Check the answer What is the term modern literary criticism calls a number of works of the ies, telling about the problems of the Russian countryside, about the villagers? "Rural prose"
Check your answer What is the name of the compositional component describing the settlement: "Between the peat lowlands the settlement was randomly scattered - monotonous poorly plastered barracks of the thirties and, with carvings on the facade, with glazed verandas, houses of the fifties ..."? Scenery
Check your answer How is literary criticism called the artistic technique that Solzhenitsyn repeatedly used in this fragment of the story to contrast the image of the homeland that arose in his dreams with the Russia that the writer saw in reality? Antithesis
Where are you from? -I enlightened. And I learned that not everything around the peat mining, that there is a hillock behind the railway, but beyond the hillock is a village, and this village is Talnovo, from time immemorial it is here, even when there was a lady-"gypsy" and around the forest stood dashing. And further the whole region goes the villages: Chaslitsy, Ovintsy, Spudni, Shevertni, Shestimirovo - everything is muffled, from the railroad to the lakes. A wind of calm pulled me from these names. They promised me a perfect Russia.
C 2. What, in your opinion, is the main idea of \u200b\u200bSolzhenitsyn's story "Matrenin's Courtyard" and what works of Russian literature have a similar theme?
From 5.3. What, in your opinion, is the essence of the relationship between man and power? (based on the story of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matrenin's yard").
From 5.3. What is Matryona's righteousness and why is it not appreciated and noticed during the life of the heroine? (Based on the story of A.I.Solzhenitsyn "Matrenin's yard".)
From 5.3. As seen " small man"to Russian writers of the twentieth century (based on the works of A. Solzhenitsyn" Matrenin's Dvor "," One Day in Ivan Denisovich ", etc.)?
The history of the creation of Solzhenitsyn's work "Matryonin Dvor"
In 1962, the magazine "New World" published the story "One Day in Ivan Denisovich," which made Solzhenitsyn's name known throughout the country and far beyond its borders. A year later, in the same magazine, Solzhenitsyn published several stories, including “Matrenin's Dvor”. At this point, the publication stopped. None of the writer's works were allowed to be published in the USSR anymore. And in 1970 Solzhenitsyn was awarded Nobel Prize.
Initially, the story "Matrenin's yard" was called "A village is not worth it without the righteous." But, on the advice of A. Tvardovsky, in order to avoid censorship obstacles, the name was changed. For the same reasons, the year of action in the story from 1956 was changed by the author to 1953. "Matrenin's Dvor", as the author himself noted, "is completely autobiographical and authentic." In all the notes to the story, the prototype of the heroine is reported - Matryona Vasilyevna Zakharova from the village of Miltsovo, Kurlovsky district, Vladimir region. The narrator, like the author himself, teaches in the Ryazan village, living with the heroine of the story, and the very patronymic of the narrator - Ignatich - is consonant with the patronymic of A. Solzhenitsyn - Isaevich. The story, written in 1956, tells about the life of the Russian countryside in the fifties.
Critics praised the story. The essence of Solzhenitsyn's work was noted by A. Tvardovsky: “Why is the fate of an old peasant woman, told in a few pages, of such great interest to us? This woman is unread, illiterate, simple toiler. And yet her inner world is endowed with such qualities that we talk to her like we do with Anna Karenina. " After reading these words in Literaturnaya Gazeta, Solzhenitsyn immediately wrote to Tvardovsky: “Needless to say, the paragraph of your speech concerning Matryona means a lot to me. You pointed to the very essence - a loving and suffering woman, while all the criticism was scouring all the time over the top, comparing the Talnovsky collective farm and the neighboring ones. "
The first title of the story "A village is not worth the righteous" contained a deep meaning: the Russian village is based on people whose way of life is based on the universal human values \u200b\u200bof goodness, work, sympathy, and help. Since they call a righteous, first, a person who lives in accordance with religious rules; secondly, a person who does not in any way sin against the rules of morality (rules that determine morals, behavior, spiritual and mental qualities that a person needs in society). The second name - "Matrenin's Dvor" - somewhat changed the angle of view: moral principles began to have clear boundaries only within the Matrenin's Dvor. On a wider scale of the village, they are blurred, the people surrounding the heroine often differ from her. Having titled the story "Matrenin Dvor", Solzhenitsyn focused the readers' attention on wonderful world Russian woman.
Genre, genre, creative method of the analyzed work
Solzhenitsyn once remarked that he rarely turned to the genre of the story, for “artistic pleasure”: “You can put a lot in a small form, and it is a great pleasure for an artist to work on a small form. Because in a small form, you can sharpen the edges with great pleasure for yourself. " In the story "Matrenin's Dvor" all facets are brilliantly honed, and meeting with the story becomes, in turn, a great pleasure for the reader. The story is usually based on an incident that reveals the character of the protagonist.
There were two points of view in literary criticism about the story "Matrenin's Dvor". One of them presented Solzhenitsyn's story as a phenomenon of “village prose”. V. Astafyev, calling "Matrenin's Dvor" "the pinnacle of Russian short stories", believed that our "country prose" came out of this story. Somewhat later, this idea was developed in literary criticism.
At the same time, the story "Matrenin's Yard" was associated with the original genre of "monumental story" that emerged in the second half of the 1950s. An example of this genre is M. Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man".
In the 1960s, the genre features of the “monumental story” are recognized in A. Solzhenitsyn's Matryona's Dvor, V. Zakrutkin's Human Mother, and In the Light of Day by E. Kazakevich. The main difference of this genre is the image of a common man who is the custodian of universal human values. Moreover, the image of a common man is given in sublime tones, and the story itself is focused on a high genre. So, in the story "The Fate of a Man" features of the epic are seen. And in "Matryona's Dvor" the bias is made on the lives of the saints. Before us is the life of Matryona Vasilyevna Grigorieva, a righteous woman and great martyr of the era of “continuous collectivization” and a tragic experiment over an entire country. Matryona was portrayed by the author as a saint (“Only she had fewer sins than a bouncy cat”).
The subject of the work
The theme of the story is a description of the life of a patriarchal Russian village, which reflects how flourishing egoism and predation disfigure Russia and "destroy ties and meaning." The writer raises in a short story the serious problems of the Russian village in the early 50s. (her life, customs and mores, the relationship between power and a person-worker). The author repeatedly emphasizes that the state needs only working hands, and not the person himself: "She was lonely around, and since she began to get sick, she was released from the collective farm." A person, according to the author, should do his own thing. So Matryona finds the meaning of life in work, she is angry at the unfair attitude of others to work.
An analysis of the work shows that the problems raised in it are subordinated to one goal: to reveal the beauty of the heroine's Christian-Orthodox worldview. Using the fate of a village woman as an example, show that life's losses and suffering only more clearly manifest the measure of the human in each of the people. But Matryona dies - and this world is crumbling: they drag her house down a log, greedily share her modest belongings. And there is no one to defend Matryona's yard, no one even thinks that with the departure of Matryona something very valuable and important, not amenable to division and primitive everyday assessment, is passing away. “We all lived next to her and did not understand that she is the very righteous person without whom, according to the proverb, the village is not worth it. No city. Not all our land. " The last phrases expand the boundaries of Matryona's yard (as the heroine's personal world) to the scale of humanity.
The main characters of the work
The main heroine of the story, as indicated in the title, is Matryona Vasilievna Grigorieva. Matryona is a lonely destitute peasant woman with a generous and selfless soul. She lost her husband in the war, buried six of her own and raised other people's children. Matryona gave her pupil the most precious thing in her life - the house: "... she did not feel sorry for the upper room, which stood idle, no matter how much her labor or her goodness ...".
The heroine has endured many hardships in life, but has not lost the ability to empathize with others, joy and sorrow. She is disinterested: she sincerely rejoices at someone else's good harvest, although she herself never has it on the sand. All the wealth of Matryona is made up of a dirty white goat, a lame cat and large flowers in tubs.
Matryona is the concentration of the best features of the national character: she is shy, understands the "education" of the narrator, respects him for this. The author appreciates in Matryona her delicacy, the absence of annoying curiosity about the life of another person, her diligence. For a quarter of a century she worked on a collective farm, but because she was not at a factory, she was not entitled to a pension for herself, and she could only achieve it for her husband, that is, for the breadwinner. As a result, she never got her pension. It was extremely difficult to live. She extracted grass for a goat, peat for warmth, collected old hemp turned up by a tractor, soaked lingonberries for the winter, grew potatoes, helping those who were nearby to survive.
An analysis of the work says that the image of Matryona and individual details in the story are symbolic. Solzhenitsyn's Matryona is the embodiment of the ideal of the Russian woman. As noted in critical literature, the appearance of the heroine is like an icon, and life is like the lives of the saints. Her house, as it were, symbolizes the ark of the biblical Noah, in which he is saved from the worldwide flood. The death of Matryona symbolizes the cruelty and meaninglessness of the world in which she lived.
The heroine lives according to the laws of Christianity, although her actions are not always clear to those around her. Therefore, the attitude towards her is different. Matrona is surrounded by sisters, sister-in-law, adopted daughter Cyrus, the only friend in the village, Thaddeus. However, no one appreciated her. She lived poorly, miserably, lonely - a "lost old woman", exhausted by labor and illness. Relatives almost did not appear in her house, everyone condemned Matryona in chorus that she was funny and stupid, she worked for others for free all her life. Everyone mercilessly used Matryona's kindness and innocence - and amicably judged her for this. Among the people around her, the author treats her heroine with great sympathy; both her son Thaddeus and her pupil Kira love her.
The image of Matryona is contrasted in the story with the image of the cruel and greedy Thaddeus, who seeks to get Matryona's house during her lifetime.
Matryona's yard is one of the key images of the story. The description of the courtyard and the house is detailed, with a lot of details, devoid of bright colors. Matryona lives “in a mess”. It is important for the author to emphasize the inseparability of the house and the person: if the house is destroyed, its mistress will also die. This fusion is already stated in the title of the story. The hut for Matryona is filled with a special spirit and light, a woman's life is connected with the “life” of the house. Therefore, for a long time she did not agree to break the hut.
Plot and composition
The story is divided into three parts. The first part deals with how fate threw the hero-narrator to the station with a strange name for Russian places - Torfoproduct. A former prisoner, and now a school teacher, eager to find peace in some remote and quiet corner of Russia, finds shelter and warmth in the house of the elderly and familiar Matryona. “Maybe, to some of the village, some richer, Matryona's hut did not seem to be good-natured, but we were quite good with her that autumn and winter: it did not flow from the rains yet and the chilly winds did not blow the heat out of it right away, only in the morning , especially when the wind blew from the leaky side. Besides Matryona and me, there were also cats, mice and cockroaches in the hut. " They immediately find mutual language... Next to Matryona, the hero calms down his soul.
In the second part of the story, Matryona recalls her youth, the terrible ordeal that befell her. Her fiancé Thaddeus went missing in the First World War. The younger brother of her missing husband, Efim, who was left alone after death with his younger children in his arms, wooed her. She took pity on Matryona Efim, married the unloved. And here, after three years of absence, Thaddeus himself unexpectedly returned, whom Matryona continued to love. The hard life did not harden Matryona's heart. In caring for her daily bread, she went her way to the end. And even death overtook the woman in labor concerns. Matryona dies, helping Thaddeus and his sons to drag a part of their own hut, bequeathed to Kira, across the railway on a sleigh. Thaddeus did not want to wait for Matryona's death and decided to take the inheritance for the young during her lifetime. Thus, he unwittingly provoked her death.
In the third part, the tenant learns about the death of the mistress of the house. The description of the funeral and commemoration showed the true attitude of people close to her towards Matryona. When relatives bury Matryona, they cry more out of duty than heartily, and think only about the final division of Matryona's property. And Thaddeus does not even come to the commemoration.
Artistic features of the analyzed story
The artistic world in the story is built linearly - in accordance with the story of the heroine's life. In the first part of the work, the entire story about Matryona is given through the perception of the author, a person who has endured a lot in his lifetime, who dreamed of "getting lost and lost in the interior of Russia itself." The narrator assesses her life from the outside, compares it with the environment, becomes an authoritative witness of righteousness. In the second part, the heroine tells about herself. The combination of lyrical and epic pages, the linking of episodes according to the principle of emotional contrast, allows the author to change the rhythm of the narrative, its tonality. This is the way the author goes to recreate a multi-layered picture of life. Already the first pages of the story serve as a convincing example. It opens with an opening telling about the tragedy at the railway siding. We learn the details of this tragedy at the end of the story.
Solzhenitsyn in his work does not give a detailed, specific description of the heroine. Only one portrait detail is constantly emphasized by the author - Matryona's “radiant”, “kind”, “apologetic” smile. Nevertheless, by the end of the story, the reader imagines the appearance of the heroine. Already in the very tonality of the phrase, in the selection of "colors", one can feel the author's attitude to Matryona: "From the red frosty sun, the frozen window of the canopy, now shortened, poured a little pink, and this reflection warmed Matryona's face." And then there is a direct author's characteristic: "Those people always have good faces, who are in harmony with their consciences." Even after the terrible death of the heroine, her "face remained intact, calm, more alive than dead."
In Matryona embodied folk character, which is primarily manifested in her speech. Expressiveness, vivid individuality gives her language an abundance of vernacular, dialectal vocabulary (prispeyu, kujotkamu, leto, molonia). The manner of her speech is also deeply popular, the way she pronounces her words: "They began with some kind of low warm purr, like grandmothers in fairy tales." “Matryonin Dvor” minimally includes the landscape; he pays more attention to the interior, which does not appear on its own, but in a lively interweaving with the “inhabitants” and with sounds - from the rustle of mice and cockroaches to the state of ficuses and a bouncy cat. Every detail here characterizes not only the peasant life, Matryonin's yard, but also the storyteller. The voice of the narrator reveals in him a psychologist, a moralist, even a poet - in how he observes Matryona, her neighbors and relatives, how he evaluates them and her. A poetic feeling is manifested in the author's emotions: "Only she had less sins than the cat ..."; "But Matryona rewarded me ...". The lyrical pathos is especially obvious at the very end of the story, where even the syntactic structure changes, including paragraphs, translating speech into blank verse:
“Weems lived in rows with her / and did not understand / that she is the same righteous person / without whom, according to the proverb, / the village does not stand. / Neither the city. / Not all our land. "
The writer was looking for a new word. An example of this is his convincing articles about language in Literaturnaya Gazeta, his fantastic adherence to Dahl (researchers note that about 40% of the vocabulary in the story Solzhenitsyn borrowed from Dahl's dictionary), and ingenuity in vocabulary. In the story "Matryona's Dvor", Solzhenitsyn arrived at the language of preaching.
The meaning of the work
“There are such inborn angels,” wrote Solzhenitsyn in his article “Repentance and Self-Restriction,” as if describing Matryona as well, “they seem to be weightless, as if they slide over this slurry, not drowning in it at all, even touching the surface with their feet? Each of us met such, they are not ten and not one hundred in Russia, these are the righteous, we saw them, we were surprised ("eccentrics"), used their good, in good moments they answered them the same, they have, and immediately plunged again to our doomed depth. "
What is the essence of Matryona's righteousness? Life is not a lie, we will say now in the words of the writer himself, uttered much later. By creating this character, Solzhenitsyn places him in the most ordinary circumstances of rural collective farm life in the 1950s. Matryona's righteousness lies in her ability to preserve her humanity even in such inaccessible conditions. As NS Leskov wrote, righteousness is the ability to live "not lying, not deceiving, not condemning a neighbor and not condemning a biased enemy."
The story was called "brilliant", "truly brilliant work." In the reviews about him, it was noted that among the stories of Solzhenitsyn he stands out for his strict artistry, the integrity of the poetic embodiment, and the consistency of artistic taste.
A.I. Solzhenitsyn's "Matrenin Dvor" - for all times. It is especially relevant today, when the issues of moral values \u200b\u200band life priorities are acute in modern Russian society.
Point of view
Anna Akhmatova
When his big piece came out (One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich), I said: all 200 million should read it. And when I read “Matryona's Dvor”, I cried, and I rarely cry.
V. Surganov
In the end, after all, it is not so much the appearance of Solzhenitsyn's Matryona that evokes in us an internal rebuff, as an open author's admiration for beggarly disinterestedness and an equally frank desire to uplift and oppose it to the predation of the owner, nesting in the people around her, close to her.
(From the book "The Word Forces Its Way."
Collection of articles and documents about A.I. Solzhenitsyn.
1962-1974. - M .: Russian way, 1978.)
It is interesting
On August 20, 1956, Solzhenitsyn left for his place of work. There were a lot of such names as "Peatproduct" in the Vladimir region. Peat product (the local youth called it "Tyr-pyr") was a railway station 180 kilometers away and a four-hour drive from Moscow along the Kazan road. The school was located in the nearby village of Mezinovsky, and Solzhenitsyn happened to live two kilometers from the school - in the Meshchersky village of Miltsevo.
Only three years will pass, and Solzhenitsyn will write a story that will immortalize these places: a station with a clumsy name, a village with a tiny bazaar, the house of the landlady Matryona Vasilyevna Zakharova and Matryona herself, a righteous woman and a sufferer. A photograph of the corner of the hut, where the guest will put a folding bed and, pushing aside the master's ficuses, arrange a table with a lamp, will go around the whole world.
The teaching staff of Mezinovka numbered about fifty members that year and significantly influenced the life of the village. There were four schools: elementary, seven-year, middle and evening for working youth. Solzhenitsyn received a referral to high school - she was in an old one-story building. The academic year began with the August teachers' conference, so, having arrived at Torfoprodukt, the teacher of mathematics and electrical engineering in grades 8-10 managed to go to the Kurlovskiy district for a traditional meeting. “Isaich,” as his colleagues dubbed him, could, if desired, refer to a serious illness, but no, he did not speak to anyone about it. We just saw him looking for a birch chaga mushroom and some herbs in the forest, and shortly replies to the questions: "I make medicinal drinks." He was considered shy: after all, a person suffered ... But that was not the point at all: “I came with my purpose, with my past. What could they know, what could they tell them? I sat with Matryona and wrote a novel every free minute. Why am I going to talk to myself? I had no such manner. I was a conspirator to the end. " Then everyone will get used to the fact that this thin, pale, tall man in a suit and tie, who, like all teachers, wore a hat, coat or cloak, keeps his distance and does not get close to anyone. He will remain silent when, six months later, the document on rehabilitation comes - just the school head teacher B.S. Protserov will receive a notification from the village council and send a teacher for help. No talking about when my wife starts to arrive. “Who cares? I live with Matryona and live. " Many were alarmed (wasn’t a spy?) That he was walking everywhere with a Zorky camera and was shooting something quite different from what amateurs usually shoot: instead of relatives and friends - houses, ruined farms, boring landscapes.
Arriving at school at the beginning of the school year, he proposed his own methodology - giving all classes a control, based on the results, he divided the students into strong and mediocre ones, and then worked individually.
In the classroom, everyone received a separate task, so there was no opportunity or desire to cheat. Not only the solution to the problem was appreciated, but also the way of solving it. The introductory part of the lesson was shortened as much as possible: the teacher spared time on "trifles". He knew exactly who and when to call to the board, who to ask more often, to whom to entrust independent work. The teacher never sat at the teacher's table. I didn't enter the classroom, but burst in. He kindled everyone with his energy, knew how to build a lesson in such a way that there was no time to be bored or doze off. He respected his students. He never shouted, he didn't even raise his voice.
And only outside the class was Solzhenitsyn taciturn and withdrawn. After school he left home, ate the "cardboard" soup prepared by Matryona and sat down to work. The neighbors remembered for a long time how inconspicuously the guest lodged, did not arrange parties, did not participate in the fun, but read and wrote everything. “I loved Matryona Isaich,” used to say Shura Romanova, Matryona's adopted daughter (in the story she is Kira). - It used to come to me in Cherusti, I persuade her to stay longer. “No,” he says. "I have Isaich - he needs to cook, heat the stove." And back home. "
The tenant also became attached to the lost old woman, cherishing her selflessness, conscientiousness, heartfelt simplicity, a smile, which he tried in vain to catch in the camera lens. “So Matryona got used to me, and I to her, and we lived easily. She did not interfere with my long evening studies, did not annoy me with any questions. " There was absolutely no woman's curiosity in her, and the tenant also did not stir her soul, but it turned out that they opened up to each other.
She learned about the prison, and about the grave illness of the guest, and about his loneliness. And there was no worse loss for him in those days than the ridiculous death of Matryona on February 21, 1957 under the wheels of a freight train at the one hundred and eighty-fourth kilometer crossing from Moscow along the branch that goes to Murom from Kazan, exactly six months after the day he settled in her hut.
(From the book by Lyudmila Saraskina "Alexander Solzhenitsyn")
Matryona's yard is poor as before
Solzhenitsyn's acquaintance with "kondova", "interior" Russia, in which he so wanted to find himself after his exile in Ekibastuz, was embodied in the world-famous story "Matrenin's Dvor" several years later. This year marks 40 years since its creation. As it turned out, in Mezinovsky itself, this work of Solzhenitsyn became a second-hand book rarity. This book is not even in Matryona's yard, where Lyuba, the niece of the heroine of Solzhenitsyn's story, now lives. “I had pages from the magazine, the neighbors once asked, when they began to pass it at school, they did not return it,” complains Lyuba, who today brings up her grandson on disability benefits within the “historical” walls. Matryona's hut got her from her mother - Matryona's youngest sister. The hut to Mezinovsky was transported from the neighboring village of Miltsevo (in Solzhenitsyn's story - Talnovo), where the future writer lived with Matryona Zakharova (with Solzhenitsyn - Matryona Grigorieva). In the village of Miltsevo, for Alexander Solzhenitsyn's visit here in 1994, a similar but much more solid house was hastily erected. Soon after Solzhenitsyn's memorable visit, the countrymen uprooted window frames and floorboards from this unprotected building of Matrenina, standing on the outskirts of the village.
The "new" Mezinovo school, built in 1957, now has 240 students. In the old building that was not preserved, in which Solzhenitsyn taught lessons, about a thousand studied. For half a century, not only the Miltsevo river has become shallow and the reserves of peat in the surrounding bogs have become scarce, but the neighboring villages have also become empty. And at the same time, Solzhenitsyn's Thaddeans, who call the good of the people "ours" and believe that it is "shameful and stupid" to lose it, did not disappear.
The crumbling house of Matryona, moved to a new place without a foundation, has grown into the ground for two crowns, buckets are placed under the thin roof in the rains. Like Matryona's, cockroaches are hunted here with might and main, but there are no mice: there are four cats in the house, two of their own and two nailed down. A former foundry worker at a local factory, Lyuba, who once spent months correcting Matryona's pension, goes to the authorities to extend her disability benefit. “No one but Solzhenitsyn helps,” she complains. - Once one came in a jeep, introduced himself as Alexei, examined the house and gave money. Behind the house, like Matryona's, there is a 15 hectare garden where Lyuba is planting potatoes. As before, “potato-spearmint”, mushrooms and cabbage are the main products for her life. In addition to cats, she does not even have a goat in the courtyard, which Matryona had.
This is how many Mezin's righteous people lived and live. Local historians compose books about the stay of the great writer in Mezinovsky, local poets compose poems, new pioneers write essays "On the difficult fate of Alexander Solzhenitsyn, nobel laureate", As they once wrote essays about Brezhnev's" Virgin Land "and" Malaya Zemlya ". They are thinking again to revive Matryona's museum hut on the outskirts of the deserted village of Miltsevo. And the old Matrenin's yard still lives the same life as half a century ago.
Leonid Novikov, Vladimir region.
Y. Gang Service of Solzhenitsyn // New time. - 1995. No. 24.
Zapevalov V.A. Solzhenitsyn. To the 30th anniversary of the publication of the story "One Day in Ivan Denisovich" // Russian Literature. - 1993. No. 2.
Litvinova V.I. Don't live a lie. Guidelines on the study of A.I. Solzhenitsyn. - Abakan: publishing house of KSU, 1997.
Murind. One hour, one day, one human life in the stories of A.I. Solzhenitsyn // Literature at school. - 1995. No. 5.
Palamarchuk P. Alexander Solzhenitsyn: Guide. - M.,
1991.
Saraskina L. Alexander Solzhenitsyn. ZhZL series. - M .: Young
guard, 2009.
The word makes its way. Collection of articles and documents about A.I. Solzhenitsyn. 1962-1974. - M .: Russian way, 1978.
ChalmaevV. Alexander Solzhenitsyn: Life and Work. - M., 1994.
Urmanov A.V. Creativity of Alexander Solzhenitsyn. - M., 2003.
Option No. 60134
When completing tasks with a short answer, write in the answer field a number that corresponds to the number of the correct answer, or a number, word, sequence of letters (words) or numbers. The answer should be recorded without spaces or any additional characters. The answer to tasks 1-7 is a word, or a phrase, or a sequence of numbers. Write your answers without spaces, commas, or other additional characters. For tasks 8-9, give a coherent answer in the amount of 5-10 sentences. Performing task 9, select two works of different authors for comparison (in one of the examples, it is permissible to refer to the work of the author who owns the source text); indicate the titles of the works and the names of the authors; justify your choice and compare the works with the proposed text in a given direction of analysis.
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Name the genre to which the work of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor" belongs.
Answer:
Indicate the name of the literary movement, which is characterized by an objective depiction of reality and the principles of which are reflected in "Matryonin Dvor".
Read the fragment of the work below and complete tasks B1-B7; C1, C2.
That autumn Matryona had many grievances. A new pension law came out before that, and her neighbors advised her to seek a pension. She was lonely around, and since she began to be very ill, she was released from the collective farm. There were a lot of wrongs with Matryona: she was sick, but was not considered disabled; She worked on a collective farm for a quarter of a century, but because she was not at a factory - she was not entitled to a pension for herself, and she could only seek for her husband, that is, for the loss of a breadwinner. But her husband had been gone for fifteen years, since the beginning of the war, and now it was not easy to get those certificates from different places about his stash and how much he received there. There were troubles - to get these certificates; and that they should write that he received at least three hundred rubles a month; and a certificate to assure that she lives alone and no one helps her; and from what year it is; and then carry all this to the social security; and postpone, correcting what was done wrong; and still wear. And to find out if they will give you a pension.
These troubles were all the more difficult because the social security service from Talnov was twenty kilometers to the east, the village council was ten kilometers to the west, and the village council was to the north, an hour's walk. From the office to the office and drove her for two months - now for a point, then a comma. Each pass is a day. He goes to the village council, but there is no secretary today, there is simply no such thing, as it happens in the villages. Tomorrow, then, go again. Now there is a secretary, but he has no seal. The third day, go again. And the fourth day, go because they blindly signed the wrong piece of paper, Matryona's papers are all chipped off in one pack.
They oppress me, Ignatic, - she complained to me after such fruitless passages. - I was worried.
But her forehead did not remain dark for long. I noticed that she had a sure way to regain her good mood - work. Immediately, she either grabbed a shovel and dug kart. Or, with a sack under her arm, she followed the peat. And then with a wicker body - berries to a distant forest. And not bowing to the office tables, but to the forest bushes, but having broken her back with a burden, Matryona returned to the hut, already enlightened, pleased with everything, with her kind smile.
Now I put a tooth on it, Ignatic, I know where to get it, - she said about peat. - Well, a place, any one!
Yes Matryona Vasilievna, isn't my peat enough? The car is intact.
Ugh! your peat! so much more, and even so much - then, it happens, that's enough. Here, as the winter twists and blows through the windows, you do not so much drown as blow out. We were dragging the peat into the peat! Wouldn't I have driven three cars even now? So they catch it. Already one of our women is being dragged through the courts.
A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor"
Answer:
What term denotes words that are far from the literary norm, found in Matryona's speech ("lyubota", "letos", "skolischa", etc.)?
Read the fragment of the work below and complete tasks B1-B7; C1, C2.
That autumn Matryona had many grievances. A new pension law came out before that, and her neighbors advised her to seek a pension. She was lonely around, and since she began to be very ill, she was released from the collective farm. There were a lot of wrongs with Matryona: she was sick, but was not considered disabled; She worked on a collective farm for a quarter of a century, but because she was not at a factory - she was not entitled to a pension for herself, and she could only seek for her husband, that is, for the loss of a breadwinner. But her husband had been gone for fifteen years, since the beginning of the war, and now it was not easy to get those certificates from different places about his stash and how much he received there. There were troubles - to get these certificates; and that they should write that he received at least three hundred rubles a month; and a certificate to assure that she lives alone and no one helps her; and from what year it is; and then carry all this to the social security; and postpone, correcting what was done wrong; and still wear. And to find out if they will give you a pension.
These troubles were all the more difficult because the social security service from Talnov was twenty kilometers to the east, the village council was ten kilometers to the west, and the village council was to the north, an hour's walk. From the office to the office and drove her for two months - now for a point, then a comma. Each pass is a day. He goes to the village council, but there is no secretary today, there is simply no such thing, as it happens in the villages. Tomorrow, then, go again. Now there is a secretary, but he has no seal. The third day, go again. And the fourth day, go because they blindly signed the wrong piece of paper, Matryona's papers are all chipped off in one pack.
They oppress me, Ignatic, - she complained to me after such fruitless passages. - I was worried.
But her forehead did not remain dark for long. I noticed that she had a sure way to regain her good mood - work. Immediately, she either grabbed a shovel and dug kart. Or, with a sack under her arm, she followed the peat. And then with a wicker body - berries to a distant forest. And not bowing to the office tables, but to the forest bushes, but having broken her back with a burden, Matryona returned to the hut, already enlightened, pleased with everything, with her kind smile.
Now I put a tooth on it, Ignatic, I know where to get it, - she said about peat. - Well, a place, any one!
Yes Matryona Vasilievna, isn't my peat enough? The car is intact.
Ugh! your peat! so much more, and even so much - then, it happens, that's enough. Here, as the winter twists and blows through the windows, you do not so much drown as blow out. We were dragging the peat into the peat! Wouldn't I have driven three cars even now? So they catch it. Already one of our women is being dragged through the courts.
A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor"
Answer:
Establish a correspondence between the characters of "Matronin's yard" and their characteristics.
For each position in the first column, match the corresponding position from the second column.
Write down the numbers in the answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
| A | B | IN |
In the answer, list the numbers of the correct options in the appropriate order, without spaces or commas.
Read the fragment of the work below and complete tasks B1-B7; C1, C2.
That autumn Matryona had many grievances. A new pension law came out before that, and her neighbors advised her to seek a pension. She was lonely around, and since she began to be very ill, she was released from the collective farm. There were a lot of wrongs with Matryona: she was sick, but was not considered disabled; She worked on a collective farm for a quarter of a century, but because she was not at a factory - she was not entitled to a pension for herself, and she could only seek for her husband, that is, for the loss of a breadwinner. But her husband had been gone for fifteen years, since the beginning of the war, and now it was not easy to get those certificates from different places about his stash and how much he received there. There were troubles - to get these certificates; and that they should write that he received at least three hundred rubles a month; and a certificate to assure that she lives alone and no one helps her; and from what year it is; and then carry all this to the social security; and postpone, correcting what was done wrong; and still wear. And to find out if they will give you a pension.
These troubles were all the more difficult because the social security service from Talnov was twenty kilometers to the east, the village council was ten kilometers to the west, and the village council was to the north, an hour's walk. From the office to the office and drove her for two months - now for a point, then a comma. Each pass is a day. He goes to the village council, but there is no secretary today, there is simply no such thing, as it happens in the villages. Tomorrow, then, go again. Now there is a secretary, but he has no seal. The third day, go again. And the fourth day, go because they blindly signed the wrong piece of paper, Matryona's papers are all chipped off in one pack.
They oppress me, Ignatic, - she complained to me after such fruitless passages. - I was worried.
But her forehead did not remain dark for long. I noticed that she had a sure way to regain her good mood - work. Immediately, she either grabbed a shovel and dug kart. Or, with a sack under her arm, she followed the peat. And then with a wicker body - berries to a distant forest. And not bowing to the office tables, but to the forest bushes, but having broken her back with a burden, Matryona returned to the hut, already enlightened, pleased with everything, with her kind smile.
Now I put a tooth on it, Ignatic, I know where to get it, - she said about peat. - Well, a place, any one!
Yes Matryona Vasilievna, isn't my peat enough? The car is intact.
Ugh! your peat! so much more, and even so much - then, it happens, that's enough. Here, as the winter twists and blows through the windows, you do not so much drown as blow out. We were dragging the peat into the peat! Wouldn't I have driven three cars even now? So they catch it. Already one of our women is being dragged through the courts.
A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor"
Answer:
In the above fragment, the spiritual qualities of Matryona are contrasted with the callousness of bureaucrats. What is the term for this opposition?
Read the fragment of the work below and complete tasks B1-B7; C1, C2.
That autumn Matryona had many grievances. A new pension law came out before that, and her neighbors advised her to seek a pension. She was lonely around, and since she began to be very ill, she was released from the collective farm. There were a lot of wrongs with Matryona: she was sick, but was not considered disabled; She worked on a collective farm for a quarter of a century, but because she was not at a factory - she was not entitled to a pension for herself, and she could only seek for her husband, that is, for the loss of a breadwinner. But her husband had been gone for fifteen years, since the beginning of the war, and now it was not easy to get those certificates from different places about his stash and how much he received there. There were troubles - to get these certificates; and that they should write that he received at least three hundred rubles a month; and a certificate to assure that she lives alone and no one helps her; and from what year it is; and then carry all this to the social security; and postpone, correcting what was done wrong; and still wear. And to find out if they will give you a pension.
These troubles were all the more difficult because the social security service from Talnov was twenty kilometers to the east, the village council was ten kilometers to the west, and the village council was to the north, an hour's walk. From the office to the office and drove her for two months - now for a point, then a comma. Each pass is a day. He goes to the village council, but there is no secretary today, there is simply no such thing, as it happens in the villages. Tomorrow, then, go again. Now there is a secretary, but he has no seal. The third day, go again. And the fourth day, go because they blindly signed the wrong piece of paper, Matryona's papers are all chipped off in one pack.
They oppress me, Ignatic, - she complained to me after such fruitless passages. - I was worried.
But her forehead did not remain dark for long. I noticed that she had a sure way to regain her good mood - work. Immediately, she either grabbed a shovel and dug kart. Or, with a sack under her arm, she followed the peat. And then with a wicker body - berries to a distant forest. And not bowing to the office tables, but to the forest bushes, but having broken her back with a burden, Matryona returned to the hut, already enlightened, pleased with everything, with her kind smile.
Now I put a tooth on it, Ignatic, I know where to get it, - she said about peat. - Well, a place, any one!
Yes Matryona Vasilievna, isn't my peat enough? The car is intact.
Ugh! your peat! so much more, and even so much - then, it happens, that's enough. Here, as the winter twists and blows through the windows, you do not so much drown as blow out. We were dragging the peat into the peat! Wouldn't I have driven three cars even now? So they catch it. Already one of our women is being dragged through the courts.
A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor"
Answer:
What is the name of an expressive detail in a literary text (a stack of "important" pieces of paper, Matryona's wicker body, etc.)?
Read the fragment of the work below and complete tasks B1-B7; C1, C2.
That autumn Matryona had many grievances. A new pension law came out before that, and her neighbors advised her to seek a pension. She was lonely around, and since she began to be very ill, she was released from the collective farm. There were a lot of wrongs with Matryona: she was sick, but was not considered disabled; She worked on a collective farm for a quarter of a century, but because she was not at a factory - she was not entitled to a pension for herself, and she could only seek for her husband, that is, for the loss of a breadwinner. But her husband had been gone for fifteen years, since the beginning of the war, and now it was not easy to get those certificates from different places about his stash and how much he received there. There were troubles - to get these certificates; and that they should write that he received at least three hundred rubles a month; and a certificate to assure that she lives alone and no one helps her; and from what year it is; and then carry all this to the social security; and postpone, correcting what was done wrong; and still wear. And to find out if they will give you a pension.
These troubles were all the more difficult because the social security service from Talnov was twenty kilometers to the east, the village council was ten kilometers to the west, and the village council was to the north, an hour's walk. From the office to the office and drove her for two months - now for a point, then a comma. Each pass is a day. He goes to the village council, but there is no secretary today, there is simply no such thing, as it happens in the villages. Tomorrow, then, go again. Now there is a secretary, but he has no seal. The third day, go again. And the fourth day, go because they blindly signed the wrong piece of paper, Matryona's papers are all chipped off in one pack.
They oppress me, Ignatic, - she complained to me after such fruitless passages. - I was worried.
But her forehead did not remain dark for long. I noticed that she had a sure way to regain her good mood - work. Immediately, she either grabbed a shovel and dug kart. Or, with a sack under her arm, she followed the peat. And then with a wicker body - berries to a distant forest. And not bowing to the office tables, but to the forest bushes, but having broken her back with a burden, Matryona returned to the hut, already enlightened, pleased with everything, with her kind smile.
Now I put a tooth on it, Ignatic, I know where to get it, - she said about peat. - Well, a place, any one!
Yes Matryona Vasilievna, isn't my peat enough? The car is intact.
Ugh! your peat! so much more, and even so much - then, it happens, that's enough. Here, as the winter twists and blows through the windows, you do not so much drown as blow out. We were dragging the peat into the peat! Wouldn't I have driven three cars even now? So they catch it. Already one of our women is being dragged through the courts.
A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor"
Answer:
What technique does the narrator resort to when describing the works of the “worried” Matryona (“There were troubles - to get these certificates ... and to assure the certificate ... and then carry all this to the social security service; and postpone, correcting what was done wrong; and also wear ".)?
Read the fragment of the work below and complete tasks B1-B7; C1, C2.
That autumn Matryona had many grievances. A new pension law came out before that, and her neighbors advised her to seek a pension. She was lonely around, and since she began to be very ill, she was released from the collective farm. There were a lot of wrongs with Matryona: she was sick, but was not considered disabled; She worked on a collective farm for a quarter of a century, but because she was not at a factory - she was not entitled to a pension for herself, and she could only seek for her husband, that is, for the loss of a breadwinner. But her husband had been gone for fifteen years, since the beginning of the war, and now it was not easy to get those certificates from different places about his stash and how much he received there. There were troubles - to get these certificates; and that they should write that he received at least three hundred rubles a month; and a certificate to assure that she lives alone and no one helps her; and from what year it is; and then carry all this to the social security; and postpone, correcting what was done wrong; and still wear. And to find out if they will give you a pension.
These troubles were all the more difficult because the social security service from Talnov was twenty kilometers to the east, the village council was ten kilometers to the west, and the village council was to the north, an hour's walk. From the office to the office and drove her for two months - now for a point, then a comma. Each pass is a day. He goes to the village council, but there is no secretary today, there is simply no such thing, as it happens in the villages. Tomorrow, then, go again. Now there is a secretary, but he has no seal. The third day, go again. And the fourth day, go because they blindly signed the wrong piece of paper, Matryona's papers are all chipped off in one pack.
They oppress me, Ignatic, - she complained to me after such fruitless passages. - I was worried.
But her forehead did not remain dark for long. I noticed that she had a sure way to regain her good mood - work. Immediately, she either grabbed a shovel and dug kart. Or, with a sack under her arm, she followed the peat. And then with a wicker body - berries to a distant forest. And not bowing to the office tables, but to the forest bushes, but having broken her back with a burden, Matryona returned to the hut, already enlightened, pleased with everything, with her kind smile.
Now I put a tooth on it, Ignatic, I know where to get it, - she said about peat. - Well, a place, any one!
Yes Matryona Vasilievna, isn't my peat enough? The car is intact.
Ugh! your peat! so much more, and even so much - then, it happens, that's enough. Here, as the winter twists and blows through the windows, you do not so much drown as blow out. We were dragging the peat into the peat! Wouldn't I have driven three cars even now? So they catch it. Already one of our women is being dragged through the courts.
A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor"
Answer:
What character traits of Matryona are revealed in the given fragment?
Read the fragment of the work below and complete tasks B1-B7; C1, C2.
That autumn Matryona had many grievances. A new pension law came out before that, and her neighbors advised her to seek a pension. She was lonely around, and since she began to be very ill, she was released from the collective farm. There were a lot of wrongs with Matryona: she was sick, but was not considered disabled; She worked on a collective farm for a quarter of a century, but because she was not at a factory - she was not entitled to a pension for herself, and she could only seek for her husband, that is, for the loss of a breadwinner. But her husband had been gone for fifteen years, since the beginning of the war, and now it was not easy to get those certificates from different places about his stash and how much he received there. There were troubles - to get these certificates; and that they should write that he received at least three hundred rubles a month; and a certificate to assure that she lives alone and no one helps her; and from what year it is; and then carry all this to the social security; and postpone, correcting what was done wrong; and still wear. And to find out if they will give you a pension.
These troubles were all the more difficult because the social security service from Talnov was twenty kilometers to the east, the village council was ten kilometers to the west, and the village council was to the north, an hour's walk. From the office to the office and drove her for two months - now for a point, then a comma. Each pass is a day. He goes to the village council, but there is no secretary today, there is simply no such thing, as it happens in the villages. Tomorrow, then, go again. Now there is a secretary, but he has no seal. The third day, go again. And the fourth day, go because they blindly signed the wrong piece of paper, Matryona's papers are all chipped off in one pack.
They oppress me, Ignatic, - she complained to me after such fruitless passages. - I was worried.
But her forehead did not remain dark for long. I noticed that she had a sure way to regain her good mood - work. Immediately, she either grabbed a shovel and dug kart. Or, with a sack under her arm, she followed the peat. And then with a wicker body - berries to a distant forest. And not bowing to the office tables, but to the forest bushes, but having broken her back with a burden, Matryona returned to the hut, already enlightened, pleased with everything, with her kind smile.
Now I put a tooth on it, Ignatic, I know where to get it, - she said about peat. - Well, a place, any one!
Yes Matryona Vasilievna, isn't my peat enough? The car is intact.
Ugh! your peat! so much more, and even so much - then, it happens, that's enough. Here, as the winter twists and blows through the windows, you do not so much drown as blow out. We were dragging the peat into the peat! Wouldn't I have driven three cars even now? So they catch it. Already one of our women is being dragged through the courts.
A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor"
In which works of Russian literature is the conflict between the “private” person and the state reflected, and what brings these works closer to “Matryon's Dvor”?
Read the fragment of the work below and complete tasks B1-B7; C1, C2.
That autumn Matryona had many grievances. A new pension law came out before that, and her neighbors advised her to seek a pension. She was lonely around, and since she began to be very ill, she was released from the collective farm. There were a lot of wrongs with Matryona: she was sick, but was not considered disabled; She worked on a collective farm for a quarter of a century, but because she was not at a factory - she was not entitled to a pension for herself, and she could only seek for her husband, that is, for the loss of a breadwinner. But her husband had been gone for fifteen years, since the beginning of the war, and now it was not easy to get those certificates from different places about his stash and how much he received there. There were troubles - to get these certificates; and that they should write that he received at least three hundred rubles a month; and a certificate to assure that she lives alone and no one helps her; and from what year it is; and then carry all this to the social security; and postpone, correcting what was done wrong; and still wear. And to find out if they will give you a pension.
These troubles were all the more difficult because the social security service from Talnov was twenty kilometers to the east, the village council was ten kilometers to the west, and the village council was to the north, an hour's walk. From the office to the office and drove her for two months - now for a point, then a comma. Each pass is a day. He goes to the village council, but there is no secretary today, there is simply no such thing, as it happens in the villages. Tomorrow, then, go again. Now there is a secretary, but he has no seal. The third day, go again. And the fourth day, go because they blindly signed the wrong piece of paper, Matryona's papers are all chipped off in one pack.
They oppress me, Ignatic, - she complained to me after such fruitless passages. - I was worried.
But her forehead did not remain dark for long. I noticed that she had a sure way to regain her good mood - work. Immediately, she either grabbed a shovel and dug kart. Or, with a sack under her arm, she followed the peat. And then with a wicker body - berries to a distant forest. And not bowing to the office tables, but to the forest bushes, but having broken her back with a burden, Matryona returned to the hut, already enlightened, pleased with everything, with her kind smile.
Now I put a tooth on it, Ignatic, I know where to get it, - she said about peat. - Well, a place, any one!
Yes Matryona Vasilievna, isn't my peat enough? The car is intact.
Ugh! your peat! so much more, and even so much - then, it happens, that's enough. Here, as the winter twists and blows through the windows, you do not so much drown as blow out. We were dragging the peat into the peat! Wouldn't I have driven three cars even now? So they catch it. Already one of our women is being dragged through the courts.
A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor"
The solutions for the expanded answer tasks are not automatically checked.
The next page will ask you to test them yourself.
The poem begins with a description of the desert. What is the name of such a description in a work of fiction?
| Anchar In a stunted and stingy desert, On the soil, red-hot heat, Anchar, like a formidable sentry, The nature of the thirsty steppes Spawned him on the day of anger And the greenery of the dead branches And gave poison to the roots. The poison drips through its bark By noon melting from the heat, And freezes in the evening Thick transparent resin. Even the bird does not fly to him Will run to the tree of death And if a cloud irrigates, Wandering, its dense leaf, From its branches, it is already poisonous, But human is human And he obediently began to flow And by morning he returned with poison. He brought mortal tar Yes, a branch with withered leaves, And sweat on a pale brow It flowed in cold streams; Brought - and weakened and lay down Under the arch of a hut on barks, And the poor slave died at his feet The invincible lord. And the prince nourished with that poison Your obedient arrows And with them he sent death To neighbors in alien boundaries. |
A. C. Pushkin, 1828
Answer:
What technique does the poet use in the phrase “Anchar, like a formidable sentry, worth ... "?
Read the lyric work below and complete tasks B8-B12; SZ-C4.
| Anchar In a stunted and stingy desert, On the soil, red-hot heat, Anchar, like a formidable sentry, Stands alone in the entire universe. The nature of the thirsty steppes Spawned him on the day of anger And the greenery of the dead branches And gave poison to the roots. The poison drips through its bark By noon melting from the heat, And freezes in the evening Thick transparent resin. Even the bird does not fly to him And there is no tiger - only a black whirlwind Will run to the tree of death And rushes away, already pernicious. And if a cloud irrigates, Wandering, its dense leaf, From its branches, it is already poisonous, The rain flows down into the combustible sand. But human is human He sent an imperious gaze to the Anchar: And he obediently began to flow And by morning he returned with poison. He brought mortal tar Yes, a branch with withered leaves, And sweat on a pale brow It flowed in cold streams; Brought - and weakened and lay down Under the arch of a hut on barks, And the poor slave died at his feet The invincible lord. And the prince nourished with that poison Your obedient arrows And with them he sent death To neighbors in alien boundaries. |
A. C. Pushkin, 1828
Answer:
What is the name of the figurative definition that serves as a means of artistic expression ("whirlwind the black"," Sand combustible" etc.)?
Read the lyric work below and complete tasks B8-B12; SZ-C4.
| Anchar In a stunted and stingy desert, On the soil, red-hot heat, Anchar, like a formidable sentry, Stands alone in the entire universe. The nature of the thirsty steppes Spawned him on the day of anger And the greenery of the dead branches And gave poison to the roots. The poison drips through its bark By noon melting from the heat, And freezes in the evening Thick transparent resin. Even the bird does not fly to him And there is no tiger - only a black whirlwind Will run to the tree of death And rushes away, already pernicious. And if a cloud irrigates, Wandering, its dense leaf, From its branches, it is already poisonous, Read the lyric work below and complete tasks B8-B12; SZ-C4.
|
The parents came from peasants. This did not stop them from getting a good education. The mother was widowed six months before the birth of her son. To feed him, she went to work as a typist.
In 1938, Solzhenitsyn entered the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Rostov University, and in 1941, having received a mathematics degree, he graduated from the correspondence department of the Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History (IFLI) in Moscow.
After the start of the Great Patriotic War he was drafted into the army (artillery).
On February 9, 1945, Solzhenitsyn was arrested by the front-line counterintelligence: when reviewing (opening) his letter to a friend, the NKVD officers discovered critical remarks about JV Stalin. The tribunal sentenced Aleksandr Isayevich to 8 years in prison with subsequent exile to Siberia.
In 1957, after the beginning of the struggle against the personality cult of Stalin, Solzhenitsyn was rehabilitated.
NS Khrushchev personally authorized the publication of his story about the Stalinist camps "One Day of Ivan Denisovich" (1962).
In 1967, after Solzhenitsyn sent an open letter to the Congress of the Union of Writers of the USSR, where he called for an end to censorship, his works were banned. Nevertheless, the novels In the First Circle (1968) and Cancer Ward (1969) were circulated in samizdat and were published in the West without the author's consent.
In 1970, Alexander Isaevich was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.
In 1973, the KGB confiscated the manuscript of a new work by the writer "The Gulag Archipelago, 1918 ... 1956: An Experience of Artistic Research". The "GULAG Archipelago" meant prisons, forced labor camps, settlements for exiles scattered throughout the USSR.
On February 12, 1974, Solzhenitsyn was arrested, accused of high treason and deported to the Federal Republic of Germany. In 1976, he moved to the United States and lived in Vermont, pursuing a literary career.
Only in 1994 was the writer able to return to Russia. Until recently, Solzhenitsyn continued his writing and social activities. He died on August 3, 2008 in Moscow.
The name "Matrenin Dvor" (invented by Tvardovsky. Initially - "a village is not worth a righteous man." For censorship reasons, had to be changed)
the word “yard” can simply mean Matryona's way of life, her household, her purely domestic concerns and difficulties. In the second case, perhaps, we can say that the word "yard" focuses the reader's attention on the fate of Matryona's house itself, the very Matrenin's household yard. In the third case, the “yard” symbolizes the circle of people who were somehow interested in Matryona.
d) The system of characters is the narrator or the author himself (since the story is biographical, "Ignatich" is what Matryona calls him). To a greater extent, the viewer gives few ratings, only at the end he characterizes Matryona (see c. Retelling) Like Matryona, Ignatich does not live by material interests.
Matryona and Ignatich are close: 1) their attitude to life. (Both were sincere people, they did not know how to dissemble. In the scene of farewell to the deceased, Ignatich clearly sees the greed, money-grubbing of her relatives, who do not consider themselves to be guilty of Matryona's death and want to quickly take possession of her yard.) (Ignatich wanted to “take a picture of someone at the old weaving mill, Matryona was attracted to“ portraying herself in the old days. ”) 3) The ability to live modestly, not lose heart and save herself from difficulties and sad thoughts by work. (“Life taught me not to find the meaning of everyday existence in food ... She had a sure way to regain a good mood - work ...”) 4) The ability to live under one roof and get along with strangers. (“We did not share the rooms ... Matryona’s hut… we were quite good with her that autumn and winter… We poisoned them [cockroaches]… I got used to everything that was in Matryona’s hut… So Matryona got used to me, and I to her, and we easily lived ... ”) 5) loneliness !!! what distinguishes them: 1) Social status and life trials. (He is a teacher, a former prisoner who traveled around the country in stages. She is a peasant woman who never left her village far.) 2) World perception. (He lives with the mind, got an education. She is semi-literate, but lives with her heart, her true intuition.) 3) He is a city dweller, she lives according to the laws of the village. (“When Matryona was already asleep, I was studying at the table… Matryona got up at four in the morning… I slept for a long time…” “Due to poverty, Matryona did not keep the radio,” but then she began “to listen to my radio more attentively…”) 4) Ignatich may sometimes think about yourself, for Matryona it is impossible. (While loading the logs, Ignatich reproached Matryona for putting on his quilted jacket, but she only said: “Sorry, Ignatich.”) 5) Matryona immediately understood her tenant and protected him from curious neighbors, and Ignatich, listening to disapproving comments at the commemoration, writes: “… An image of Matryona floated out in front of me, which I did not understand her… We all lived next to her and did not understand that she was the same righteous person…” Matryona in the village worked not for money, but for the sticks of workdays. She was ill, but was not considered disabled, she worked on a collective farm for a quarter of a century, "but because she was not at a factory, she was not entitled to a pension for herself, and she could only seek for her husband, that is, for the loss of a breadwinner. But her husband was not already twelve years, since the beginning of the war, and now it was not easy to get those certificates from different places about his stash and how much he received there. " Therefore, they did not want to give a pension. She never refused to help anyone. superstitious, delicate, incurious. All 6 children died. She was generous in soul, not indifferent to beauty (ficuses, Glinka's romances), gentle. And there was some kind of homelessness in her, bliss. See the quote at the end of the retelling - the narrator characterizes it. (cf. Matryona Timofevna Korchagina from part 3 of Nekrasov's poem "Who lives well in Russia." In short, Matryona Nekrasova is considered a typical Nekrasov peasant woman who will stop a galloping horse, well, etc. + is considered happy, because . went out for love, although she was afraid of the "bondage" of marriage. But "mortal grievances", misfortunes with children, separation from her husband, who was illegally recruited, etc. - in general, long live the comparison! Lost her first son, I don’t remember how, but I composed a poem about the mother’s inconsolable grief (all this is applicable to Matryona Solzhenitsevskaya, although it is not directly expressed). Her death: no one asked her for help, but she decided to “help”, as always, it was then crushed a train. "Iron" (railroad) - here: cold, insensitive, inhuman (Nekrasov, Tolstoy, Blok, Yesenin) to what to cook for you; Do not know how to cook, do not cook - how you get it (from please - please); , take care - a lot of common words and neologisms. Yakanye, Vladimir dialect t (windmill, seeds) The second Matryona is the wife of Thaddeus (brother of Efim). He fell in love with Matryona, but she was his brother's wife. Her husband beat her, also gave birth to 6 children. Thaddeus, brother of Efim, went to war (World War I). went missing, but then returned. when he saw that Matryona was married, he said with an ax brought up: "If it had not been for my own brother, I would have chopped both of you!" (For forty years his threat lay in the corner, like an old cleaver - but it did hit ...) beat his wife, because of his blindness he did not go to the front during World War II. After Matryona's death, I thought of only one thing: how to save the room and the hut from the three sisters. He did not come to the commemoration, but when he was given a shed at the trial, he came to the hut with burning eyes ("Overcoming weakness and aches, the insatiable old man revived and rejuvenated"). Its appearance for the first time is an analogy with the appearance of the Black Man in "Mozart and Salieri" by Pushkin and "The Black Man" by S.А. Yesenin, Thaddeus is the embodiment of this aggressive world, ruthless and inhuman. He was completely mad with greed. Quote for his first appearance: A tall black old man, taking off his hat on his knees, was sitting on a chair that Matryona had put for him in the middle of the room, by the Dutch stove. His whole face was covered with thick black hair, almost untouched by gray hair: a thick black mustache merged with a thick black beard, so that his mouth was barely visible; and continuous black buoys, barely showing ears, rose to the black hairs hanging from the crown; and still wide black eyebrows were thrown towards each other with bridges. And only the forehead left a bald dome in a bald spacious dome. In all the appearance of the old man seemed to me a lot of knowledge and dignity. Cyrus is the daughter of Thaddeus, she was given to the upbringing of Matryona, who married her to a railway worker. She lost her mind after Matryona's death + judgment over her husband. She really worried about Marthena's death, her cry at the coffin was real. Three sisters are the verbs that the author uses when describing the actions of the sisters: “flocked” (like a crow, sensing carrion), “captured”, “locked up”, “gutted”. They do not feel sorry for their sister, the main thing is to seize the good.
Antoshka is the grandson of Thaddeus. Unable (some maths, grade 8, but can't distinguish triangles). The hut is connected with Matryona and Thaddeus.
The character "they" / all impersonal verbs in the plural. did not want to give a pension, did not consider him disabled. \u003d Soviet power, bosses, bureaucratic apparatus, court. In the article "Living not by lies!" Solzhenitsyn not through artistic imagesand in artistic form calls on each of us to live according to conscience, to live according to the truth.
43. A. Solzhenitsyn's story "One day of Ivan Denisovich" as a work of "camp prose».
Analysis of the work The story "One Day in Ivan Denisovich" is a story about how a person from the people relates himself to the forcibly imposed reality and its ideas. In it, in a condensed form, the camp life is shown, which will be described in detail in other, major works of Solzhenitsyn - in the novel The Gulag Archipelago and In the First Circle. The story itself was written during the work on the novel In the First Circle, in 1959. The work is a solid opposition to the regime. This is the cell of a large organism, a terrible and inexorable organism of a large state, so cruel to its inhabitants. There are special dimensions of space and time in the story. The camp is special timewhich is almost motionless. The days in the camp are rolling, but the term is not. Day is a measure of measurement. The days are like two drops of water similar to each other, the same monotony, thoughtless mechanicalness. Solzhenitsyn tries to fit the whole camp life in one day, and therefore he uses the smallest details in order to recreate the whole picture of being in the camp. In this regard, they often talk about a high degree of detail in the works of Solzhenitsyn, and especially in short prose - stories. Each fact hides a whole layer of camp reality. Each moment of the story is perceived as a frame of a cinematic film taken separately and examined in detail under a magnifying glass. "At five o'clock in the morning, as always, the ascent struck - with a hammer on the rail at the headquarters barracks." Ivan Denisovich slept. I always got up on the rise, but today I did not get up. He felt that he was ill. They take everyone out, build everyone, everyone goes to the dining room. Ivan Denisovich Shukhov's number is Ш-5h. Everyone tries to enter the dining room first: they pour the thickest first. After eating, they are rebuilt and searched. The abundance of details, as it seems at first glance, should burden the narrative. After all, there is almost no visual action in the story. But this, nevertheless, does not happen. The reader is not burdened with the narration, on the contrary, his attention is riveted to the text, he tensely follows the course of events, actual and taking place in the soul of one of the heroes. Solzhenitsyn does not need to resort to any special technique to achieve this effect. It's all about the material of the image itself. Heroes are not fictional characters, but real people... And these people are placed in conditions where they have to solve problems on which their life and destiny depend in the most direct way. To modern man These tasks seem insignificant, and therefore an even more eerie sensation remains from the story. As V. V. Agenosov writes, “every little thing for the hero is literally a matter of life and death, a matter of survival or dying. Therefore, Shukhov (and every reader with him) sincerely rejoices at every particle found, every extra crumb of bread. " There is one more time in the story - metaphysical, which is also present in other works of the writer. In this time - other values. Here the center of the world is transferred to the consciousness of the convict. In this regard, the topic of metaphysical comprehension of a person in captivity is very important. Young Alyoshka teaches the already middle-aged Ivan Denisovich. By this time, all Baptists were imprisoned, but not all Orthodox. Solzhenitsyn introduces the theme of religious understanding of man. He is even grateful to the prison for the fact that she turned him towards spiritual life. But Solzhenitsyn more than once noticed that with this thought, millions of voices arise in his mind, saying: "Because you say so, you survived." These are the voices of those who laid down their lives in the Gulag, who did not live to see the moment of liberation, did not see the sky without an ugly prison net. The bitterness of loss comes through in the story. Separate words in the text of the story are also associated with the category of time. For example, these are the first and last lines. At the very end of the story, he says that Ivan Denisovich's day was a very successful day. But then he sadly notes that "there were three thousand six hundred fifty-three such days in his period from bell to bell." The space in the story is also presented in an interesting way. The reader does not know where the space of the camp begins and where it ends, it seems as if it has filled the whole of Russia. All those who ended up behind the wall of the Gulag, somewhere far away, in an unattainable distant city, in a village. The very space of the camp turns out to be hostile to the convicts. They are afraid of open areas, strive to cross them as quickly as possible, to hide from the eyes of the guards. Animal instincts awaken in man. Such a description completely contradicts the canons of the Russian classics of the 19th century. The heroes of that literature feel comfortable and easy only when they are free, they love space, distance, associated with the breadth of their soul and character. Solzhenitsyn's heroes flee from space. They feel much safer in cramped cells, in stuffy barracks, where they can at least allow themselves to breathe more freely. The main character of the story is a man of the people - Ivan Denisovich, a peasant, a front-line soldier. And this was done deliberately. Solzhenitsyn believed that it is the people of the people who make history in the end, move the country forward, and bear the guarantee of true morality. Through the fate of one person - Ivan Denisovich - the author summarizes the fate of millions, innocently arrested and convicted. Shukhov lived in the village, which he fondly remembers here, in the camp. At the front, he, like thousands of others, fought with full dedication, not sparing himself. After being wounded - back to the front. Then German captivity, from where he miraculously managed to escape. And for this he now ended up in the camp. He was accused of espionage. And what kind of assignment the Germans gave him, neither Ivan Denisovich himself nor the investigator knew: “What kind of assignment - neither Shukhov himself could think of, nor the investigator. So they left it simply - the task. " At the time of the story, Shukhov had been in the camps for about eight years. But this is one of those few who have not lost their dignity in the grueling conditions of the camp. In many ways, he is helped by his habits of a peasant, an honest worker, a peasant. He does not allow himself to humiliate himself in front of other people, lick dishes, denounce others. His age-old habit of respecting bread is visible even now: he keeps bread in a clean cloth, takes off his hat before eating. He knows the value of labor, loves it, is not lazy. He is sure: "who knows two things with his hands, he will pick up ten more." In his hands business is arguing, the frost is forgotten. He takes care of the tools, anxiously monitors the laying of the wall, even in this forced work. Ivan Denisovich's Day is a day of hard work. Ivan Denisovich knew how to do carpentry and could work as a locksmith. Even in forced labor, he showed diligence, laid a beautiful flat wall. And those who did not know how to do anything carried sand in wheelbarrows. Solzhenitsyn's hero has in many ways become the subject of malicious accusations among critics. According to them, this integral folk character should be practically ideal. Solzhenitsyn, on the other hand, portrays an ordinary person. So, Ivan Denisovich professes camp wisdom, laws: “Grunt and rot. But if you resist, you will break. " This was met with negative criticism. Particular bewilderment was caused by the actions of Ivan Denisovich, when, for example, he took a tray from an already weak prisoner, deceived the cook. It is important to note here that he does this not for personal benefit, but for his entire brigade. There is another phrase in the text that caused a wave of discontent and extreme surprise from critics: "I myself did not know whether he wanted will or not." This thought was misinterpreted as a loss of hardness, an inner core, by Shukhov. However, this phrase echoes the idea that prison awakens spiritual life. Ivan Denisovich already has values \u200b\u200bin life. Prison or freedom will not change them either, he will not refuse it. And there is no such captivity, such a prison that could enslave the soul, deprive it of freedom, self-expression, life. The value system of Ivan Denisovich is especially visible when comparing him with other characters who are imbued with the camp laws. Thus, in the story, Solzhenitsyn recreates the main features of the era when the people were doomed to incredible torment and hardship. The history of this phenomenon does not actually begin with 1937, when the so-called violations of the norms of state and party life begin, but much earlier, from the very beginning of the existence of the totalitarian regime in Russia. Thus, the story presents a clot of the fate of millions of Soviet people forced to pay for honest and loyal service with years of humiliation.
Several of Solzhenitsyn's works were published in the Novy Mir magazine, including Matrenin's Dvor. The story, according to the writer, "is completely autobiographical and authentic." It speaks about the Russian village, about its inhabitants, about their values, about goodness, justice, sympathy and compassion, work and help - qualities that fit in a righteous man, without whom “the village is not worth it”.
"Matrenin's Dvor" is a story about the injustice and cruelty of a person's fate, about the Soviet order of the post-Stalin era and about the life of the most ordinary people who live far from city life. The narration is not from the person the main character, but on behalf of the narrator, Ignatyich, who in the whole story supposedly plays the role of only an outside observer. The story described in the story dates from 1956 - three years have passed since the death of Stalin, and then russian people still did not know and did not realize how to live on.
"Matrenin Dvor" is divided into three parts:
- The first tells the story of Ignatyich, it begins at the Torfprodukt station. The hero immediately reveals his cards, without making any secret out of this: he is a former prisoner, and now he works as a teacher at a school, he came there in search of peace and tranquility. In Stalin's time, it was almost impossible for people who were in prison to find a job, and after the death of the leader, many became school teachers (a scarce profession). Ignatyich stops with an elderly hardworking woman named Matryona, with whom he is easy to communicate and calm in his soul. Her dwelling was poor, the roof sometimes leaked, but that did not mean at all that there was no comfort in it: “Maybe, to some of the village, who is richer, Matryona's hut did not seem to be kind, but we were quite happy with her that autumn and winter good. "
- The second part tells about Matryona's youth, when she had to go through a lot. The war took her fiancé Fadey away from her, and she had to marry his brother, who still had children in his arms. Taking pity on him, she became his wife, although she did not love him at all. But three years later, Fadey suddenly returned, whom the woman still loved. The returning warrior hated her and her brother for their betrayal. But a hard life could not kill her kindness and hard work, because it was in work and caring for others that she found consolation. Even Matryona died, doing business - she helped her beloved and her sons to drag a part of her house across the railroad tracks, which was bequeathed to Kira (his daughter). And this death led to the greed, greed and callousness of Fadey: he decided to take away the inheritance while Matryona was still alive.
- The third part tells how the narrator learns about Matryona's death, describes the funeral and commemoration. Her people are not crying out of grief, but rather because it is so customary, and in their heads they only have thoughts about the division of the property of the deceased. Fadey is not at the commemoration.
main characters
Matryona Vasilievna Grigorieva is an elderly woman, a peasant woman who was released from work on a collective farm due to illness. She was always happy to help people, even strangers. In the episode, when the narrator settles in her hut, the author mentions that she deliberately never looked for a lodger, that is, she did not want to earn money on this basis, she did not even profit from what she could. Her wealth was pots of figs and an old domestic cat, which she took from the street, a goat, and also mice and cockroaches. Marrying the brother of her fiancé Matryona also came out of a desire to help: "Their mother died ... they did not have enough hands."
Matryona herself also had children, six, but all died in early childhood, so she took Fadey's youngest daughter Kira for education. Matryona got up early in the morning, worked until dark, but showed no one tiredness or discontent: she was kind and responsive to everyone. She was always very afraid of becoming a burden to someone, did not complain, even to call a doctor was once again afraid. The matured Kira Matryona wanted to give her room as a gift, for which it was necessary to divide the house - during the move, Fadey's things got stuck in the sleds on the railway tracks, and Matryona was hit by a train. Now there was no one to ask for help, there was no person ready to selflessly come to the rescue. But the relatives of the deceased kept in mind only the thought of profit, of dividing what was left of the poor peasant woman, already thinking about it at the funeral. Matryona stood out very strongly against the background of her fellow villagers, she was thus irreplaceable, invisible and the only righteous person.
Narrator, Ignatyich, to some extent is the prototype of the writer. He left the link and was acquitted, after which he set out in search of a calm and serene life, wanted to work as a school teacher. He found refuge with Matryona. Judging by the desire to move away from the bustle of the city, the narrator is not very sociable, he loves silence. He worries when a woman mistakenly picks up his quilted jacket, and he can't find a place for himself from the loudness of the speaker. The narrator got along with the mistress of the house, this shows that he is still not entirely antisocial. Nevertheless, he does not understand people very well: he understood the meaning that Matryona lived only after she passed away.
Topics and problems
Solzhenitsyn in his story "Matrenin's Dvor" tells about the life of the inhabitants of the Russian countryside, about the system of power-man relationships, about the high sense of selfless labor in the realm of selfishness and greed.
Of all this, the theme of labor is most clearly shown. Matryona is a person who does not ask for anything in return, and is ready to give himself everything for the good of others. They do not appreciate her and do not even try to understand, but this is a person who experiences tragedy every day: at first, the mistakes of youth and the pain of loss, after that - frequent illnesses, hysterical work, not life, but survival. But from all the problems and hardships Matryona finds comfort in her work. And, in the end, it is work and backbreaking work that brings her to death. The meaning of Matryona's life is precisely this, and also care, help, a desire to be needed. Therefore, active love for others is the main theme of the story.
The problem of morality also occupies an important place in the story. Material values \u200b\u200bin the village are exalted over the human soul and its labor, over humanity in general. The secondary heroes are simply unable to understand the depth of Matryona's character: greed and the desire to have more obscures their eyes and does not allow them to see kindness and sincerity. Fadey lost his son and wife, his son-in-law is threatened with imprisonment, but his thoughts are occupied with how to save the logs that they did not have time to burn.
In addition, the story has a theme of mysticism: the motive of an unidentified righteous man and the problem of damned things - which were touched by people full of self-interest. Fadey made the upper room of Matryona's hut cursed, undertaking to bring it down.
Idea
The aforementioned themes and problems in the story "Matrenin's yard" are aimed at revealing the depth of the main character's pure worldview. An ordinary peasant woman serves as an example of the fact that difficulties and losses only temper the Russian person, and do not break him. With the death of Matryona, everything that she figuratively built collapses. Her house is pulled apart, the remains of the property are divided among themselves, the yard remains empty, ownerless. Therefore, her life looks pitiful, no one realizes the loss. But won't the same thing happen to the palaces and jewels of the powerful? The author demonstrates the frailty of the material and teaches us not to judge others by wealth and achievements. The true meaning is the moral image, which does not fade even after death, because it remains in the memory of those who saw its light.
Maybe over time, the heroes will notice that they are missing a very important part of their life: invaluable values. Why disclose global moral issues in such wretched scenery? And what then is the meaning of the title of the story "Matrenin's yard"? Last words about the fact that Matryona was a righteous woman, they erase the boundaries of her court and expand them to the scale of the whole world, thereby making the problem of morality universal.
Folk character in the work
Solzhenitsyn argued in the article “Repentance and Self-Restriction”: “There are such inborn angels, they seem to be weightless, they slide as if on top of this slurry, not drowning in it at all, even touching its surface with their feet? Each of us met such, they are not ten and not one hundred in Russia, these are the righteous, we saw them, we were surprised ("eccentrics"), used their good, in good moments they answered them the same, they have, and immediately plunged again to our doomed depth. "
Matrona is distinguished from the rest by the ability to preserve humanity and a solid core inside. To those who shamelessly used her help and kindness, it might seem that she is weak-willed and pliant, but the heroine helped, proceeding only from her inner disinterestedness and moral greatness.
Interesting? Keep it on your wall!