The term "graphics" was originally used only for writing and calligraphy. The art of type has been associated with graphics for a long time. It received a new meaning and understanding at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, when graphics were defined as an independent art form.

GRAPHICS (Greek graphike, from grapho - I write, draw, draw) a type of fine art that is associated with the image on a plane Easel graphics Easel graphics Drawing (sketch, sketch) Drawing (sketch, sketch) Printed graphics Woodcut engraving on metal Etching Lithography Linocut Engraving on cardboard Monotype Scratchboard Poster Political Sports Ecological Advertising Satirical Enlightenment Theatrical and entertaining Book Graphics Miniature Cover Title Illustration Initial letter Popular picture Differs by purpose: Newspaper graphics Applied graphics Postcards Calendars Envelopes for plates, etc. Modern types of graphics: Graphic design Computer graphics

Drawing refers to unique graphics because each drawing is one of a kind. Drawing is the basis of all types of graphics and other types of visual arts. Typically, a graphic is drawn on a piece of paper. Sometimes very simple means of a graphite pencil or ballpoint pen are enough for an artist to make a graphic drawing. Other materials for drawing: ink, charcoal, pastel, sanguine, sauce, watercolor, etc.

PENCIL (from Türkic kara - black and tash, dash - stone) - a rod of coal, lead, graphite or dry compressed paint, usually in a wooden or metal frame, intended for writing, drawing, sketching, one of the main materials and tools at the same time visual arts. According to the material from which the pencil is made, they distinguish: -metal (lead, silver) - were common in the 13th century. Small pieces of lead, silver, or even gold wire were inserted into a metal frame that resembled today's drawing pen, but these pencils left a faint mark on the paper; -Italian pencils appeared in the late XIV - early XV centuries. Initially, they were drawn with a mineral called "black chalk", and later pencils were made from lamp black with an admixture of white clay, now - from powder of burnt bone with vegetable glue. A variation of this pencil is retouching. It gives a deep black matte tone and resembles charcoal; -graphite - invented by the French chemist Conte, who in the XVIII century. with the help of an admixture of clay and firing, gave the graphite the necessary hardness; pencil in a silvery gray tone; -Colorful pencils have a core of crushed dyes, combined with adhesives and other components that give the necessary qualities to the lead. Colored pencils, like paints, can be mixed to create new colors and shades. They arise on the basis of mechanical and spatial-optical color mixing. Some types of pencils are shaped like sticks and remain rimless (charcoal, sanguine, pastel, etc.).

Sanguine translated from Latin (sanguis - blood) means "red chalk". It is a traditional drawing material that has been used by artists since the late 15th century. Sanguine loved to work such famous masters of the Renaissance as Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael. This material was widely used in the 17th-18th centuries for portraits and drawings from nature. It was used with pleasure by P. Rubens, A. Watteau, J. Fragonard, J. Chardin.

In Greek and Latin, the word sepia means cuttlefish. In the visual arts, the series denotes a graphic technique based on shades of brown, and a stable, high color intensity paint of a warm brown hue, which is obtained from the ink sac of cuttlefish and squid harvested in the Mediterranean Sea, the Channel of La Manche or imported from Sri Lanka ... Natural sepia has a transparent color, it is applied in liquid form, like watercolor.

INK (German Tusche) -black paint (liquid or in the form of hard tiles - the so-called dry ink), which does not lose its tone over time. Mascara properties: dries quickly, does not wash off, adheres well to paper. Manufacturing methods: 1) from soot obtained by burning coniferous wood, vegetable oils and resins (in ancient times), 2) from gas soot, soot obtained from burning oil and its products (in the 20th century) Used: -for writing fonts in decoration works, - for drawing, - for drawing (with a pen and a brush) with the use of shading, filling, washing. To obtain a variety of shades - from intense black to silver-gray - ink is diluted with water and painted with a brush.

