dedicated to the emperor himself. Corinthian columns remain from the temple, supporting an amazingly painted entablature. In the 11th century, the temple was converted into a Christian church dedicated to San Lorenzo in Miranda and rebuilt in the 17th century.
Temple of Romulus It was believed that this temple was erected by Maxentius for the son of Romulus, who died as a child in 307 AD, but, probably, we are talking about the Temple of the Penates, built on the site of a previously destroyed temple, on the ruins of which a large basilica was built. Most of the temple was preserved thanks to the transformation into an atrium of the Church of Saints Cosmas and Damian (VI century AD).
Domitian Hippodrome The Palatine Grand Hippodrome is 160 meters long and 50 meters wide. The wall structures were made of fired bricks with marble cladding. The stadium was surrounded by a portico; on one of its sides there was a tribune, from which the emperor watched the shows and performances of gymnasts.
Roman art completes the centuries-old path begun by Hellenic culture. It can be defined as a phenomenon of the transition period from one artistic system to another, as a bridge from antiquity to the Middle Ages. At the same time, just as every work is not only a link in the chain of artistic development, but also a unique individual phenomenon, Roman art is integral and original. The “audience” of ancient Roman art, especially during the years of the Later Empire, was more numerous than that of Greek art. Like a new religion that captured wide sections of the population of the eastern, western and North African provinces, the art of the Romans influenced a huge number of the inhabitants of the empire, including emperors, influential officials, ordinary Romans, freedmen, slaves. Already within the empire, an attitude was formed towards art as a phenomenon that united people of different classes, races, and social positions.
But in ancient Rome, not only were the general aesthetic qualities that determined the character of the coming culture were formed, the methods that were followed by the artists of later times were also developed. In European art, ancient Roman works often served as a kind of standards, which were imitated by architects, sculptors, painters, glassblowers and ceramists, gem cutters and decorators of gardens and parks. The invaluable artistic heritage of ancient Rome continues to live on as a school of classical craftsmanship for contemporary art.
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Etruscan art
ETRUSCIANS lived on the territory of modern Italy in the 1st millennium BC. NS.
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THIS people had
17.02.2017 3 its own philosophy, its own ideas about life and death, a special perception of the world around us.
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"EVENING SHADOWS" -
02/17/2017 4 unnaturally elongated female and male sculptures associated with the cult of the dead (2nd-1st centuries BC).
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02/17/2017 5 Believer. From the sanctuary of Diana of Nemia. Ancient Rome 200 - 150 BC NS. France, Paris, Louvre
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02/17/2017 6 Capitoline she-wolf Ancient Rome 500 BC NS. Italy, Rome, Capitol Museum
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What is he, a man of that era? This is how the famous Roman orator and public figure Cicero (106-43 BC) presents him in his treatise 06 Duties: “A citizen of strict rules, brave and worthy of primacy in the state. He will completely devote himself to serving the state, will not seek wealth and power and will protect the state as a whole, taking care of all citizens ... he ... will keep to justice and moral beauty "
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02/17/2017 10 Capitoline Brutus Ancient Rome 210 - 190 BC NS. Italy, Rome, Palazzo Dei Conservatory
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02/17/2017 11 Statue of Octavian Augustus from Prima Porta Ancient Rome 20 AD NS. Vatican, Vatican Museums
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Octavian Augustus from Prima Porta. Octavian's father, Guy Octavius, came from a wealthy plebeian family belonging to the Qsadnic estate; Julius Caesar made him a patrician. Mother, Atia, came from the Julian clan. She was the daughter of Julia, Caesar's sister, and Senator Mark Atius Balbinus, a relative of Gnaeus Pompey. Guy Octavius married her in a second marriage, from which Octavian's sister, Octavia the Younger, was born (she was called the Younger in relation to her half-sister). The nickname "Furin" Octavian received in the year of his birth in honor of his father's victory over the fugitive slaves of Spartacus, won in the vicinity of the city of Furia. Augustus tried not to use the name "Octavian", as it reminded him that he came to the Julian clan from the outside, and not by direct origin.
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Guy Julius Caesar Octavian August
The foundations of art were laid during the reign of Octavian Augustus. This time, characterized by a high level of cultural development, is not accidentally called the "golden age" of the Roman state. It was then that the official style of Roman art was created, most clearly manifested in the numerous statues of Octavian Augustus.
