Content

Introduction 3
CHAPTER 1. Definition of style and linguistic stylistics 7
1.1. Formation of the concept of style 7
1.2. A variety of language styles; conversational vocabulary 15
conclusions 20
CHAPTER 2. Features of the dictionary of youth sociolect 22
2.1 . Conversational Style Features 22

2.1.1. Phonetic features 22 2.1.2. Morphological features 25 2.1.3. Vocabulary and word formation 27 2.1.4. Phraseological features 30 2.1.5. Syntax Features 33

2.2.   The concept of “slang” and “jargon” 36
2.3.   Sources of replenishment of the reduced vocabulary register 45
2.4.   Bundle english vocabulary  in contemporary works 50
conclusions 53
Conclusion 55
Bibliography 58
application 63
INTRODUCTION
Anthropocentrism as the view that man is the center and the highest goal of the universe, is gaining ever stronger positions as a guiding principle in various fields of scientific research. With regard to philology, this trend is expressed in the appeal of the interests of modern scholars to lively conversational speech, to discourse in its daily, everyday expression. Expressiveness, imagery, liveliness, mobility of the composition, some social coding - all these qualities of the colloquial layer of modern vocabulary attracted and attract many scientists, among which the names of G. Ehmann, V.D. Devkina, B.A. Larina, T.G. Nikitina, G.V. Bykova and others.
At present, it cannot be said that the issue of highlighting, classifying, researching and “regulating” consumption in the discourse of reduced vocabulary refers only to linguistic issues. This problem is addressed by such sciences as psychology, sociology, pedagogy, a group of legal sciences, and, as experience of recent years has shown, even parliaments of various countries are involved in this issue.
Social changes associated with changes in the structure of society have led to a certain loosening of traditional literary norms. This is reflected not only in an increase in the number of speech errors, but also in a significant change in the vocabulary of the language. In the scientific literature quite often the words of B.A. Larina (referring to 1928, when linguists observed a linguistic picture similar to today's intensity) that the historical evolution of any literary language can be represented as a series of successive “declines”, barbarization, but better to say as a series of “concentric deployments” .
Against the background of growing negativity in society, the desire for liberation from the usual norms, the tendency to alienation from the "formalized" society and its attitudes, including linguistic, lexical ones, is developing and strengthening, socialized antagonistic consciousness is being formed - not like everyone else, which is reflected, first of all, in the language of the social group most susceptible to new trends in culture - in the language of youth.
One of the features of youth slang is the widespread use of reduced vocabulary, which this work is dedicated to.
According to V.D.Devkin, it is impossible to do without knowledge of colloquial vocabulary when learning a foreign language. This vocabulary is quite significant, completely integral part of the vocabulary. Familiarity with colloquial vocabulary is necessary in order to understand everyday speech, to master an important part of linguistic and regional studies, to be able to decipher the subtext, acuity, and associative plan of utterances. This determines relevance of my research.
The purpose of this study  - identification of the functional load and sources of replenishment of the spoken vocabulary of the English language.
To achieve our goal, it is necessary to solve a number of problems:
· Consider some theoretical provisions regarding the definition of such concepts as “linguistic stylistics”, “style” in various definitions, among which there is no unity;
· Identify the most characteristic features of colloquial vocabulary;
· Consider some theoretical provisions regarding the definition of concepts such as “reduced vocabulary”, “slang”, “jargon” in various definitions, among which there is no unity;
· Identify the main sources of replenishment of the register of colloquial vocabulary.
The subject of the thesis  is conversational vocabulary as well as slang of English language.
Subject of studystructural-semantic, etymological and functional and stylistic features of spoken vocabulary in the English language
Language material  served as the slang vocabulary of the English language from the work of J. D. Salinger "The Catcher in the Rye" and Candace Bushnel "All for Sale." The heroes of Salinger's work are young people aged 14 to 15 years. With the help of slang vocabulary, the negative attitude of the characters to the facts of reality is transmitted, and the stylistic specificity of the work is also determined. In the Bushnel novel, the vocabulary of modern residents of huge cities is of particular interest to us.
This work consists of an introduction, two chapters and a conclusion.
The first chapter discusses theoretical propositions regarding both the general characteristics of linguistic stylistics and individual language styles.
The second chapter reveals the features of conversational style by analyzing pragmatic contexts. The definition of such concepts as slang and jargon.
Sources of replenishment of reduced vocabulary are identified on the basis of material obtained by the method of continuous sampling from the dictionary of youth vocabulary G. Wentworth and S. Flexner, and from the English-Russian dictionary of colloquial vocabulary S. A. Glazunov.
The work ends with conclusions arising from the analysis of the actual material.

Chapter 1. Definition of the concept of style and linguistic stylistics
1. 1. The formation of the concept of "style of language"
Linguistic stylistics is a relatively new section of linguistics, which is engaged in the study of speech styles, stylistic techniques and expressive means of language in their relation to the expressed content. Thus, the components of this definition are a) speech styles and b) language expressive means and stylistic devices. First of all, it is necessary to clarify these concepts, otherwise the definition itself may be misinterpreted due to the diverse content that is usually embedded in the concepts of “speech style”, “expressive means of language”, “stylistic devices”.
In the discussion on the problems of stylistics, on the pages of the journal “Questions of Linguistics”, various points of view were expressed on the question of styles of speech. Even the fact of the existence of speech styles was questioned. However, most of the participants in the discussion recognized that in the literary language, in the process of its historical development, separate language systems are developed that differ from each other in the nature of the use of language tools, the purpose of communication, the conditions in which this communication takes place.
“The concept of the style of the language,” writes V.V. Vinogradov on this occasion, “is based not so much on the totality of the established“ external lexical-phraseological and grammatical signs ”as on the peculiar internal expressive-semantic principles of selection, association, combination and motivated use of expressions and designs. ”
Differentiation of speech styles is carried out in different directions. On the one hand, the distinction is based on different functions performed by different styles of speech in the process of using the language. On the other hand, the difference between one style of speech and another is revealed by the peculiarity of the selection and use of language tools (including stylistic techniques), characteristic of this style of speech. This originality, largely dependent on the function of the style itself, its focus, forms a certain system.
Thus, there is still no single point of view on the content of the concept of “style of speech”, although the vast majority of linguists do not deny the objective existence of such styles. Unfortunately, the style of speech as a certain system of language tools is often mixed with other concepts: the stylistic side of speech in general and style as an expression of the individual manner of using language tools, etc.
We adhere to the following position.   Language stylistics  explores, on the one hand, the specifics of language subsystems, characterized by the peculiarity of a dictionary, phraseology and syntax, and, on the other hand, the expressive, emotional and evaluative properties of various language means. Speech stylehe studies individual real texts, considering how they convey content, not only following the norms known to the grammar and style of the language, but also on the basis of significant deviations from these norms.
Here are some statements about style to show how the word is understood in different ways and what attempts have been made to distinguish between heterogeneous phenomena under the term “style”.
A very common point of view is an understanding of the style of speech as a technique of linguistic skill, as a means of decorating speech.
This point of view on speech style is rooted in the etymology of the word “style”. The word "style" comes from the Latin stilus - a special stick with a sharp end, which the Romans used as a tool for writing on wax tablets. Metonymically, the word “style” began to be used in the sense of ability not only to correctly, correctly (from the point of view of grammar norms of a given era) use the lexical and phraseological and syntactic means of the language, but also use them in such a way as to decorate speech.
The influence of ancient stylistics and medieval rhetorical schools was reflected in the definitions of the concept of “style”, which we find in various works of English and American linguists devoted to this issue. The main monument of ancient theories of speech style are Aristotle's Rhetoric and Poetics. In these works, where much still has not lost its value, Aristotle sets forth theoretical principles, some of which formed the basis of linguistic stylistics. Here we find the opposition of prose poetic speech; written speech - oral; the doctrine of the beauty of the word, defined by Aristotle as a combination of meaning and sound; the doctrine of the transfer of the meaning of words (especially the problem of metaphor and metonymy); the problem of the rhythmic organization of prosaic speech; some observations on the syntactic expressive means of the language (the doctrine of the period, column, sentence, antithesis); imagery of speech, etc.
The stylistic views of Aristotle are metaphysical. The classification of expressive means is based on the principle of independence of formal-language techniques superimposed on the content of the utterance. Hence the assignment to certain types of words of their expressive functions and their areas of use. “Compound words are best suited to praises, glosses (words that few people use by definition of Aristotle) \u200b\u200b- to heroic verses, metaphors - to iambic.
Aristotle generalized some theories of the aesthetics of linguistic expression, developed before him by Gorgias, Trasimach, Isocrates, and others. Interestingly, when talking about the epithet, Aristotle shows how the choice of the epithet reveals the speaker’s attitude to the described phenomenon: “... you can create epithets on the basis of bad or shameful, for example, an epithet, a mother-killer,” writes Aristotle, “but you can also create them on the basis of good, for example, "the avenger for the father"
Medieval schools of rhetoric continued the traditions of the ancient school and, teaching oratory, especially carefully developed systems for using language means that can ensure the fulfillment of the task set for oneself: to convince the listener of the correctness, the reliability of which is communicated not by objective data, facts, but by a skillfully organized system of language means .
The influence of ancient stylistics and medieval rhetorical schools was reflected in the definitions of the concept of “style”, which we find in various works of English and American linguists devoted to this issue.
The point of view on style as on the decoration of speech generally led to the separation of form from content. The style of the language was presented as the sum of the technical methods applied regardless, and sometimes contrary to the content of the message. Characteristic in this respect is the following definition of style, which we find with Professor Sainsbury: “Style is the selection and distribution of the means of the language, in which the transmitted content plays a certain secondary role. The style consists of the choice of words used, further selection and relative position of these words, the structure of phrases that are composed of these words, the arrangement of phrases in sentences and sentences in paragraphs. The style does not go beyond the paragraph, but inside it it reaches its highest level. "
Middleton Murray went even further in this direction, which generally deprives poets of the right to have any specific thoughts, ideas. He writes: “... First of all, writers and poets, as such, actually have no thoughts; they have feelings, intuition, emotional beliefs ”
Form begins to play a dominant role in the concept of "style." She, from the point of view of these theorists of style, is leading and subordinates the content to herself, since the content itself is vague, vague, unclear.
The point of view on style as the sum of techniques aimed at decorating speech, most contributed to the separation of form from content. All stylistic devices were considered as something additional to the content of the statement, something such that, like any decoration, can be easily removed without prejudice to the expressed thought. For example: John, shut up! Shut up in this case indicates a conversational style of speech, but we can change this statement and say John, keep silence, please! The style of the saying will change, but the meaning will remain the same.
Another point of view on speech style, which can be called utilitarian, is the understanding of style as a system for teaching speech correctness. In works devoted to the analysis of speech style, definitions appear that reduce the problem of style to the rules for using language forms to achieve correctness and clarity of speech. Here is one of these definitions: "A style is usually understood as the ability to speak or read grammatically correctly, clearly, and in such a way as to arouse the interest of the reader or listener."
Most books and articles on the issue of style in English and American linguistic literature are a collection of disparate dogmas. Here are some of them, taken at random from various sources: “Long sentences tire the reader’s attention” ..., “introductory sentences should be avoided” ..., “words of Anglo-Saxon origin should be preferred to Latin” ..., “brevity - the best quality of style "..., - and other similar statements.
This utilitarian concept of the style of speech is very popular in foreign countries. So F. L. Lukash, a professor at King's College, Cambridge, in his lectures on style given in 1955, argues that style is the ability to "write and speak well." The main objective of the course of stylistics is “to improve the style of the reader”, “to show him ways to better express his thought”
To some extent, the statement of the famous American linguist Sepir, which states that “the main character of the style, since the questions of the style are the technical issues of the formation and arrangement of words, is adjacent to these statements,”   determined by the language itself, and with the same inevitability with which the general acoustic effect of the verse is determined by the sounds of the language and its stress system ”
And in Soviet linguistics this utilitarian point of view has its adherents. In the work "Essays on the style of the Russian language" prof. A. N. Gvozdev writes: “The style has an applied character, teaching language skills, developing a conscious attitude to the language”
Assessing such statements, V.V. Vinogradov quite rightly notes that stylistics is mixed with normative grammar.
Of course, in a number of works with such a utilitarian bias, the authors inevitably, in order to substantiate their point of view, should to a greater or lesser extent address issues of the theory of language and theory of style. Here we find definitions of different layers of the vocabulary of the language, and tropes, and composition, etc. However, the main purpose of such manuals is educational and normative. Their benefits are undeniable, although they provide little for a theoretical understanding of the stylistic aspect of speech.
There is another understanding of the style, which is based on the individually-creative use of language. It can be called an individual psychological concept of speech style. Everything that bears the seal of the individual use of the language is regarded as a style. Thus, individual creativity is identified with style. There is a point of view that there is no language outside the style, that, finally, style is the totality of all the individual characteristics inherent in a person, that is, the concept of “style” goes beyond the limits of linguistic expression.
This point of view got its most epigrammatic expression in the position of Buffon: "Style is a man."
To the point of view of Buffon, Flaubert also adjoins, who defined the style as a "manner of seeing."
A close point of view on the concept of "style" is shared by J. Middleton Murray. In the book “The Problem of Style” he gives the following definition of “style”: “Style is a property of a language that allows you to accurately convey emotions and thoughts or a system of emotions and thoughts that are characteristic of a particular author” and further: “... the most important quality of style is accuracy ... not the accuracy inherent in the definition (not intellectual), but the accuracy of the calculation of the excitation of the corresponding emotions. "
These definitions attempt to limit the definition of style to language expressions. True, he does not go beyond understanding style as an individual system of linguistic expression. But style for him is, first of all, a property of language.
In general, fuzziness, vagueness, and, therefore, an extremely wide coverage of the characteristic features of the concept of “style” are associated mainly with the fact that the problem of purely linguistic ways of expressing certain content is mixed with a literary analysis of the writer's work.
This confusion is to some extent explained by the fact that most linguists, studying the style of the language, were limited to fiction, and mainly poetry. Oral speech in all its diversity was considered by some researchers in general as a deviation from the norms of the language. In addition, it should be noted that other styles of literary English were almost not observed in terms of their stylistic features. Naturally in this case, some narrowing of the general concept of the style of the language.
It is the desire to define the concept of style on the material of only fiction that explains the following reasoning of Professor Murray: "... Style in this absolute sense is a complete merger of the personal and the universal .... using a somewhat metaphysical phrase (a vaguely metaphysical phrase), absolute style is the full embodiment of a certain universal idea in personal, private expression. "
Finally, there is another concept of language style. This is an understanding of style as a quality of speech, linguistic expression of thought; revealing the organic connection of the content of the utterance with the form in which this content is embodied. This concept involves the consideration of the use of means of linguistic expression from the point of view of their motivation by the aesthetic-artistic or ideological intention of the author.
So, for example, Newman, an English writer of the 19th century, writes that thought and speech are inseparable. Content and expression are part of one whole: style is the penetration of thought into language ... the embodiment of thought in language.
To some extent, this understanding of style stems from the well-known position of Cato the Elder: "Know what you are talking about, and the words will come by themselves." This idea was expressed in different ways by many writers and classics of Russian and foreign literature. Joseph Joubert, for example, said: "I never finish a sentence, but strike out a thought."
The listed interpretations of the concept of style of speech are not limited to their diversity. However, the concepts mentioned here are the most common.
We adhere to the following definition of language style.
Style is a type of language characterized by features in the selection, combination and organization of language means in connection with communication tasks.

1.2. A variety of language styles; colloquial vocabulary
To highlight speech styles in a literary language, social awareness of a given system of means of expression for specific communication purposes is especially significant.
In developed literary languages, it is always possible to establish interdependent and interconnected speech styles. The number of these styles and their names are still the subject of controversy. So V.D. Levin does not believe that the language of fiction has signs of a linguistic style on the grounds that "... it does not constitute a system of stylistically homogeneous phenomena, fundamentally devoid of any stylistic isolation ...". Academician V.V. Vinogradov, on the contrary, considers the narrative-fiction style in a number of other functional-speech styles, namely: journalistic, scientific, formal-ceremonial, clerical-business, etc.
E. G. Riesel distinguishes colloquial speech as a special style of speech, thereby considering colloquial speech along with such speech styles as officially business, newspaper, scientific, etc.
In some stylistic works, the style of the literary language refers to the genre varieties of literary works, for example, the style of a fable, the style of a novel, the style of a novel, etc. Such an understanding can be valid only if the genre itself has developed, in the process of isolation, purely linguistic features that formed a kind of system of interdependent lexico-phraseological, morphological and syntactic features.
The style structure of the language is closely related to the specific history and living conditions of the people who speak it, and therefore it turns out to be different at different stages of history.
The boundaries between styles cannot, of course, be very rigid. Thus, the oratory style may have much in common with the journalistic one, and the style of humanitarian scientific texts is very close to the latter. Journalistic newspaper style sometimes comes close to conversational. But if we establish the statistical characteristics of these styles, then these approximations can be considered as combinations of different styles in individual speech. Each style of language is characterized by certain statistical parameters regarding vocabulary and syntax (length of words and sentences, word-building models and syntactic constructions).
Of particular interest to us is colloquial speech, and we will dwell on it in more detail.
In real everyday speech communication, the fractional differentiation of socio-cultural groups of the population, microgroups, various kinds of social groups is reflected. Accordingly, there is a motley mosaic of manners, ways of expressing thoughts, emotions, tactics, dialogue strategies, building written and oral texts, and the use of words. In this whole ocean of speech, in turn, are reflected specific, “their” normal norms of speech behavior of each of the socio-cultural groups of the population and microgroups. It is obvious at the same time that these norms often diverge sharply (due to a discrepancy with the norms of speech behavior generally accepted in a given society) with the norms of the literary language. So, army life, camp-prison life, gender microgroups (exclusively male or exclusive female) production groups and so on are known for their “originality” of speech behavior and communication.
In connection with the noted sociocultural diversity of everyday speech communication, it is important for the problem under study to pay attention generally to the nature of the processes taking place in modern discourse. The task of strict differentiation of reduced vocabulary is greatly complicated due to the increasing blurring of the boundaries and composition of the most reduced vocabulary due to the following reasons:
1) instability, the well-known uncertainty of the often negative valuation connotations of such units in essentially new contexts of use, in a different (also new for them) functional sphere of use (from the oral informal sphere of jargon, urban vernacular, etc., they go into the official sphere mass communication or public speaking);
2) rapid, sharp expansion of communication situations, changes in the nature of speech situations (from interpersonal to mass communication, to the direct transfer of everyday situations into the sphere of officiality).
And also in connection with the processes of detailing obscene (invective) vocabulary, observed in recent years in the press, in electronic media, on the pages of fiction. These processes are caused by the aggravation of the political struggle, the intensification of the emigration of the majority of the marginalized layer of the population from the countries of Asia and the Middle East to Western Europe, the increase in the publication of erotic products (visual and verbal), and the weakening of verbal filters on the World Wide Web.
These trends are most clearly reflected in the communicative environment of youth, i.e. in youth slang. The acceleration of the pace of life (especially since the mid-20th century) leads to a rapid increase in vocabulary, because at least one word must correspond to each new concept. Accordingly, the dictionary of slang is expanding, since it is the young generation, not yet connected with the literary norm and the reactionary influence of tradition, that is the first to perceive technical and social innovations and give them conversational  names. Most often, by rethinking existing words when they are borrowed from the "neighboring" lexico-stylistic sublevels of colloquial speech. The psychological characteristics of adolescence play an important role in this case, since words with the most vivid expressive coloring are preferred here. It is no coincidence that this work sets as its task the study of the processes taking place in the discourse of reduced English vocabulary, namely through the prism of youth slang as the most active communicative language environment.
  Thus, for our study, it is important to consider the general characteristics of youth communication and highlight the characteristic features of the conversational style, and it is also necessary to distinguish between the concepts of “slang” and “jargon,” which are often interpreted as synonyms in modern linguistics.
  In colloquial style, it is customary to distinguish three varieties:
literary and colloquial, familiar colloquial and vernacular. The latter two also have regional characteristics, as well as features that depend on the gender and age of the speaker. Some authors believe that vernacular can not be considered as a functional style, since the style involves choice, and the speaker using the vernacular has no choice and says so because he does not know how to speak otherwise. In reality, the situation is different: often people with some interlocutors use vernacular, and a literary and colloquial style with others. Thus, they use the colloquial forms ain t, he don t not because they do not know others, but because these forms are used by their workmates or comrades of their games. In a different setting, they correctly use the forms isn t, aren t, doesn t. Moreover, in modern England there are frequent cases when speakers deliberately use colloquial forms as folk, thus emphasizing their democracy, belonging to the people, and not to the ruling classes. The main feature of functional styles is still not a choice, but the specificity of the sphere use. Thus, we have no reason to deny the existence of vernacular as a style.
It is very essential to imagine the correlation of the conversational style with the form and type of speech. The conversational style is generated by the oral form of speech, and its specific features largely depend on oral speech. But the forms and style of speech are not identical, and the possibility of using the conversational style in writing is not excluded. It is found, for example, in private correspondence and advertising. As for the types of speech, that is, the dialogical and monological types, the determining, formative type is dialogue, although the monologue is not excluded. In literary works, this is predominantly an internal monologue.
Thus, the concepts of style, form and type of speech are ambiguous and there is a certain probability of their combination.
The style-forming factor for the conversational style is the language functions implemented in colloquial speech, and, in colloquial speech, all language functions are realized, with the exception of the aesthetic. However, the exclusion of the aesthetic function is to some extent arbitrary and it would be possible to cite the case when it is also realized, just this function is less characteristic than in other styles and its role here is much less than the role of contact-setting and emotive functions.
Sociolinguistic factors play an extremely important role, i.e. accepted norms of speech behavior.
A large style-forming role is also played by two opposing trends associated with specific conditions of communication (i.e., primarily with its oral form), namely compression, which leads to various kinds of incompleteness of expression, and redundancy. We will focus on them first.
conclusions
Based on the material studied, we can draw the following conclusions.
Stylistic   called the branch of linguistics, which explores the principles and effect of the choice and use of lexical, grammatical phonetic and generally linguistic means for transmitting thoughts and emotions in various conditions of communication. The main task of stylistics is the study and description of functional styles, features and stylistic properties of individual language units that combine them (within the general system of the language) into private, functionally homogeneous subsystems.
Language stylistics   explores, on the one hand, the specifics of language subsystems, characterized by the peculiarity of a dictionary, phraseology and syntax, and, on the other hand, the expressive, emotional and evaluative properties of various language means. Speech style he studies individual real texts, considering how they convey content, not only following the norms known to the grammar and style of the language, but also on the basis of significant deviations from these norms.
With the development of the science of language, the ideas of scientists about what style is have changed. Conflicting opinions on this issue are expressed by modern scientists. However, it is common to recognize the functional nature of the style, its connection with a certain sphere of verbal communication and the types of human activity, understanding the style as a historically established and socially conscious set of techniques for the use, selection and combination of language units.
The classification of styles is based on extralinguistic factors: the scope of the language, due to the topic and purpose of communication. The scope of the language is correlated with the types of human activities corresponding to the forms of public consciousness (science, law, politics, art). The traditional and socially significant areas of activity are: scientific, business (administrative and legal), socio-political, art. Accordingly, they are allocated and styles of official speech (book): scientific, official-business, journalistic, artistic. They are opposed to the style of unofficial speech colloquial-everyday colloquial), the extra-linguistic basis of which is the sphere of domestic relations and communication (life as an area of \u200b\u200bpeople's relations outside their direct production and socio-political activities).
Conversational style is a functional style that caters to the sphere of everyday, private, informal communication.
The main features of the speech situation that forms this style are the informality and ease of communication; direct communication; unpreparedness of speech (lack of preliminary selection of language material and preliminary reflection of the statement); close connection with the situation (many elements of the message may not be verbally expressed, as they are directly contained in the situation that accompanies the speech), a large role is facial expressions and gestures.
The usual form of implementing a conversational style is dialogue, this style is more often used in oral speech. In writing, conversational style is used in the field of informal correspondence (private letters, notes) and in diaries.
The main features of the conversational style are the laid-back and even familiar character of speech; its discontinuity and inconsistency from a logical point of view; emotionality and appraisal of speech.

Chapter 2. Features of the dictionary of youth sociolect

2. 1. Features of conversational style

  2.1.1. Phonetic features.

The phonetic tier is most clearly marked in terms of linguistic compression. It includes phenomena of two levels: segment and suprasegmental, which closely interact with each other in real communication . At the segmentation level, linguistic compression manifests itself in various types of assimilation. Due to the large compression of segment units in colloquial speech, the role of suprasegmental characteristics increases (certain changes in the nature of the tempo, volume, pause, rhythmic organization of speech).
Due to the fact that in the flow of speech the words do not just connect into audible series and chains of sounds, but form organized combinations in a certain way, in colloquial speech there is a reduction in the structure of the linguistic unit without changing the information embedded in it, which has a systemic character and is unmarked stylistically. Based on the definition of compression, it seems possible to classify such phonetic phenomena as follows: assimilation, elisia, reduction, monophthongization, coarticulation, truncation.
If we consider the frequency of compression of words relative to parts of speech, then the service words are more likely to change. The high compression ratio of service words is explained by the fact that such words do not carry information, therefore they can easily be subject to changes or be lost without losing the meaning of speech. Inna  - into - Chief, you "re gonna force me inna  roughin "ya up a little bit. Outa - out of - C" mon, let "s get outa  here.
Naa - no - "You know how the Egyptians buried their dead"? I asked the one kid. " Naa". The compression of independent words can be interpreted in such a way that they use words that are well known to the communication partner, in which natural assimilation processes do not cause difficulties in understanding.
Vowels as a whole account for the vast majority of changes, consonants - two times less. This can be explained by the fact that pronouncing vowels is more prone to changes due to their phonetic characteristics. Longitude, the degree of vowel solution, the participation of certain organs of speech varies much more noticeably than in consonants. Thus, being aware of the subject of a business conversation, the information carrier seeks to increase its volume per unit time by applying the principle of phonetic compression.
Thus, most vowels undergo reduction, both in unstressed and stressed syllables. The phonemes / i: /, / u: /, /: / are more subject to quantitative reduction. For example, in words such as he, be, see, three, need, mean, each; you, who, two, to, do, group; all, already, report, board, forward, order, before. Qualitative reduction is represented by replacing the phonemes / /, / I /, / о /, / /, / u / with a neutral sound / /. For example, in the words a, and, as, at, can, shall, have, that, fax, back, contact, of, or, for, from, all right; are, us, just, some; to, do.
To a large extent, vowel sounds are monophthongized. The following diphthongs are often reduced: / u /\u003e /: /, / au /\u003e / /, / aI /\u003e / /, / e /\u003e / /, / I /\u003e / I / / eI /\u003e / e /. For example: go, so, only, know, hello, hold, don’t, whole, suppose, control, tomorrow; how, now, down, round, about; I, by, myself; where, there; here, hearing; change, holiday.
Vowel elizia is least present. The disappearance of a neutral sound / / occurs mainly in unstressed syllables of the following words: to, afternoon, answering. The practical absence of elizion among vowels is quite natural, since the loss and disappearance of vowels in independent words will turn colloquial speech into messages of telex type, and sound material with dropped vowels can be perceived only in writing.
Consonant sounds are more likely to be elizi. A large proportion of elizion falls on the sounds / d / and / t /, more often if they are at the end of the word. For example: and, round, thousand, should, field, arranged, it, at, not, but, that, what, get, just, last, first, short, start, right, might, eight, about, contact, management, biggest, goodbye, department.
Consonants are also assimilated. The most frequent assimilation is assimilation, affecting the functioning of the vocal cords. For example: is, as, his, please, suppose, heads, years, keys, systems, leaves, of, have, used.
By the degree of likening one sound to another, partial assimilation is more common. For example: I’ve seen, supposed to. In the first case, it should be noted that the final consonant in the abbreviated form of the verb to have is assimilated to the consonant following it, depending on its sonorousness or deafness. In the second case, in addition to the assimilation process, it is advisable to talk about the elizion of the voiced final consonant sound / d / before its deaf parallel.
As a result, we can say that, as for other languages, the English language is characterized by significant discrepancies between pronunciation in ordinary everyday conversation, on the one hand, and when using oral speech in those cases when the speaker seeks to speak especially clearly and clearly, with another (e.g. in a public speech, a report, when explaining in a lesson, etc.).

2.1.2. Morphological features
The morphological norm of the colloquial style, on the one hand, in general, corresponds to the general literary norm, on the other hand, has its own characteristics.
1. Morphological features of everyday colloquial speech are manifested primarily in the very set of parts of speech. In colloquial speech, the quantitative correlation of some grammatical classes of words and word forms is different than in book-written language. Statistical studies of live conversations recorded that in this subsystem the most common non-memorable and semi-significant vocabulary are: unions, particles, pronouns; the use of nouns is lower than verbs, and among the verb forms the least common participles and participles.
2. The presence of a special vocal form is noted: Come in, dear!
  3. In written speech, not like in colloquial, temporary forms of verbs are used. In colloquial speech, the present, past, and future tenses are used on equal terms, depending on the content of the conversation. In colloquial speech, a change of time is possible throughout the microtheme. Consequently, in colloquial speech, not only the single time plan typical for written speech is not maintained, but also temporary forms are used very freely. There is also a tendency to omit auxiliary verbs or shorten them (Been to Colorado ?, etc)
4. In colloquial speech, truncated variants of service words, unions and particles are widely used. "Oh ... well, about Life being a game and all. " "She" s   prob "ly  in the museum, then. We went last Saturday, "the kid said." Chief, you "re gonna force me inna  (into) roughin "ya up a little bit. I don" t wanna  (want to) do it, but that "s the way it looks", he said.
5. One of the characteristic features of colloquial speech is the widespread use of pronouns, not only replacing nouns and adjectives, but also used without reliance on context. For example, such a pronoun can mean positive quality or serve as an amplifier (She s such a woman! sexy, pretty). Through the use of pronouns in colloquial speech, the frequency of use of nouns and adjectives is reduced. The insignificant frequency of the latter in colloquial speech is also associated with the fact that objects and their signs are visible or known to the interlocutors.
Based on this, we can do the following   conclusions.
The peculiarities of colloquial speech are a consequence of the conditions of its existence: they are not used in colloquial speech forms that are difficult to perceive during oral communication (germs, participles), nouns and especially adjectives are used relatively little in oral speech, since objects and their signs are most often visible or known to interlocutors , pronouns and particles are widely used, which is due to the direct contact of the speakers and the spontaneity of their speech.

2.1.3. Vocabulary and word formation
At the vocabulary level, compression is manifested in the predominant use of monomorphic words, postpositive verbs: They gave ga this very crumby room, with nothing to look out  of the window at except the other side of the hotel. I mean if I ever sat behind myself in a movie or something, I "d probably lean over and tell myself to please shut up  ; abbreviations: Was not in the war, too - he landed on D-dayand all - but I really think he hated the Army worse than the war. (D-Day - Disembarkation Day - the day the hostilities began) He took this job teaching English at N.Y.U.  (N.Y.U. - New York University), You ve probably seen the ads, anyway (advertisement) of an ellipse like mineral waters - minerals, words of broad semantics: I ll just tell you about this madman stuff  that happened to me around last Christmas. Buddy Singer and his stinking band was playing Just One of Those Things  and even they couldn "t ruin it entirely.
2) The next feature of the vocabulary of the conversational style is associated with a tendency to redundancy. The redundant elements should, first of all, include the so-called time fillers, i.e. lacking a semantic load of “weedy words” like well, I mean, you see and doubling of unions: like as if, often acting as a means of semantic connection or highlighting statements . I mean  if you "re out at a restaurant somewhere and you see some old guy take his little kid out on the dance floor. Like as if all you ever did at Pencey was play polo all the time. I never even once saw a horse anywhere near the place. The use of such words is primarily associated with the unpreparedness, spontaneity of colloquial speech.
  3) In familiar-colloquial style with his emotionality and
  many abusive words or their
  euphemisms: damn, dash, beastly, confounded, lousy. They are possible in
  sentences of any type, optional in their syntactic relations, syntactically multifunctional and can express both negative and positive emotions and ratings. It cost him damn  near four thousand bucks. 1 was born, and what my lousy childhood  was like, and how my parents were occupied and all before they had me, and all that David Copperfield kind of crap, but I don "t feel like going into it, if you want to know the truth.
  The pronounced emotional, evaluative expressive character has a special, genetically very
  heterogeneous layers of vocabulary and phraseology, called slang,
  colloquial
  literary norms. The most important properties of slangisms are their grossly cynical or gross expressiveness, dismissive and humorous imagery. Slang does not stand out as a special style or sub-style, since its features are limited by only one level - lexical. There is an extensive literature on slang. The question of the criteria for classifying words as slang remains a difficult question, since the boundaries of slang, both general and special, that is, limited by the professional or social sphere of use, are very vague.
Words and phrases of slang are, as a rule, synonyms in neutral literary or special vocabulary; in numerous modern novels from the life of teenagers, teenage slang plays an important stylistic role. It has long been noticed that slang is especially characteristic of the phenomenon of synonymous attraction, i.e., large bundles of synonyms for concepts that somehow cause a strong emotional reaction (a girl, money, intoxication, alcohol, theft have especially large groups of slang synonyms). For example: It cost him damn near four thousand bucks. About the booze hound  running around the house naked, with Jane around. Pencey was full of crooks. Cheater  - a man or woman who cheated on his partner. Her father had been a cheater, and she had seen a grimy film of bitterness and misery develop beneath the surface of her mother s otherwise buoyant personality. Fiend  - a person addicted to a bad habit, a maniac. Old Brossard was a bridge fiend, and he started looking around the dorm for a game.
  In the Salinger novel, where the teenager is the narrator and where the problems of non-conformism are particularly acute, there are a lot of synonyms for the younger generation: It was about this little kidthat wouldn’t let anybody look at his goldfish because he "d bought it with his own money. What a goddam   fool  I was. They advertise in about a thousand magazines, always showing some hot-shot guy  on a horse jumping over a fence. "You oughta go on the radio", I said. "Handsome chap  like you. "
Candace Bushnel uses slang to describe the inhabitants of modern New York.
Gal -physically attractive girl, lover. Mimi wasn t the sort of gal  George Paxton ever thought he d end up marrying - she was like a high-strung racehorse.   Gold-digger -  lover (calculated) a woman who wants to marry a rich man. A rich girl could sleep with a hundred men and people would call her bohemian, while a poor girl who did the same thing was labeled a gold diggeror a whore. Hooker -  street hooker . He didn t want his wife going to a corporate dinner in Greenwich looking like a Russian hooker. Rube -redneck .   She wasn t so much of a rube that she didn t know that Mimi and Mauve were supposedly best friends.
Some important features of colloquial speech are generated by its predominantly dialogical character.

2.1.4. Phraseological features
Conversational phraseological turns are stable combinations of words, mainly or exclusively used in oral speech. Conversational phraseological units differ from interstitial phraseological units, on the one hand, in a narrower sphere of use, and on the other, in their “reduced” expressive-stylistic coloring (affectionate, swearing, ironic, contemptuous, humorous, familiar, etc.). Almost all colloquial phraseological idioms are figurative in nature. They bring into the speech a tinge of ease, simplicity, even some “liberty”: He’s seeing things. - he’s drunk, I’m hearing bells - I lost my mind, to hit the sack - to crush a pillow.
Many of these phraseological units of colloquial type have an emotional connotation in connection with the meaning of exaggeration. For example: I "m hanged if I" ll do that. Scores of times did I tell you. . . Haven "t seen you for ages, etc. They are often called colloquial hyperbolas.
b) A colloquial phraseology, which is generally close to colloquial, but differs by a greater decrease: kick the bucket - die.
c) Roughly vernacular phraseology sounds even sharper. It consists of swearing stable combinations, representing a gross violation of the language norm.
Colloquial vocabulary and phraseology also include empty utterances, that is, phraseological units expressing unclear, unformed thoughts — concepts, “substitutes” for full-valued words and expressions. For example, all sort of thing in the following sentence: “Oh, I have nothing against him. He "s quite well born and all that sort of thing».
One of the distinguishing features of colloquially colloquial phraseological units is that they are mainly formed as a result of a metaphorical rethinking of free phrases of the same lexical composition: up one’s sleeves - after the sleeves
The components of colloquial phraseologisms can go back to stylistically neutral words. So, as part of a free phrase To foam at the mouth  the words foam at the mouth  (prove with foam at the mouth) have colloquial coloring with a touch of disapproval.
The style-forming function is performed by the components of phraseology, if they go back to colloquial or vernacular words. Often, individual components enter into associative relations, forming variant rows that differ from each other in stylistic coloring. So, the options for turn up one’s nose and to peek up one’s nose differ stylistically: the first option is characteristic of colloquial speech, and the second, due to the stylistically marked component, refers to colloquial phraseology. Phraseologism does not so much call this or that phenomenon of reality, but rather evaluates it. The estimated values \u200b\u200bof disapproval, contempt, irony are contained in the semantic structure of many phraseological units: Chicken-heart - wet chicken  bluestocking - blue stocking.
Many colloquially vernacular turns contain an amplifying meaning, due to which the emotionally expressive shades of phraseological units are manifested with the greatest force. For example, an adverbial phraseologism (cry) at the top of one "s voice is interpreted using the phrase to cry greatly. Or phraseology: Street way the hell uptown - means to be far from.
Phraseologisms in the English language for the most part are primordially English turns, the authors of which are unknown. They entrenched in colloquial speech, and acquired a characteristic, English flavor, which reflects the peculiarities of English culture. They are all connected with the traditions, customs and beliefs of the English people, as well as with traditions and historical facts. Examples of widespread momentum are : have a bee in one’s bonnet  - rush about with some idea, be obsessed with something; bite off more then one can chew  - “take in your mouth more than you can swallow”, that is, take up an impossible task, not calculate your strength.
Thus, we can do the following   conclusions. The largest stylistic layer of phraseology is colloquial phraseology, which is used mainly in the oral form of communication, and in written language - in fiction. Conversational-everyday phraseological units are often given in explanatory dictionaries without stylistic marks, but nevertheless they stand out against the background of commonly used phraseological units with bright colloquial coloring, a slightly reduced, familiar shade in sound. Spoken phraseological units, as a rule, are figurative, which gives them special expression, liveliness. Their use in speech serves as an opposition to cliches, clericalism.
   Colloquial phraseology, in general, is close to colloquial, but differs by a greater reduction. It consists of swearing stable combinations, representing a gross violation of the language norm. This group of phraseological units is characterized by pronounced emotionality, more often they have a negative connotation: disapproval, for example: small fry (small fry), poke nose into smth. (poke nose into something); abuse, for example: a perfect fool, a dumbbell (booby king of heaven), old hag (old pepper shaker) and others.

2.1.5. Syntax Features
The syntactic specificity of colloquial speech is that the main unit of speech is a combination of a number of remarks connected by structural-semantic interdependence. N. Yu. Shvedova suggested calling them dialogic unity. In most cases, these are two-term unity - question-answer, with
  etc.................

Modern English, with the specific features of its sound and grammatical structure and vocabulary, appears before us as a product of a long historical development, during which the language undergoes versatile changes due to various reasons.

The vocabulary of the language is in a state of continuous change. This mobility and variability is due to the fact that the language, and primarily its vocabulary, is directly related to both the production and any other social activities of people. In order for a language to fully perform its basic function - the function of the most important means of communication - its vocabulary must quickly respond, reflect and capture changes that occur in all spheres of human life and activity: in production, in science, in world outlook, in social economic relations in everyday life. Teacher foreign language  must track changes in the language and teach according to these changes, especially for teachers high school, since students of this age are already consciously using lexical units: communicating abroad, communicating with peers of other countries. Possession of modern vocabulary will help students to more easily communicate and understand the language of other peoples.

Vocabulary of modern technology.

We live in an age of tremendous success and an unusually high social prestige of technology. And purely scientific technical terminology also has great access to the unprofessional part of vocabulary. As an example, we can cite a number of words from the sphere of modern technology that have gained wide popularity among the vast masses of native speakers. The general scientific layer of vocabulary is of great importance for the semantic and structural organization of a scientific and technical text. General scientific words are a means of designating interdisciplinary concepts, as well as a connecting and organizing link in the lexical composition of scientific and technical texts. They are regularly, but with different frequencies, found in all sublanguages, and quite often in specific meanings characteristic of scientific and technical texts. These words have a certain qualitative specificity, which is practically not reflected in bilingual dictionaries, which presents a real difficulty for communication, in particular bilingual. To a large extent, these are words of international and foreign origin: automatic, atomic. Among the dictionary entries there are names of electronic machines: Robotron, betatron. A large number of new words are created in the field of space. In the vast majority of cases, they are guided by similar Russian or English prototypes: astronaut, astronautics.

Through advertising in the everyday life of other languages \u200b\u200b(German, Russian), many Anglo-Americanisms came into play: mixer, toaster, bar. Young people are often interested in fashion, well-known brands, advertising, and the understanding that a teenager can easily translate a commonly used term borrowed from another language further increases their interest in a foreign language and their desire to learn it. Modern fashionable clothing items often bear English names: slipper, slip, stretch. Advertising in the modern world is a ubiquitous and pervasive phenomenon. Advertising business is a young phenomenon and is just starting its development, accompanied by the appearance of special words to denote the studied objects. The scientific approach to creating competent advertising texts and images requires a thorough analysis of advertising vocabulary, the development of various programs, textbooks and dictionaries that provide the most complete training for future specialists in the field of advertising.

Many textbooks, manuals, electronic resources sometimes give different interpretations of the same advertising term, often contradicting each other. Even the term advertising (from Latin reklamo - to shout, shout) is interpreted differently in different sources. Most advertising terms are highly specialized. The meaning of the terms from this group is motivated by the meaning of each part of the word: newsmaker, copywriter, direct-mail, promotion, e-mail, prime-time, advertisement, savings bank. Many English terms are also used in other languages: mafia, racket, image, rating, office, show, business, creative.

The scope of fashion vocabulary is much wider than a single professional industry. This vocabulary is used both in the relevant industry and in everyday life, it is used in speech not only by specialists, but also by those who are interested in fashion, ordinary consumers who buy clothes. Therefore, it is advisable to consider not the terminology or professional vocabulary of light industry, but fashion vocabulary, which includes lexical units with an emotional component in meaning, slangisms, vernacular vocabulary, professional jargon, and also allows the use of synonyms and polysemantic words. The choice of clothing style often ensures success both in informal communication, and during business contacts or political campaigns. Items of clothing and accessories from well-known manufacturers are a sign of high social status. It matters not only the high material quality of the product, but also the name of the manufacturer (brand name). The rapid pace of change in the field of fashion is reflected at the verbal level, there is a constant formation of new lexical units to denote new phenomena: fashion, style, freestyle, marketing, design, management.

Lexicon of youth.

Pupils and students have always been interested in the vocabulary of youth and, in particular, slang. Language learners have always wanted to use words and expressions from the everyday vocabulary of native speakers in English. The vocabulary of youth, especially adolescents, has always been distinguished by the presence of expressions meaning the highest, enthusiastic rating: great, super, cool, fine, well. There you go -Hooray! Well, well done !. Zero cool - cool! very good, super. Gee! -Wow! (an exclamation of delight or surprise). The same age group borrowed some “fashionable” words from other lexicons, for example: sargnagel, karre, kumpel, strick. Young people are often the conductor of new vocabulary related to fashionable dances, fashionable rhythms, fashionable clothes, as well as hobbies, etc. These are for example the names of most modern dances: Rock "n Roll, Twist, Slop, Blues, Madison, Shake, Wiggle, Beatle-Bounce, Hully Gully. Often young people use slang in colloquial speech.

English slang.

Slang is a rather "closed" sphere of language. Studying slang is a great opportunity to look into those nooks and crannies of a non-native language where it is difficult to find the points of intersection with the native language.

Of course, the most reliable way to study slang of a foreign language is by speaking or reading a language. Many people who study the language "in absentia" without communicating in it try to memorize the slang dictionary, and this, of course, makes sense. Reading and memorizing the slang dictionary will bring both discoveries and some knowledge.

In addition to this, one can sometimes take a different path, the “inside out” path: to study the slang meanings of a certain word and slang expressions containing this word.

True English slang about the bear.

English explanatory dictionaries say that the word a "bear", in addition to its direct meaning, means "clumsy or ill-mannered person." You won’t be surprised at this. Even somehow a little boring. And many proverbs and sayings in English and Russian as a carbon copy. For example, the proverb "Catch the bear before you sell his skin" suspiciously reminds ours: "Do not sell skins without killing the bear"; "Do not share the skin of an unkilled bear." It is more interesting with the semislang meaning of the word: “Russia”, although the expression “Russian bears” is more often heard.

Actually, slang knows about the “bear” and another “truth”.

Firstly, students call the word "a bear" the "asocial" classmate, spending all his time in four walls and leaving his room only for classes: "Josef" roommate Patrick is a real bear. He just stays in the room all the time, never participating in anything ".

Secondly, "a bear" is something difficult, difficult, unsolvable or unpleasant: The exam was a real bear - The exam was very difficult. This problem is a real bear - This question is not so easy to solve. This is a bear of a job - The job is not easy.

Finally, a whole galaxy of slang expressions is born of another slang meaning of the word - “policeman”, or, already, “policeman patrolling the road.” In general, Russian and English are very similar in their ideas about the “wolf”. By "a wolf" a native speaker of English can mean, for example, "a hungry person" or "a cruel person." As far as one can judge by "literary" phraseological units, among the English, like the Russians, the "wolf" is associated with "danger," "cruelty," and "loneliness."

But slang expressions are more curious. Among the many shades of the slang meaning of the word "a wolf", the most popular and at the same time most unexpected for the Russian hearing seems to me the meaning "seducer, passionate lover, lecherous". One of the English explanatory dictionaries interprets this meaning approximately like this: "A flirting man, Casanova, Don Juan, a womanizer."

Examples of English slang.

Mexican breakfast - rations. For Americans, a Mexican breakfast is a cigarette and a glass of water. Mexicans are a symbol to some Americans.

mob- gang, mafia, mischief, and sometimes stupidity.

nut (knut) is a fool.

plastic - plastic money, that is, a credit card. Americans have long preferred not to carry cash with them (until they come to us).

well-to-do - rich, prosperous, wealthy, wealthy

yak - chatting: "stop yakking! -good chatting!"

zip (zippo) - zero, nothing, zero.

zod is a fool, dude.

bananas - crazy. There is another expression: "go bananas" - go crazy.

big daddy - "big shot" big boss

big cheese is the boss, "big shot."

booz - a drink, "goryuchka".

Bingo! - "done! Both-on!"

grade, a policeman.

gaga -1) dumbfounded, stunned; 2) eccentric, "hello."

fella - short for fellow (buddy, antiquity).

hot red - crisp, cool, cool, important, cool.

in touch - correspond, keep in touch. - Keep me in touch! -Keep in touch with me!

long hair - intellectual, creative person, even if his hair is not long at all.

jam -problem, troubles.

all ears - all attention, ears on the top of the head.

all eyes -. in all eyes.

at sixes and sevens phr. some in the woods, some for firewood, a bunch of small, a mess.

makeup - cosmetics.

under the sun - in the world, in the world.

chicken is a coward.

chicken out

Based on the material discussed above, the following conclusions can be drawn:

Modern English is subject to frequent changes, which makes it a linguistic sign of generations. Easily penetrating into the literary language, it is used for the speech characteristics of heroes and author's speech.

Language - a mirror of culture, everything that happens in the life of a people - a native speaker - is reflected in the lexical and phraseological system of the language.

The examples of English slang given in the work show the functioning of the cultural connotation of slangisms and culturally significant information transmitted by lexical and phraseological units of slang.

Thus, each teacher must track changes in the language and introduce students to the innovations, features of modern English.

This intensive English language course is designed for independent study of English language learners for 7–9 months 120 or 240 minutes a week using the Advanced Beginning Level and Adult Beginning Level English Courses “Complex Systems in Education”. It is the second component of the Unified Speech Skills Development Development Complex. Tasks are intended for those who want to master and consolidate the skills of a real conversation in English, understanding the interlocutor’s speech, to develop the ability to answer questions, correctly ask a question, and be able to speak.

This course does not contain explanations of grammatical structures. To clarify the theoretical questions that arise during the work, you should refer to the developments in the Grammar theory of the English language and the new reference manual “The Unified Grammar Complex - Theory and Practice of the English Language” 1, distributed annually among the Students of Complex Systems Courses. These tasks contain a small number of unfamiliar words that should be searched in the dictionary. I recommend the English – Russian dictionary in three volumes by Academician Apresyan.

This manual is designed for 20 academic hours of class work and 40–65 academic hours of homework.

Your manual consists of 6 parts:

Family

Appearance and Character

Working Day

Apartment

Visiting a Doctor

Traveling by Train

Each of these parts consists of dialogical texts, speech samples with translation into Russian and combined (Russian – English) dialogs to activate thematic vocabulary and speech models. 6 dialogical texts are built on colloquial vocabulary and are thematic dialogues. Each thematic dialogue aims to give an idea of \u200b\u200bhow a conversation can be held on a given topic in certain conditions (at home, in a business setting, on board an airplane, etc.).

Speech patterns are lexical-grammatical models, covering almost the entire normative grammar of the English language. They are evenly distributed (approximately 5 speech samples per each thematic dialogue) and are equipped with a translation into Russian.

Combined (Russian-English) dialogs are intended for translation, reproduction and improvisation on a given topic.

Good luck!

Part I - “Family” Part I - “Family”

Dialogue No. 1

Translate into Russian using the Speech Models given below and, if necessary, a dictionary. If you have questions about Grammar, refer to the developments in the Grammatical theory of the English language and the new reference manual “A Unified Grammar Complex - Theory and Practice of the English Language” 2. Learn the dialogues by heart.

- Your name is George Scott, is not it?

- Yes, it is. I am an electronic engineer. I live and work in New York. And what is your name?

- My name is Peter Brook. I am an editor. I live and work in San Francisco.

- You are married, are not you?

- Oh, yes. I am married and I have got two daughters.

- What a coincidence! I have got two daughters, too: Helen and Mary. What are your daughters ’names?

- They are Susan and Jane. Susan is ten years old and Jane is eight. They both go to a private school. Do your daughters go to school?

- Not yet. Helen is five years old and Mary is three.

- They are at home, are not they?

- Sure. My wife Joan does not work now. She runs the house and looks after the children. Emily is the name of my wife. She is a designer. She adores her trade and dreams of going to her office again. But she cannot for the time being.

- It is only natural. Nowadays very few women are satisfied with being housewives. My wife whose name is Nancy is a teacher of Russian. She works at a college.

- Do you have any brothers or sisters?

- Unfortunately not. I am the only child in the family. I have got a cousin who lives in Chicago. We are on friendly terms.

- I have got a sister. She is much younger than I am. She lives with our parents in Los Angeles. I have seen very little of her late.

- Los Angeles is a beautiful city. My aunt lives there and I visit her from time to time.

- It is a long time since I went to Los Angeles.

Speech patterns

64. I want you to get acquainted with my brother.

He wants me to leave for London one of these days.

They want us to translate three articles into English.

I would like my son to become a lawyer.

She would like them to invite her to dinner.

Do you want me to tell the truth?

Does he want you to make a report?

Does she want Peter to be promoted?

Would you like me to show you around?

Would you like Helen to join us?

65. I saw you leave the house.

He saw me enter the room.

He heard her sing.

They heard us shout at each other.

They noticed Peter run round the corner.

Did you see them take bus 10?

Did he see me get off the bus?

Did she hear us singing?

Did they hear you shout at Ann?

Did you notice him look at you?

66. Her words made me angry.

His speech made us happy.

Who made you do it?

What makes him get up so early?

Why do you make everybody so nervous?

Who allowed you to take my books?

Why do you allow your daughter to go to bed so late?

I do not allow anybody to use my car.

I do allow to nobody to use my car.

He does not allow us to watch TV in the morning.

What do you make everybody so nervous?

Speech patterns

You should use the following Speech Models to translate dialogs. These Speech Models were selected on the basis of a large amount of methodological material and are the most common expressions and stable phrases of modern English. You should learn them all by heart. Translation of phrases follows each group.

64. I want you to meet my brother.

He wants me to go to London the other day.

They want us to translate three articles into English.

I would like my son to become a lawyer.

She would like them to invite her to dinner.

Do you want me to tell the truth?

He wants you to make a report.

Does she want Petra to be promoted?

Would you like me to show you the sights?

Would you like Elena to join us?

65. I saw that you left the house.

He saw me enter the room.

He heard her sing.

They heard us screaming at each other.

She noticed that Peter ran around the corner.

Did you see them getting on the 10th bus?

Did he see me get off the bus?

Did she hear us sing?

They heard you screaming at Anna?

You notice that he is looking at you

66. Her words made me angry.

His speech made us happy.

Who made you do this?

What makes him get up so early?

Why are you all so nervous?

Who allowed you to take my books?

Why are you letting your daughter go to bed so late?

I do not allow anyone to use my car.

He does not allow us to watch TV in the morning.

Please allow me to help you.

Translation No 1

- Your name is Mary Bright, is not it?

- No, my name is Anna Black. I am a typist. I live and work in Washington. What's your name?

- My name is John Miller. I am an architect. I live and work in Boston. Are you married, Ann?

- No, I'm not married yet. I am nineteen years old. I live with parents. My father is an artist, and my mother is a housewife. Are you married?

- Yes, I am. I have a wife and two sons. My wife is a sociologist; my sons go to school.

- You have parents?

- Yes. They live in Germany. My father works in a meat company, and my mother is a housewife.

- What is her name?

- Her name is Emily Snow. She is sixty years old. She loves me very much.

“Do you often visit your parents?”

- Not. Once or twice a year. This is very bad, isn't it?

- I fully agree with you.

Translation No 2

Translate into English using Speech models and active lesson vocabulary. A list of unfamiliar words is on the last page of this part.

“I know you have three sisters.” Where do they live?

- My elder sister Carolina lives in Detroit. My younger sister Virginia lives works in New York. Lucy lives with our parents in Los Angeles.

- I also have sisters. But one of them lives in Europe, and the other in Australia. I rarely see them.

- It is a pity you very seldom see them. It makes you unhappy. Am i right? .

- Of course. I would like to see them more often.

- Do not you want to go to Australia?

- Really want to. I have a lot of work and I can not afford it.

Word list

acquaintance - acquaintance

acquainted - familiar

agreement - agreement

allowance - permission

Am i right? - I'm right?

Am i wrong? - I am wrong?

angry - angry

architect - architect

coincidence - coincidence

corner - corner

daughter - daughter

designer - designer

dream - dream

day-dreaming - to dream in reality

editor - publisher

electronic –electronic

electronic engineer - electronic engineer

engineer - engineer

for the time being - currently

fortunately - fortunately

fortune - luck

get off - exit (from public transport)

happiness - happiness

happy - happy

to hear - hear

housewife - housewife

I fully agree with you. - Totally agree with you.

invitation - invitation

invited - invited

It is only natural. - This is completely natural.

law - law

lawyer - lawyer, lawyer

marriage - marriage

married - married, married

nervous - nervous

to notice - notice

private - private

promotion - promotion, promotion

reporter - speaker, journalist

seldom - rarely (used only with qualifiers)

she adores her trade - she loves her job

to shout - scream

to sing - sing

singer - singer, singer

sociologist - sociologist

sociology - sociology

to adore - adore

to agree - agree

to allow - allow

to be married - to be married, to be married

to be on friendly terms - to be on friendly terms

to be promoted

to be right - be right

to be wrong - make mistakes

to dream - dream

to get acquainted - to be familiar

to go to bed - go to bed

to invite - invite

to join smb. - join someone

to look after - keep an eye on

to look after the children - raise children

to make a report - make a report

to make smb. angry - anger anyone

to make smb. happy - make someone happy

to make smb. nervous - annoy anyone

to marry - get married, get married

to promote - promote, promote

to report - make a report

to run the house - housekeeping

to satisfy

to show smb. around - show someone around

to tell a lie \u003d to tell lies - lie

to tell the truth - tell the truth

to watch

Too bad! - What a pity!

trade - trade

to translate - translate

unfortunately - unfortunately

What a coincidence! - What a coincidence!

LECTURE III - PLACES OF VOCABULARY IN THE DICTIONARY COMPOSITION AND THEIR STYLIST DIFFERENTIATION. Conversational Vocabulary Speech styles depend on the social context in which the communication process takes place. The word may or may not be appropriate for a particular situation. The stylistic characteristic of the word allows you to use it in any of the functional styles. I.V. Arnold considers functional styles “subsystems of the language, each of which has its own specific features in vocabulary and phraseology, in syntactic constructions, and sometimes in phonetics” 1. Each style is a system of closely related lexical, grammatical and phonetic means. Consider the lexical features of functional styles. In English, it is customary to distinguish the following functional styles (classification of I. R. Halperin): - the style of scientific prose or the scientific style; - style of official documents or official style; - newspaper style; - journalistic style; - art style 2. Some of these styles have their own underlays. For example, the art style combines the language of poetry, prose and drama. I.R. Halperin distinguishes two types of newspaper style: a) the style of newspaper messages, headlines and ads, which, in his opinion, constitute the essence of the newspaper style, and b) the style of newspaper articles, which is a kind of journalistic style, which also includes the oratory and essay styles3 . I.V. Arnold includes in his classification colloquial, poetic, business and oratory as separate styles4. The system of functional styles is an object of stylistic research. The scope of communication also includes circumstances that accompany the process of speech production in each individual case. There is professional communication, an informal conversation, a lecture, an official letter, a telephone conversation, etc. All these situations can be generally divided into formal and informal. I.R. Halperin offers the following stylistic classification of the lexical units of the English language used in formal and informal situations, which are “served” by various functional styles: 1. Neutral, general literary, and colloquial vocabulary; 2. Special literary vocabulary: 1 Arnold I.V. The style. Modern English. - M .: Flint: Science, 2002.P. 320. 2 See: Galperin I.R. Stylistics. - M., 1977. 3 See: Galperin I.R. Stylistics. - M., 1977.4 See: Arnold I.V. The style. Modern English. - M .: Flint: Nauka, 2002. P. 320. 11 terms - poetic words - archaisms, outdated and obsolete words - barbarism - literary occasionalisms; - 3. Special colloquial vocabulary: slang - jargonisms - professionalisms - dialect words - vulgarisms1. - We offer the following classification of the vocabulary of the English language: 1. A layer of informal vocabulary: - colloquial words and expressions - slang - jargon - vulgarisms - professionalism - dialect words and expressions; 2. A layer of formal vocabulary: - scientific or book words - terms - archaisms - barbarism - poetic words; 3. A layer of basic (neutral, common) vocabulary. Spoken words and expressions In informal situations, spoken words and expressions are used. They can be heard in the family circle, in conversations with relatives, friends, etc. The informal conversation of educated people is different from the conversation of uneducated people; vocabulary used by adults is different from the words and phrases of adolescents, youth, etc. Many also use dialect words and phrases. It should be noted that the choice of vocabulary depends on the situation of communication, the level of education and culture, age, profession, place of residence of the communicants. Spoken words are units of informal vocabulary used by the majority of the population of all age groups. I.V. Arnold divides spoken words into the following subgroups: 1 See: Galperin I.R. Stylistics. - M., 1977. 12 - literary and colloquial words (words used by educated layers of society in everyday oral or written communication); - familiar spoken words (a layer of more emotional vocabulary, which includes a lot of humorous and ironic words and expressions); - colloquial words (words used mainly by uneducated people). In British and American literature of the XX century. many colloquial words are used, such as some sort of, to be good enough at, chap, lad, bloke, stuff, kid, guy, pal, chum, exam, fridge, flu, movie, minerals, thing, to chuck, something, to quit, to fire, to put up with something, to make up, to do away, to turn up etc. These lexical units demonstrate the presence of compression in a conversational functional style, which is expressed in the frequent use of single-morphic lexical units, phrasal verbs, abbreviations, ellipses, words of wide meanings, etc. Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish between literary and colloquial words. Familiar-spoken words are mainly used by young people and poorly educated people (doc, shut up, to pick up somebody). Since familiar words are quite emotional and emphatic, this layer also includes some swear words and their euphemisms, for example, damn, confounded, beastly, lousy. Such words can express both positive and negative emotions, for example, damned pretty, damned nice, beastly mean. Classification of colloquial vocabulary given by Yu.M. Screbnevym, includes the following subsections: - actually colloquial words (colloquial synonyms of neutral words) or words that do not have exact equivalents in the neutral or literary layers: molly-coddle, drifter; - phonetic variants of neutral words: gaffer (grandfather), baccy (tobacco), feller, fella (fellow); - diminutive variants of neutral words: granny, daddy, lassie, piggy; - colloquial vocabulary of polysemantic words; their figurative meanings allow them to be used in the colloquial sphere: hedgehog (an unmanageable, difficult person); - interjection: gee !, eh ?, well, huh, etc1. 1 See: Skrebnev Y.M. Fundamentals of English Stylistics. - M., 2003. 13 Slang Used on modern stage the development of the language of a word, the meanings of which underwent a metaphorical transfer, belong to the slang layer. This layer of vocabulary is used in informal speech. The criterion for distinguishing slang from colloquial words is that slang units are mainly metaphors with humorous, rude, mocking or cynical coloring, for example, mug, saucers, lamps, blinkers, trap, nuts. Slang lexical units and expressions have a high degree of emotionality, appreciation, and expressiveness. Yu.M. Skrebnev defines slang as a layer of vocabulary, which includes words understood and used by everyone. Such lexical units are intentional substitutes for neutral or book words and expressions, i.e., as a rule, slang units have their common synonyms1. It is necessary to separate the terms “slang” and “jargon”, since there are social and professional jargons that are incomprehensible to other people. However, many slang words and expressions initially appeared in highly professional groups, and then moved to the slang layer. In addition, some words that were previously considered slangisms now refer to a layer of common vocabulary. One of the psychological reasons why people try to use slang words and expressions is the tendency for the expression to be new. Slang is also used to demonstrate independence and bravado, to break the established rules of speech, to be different from others, and also to demonstrate belonging to a particular social group, to seem fashionable and modern. Slang, as you know, is usually used by young people and poorly educated people. H. Bradley notes that we use slang only because these are “wrong” words. We use them in the same way as we use a nickname instead of a person’s real name2. Changes constantly occur in the slang layer: words appear, then are replaced by other words. Many slangisms are used in parallel, so there are many synonyms in this layer. For example, there are many slang words that denote such everyday objects and concepts as food, money, for example, chuck, chow, grub, hash (food), dough, jack, tin, brass, slippery stuff, bones (money), za (pizza), sounds (music), digits (telephone). There are many slang words in British and American English with the meaning “good” and the opposite meaning “bad”, for example, golden, toxic, hype, decent etc. :: gnarly, beige, wacky, cheesy, etc. 1 See: Ibid. 2 See: Bradley H. The Making of English: McMillan and Co. Ltd. - L., 1937. 14 It is interesting to note that some words with a negative connotation in the framework of commonly used, neutral vocabulary are endowed with a positive connotation in the slang layer and vice versa, for example, rags (clothes), pretty (silly). Quite a lot of slangisms refer to things and concepts that are contrary to public morality, as well as to those things that cause strong emotions (women, money, alcohol, crime, drugs, sex, study, etc.). Here are a few examples: godbox (church), foo-foo water (eau de cologne), pig (fat woman), bear (policeman), Christmas tree (a drunk person), student (a person who has recently started using drugs), taxi (5-15 year sentence), horse (crib), laughing soup (champagne, alcohol), joint (a cigarette with marijuana), hormone (a person who keeps thinking and talking about sex), fossil (a student who has been studying for too long), etc. Slang American youth is an open system, which constantly penetrates a lot of jargon, for example, zombie (an addicted marijuana smoker). In addition, some slang units are borrowed from television programs, films and cartoons: jeopardy champion (a smart person), fred (a fool - from the Flintstones series). It should be noted that in addition to the metaphor, other pathways also take part in the formation of slang units, for example, killing - astonishing (hyperbole), skirt - girl (metonymy), clear as mud (irony), etc. A lot of scientific work is devoted to slang. In addition, there are many slang dictionaries, including in electronic versions. Jargonisms The layer of informal vocabulary includes jargon, which can be found within a specific professional or social group. Jargonisms are informal or humorous substitutes for neutral, commonly used lexical units or units of other vocabulary layers. I.R. Halperin defines jargon as words that exist in every language, the purpose of which is to maintain the secrecy of a particular social group. Since most jargon is incomprehensible to people who are not members of this social or professional group that uses them, they are social in nature. In the USA and Great Britain, almost every social group has its own jargon, for example, the jargon of thieves and criminals (slang), the jargon of musicians, the army jargon, the jargon of athletes, lawyers, students, football fans (examples from the Russian language: rose, dog, astronauts ) etc. Jargonisms can be divided into two groups. The first includes the names of objects, phenomena and processes characteristic of a particular profession. These names can be compared with the “nicknames” of official terms used in a specific professional field, 15 for example, picture show (battle), sewing machine (machine-gun), an egg (cadet pilot). These units have moved from the layer of common vocabulary. The second group includes professional terms that are used to denote ordinary, everyday things, phenomena, processes: big gun (an important person). As noted above, jargon can go beyond the professional sphere of use and become slang units. Some jargon pass into the layer of common vocabulary, for example, GI (an American soldier). Vulgarisms I.R. Halperin includes the following lexical units in a layer of vulgar vocabulary: a) strong expressions and swear words (damn, bloody, to hell, goddamn, etc.); b) indecent words. Nowadays, vulgarisms can often be found in modern prose, movies, lyrics. The functions of such lexical units are to transmit strong emotions, for example, irritation, anger, rage, etc., which combines them emotionally with interjections. Professionalisms Professionalisms are monosemantic words that are used in a certain professional field by people who have common interests. The difference between professionalisms and terms is that the terms are used mainly to name new objects and concepts in various fields of science and technology, while professionalisms give new names to existing objects, concepts, objects and tools. Let's look at some examples of professionalism: tin-fish (submarine), piper (a specialist who decorates pasty with the help of a cream-pipe), outer (a knock-out blow). According to Yu.M. Skrebneva, the emergence of professionalism is the result of an emphatic protest against official terms and common vocabulary1. Sometimes it’s difficult to distinguish professionalism from jargon, but the main characteristic of professionalism is that they do not preserve any secrecy relating to a particular social group or subgroup; they penetrate into other social strata and groups. Dialect words and expressions I.R. Halperin gives the following definition of dialecticism: “Dialect words are those words that, in the process of becoming the national version of the English language, remained for him 1 See : Skrebnev Y.M. Fundamentals of English Stylistics. - M., 2003. 16 literary limits and the use of which is limited to a certain locality ”1. The dialecticisms used in speech transmit information about the person’s place of residence. Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish dialect words from spoken ones, since some words can enter the layer of colloquial vocabulary, while preserving their dialect shades. For example, the words lass, lad, daft, fash penetrated into the layer of colloquial vocabulary from Scottish and North English dialects. Some dialect phonetic features may be reflected in spelling. Consider examples from the Norfolk dialect: bin (been), hev (have). Dialect words and phrases can be found in other versions of the English language (American, Canadian, South African, etc.). For example, in the Canadian version of the English language there are the following dialectisms: housecoat (dressing gown), parvel (fisherman's apron), linny (barn), clumper (small valley), aput (catch of fish that fits in a boat), do-less (lazy dog) , fogeater (sun). Some Canadian dialects include Irish, French, and Native American loanwords. There are also dialect phrases, e.g., to give a conference \u003d to give a lecture (Quebec dialect). Questions for the seminar: 1. The system of functional styles and stylistic differentiation of the vocabulary of the English language. 2. Spoken words and expressions. 3. Slang. 4. Jargonisms. 5. Vulgarisms. 6. Professionalism. 7. Dialect words and phrases. Exercises: 1. Determine which of the functional styles the following passages belong to. Write down the lexical units inherent in these styles. By what other signs can you relate these passages to a specific style? 1 Galperin I.R. Stylistics. - M., 1977. S. 116. 17 A) Dear Sirs, By now you will have received our new price-list giving details of the reduction in prices for all our Dry Batteries, which came into effect on January, 1st. Similar reductions were made in other markets and the result has so greatly exceeded our expectations that our stocks are rapidly diminishing. While we are producing at full speed, we may be unable to pace with the exceptional demand, and a slight delay in dispatch may soon become unavoidable. You have probably intended to reorder shortly; if we are right in thinking this, we would ensure immediate dispatch from stock. Yours faithfully, Martin Kimland Sales Manager B) Insecurity Haunts North African Regimes South-Med Hopes Southern Mediterranean states hope to exploit their growing internal security concerns as a means of intensifying pressure on the European Union to cement inter-regional ties during the Barcelona summit. Among North African states there is growing insistence that the EU should respond more positively to demands for resources which would bolster the incumbent governments of the region in the face of insecurity they portray as threatening to Europe. The EU aid package for Mediterranean states, amounting to 4 billion pounds, announced at the Cannes summit in June, is considered by the beneficiaries as little more as a token gesture. North African states will use the Barcelona meeting to emphasize the link between political insecurity and a lack of investment. Smail Benamara, Algerian councilor for foreign affairs says: “It’s necessary to give much more money than that provided at Cannes. There cannot be stability and security without the settling of the social questions. ”C) The gold paper was stamped with a pattern of ridges and spines, a miniature nautilus wrapped around dark imported chocolate. Unlike cheap candy that clawed and irritated, this confection slipped down the throat and satisfied. The gold paper was subtly textured and, like fine damask, when angled just so to the light, it revealed secret designs - diamonds - iridescent and intermittent. Opened flat, the foil was about a three-inch square. It never failed to amaze Fei Lo how boxes and bags could be knocked down to a flat piece of hard paper with notches and missing corners. But the spines that formed this shell design could not be flattened. They were hot-stamped into the paper almost permanently giving the wrapped chocolate its crisp elegance. Fei Lo turned the foil over. A shard of chocolate fell free from the crease. He stared at it before knocking it into his mouth. 18 2. Write down colloquial and slang words and phrases from the stories below. A) Slave Driver Four school kids from Oklahoma are dragging the entire state’s education system through the courts after they were forced to take part in what the ir school called a “creative history lesson”. It seems that their teacher wanted them to get a taste of life on a slave ship and to this end had the children tied up with masking tape and beaten by their fellow pupils. Most teachers would have drawn the line at the beating, but this particular teacher was clearly a bit of an adventurous soul because he then ordered that they be “imprisoned” together in a shower stall and smeared with the contents of dirty nappies in order that they get a flavor of what life was really like on the journey from Africa to the New World. B) Smart but Smelly A student of astrophysics at the University of Oslo has had his appeal against expulsion from the university rejected. For the 22-year-old astronomer this was just one of many defeats he has faced in his battle to be readmitted to the university on his own terms. While the university authorities would be more than happy to have him back if their decision could be based purely on his academic record (astrophysics tend to be very clever) the authorities will not allow him into the building until he agrees to wash on a regular basis . The student claims that a lack of soap and water enables him to get a better grip on cosmology and is to appeal to the European Court of Human Rights in a further attempt to gain readmission. C) A Wonderful Son This should serve as a warning to all those parents who insist on teaching their children “the value of money”. A woman in York has begun legal proceedings against her son after he refused to share the proceeds from a winning lottery ticket with her. For the last two years, mother and son have each been putting in £ 20 per month to buy lottery tickets, which the son would pay for and pick up every Saturday before going to work. One particular Saturday evening he rang his mother to say that they had won two million pounds on one of their tickets. The mother was thrilled to hear this and spent the evening deciding on what she was going to do with her share. Imagine her disappointment when, the following morning, her son called to say that he had made a mistake and that the winning ticket had in fact not been one of theirs, but one that he had bought on his own. 19 D) Busted by Invitation Dope smokers the world over seem to be welcoming the tendency of many police forces to turn a blind eye to what the law is beginning to see as a fairly harmless habit. However, even the police can only lighten up so much. Two officers arrived at a house in Massachusetts after someone accidentally dialed 911 and then hung up. After being invited into the house, the officers were surprised to find marijuana being smoked. They were going to let it pass until the lady of the house proudly showed them a huge store of the stuff in the kitchen. The woman and her husband were a little taken aback to find themselves in court on charges of cultivating and supplying marijuana. (From The Best Book of Bizarre But True Stories by Mike Flynn) 3. The words and expressions below belong to the slang and vulgarism layers. Distribute the words into these two groups. What do you think they mean? Use the dictionary to translate these words. bosh to carry the ball poppycock skunk srap nigger bucks a little snot nose grand barking iron sickener mucker goner goldbricker sozzler jerker smeller student Aunt Mary tea-head African Black cactus juice killer banana-head antifreeze bedroom eyes flakes, ice noser 20

Veronika Alekseeva Grade 6 MOU Secondary School No. 11 g Vyborg

Veronika Alekseeva, grade 8, conducted a study to identify examples of spoken English, systematized and compared them with literary English.

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Municipal educational institution "Secondary school No. 11 with in-depth study of individual subjects" English school "

SPECIAL FEATURES OF SPEAKING ENGLISH

English research paper

Work completed:

Alekseeva Veronika

Student 8 "A" class

MOU secondary school number 11

Head of work:

Maksimova V.V.,

english teacher

Vyborg

2011

1 Introduction 3

2 From the history of the development of spoken English 4

3 Features of spoken English 6

4 Systematization of spoken vocabulary 9

5 Conclusion 9

2 Features of spoken English

Conversational AJ is often a dialogue. Dialogical speech in any language is characterized by the fact that the process of thought formation proceeds almost simultaneously with the process of direct communication, as if “on the go”. Combinations of words in a sentence, the rules for their construction, therefore, receive the character of inconsistency, which is a consequence of ill-conceived. Violation of syntactic norms is observed in spoken English.

1. Now I will give some features of spoken Englishin terms of phonetics.

As you know, the pace of the oral type of speech in comparison with the written is significantly accelerated. The accelerated pace of English spoken language causes the merging of individual forms of the word. Because of this, understanding of spoken AJ by ear can cause certain difficulties, because often many words are pronounced in abbreviated form, for example:because \u003d "coz or them \u003d" em; , can "t, shouldn" t he "s   or separate verbal components fall out of expressions. This phenomenon is calledreduction   and is one of the main features of English colloquial phrases.

1. The next important feature of spoken English isvoicing.

1. Spoken English is also characterized bylexical   features, the main of which isreduction and modification of phrases. For example, instead ofwant to be used by wanna, and instead of going to - gonna . Often can be found and uselemmi instead of let me , and a similar phrase  gimmi instead of give me. It is very difficult to find a song text or an oral conversation in which there is no mention of at least one of these phrases.

1. It is known that the accelerated pace of English colloquial speech is the basis on which new forms of the word arise, which areshort for more complete forms. So, for example, there were words of the English language, which respectively received the characteristics of spoken english wordslike mike from microphone; gent from gentleman; car from motorcar; taxi from taxi-cab. Some of these formations of colloquial English speech are considered as words on the verge of vernacular or jargon.
   

1. Double negation in English

In literary English, one denial is enough.

For example: I don "t have anything. - I have nothing.

I saw nobody. “I have not seen anyone.”

In colloquial AJ, the use of double negation is possible.

For example: I don’t have nothing. If you really want to complain about my impoverished life, you can say “Poor I, poor, I have absolutely nothing!” Also in films, you can often hear phrases like “I didn "t kill nobody" ("I didn’t kill anyone"). In such cases, double negation reinforces the meaning of what has been said.

1. Even for oral speech in modern English, the use of a question in syntactic form is also characteristic affirmative offer. For example: "You have been to school?"

1. In colloquial English speech, which is always more emotionally colored than literary and book one, all kinds ofreinforcing words and turns. For example, the English adverb so is gradually replaced by the adverb that, for example: not that quick, not that far, don "t ask that much. As can be seen from these examples, that is most often used in English for negatives.

The turnover is no less emotionally colored: that you (he, I, etc.) are (was, were, etc.), for example: a fool that I am (stupid like me), villain that he is (evil like him), naive that she is (naive like her) and others.

1. The oral type is also characterized byincompletenessstatements. The situation in which communication in English proceeds does not in some cases require a logical conclusion to the thought, since this conclusion directly follows from the situation itself. It turns out a kind of clipping proposal. For example: if you don "t come I" ll ....

1. The spoken layer of vocabulary and the book-literary layer of vocabulary opposed to it are historical categories. Those words and expressions that in one era belong to colloquial vocabulary, in another become common vocabulary with a neutral color or even go into the category of literary and book vocabulary. And, on the contrary, what is literary and book vocabulary in any era can turn into a category of neutral or colloquial words in subsequent eras. For example, such abbreviated forms as "neath, o" er, e "en, e" er and others in the XVII-XVIII centuries. were forms of lively colloquial speech, and the full forms of these words - beneath, over, even, ever were considered as literary and book formations. In modern English, such abbreviated forms were supplanted from colloquial speech by full forms, and abbreviated forms remained only in the field of literary and book use, namely in the sphere of poetic vocabulary. But! It should not be thought that all book and literary words have neutral or colloquial synonyms. Scientific terms and socio-political vocabulary do not have such synonyms in general.

1. Also in colloquial speech, proverbs, sayings and persistent frequently used phraseological units that are most difficult to understand are quite often used. For example, if you were told “It’s no use crying for the Moon.” And you didn’t know this saying, you would hardly understand the meaning, even if you knew the literal translation of each word.

Having considered all the features of spoken AJ, we understandthat most often all of these features are found together.

As part of colloquial vocabulary, exclamation sentences and interjections should also be considered.

Exclamation sentences begin with the pronoun what (what, what for) or the adverb how (how), followed by a noun with an adjective related to it (after what) or an adverb or adjective (after how). Further, the usual word order of the narrative sentence is preserved, i.e., the subject precedes the predicate. This type of proposal expresses feelings, emotions, attitude to what is reported.

What fine weather it is! - What a wonderful weather!

What interesting books you have brought! - What interesting books you brought!

How clever he is! - How smart he is!

How far it is! - How far away!

Interjection

Interjections provide an opportunity to express feelings and motives, i.e. Give speech an emotionally expressive color.

Interjections in English in coherent speech can act as separate sounds expressing the feelings or motivations of the speaker, as in Russian and any other: Ok! Oh! Ah! Bravo! Hush! Hurrah! etc. or individual expressions that carry the function of interjections, such as: For shame! I am ashamed! Well done! Well done! Wow! etc. Variants of sentences: "Well, perhaps you are right! - Well, maybe you are right.", "Oh! What a pleasure! - Ax, how nice!".

Systematization of spoken vocabulary

If you try to systematize the phenomena characteristic of colloquial vocabulary, then the following can be distinguished.

Inherent in her

Particle and interjection designs

Phraseological constructions

Expression of personal opinion and attitude

High variability of word order

The brevity and ease of pronunciation

These properties of spoken English are primarily striking.

Conclusion

Based on the research, I, firstly, significantly enriched my English spoken language, and secondly, I made some conclusions about how to quickly understand the meaning of certain colloquial expressions.

She developed certain methods of grammatical analysis of linguistic facts.

This mainly concerns the identification of incomplete sentences and the use of shortened grammatical forms.

Thanks to effective video, audio and text materials, I began to better understand the content of the songs, the speech of the characters in the films. It becomes clear that the understanding of spoken English is an important factor in improving the knowledge of this foreign language.

Literature

1Qit. based on G. H. Macknight. "Modern English in the Making" N.Y.D. Appleton & Company, 1930, pp. 129-130.

2 The Works of Jonathan Swift in 19 volumes. Vol. IX, p. 353. Edinburgh. 1824.

3 A History of Modern Colloquial English

4 Sophie Kinsella ‘The Secret Dreamworld of a Shopaholic’

Applications

Variety of colloquial speech

	Field	Colloquial forms
	Opinion	That looks fantastic! That’s not a bad idea. Wasn’t her fault, I suppose
	Advice	That’s great advice! I’ll give it a go!
	Agreement	Sur That’s right. Oh, that sounds nice. Oh, that sounds fun. I’d love to.
	Disagreement	I suppose not
	Refusal
	Complaining
	Apologising	Sorry.
	Encouraging	Great! Sounds good! That sounds interesting
	Request
	Giving praise	Right
	Addressing
	Criticalism	A load of rubbish. Loads of rubbish.
	Commiseration	Oh dear! Sorry to hear that.
	Telephone etiquette	Hi Nick. It’s John here.
	Gratitude	Thanks (a lot).
	Reacting to gratitude	I’m glad I could help. Don’t mention it. Not at all.
	Surprise	Incredible! Imagine that! What a (price), eh? Really? Super! Wow!
	Offering things	Here you are.
	Getting acquainted	Nice to meet you. / -Pleased to meet you.
	Calming	Don’t worry. You’ll be better next time.
	Uncertainty	I’m not really sure. Well, I don’t know.
	Invitation	Why don’t you come next time we go?
	Refusal	Yeah, next time, definitely.
	Suggestestion	Another football magazine?
	Making people be interested	Do you know what? Guess what! (?)
	Asking for repeating	Sorry?

E-mails: Thanks (thanks), Keep in touch (get in touch), How’s it going? (How are you?), Write soon (reply soon) ... etc.

Interjection: Oh! Ooh! Yeah! Wow! Ha! Okay \u003d OK

Fillers (?):

• Emm ... (about three years)
• Well,
• You know
• You see
• Right, (I’m here today to give you advice about getting a job).

Proverbs and sayings

Historians, tracking the development of the paremic fund, register the most important changes in traditions and customs, in the material and spiritual culture of the people. Ethnographers and folklorists are trying to establish a connection between the content of proverbs and national character. Psychologists find in the process of creating a proverb certain traits of human thinking. Linguists learn proverbs and sayings, paying particular attention to the language structure and construction principles. Literary scholars consider in them the peculiar nature of metaphors and symbols, determine the functions of the quintessence of folk wisdom in the context of literary eras.

	Proverb		Russian analogue
	Nothing is lost for asking.		They don’t take money for demand.
	If you run after two hares, you will catch neither.		You’ll chase two hares, you won’t catch a single one.
	Love is neither bought nor sold.		Love is not a potato - you will not throw it out the window.
	Rome was not built in a day.		Moscow was not built in a day.
	He who pleased everyone died before he was born.		You won’t please everyone.
	Nothing is secret, that shall not be made manifest.		The mystery becomes clear.
	Success is never blamed.		Winners are not judged.
	A fault confessed is half redressed.		A fault confessed is half redressed.
	And thing well done is twice done.		Good work has lived for two centuries.
	If you cut the woods, you’ll catch the wolf.		Hold your pocket wider.
	There is life in the old dog yet.		There is life in the old dog yet.
	Catch the bear before you sell his skin.		Don’t say gop until you jump.
	Curses like chickens come home to roost.		As it comes around, it will respond.
	Can the leopard change his spots?		Leopard change his spots.
	The early bird catches the worm.		Whoever gets up early, God gives him.
	A fly in the ointment.		A fly in the ointment in a barrel of honey.
	Love me, love my dog.		Do you like to ride, love and carry a sleigh.
	Curiosity killed the cat.		Curious Barbara in the bazaar tore off her nose.
	A living dog is better than a dead lion.		A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
	One cannot make an omelet without breaking eggs.		The forest is cut - chips fly.

Literary, book and colloquial words

Synonyms Comparison Chart

	Conversational vocabulary	Vocabulary with neutral stylistic coloring	Literary and book vocabulary
		child	infant
	сhap	fellow	associate
	dad / daddy	father	parent
	get out	go away	retire
		run away	flee
		kill	slay- kill, destroy, kill
		attack	assail
		think	deem
		meal	repast
		rest	repose
	set up	found	establish
	fairly	pretty
	Ger ready for	Prepare for
	competition	event

As can be seen from this comparative table, the differences between colloquial and neutral vocabulary, on the one hand, and neutral and literary and book vocabulary, on the other hand, are primarily expressed in emotional coloring. The spoken language often has a certain emotional connotation, sometimes so significant that conditions are created for the emergence of emotional meanings, for example, get out and go away. Literary and book vocabulary also, in some cases, has an emotional connotation - elation, elevation, solemnity and. etc. Emotional coloring usually appears both in colloquial words and in literary and book ones, if they are synonymous, that is, in comparison with each other and with neutral vocabulary.

Examples of colloquial vocabulary from Sophie Kinsella's book “The Secret World of a Shopaholic”

Sophie Kinsella ‘The Secret Dreamworld of a Shopaholic’ - Black Swan (publisher name)

	page	Example from the text of the book	The phenomenon of oral speaking
		‘I’ m   not actually on my new frugal regime yet,am I? I ’m just monitoring myself.’ And then, because I have not yet begun a new life without frills,i only calculate all my expenses, right?	Using optionam I   instead of literaryaren’t I, abbreviated form of the verb
		‘So how come you’ re so smart? ’ ‘I always look smart,’ she parries. - Why are you so business today? “I always look that way,” she counters. “Didn't you notice?”	The absence of an auxiliary verb in the interrogative sentence, abbreviated form of the verb
		‘D ’You want a drink?’ Comes Suze’s voice through the door. Do you want a drink? ”Seuss shouts.	A shortened version of the worddo

SMS - mobile phone language

The following table shows the most commonly used words in the SMS language with translation.

SMS abbreviations and abbreviations

@ \u003d at MOB \u003d mobile

AFAIK \u003d as far as I know MS \u003d message

ATB \u003d all the best MYOB \u003d mind your own business

B \u003d be NE1 \u003d anyone

BBL \u003d be back late (r) NO1 \u003d no one

BCNU \u003d be seeing you OIC \u003d oh I see

B4 \u003d before PCM \u003d please call me

BRB \u003d be right back PLS \u003d please

BTW \u003d by the way PPL \u003d people

C \u003d see RUOK \u003d are you okay?

CUL8R \u003d see you later SIT \u003d stay in touch

F2F \u003d face to face SPK \u003d speak

F2T \u003d free to talk THKQ \u003d thank you

FYI \u003d for your information TTYL \u003d talk to you

GAL \u003d get a life TX \u003d thanks

GR8 \u003d great U \u003d you

HAND \u003d have a nice day WAN2TLK \u003d want to talk?Slide 2

English Spoken English Standard English

From the history of the development of colloquial English. Lack of norms in the field of word use, grammar, phonetics. Asphyxiation of the formation of new words. The emergence of many complex words. deep-sore deep-sweet; deep-wounded deep-brain "d shelter t o shelter

From the history of the development of colloquial English discrepancies in generally accepted norms. Division of the language into literary and nationwide XVII century.

From the history of the development of colloquial English The language of clogging up words and expressions that have not yet received widespread recognition Against neologisms of the 18th century. r ep \u003d reputation po s \u003d positive J. Swift (1667–1745)

Signs of spoken English Phonetic Grammar Lexical

Phonetic Reduction About jamming because \u003d "co s them \u003d" em can "t shouldn" t he "s‘ D ’you want a drink?’ Why am I here? Am I just wastin ’my time ?!

Grammar ‘I’m not actually on my new frugal regime yet, am I? I’m just monitoring myself. ’‘ So how come you’re so smart? ’‘ Missing you already ’. You’’ve been to school? Yes, I have. I didn "t kill nobody

Lexical w onna - want to Word abbreviations To idiom phrases Incomplete utterances Amplification Phraseological turns  lemme - let me g onna - going to g immi - give me mike \u003d microphone If you don "t come I" ll .... a fool that I am It’s no use crying for the Moon

The totality of all the features of spoken English. We gonna leave soon? Yeah. Jus ’lemme grab a bite to eat. Sure. No rush. Coming soon? Yes. Just grab something. By itself. Do not rush.

Exclamation sentences Interjections What fine weather it is! How far it is! Well done! Oh! W hat a pleasure! Oh! For shame! Ah!

02.16.2011 Wow! That sounds nice. I suppose not Systematization of the phenomena of conversational vocabulary of a construction with particles and interjections of a phraseological construction of an expression of personal opinion and attitude high variability of word order brevity and ease of pronunciation

06/04/2011 Conclusions Acquiring experience in working with English colloquial texts Easier understanding of colloquial texts (dialogs, proverbs and sayings) Expanding the supply of colloquial vocabulary Replenishing knowledge on the use of colloquial English Developing specific methods for grammatical analysis of language phenomena

The end! Thanks for attention