COAL is an artistic material for drawing from burnt linden, willow and other tree species. In the 19th century. hard coal from compressed coal powder with the addition of vegetable glue has become widespread. Properties of coal: - velvety stroke, - the ability to combine a line with a spot, - the ability to create tonal effects.

FLOMASTER (English flowmaster) - a tool in the form of a pen for drawing and decoration work on paper, glass, cardboard, wood, etc. The writing unit of the felt-tip pen is a fibrous rod made of felt, lavsan or other porous material, inserted into a plastic case. The rod is impregnated with special dyes (alcohol ink) of various color shades. Markers come in a variety of shapes, thicknesses, and uses. - Thin markers are designed for writing and drawing on small sheets, - Thick markers (markers) are good for decoration work, filling large planes. The bright colors of the felt-tip pen are indispensable when making sketches, sketches, thematic compositions and in decorative painting. The properties of the felt-tip pen: -leaves a juicy touch, a colorful spot, -on smooth, smooth paper easily glides and leaves a smooth, flowing, graceful line of different thickness and texture. -cannot be easily erased, so the felt-tip pen requires a firm, confident hand.
PASTEL (French pastel, Italian pastello, diminutive of pasta - dough) - painting with dry, soft, rimless colored pencils, pressed from powdered pigments with the addition of gums, milk, sometimes chalk, gypsum, etc. Artistic properties of pastels: - special purity and softness of colors, - the freshness of the delicate, velvety surface of the work. Working with a stroke, rather than a stroke, brings pastel technique closer to graphics.
35 AQUAREL (French aquarelle, Italian acquerello, Latin aqua - water) - Paints, usually on vegetable glue mixed with honey, sugar and glycerin, diluted in water and easily washed off which shine through the tone and texture of the base (most often paper), the purity and brightness of the color, the softness of tonal and color transitions, you can write quickly, convey short-term phenomena of nature firmly on paper and does not require fixation.The technique of watercolor was known in Ancient Egypt and China, it was used by medieval miniaturists. In the 15-17 centuries. watercolor did not have an independent meaning, but was used for coloring engravings, drawings, geographical maps, sketches of paintings and frescoes from the 2nd half of the 18th century. watercolor became widely used, first of all, in landscape painting, since the speed of working with watercolors makes it possible to record direct observations, and the airiness of its color facilitates the transfer of atmospheric phenomena. Watercolor takes an intermediate position between graphics and painting

Graphics (from the Greek grapho - writing, drawing) is a type of fine art that is associated with an image on a plane. Reflecting reality in visual visual images, graphics recreate visible forms in conventional space. A. Matis. Outline of the face. It is characterized by the predominance of lines and strokes, the use of contrasts of white and black and less than in painting, the use of color.

Drawing is a means of cognition and study of reality. Drawing can be carried out on the basis of direct observation from nature, from memory, representation or imagination. L. Bondarenko. Vase. I. Repin. Prophet (illustration). Fairy tales. Screensaver for the book. DHS.

A sketch is a drawing done very quickly. In the sketch, the artist seeks to depict the main idea seen in nature. He is the type of future work. V. Surikov. The holy fool sitting on the ground. A sketch for the painting Boyarynya Morozova. V. Surikov. The group of shapes on the right. A sketch for the painting Boyarynya Morozova.

Engraving (cut out from the French graver). One of the types of graphics that allows you to get printed prints of works of art on paper from a printing plate - boards made of wood, metal, linoleum, etc. I. GOLITSYN. V. A. Favorsky at work. Linocut g.

An imprint of a work of art made on metal coated with a special varnish. The image is obtained by scratching the varnish and acid etching. The etching technique allows you to achieve great lightness and freedom of stroke in the drawing. B. Frantsuzov. Birch in the wind g.

Book, V. Favorsky. "A word about Igor's regiment". "Eclipse". V. Favorsky. A.S. Pushkin Lyceum student. Ex-libris. B. Zvorykin. The Tale of the Goldfish.