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The Roman writer Suetonius (c. 70 - c. 140) noted: "He rejoiced when someone lowered his head under his piercing gaze, as if under the dazzling rays of the sun."
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The statue of Marcus Aurelius is a bronze ancient Roman statue that is located in Rome in the New Palace of the Capitolian Museums. It was created in the 160-180s.
The originally gilded equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius was erected on the slope of the Capitol opposite the Roman Forum. This is the only equestrian statue that has survived from antiquity, since in the Middle Ages it was believed that it depicts St. Constantine.
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In the XII century, the statue was moved to the Lateran square. In the 15th century, the Vatican librarian Platina compared the images on the coins and identified the rider. In 1538, she was placed on the Capitol by order of Pope Paul III. The base for the statue was made by Michelangelo. The statue is only twice its life size. Marcus Aurelius is depicted in a soldier's cloak (over a tunic). Under the raised hoof of the horse, there used to be a sculpture of a bound barbarian.
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In an era of reassessment of values, he expressed his perception of the world in the following way: “The time of human life is a moment, its essence is an eternal flow, sensation is vague, the structure of the whole body is perishable, the soul is unstable, fate is mysterious, glory is unreliable” (From the diary “Alone with yourself ")
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Septimius Bassian Caracalla (186-217) - Roman emperor from the dynasty of the Severs.
One of the most cruel emperors. The sharp turn of the head, the swiftness of movement and the tensed muscles of the mei allow you to feel assertive strength, hot temper and furious energy. Angrily knitted eyebrows, a wrinkled forehead, a suspicious look from under the forehead, a massive chin_ all speaks of the emperor's merciless cruelty.
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02/17/2017 20 Portrait of Caracalla Ancient Rome 211 - 217 AD NS. Italy, Rome, Roman National Museum
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02/17/2017 21 Aulus Blizzard Ancient Rome 110 - 90 BC NS. Italy, Florence, Archaeological Museum
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The bronze statue of Aulus Metellus from the Museum of Florence, also executed by the Etruscan master of that time, although it still retains all the features of the Etruscan bronze portrait in the plastic interpretation of the form, in fact, is already a Roman monument, full of civic public sound, unusual for Etruscan art. In the bust of Brutus and the statue of Aulus Metellus, as in many portraits from alabaster urns, the boundaries of the Etruscan and Roman understanding of the image converged. Here one should look for the origins of the ancient Roman sculptural portrait, which grew not only on the Greco-Hellenistic, but above all on the Etruscan basis.
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The figure of a man of mature age, who leaves his right shoulder open, and in a tunic. In high shoes of the Roman type with laces. The head is slightly turned to the right. The hair is short with small strands. Wrinkles on the forehead, as well as in the corners of the mouth and empty eyes, which should have been filled with inserts from another material. The right hand is raised and extended forward, with an open hand; the left hand with a half-closed hand is lowered down along the body, under the toga. The ring finger of the left hand has an oval-framed ring. The left leg is slightly bent forward. Attributed to Aretian production.
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02/17/2017 24 Portrait of a "Syrian" Ancient Rome Around 170 Russia, St. Petersburg, Hermitage
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The expressive realistic portrait in marble is the perfect example of deep and precise psychological characterization and brilliant craftsmanship. A thin elongated face with irregular and even ugly features is touching and attractive in its own way.
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02/17/2017 26 Antinous Ancient Rome 117 - 134 AD
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02/17/2017 27 Young handsome Antinous is the favorite of Emperor Hadrian. During the emperor's journey along the Nile, he committed suicide by throwing himself into the Nile. The grief-stricken emperor established something like the cult of Antinous. There was even a legend that the young man sacrificed himself to distract the oracle's formidable prediction from the emperor. This found support among the masses, as it revived the cult of the perishing and reborn god again.
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02/17/2017 28 Mother and Child ("Mater Matuta") Ancient Rome 450 BC NS. Italy, Florence. Archaeological Museum
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02/17/2017 29 The image of a seated woman with a child in her arms is the Etruscan-Latin deity of the Great Mother ("Mater-matuta"). Already in this sculpture, the features of the Etruscan character were manifested: the squat proportions, the frozen tension of the figure. The composition includes two winged sphinxes - a favorite motif of the Etruscans - on both sides of the throne. Being an anthropomorphic (that is, represented in the image of a person) canopic urn, the statue is associated with the cult of the dead.
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Pictorial art
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Mysteries - worship, a set of secret cult events dedicated to deities, in which only initiates were allowed to participate. Often they were theatrical performances. The Mysteries of Ancient Greece represent an original episode in the history of religions and in many ways are still mysteries. The ancients themselves attached great importance to the mysteries: only those initiated in them, according to Plato, bliss after death, and according to Cicero, the Mysteries were taught both to live well and die with good hopes.
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02/17/2017 32 Villa of the Mysteries. Pompeii. Ancient Rome c. 100 BC NS. Italy, Pompeii
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02/17/2017 33 Villa of the Mysteries. Wall painting Ancient Rome c. 100 BC NS. Italy, Pompeii
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17.02.2017 35 Villas are characterized by great luxury and decoration of precious materials. Wall painting was an integral part of the villas. There were two types of villas: villa rustica - a rural villa with an economic or industrial character, and villa peurban - an urban villa designed for relaxation and all kinds of entertainment ...
Octavian Augustus from Prima Porta. Octavian's father, Guy Octavius, came from a wealthy plebeian family belonging to the Qsadnic estate; Julius Caesar made him a patrician. Mother, Atia, came from the Julian clan. She was the daughter of Julia, Caesar's sister, and Senator Mark Atius Balbinus, a relative of Gnaeus Pompey. Guy Octavius married her in a second marriage, from which Octavian's sister Octavia the Younger was born (she was called the Younger in relation to her half-sister). The nickname "Furin" Octavian received in the year of his birth in honor of his father's victory over the fugitive slaves of Spartacus, won in the vicinity of the city of Furia. Augustus tried not to use the name "Octavian", as it reminded him that he came to the Julian family from outside, and not by direct origin.
Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian Augustus The foundations of art were laid during the reign of Octavian Augustus. This time, characterized by a high level of cultural development, is not accidentally called the "golden age" of the Roman state. It was then that the official style of Roman art was created, most clearly manifested in the numerous statues of Octavian Augustus.
The bronze statue of Aulus Metellus from the Museum of Florence, also executed by the Etruscan master of that time, although it still retains all the features of the Etruscan bronze portrait in the plastic interpretation of the form, in fact, is already a Roman monument, full of civic public sound, unusual for Etruscan art. In the bust of Brutus and the statue of Aulus Metellus, as in many portraits from alabaster urns, the boundaries of the Etruscan and Roman understanding of the image converged. Here one should look for the origins of the ancient Roman sculptural portrait, which grew not only on the Greco-Hellenistic, but above all on the Etruscan basis.
The figure of a man of mature age, who leaves his right shoulder open, and in a tunic. In high Roman-type shoes with laces. The head is slightly turned to the right. The hair is short with small strands. Wrinkles on the forehead, as well as in the corners of the mouth and empty eyes, which should have been filled with inserts from another material. The right hand is raised and extended forward, with an open hand; the left hand with a half-closed hand is lowered down along the body, under the toga. The ring finger of the left hand has an oval-framed ring. The left leg is slightly bent forward. Attributed to Aretian production.
The statue of Marcus Aurelius is a bronze ancient Roman statue that is located in Rome in the New Palace of the Capitol museums. It was created in the year. New Palace of the Capitol Museums The originally gilded equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius was installed on the slope of the Capitol opposite the Roman Forum. This is the only equestrian statue that has survived from antiquity, since in the Middle Ages it was believed that it depicts St. Constantine. Mark Aurelius Constantine
In the XII century, the statue was moved to the Lateran square. In the 15th century, the Vatican librarian Platina compared the images on the coins and identified the rider. In 1538, she was placed on the Capitol by order of Pope Paul III. The base for the statue was made by Michelangelo. Laterana Platinum of Paul III Michelangelo The statue is only twice the life size. Marcus Aurelius is depicted in a soldier's cloak (over a tunic). Tunics Under the raised hoof of a horse, there was previously a sculpture of a bound barbarian.
Septimius Bassian Caracalla (186217) Roman emperor from the dynasty of the Severs Roman emperor of the dynasty of the North One of the most cruel emperors. The sharp turn of the head, the swiftness of movement and the tensed muscles of the mei allow you to feel assertive strength, hot temper and furious energy. Angrily knitted eyebrows, a wrinkled forehead, a suspicious look from under the forehead, a massive chin_ all speaks of the emperor's merciless cruelty.
Mysteries - worship, a set of secret cult events dedicated to deities, in which only initiates were allowed to participate. Often they were theatrical performances. Worship of cult deities, theatricalized Mysteries of Ancient Greece represent an original episode in the history of religions and in many respects are still mysteries. The ancients themselves attached great importance to the mysteries: only the initiates in them, according to Plato, bliss after death, and according to Cicero, the mysteries were taught both to live well and die with good hopes.
Their establishment dates back to the times of distant antiquity; in historical times, especially from the 6th century AD. e., their number increased more and more; at the end of IVa BC. NS. not being initiated into any mysteries was a sign of unbelief or indifference.
The Alexandrov Mosaic is the most famous antique mosaic depicting Alexander the Great in the battle with the Persian king Darius III. The mosaic was laid out from about one and a half million pieces, assembled into a painting using the technique known as "opus vermiculatum", that is, the pieces were assembled one by one along winding lines. from the premises of the house of the Faun and transferred in 1843 to the National Archaeological Museum of Naples, where it is kept to the present time of the year Pompeidom Faun 1843 National Archaeological Museum of Naples
Mosaics of Hadrian's villa in Tivoli. Roman mosaics are no less famous. Their art was known even in Ancient Greece: the Greeks called images dedicated to the muses mosaics. Just as the muses are eternal, so should these compositions be eternal, and therefore they were not painted with paint, but were collected from pieces of colored stone, and then their special welded glass - smalt.
Landscape sketches are increasingly common in fresco paintings: parks, gardens, harbors, winding river banks. With great skill, the artists managed to convey the world of animals and birds, genre and everyday scenes. Still lifes with fruits are exquisitely beautiful: soft light gently touches the velvety surface of peaches in a glass vase.
The expressive realistic portrait in marble is a perfect example of deep and precise psychological characterization and brilliant craftsmanship. A thin elongated face with irregular and even ugly features is touching and attractive in its own way.
In the 4-5 centuries. the collapse of the Roman Empire. Rome, destroyed and plundered by barbarians, has lost its former greatness. But the tradition of ancient Roman art was not destined to disappear: in the Middle Ages, during the Renaissance and Classicalism, they inspired masters of art.
Lesson number 10
MHK-10
Visual arts of ancient Rome
D.Z .: Chapter 10, questions and tasks p. 109
© A.I. Kolmakov
LESSON OBJECTIVES
- to give an idea of the achievements of Ancient Rome in the visual arts; teach to highlight the features of the paintings of Ancient Rome;
- develop the skills of artistic analysis;
- foster respect and interest in the art of antiquity.
CONCEPTS, IDEAS
- sculptural portrait;
- fresco and mosaic compositions;
- tunic, toga;
- speaker;
- glaze;
- smalt;
- masks
Universal learning activities
- identify images and themes in works of art, express your attitude towards them in detailed, reasoned oral and written statements; to carry out a comparative analysis of works of fine art of ancient Greek and ancient Roman masters;
- to compare the artistic and figurative content of works of fine art;
- identify images and themes in works of art, express your attitude towards them in detailed, reasoned oral and written statements;
- to carry out a comparative analysis of the works of fine art of ancient Greek and ancient Roman masters;
- to prepare the exposition of the exhibition on a given topic;
- put forward hypotheses, enter into dialogue, argue
STUDYING NEW MATERIAL
Lesson assignment. What is the significance of the painting of Ancient Rome for World civilization and culture?
sub-questions
- Roman sculptural portrait. The history of creation, evolution and significance of the Roman sculptural portrait. Mastery in the transfer of portrait likeness, the inner world of a person.
- Interest in the personality of the state and public.
- Fresco and mosaic compositions. A wealth of subjects and a variety of artistic techniques.
- Features of paintings.
Capitoline wolf Ancient Rome 500 BC NS. Italy, Rome, Capitol Museum
Capitoline Brutus.
Ancient Rome. 210 - 190 BC NS.
Italy, Rome, Palazzo Dei Conservatory
What is he, a man of that era? This is how the famous Roman orator and public figure Cicero (106-43 BC) presents him in his treatise 06 Duties: “A citizen of strict rules, brave and worthy of primacy in the state. He will completely devote himself to serving the state, will not seek wealth and power and will protect the state as a whole, taking care of all citizens ... he ... will keep to justice and moral beauty "
The foundations of art were laid during the reign of Octavian Augustus. This time, characterized by a high level of cultural development, is not accidentally called The "golden age" of the Roman state. It was then that the official style of Roman art was created, most clearly manifested in the numerous statues of Octavian Augustus.
The Roman writer Suetonius (c. 70 - c. 140) noted:"He rejoiced when someone lowered his head under his piercing gaze, as if under the dazzling rays of the sun."
Statue of Octavian Augustus from Prima Port. Ancient Rome. twenty G. n. NS.
Vatican, Vatican Museum
In an era of revaluation of values, he expressed his attitude to the world in the following way:"The time of human life is a moment, its essence is an eternal flow, sensation is vague, the structure of the whole body is perishable, the soul is unstable, fate is mysterious, glory is unreliable" (From the diary "Alone with myself")
- Originally gilded equestrian statue Marcus Aurelius was installed on a slope Capitol opposite the Roman Forum. This is the only equestrian statue that has survived from antiquity, since in the Middle Ages it was believed that it depicts St. Constantine.
The statue of Marcus Aurelius is a bronze ancient Roman statue that is located in Rome in the New Palace of the Capitoline Museums. 160-180s
Septimium Bassian Caracalla(186-217) - Roman emperor from the dynasty of the Severs.
One of the most cruel emperors. The sharp turn of the head, the swiftness of movement and the tensed muscles of the mei allow you to feel assertive strength, hot temper and furious energy. Angrily knitted eyebrows, a wrinkled forehead, a suspicious glance from under the brows, a massive chin - all speak of the emperor's merciless cruelty.
Portrait of Caracalla.
Ancient Rome. 211 - 217 n. NS.
Italy, Rome, Roman National Museum
Bronze statue Avla Metella from the Museum of Florence, also executed by an Etruscan master of that time, although it still retains in the plastic interpretation of the form all the features of the Etruscan bronze portrait, in fact, it is already a Roman monument, filled with a civil public sound, unusual for Etruscan art.
IN bust of Brutus and the statue of Aulus Metellus , as in many portraits with alabaster urns, the boundaries of the Etruscan and Roman understanding of the image approached. Here one should look for the origins of the ancient Roman sculptural portrait, which grew not only on the Greco-Hellenistic, but above all on the Etruscan basis.
Figure of a mature man in a tunic in high shoes of the Roman type with laces. The head is slightly turned to the right. The hair is short with small strands. Wrinkles on the forehead, at the corners of the mouth and empty eyes. The right hand is raised and extended forward, with an open hand; the left hand with a half-closed hand is lowered down along the body, under the toga ... The ring finger of the left hand has an oval-framed ring.
Avl Broomstick.
Ancient Rome.
110 - 90 BC NS.
Italy, Florence,
Archaeological Museum
- Expressive realistic portrait made by marble , is an excellent example of deep and accurate psychological characterization and brilliant craftsmanship.
- A thin elongated face with irregular and even ugly features is touching and attractive in its own way.
Portrait of the "Syrian".
Ancient Rome. About 170 BC
Russia, St. Petersburg, Hermitage
Young handsome man Antinous- the favorite of the Emperor Hadrian. During the emperor's journey along the Nile, he committed suicide by throwing himself into the Nile.
The grief-stricken emperor established something like the cult of Antinous. There was even a legend that the young man sacrificed himself to distract the oracle's formidable prediction from the emperor.
This found support among the masses, as it revived the cult of the perishing and reborn god again.
Antinous.
Ancient Rome. 117 - 134 AD
The image of a seated woman with a child in her arms is the Etruscan-Latin deity of the Great Mother ("Mater-matuta"). Already in this sculpture, the features of the Etruscan character were manifested: the squat proportions, the frozen tension of the figure. The composition includes two winged sphinxes - a favorite motif of the Etruscans - on both sides of the throne.
Being anthropomorphic (that is, represented in the image of a person) by the urn-canopy, the statue is associated with the cult of the dead.
Mother with baby ("Mater-matuta").
Ancient Rome. 450 BC NS.
Italy, Florence. Archaeological Museum
Picturesque art
In fresco paintings landscape sketches are increasingly common: parks, gardens, harbors, winding river banks. With great skill, the artists managed to convey the world of animals and birds, genre and everyday scenes. Still lifes with fruits are exquisitely beautiful: soft light gently touches the velvety surface of peaches in a glass vase.
Fresco - painting painted with water-based paints on wet plaster. As a type of painting - wall painting
Villa of the Mysteries.
Pompeii .
Ancient Rome. OK. 100 BC NS.
Italy, Pompeii
Villam inherent in great luxury and decoration of precious materials. Wall paintings were an integral part of the villas. There were two types of villas: villa rustic - a rural villa of an economic or industrial nature and a villa peurban - urban, designed for recreation and all kinds of entertainment.
Villa of the Mysteries.
Pompeii .
Ancient Rome. OK. 100 BC NS.
Italy, Pompeii
Battle of Alexander the Great with the Persians Italy 100 BC NS. Italy, Naples, National Archaeological Museum
Mosaic the Greeks called the paintings dedicated to the muses. Just as the muses are eternal, so these pictures must be eternal, and therefore they were not painted with paint, but were collected from pieces of colored stone, and then from pieces of specially welded glass - smalts .
Mosaic - a pattern of pieces of smalt, multi-colored pebbles, enamel, wood fastened to each other
- Mysteries- worship, a set of secret cult events dedicated to deities, to which only initiates were allowed to participate. Often they were theatrical performances.
Mysteries Ancient Greece, for example, presents an original episode in the history of religions and in many ways is still a mystery. The ancients themselves attached great importance to mysteries : only those initiated in them, according to Plato, are blissful after death, and according to Cicero - mysteries taught to live well and die with good hopes.
- Their establishment dates back to the times of distant antiquity; in historical times, especially from the 6th century AD. e., their number increased more and more; at the end of the IV century. BC NS. not be privy to any mysteries was a sign of disbelief or indifference .
Alexandrova mosaic - the most famous antique mosaic depicting Alexander the Great in the battle with the Persian king Darius III. Mosaic laid out from about one and a half million pieces, assembled into a painting using a technique known as "Opus vermiculatum", that is, the pieces were collected one by one along winding lines.
The mosaic was discovered on October 24, 1831 during the excavations of ancient Pompey in Italy on the floor of one of the premises of the Faun's house and was transferred in 1843 to the National Archaeological Museum of Naples, where it is kept to the present day.
Villa mosaics Adriana in Tivoli.
No less
famous
and Roman
mosaics .
Their art
was known
even in Ancient
Greece.
How eternal
muses so
must be
eternal and these
compositions.
Roman art completes the centuries-old path begun Hellenic culture... It can be defined as a phenomenon of the transition period from one artistic system to another, as a bridge from antiquity to the Middle Ages. At the same time, just as every work is not only a link in the chain of artistic development, but also a unique individual phenomenon, Roman art is integral and original. The audience for ancient Roman art, especially during the years of the Later Empire, was more numerous than that of Greek. Like a new religion that captured wide sections of the population of the eastern, western and North African provinces, the art of the Romans influenced a huge number of the inhabitants of the empire, including emperors, influential officials, ordinary Romans, freedmen, slaves. Already within the empire, an attitude was formed towards art as a phenomenon that united people of different classes, races, and social positions.
In ancient Rome, not only were the general aesthetic qualities that determined the character of the coming culture were formed, the methods that were followed by the artists of later times were also developed. In European art, ancient Roman works often served as a kind of standards, which were imitated by architects, sculptors, painters, glassblowers and ceramists, gem cutters and decorators of gardens and parks. The invaluable artistic heritage of ancient Rome continues to live on as a school of classical craftsmanship for contemporary art.
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