And a poster. I. Toidze. Motherland calls! Poster. Berries. Poster. Do you only iron things?

Varieties of graphic materials. Drawing techniques developed during the Renaissance. Even then, they painted with lead, silver and other metal leads, Italian pencil, graphite, sanguine, charcoal, chalk, pastel, as well as liquid materials with bistrom, ink, multi-colored ink, watercolors, whitewash. Drawings were created using bird and reed feathers, brushes on white and tinted paper.

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Types of graphics Teacher of Fine Arts MOU Lyceum No. 5 of the city of Zaraysk, Moscow Region, T.E. Ilyina

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Lesson objectives 1. Acquaintance of students with the concept of graphics, drawing. 2. Acquaintance with the types of printed graphics: woodcut, linocut, etching and lithography. 3. Acquaintance with the works of great artists working in various graphic techniques. 4. Foster a love of art.

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What are graphics? The word "graphics" comes from the Greek word "grapho" - "I write, draw, draw", and therefore the graphics were originally considered as a drawing made with one line using one paint. Gradually, multi-colored works, but necessarily created on paper, were also attributed to graphics - lithographs, color engravings, drawings with colored pencils and crayons (pastel) and, finally, watercolor - painting with water paints.

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Drawing Until the 18th century, drawing in black and white was considered only as an auxiliary material for the creation of paintings, frescoes, tapestries, mosaics, engravings. Then, in European art, he began to acquire an independent artistic meaning.

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Printed graphics Printed graphics, or engraving, are a more complex form of graphics than drawing. It allows you to print a drawing in multiple copies. An engraving artist applies a relief drawing with a knife, graver or needle on a wooden or metal board, stone or linoleum, and then gets a print from them on paper (a mirror image of this drawing). The prints themselves are also called prints or prints.

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Woodcut Woodcut - woodcut (from the Greek word for "wood") is the oldest method of engraving. In Western Europe, woodcut originated in the 15th century, and in Russia it began to spread in the 16th century. in connection with the development of book printing. The technique of its manufacture is not very complicated: a drawing is applied on a wooden board with a pencil. Then each line is cut on both sides with sharp knives. Then paint is applied to the board with a swab or roller and, covered with paper, pressed down with a press. A print is obtained on paper. Many impressions can be obtained from one wooden board.

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One of the first to start engraving on wood was the artist A.P. Ostroumova-Lebedev. Very subtly and poetically she depicted the streets and squares of St. Petersburg, its bridges, as it were, hanging over the Neva, and its buildings.

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Artist V.A. Favorsky also preferred to work in the "woodcut" technique. Winter night. Moonlight illuminates the village street, hut and snowdrifts. Everyone has been sleeping in the village for a long time. Only a small, frightened hare that has galloped here from the forest, and a dog that runs after him, jumping over the snowdrifts, does not sleep.

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Linocut Linocut is an engraving on linoleum, with the help of it you can make engravings of a very large size. An engraving on linoleum appears in the same way as on a tree: the places that should be white on the print are removed with a graver, and the black color is untouched linoleum. When the entire drawing has been cut, printing ink is applied to it with a roller, then a sheet of paper is laid down and pressed against the engraving board with a press.

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Linocut I. Golitsyn "On the balcony" is as if filled with the radiance of the recently fallen snow and transparent air. She breathes with a special silence of a frosty winter day. This impression is reinforced by motionless trees covered with frost.

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Lithography At the very end of the 18th century, a new type of engraving appeared - lithography (from the Greek word for "stone"). On a specially polished limestone rock, the artist draws with a bold pencil. Then the stone is etched with a nitric acid solution. Areas covered with a pencil containing fat do not absorb acids. It affects only the surface that is not covered with a pencil. Therefore, when printing, bold lithographic ink sticks only to those places on which the drawing was previously applied. There are no depressions or bulges on the surface of the stone.

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E. Charushin. Illustration for stories about animals V. Goryaev. Illustration for N. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls"