What problems raises Fonvizin in the Comedy "Nepal" you will learn in this article.

"Nepal": problems

Problems raised in the comedy "inexpensive":

1. What should a true nobleman be - and does Russian nobility answer to his appointment?

2. The need for enlightenment, education - the absence of them ..

3. We will miss the peasants and arbitrarians.

Each of the specified issues is considered through the prism of the ideas of enlightenment. Fonvizin, exacerbating the attention of the disadvantages of the era through the comic techniques, makes emphasis on the need to change the traditional, outdated, long-in-respectal foundations, which are tightened by people in the worst of "worship", stupidity, liketing their animals.

The problem of education in the comedy "inexpensive"

The problem of education acquired state importance in the representation of Fonvizin, because in the right upbringing, the only reliable, in his opinion, was rooted, the source of salvation from the energies to the society - the spiritual degradation of the nobility.

Education should give a "direct price of scholars", awaken humane, human-loving feelings, to promote the overall improvement of the morals.

"Lady" problem of serfdom

The topic of the displacement of peasants and the arbitrariness of the landowners is indicated by the writer already in the first action. The first replica is simple: "Kaftan is all spoiled. Eremeevna, lead here the fraudster Trushka. He, the thief, he studied him everywhere "- introduces us to the atmosphere of the arbitrariness of the landlord. All further five phenomena are devoted to the show of this arbitrariness.
So begins "inexpensive." The main conflict of the socio-political life of Russia is the arbitrariness of landlords, supported by the highest authority, and the use of serfs - becomes a comedy theme. The dramatic conflict "inexpressible" is the struggle of progressively tuned advanced nobles - Predian and Starodama - with serfs - simple and cattle.
Slavery, and not education corrupts and dismisses the landowners themselves, - makes the second conclusion of Fonvizin. The drama is severely and accurately declares: Russian noblemen turned into cattle, lost honor, dignity, humanity, became cruel executions of the people around them and all-silent tyrants and parasites only as a result of serfdom. Hence the demonstration of the cattlein nature of those who call themselves the "noble estate", - is the prostata, her husband, her son, her brother. The slave owners not only turned their peasants in the "high cattle", but also became vile and contemptible hills.
The main intention of the phonvizin in "inexpressible" and showed all actions, actions, thoughts of simple and cattle, all their morality and interests in social conditionality. . They are generated by serfdom, says Fonvizin. That is why from the first to the last act the theme of serfdom permeates all the work.

... to catch with slavery to yourself like lawlessness.
D. I. Fonvizin

"Everything turned pale to two bright works: in front of the comedy" inexpensive "phonvizin and" grief from the mind "of Griboyedov. They do not have a ridicule of one person, but wounds and diseases of the entire society exposed to the appearance. "

These words said about Fonvizin the Grand Russian writer N.V. Gogol. What was caused by the stiffness of phonvizin, what did his evil jokes eat? ..

The decree of Catherine II 1762 "On the Volosts of the Nobility" gave the almost unlimited rights of the noble estate. And the age of Catherine became the time of the external heyday and the inner decline of the country, in all respects, ranging from the enlightenment and ending with the development of serfdom. In the Catherine Epoch, the position of the peasants was especially difficult, because the power of landowners over serfs was not limited. Progressive people of their time set a question about any limitations of the arbitrarians. They belonged to them and one of the first Russian comediograms Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin, who in his comedy "inexpensive" clearly showed that slavery "could not be tolerable in a vague state."

Fonvizin in his comedy depicted in the images of space-like, cattle not the disadvantages of individuals, but brightly, colorfully and, most importantly, very accurately characterized all destroyers-landlords with their rudeness, cruelty, ruthless attitude to the peasants subject to them. These landowners pursue the thirst for the accumulation, greed, passion of profit: they are all sacrificed to their personal. Characteristic of the attitude of them - in particular, Mrs. Prostaya and her son - to education. Not considering it necessary, they thus emphasize their moral inconsistency. Their arbitrariness makes the life of serfs heavy, full suffering, deprivation and pain. No one lives from such landlords: neither yard or rural. Both those and others feel the powerful and ruthless hand of Mr. Fonvizin in his comedy, revealing the image of Mitrofan, makes it clear that with a new, young generation the position of the peasants will not improve, and, most likely, it will become even harder, since "What can get out of such Mitrofan, for which ignorants - parents pay Yeshe And money is ignorant - teachers. "

On the images of destroyers and their peasants, Fonvizin showed how the plant's crust is underway under the influence of serfdom. The ideology of these people is entirely coincided with their social status. If Eremenna is a slave in the shower, then Prostakova is a true slave owner. The whole comedy is "inexpensive" completely reflects real reality. Belinsky said that "together with the kernel Fonvione there is a complete expression of the Ekaterini century." Fonvizin himself is a foam french. He can't talk about the complete destruction of serfdom, he speaks only about his softening. But the main ideological character of the "inexpensive" beginners - against the oppression of the human person. "To cohere yourself to a slavery for yourself unplanned," he says.

A widely educated, prominent politician, Fonvizin in his works not only acted as an expressive of the advanced ideas of the social and political life of Russia of the time, but also made an invaluable contribution to the treasury of Russian literature. Fonvizin was the first of the Russian writers and playwrights with the chief of serfdom. In his immortal "inexpensive", he very expressively portrayed an unlimited arbitrariness of the landlord power, which adopted ugly forms during the strengthening period of an autocably-serf system under Catherine II. According to the rules of classicism, the events in the comedy occur over one day in one place - the estate of the preloading landowners. The names of the heroes are extremely eloquent, they can tell a lot about their media: Pravdin, Starodules, Motherman, Cattlenin. Unlimited arbitrariness of the landlord in Kome-Dyia "Nepali" is depicted bright and expressive. K. V. Pigarev wrote that "Fonvizin was correctly guessed and crocated in negative images of his comedy the essence of the social strength of serfdom, showed the typical features of Russian serfs in general, regardless of their social position."

Pulse, cruelty, ignorance, the limitations of the founders of Fonavizin brighter than everything in negative images of the comedy: "The Mrs. Inhuman, where tolerantly not can be tolerant in the branched state," contemplated Furia "calls the serfthrower of Pravdin. What is this special? All the behavior of space-proof antisocial, she is a terrible egoist, used to worry only about her benefit. Many times throughout the Comedy, Prostakov demonstrates its inhuman attitude towards the serfs, which she and for people does not think, since it turns to them, like animals: "And you, cattle, come closer", "and you're really a girl, dog Are you daughter?

Is it in my house, except your badger, and there are no maid? " The landowner is confident in his own impunity, for the slightest provinity, she is ready to "kill to death" of his servants. In his house, Prostakova is a domineering and cruel despot, and not only for serfs. Workshops Washing Your & Copy A L L S C H. R u a bright husband, Prostakova calls him that "Rokhley", then "freak". She was accustomed to his farewell submission. Ugly forms takes from the prostata and her passionate love for the only son - sixteen years old will nourish Mitrofanushka.

It is persistently and scenario, she gives him their main commandments of life: "No money, I can not share with anyone. All of yourself take, "" I do not learn this stupid science. " Itself ignorant and illiterate so much that it cannot read letters, Prostakova understands that her son without education is closed in public service. She is nimatting teachers, asks Mightfan to learn a little, but he takes her hostile attitude towards education and enlightenment.

"Without sciences, people live and lived," we are confident. The native brother of Prostaya Taras Skalinin is not only no less dick, limited and immoral than his sister, but also cruel and despoted with the serfs, which he not only mocks, but also "masterfully rushes." The most valuable and expensive cattle in life - Pigs.

This animal lives at the landlord much better than people. The vices of the serfs, their ignorance, greed, korestolyvy, egoism, are visible as a palm, since these people themselves do not consider it necessary to hide them. They believe that their power is limitless and continued. However, Fonvizin in his comedy expressively showed that the serfdom is not only the peasants turns into frosting slaves, but also stuns and relieves the landowners themselves.

Positive images of representatives of the advanced DV-RMNECTION (Starods, Pravdin, Sophia, Milon) are opposed to self-sustained comedies. They are educated, smart, charming, humane. Stokers are a real patriot, for which the main thing is to serve the debris. He is honest and smart, does not tolerate hypocrisy, ready to fight injustice.

Elders requires limiting the arbitrariness of the king and landlords, sharply speaking against the "yard", where "almost no one drives" on a straight road "and where the soul souls are found." The attitude of the old Duma to serfdom is expressed in the words: "to cohere yourself to a slavery of themselves for unplanable." I worry him and the problems of the upbringing of noble children: "What can I get out of Mitrofanushka for the Fatherland, for which the parents are still paying for money to teachers? Fifteen years later and it turns out instead of one slave two: the old uncle is yes a young barin. " Pravdin in the comedy is a like-minded emergency, he supports his advanced glances in everything.

It is with the help of this Fonononovin suggests one of the possible ways to limit the arbitrarian authorities. Pravdin is a state official. Making sure the inability to simply control the estate, he takes it under the custody.

Thus, we see that Fonvizin in his comedy with the help of Satira objected arbitrariness and despotism of Russian serfdom. He managed to create expressive portraits of destroyers - landowners, opposing them as an advanced progressive nobility and representatives of the people.

Need a cheat sheet? Then save - "the impact of a serf system in the comedy D. I. Fonvizin" Nepali ". Literary writings!

The serfdom was a real tragedy for the entire Russian people. The landowner was for the serf and owner, and the judge, and the executioner, if necessary. Trade and exchange of people in the XVIII century walked ...

It is such that - "fastener" by Russia depicted in the Comedy "Nepali", written in 1782, Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin. In it, the playwright showed the authentic face of serfdom and its main carriers - landowners. The greedy and cruel landowners of spacers and cattle are watching fasteners as working cattle. The prostacuated "trouble" - she can not fit with the peasants with more than what has already taken away. Her son is inexpensive to Mitrofanushka - under being their stubborn and stupid Mother. Three teachers have been unsuccessfully trying to drive in the head of "Relika" at least some kind of knowledge. Perhaps Mitrofan is even more terrible than his parents and uncle. Those were at least some attachments (at least for pigs, like a cattle). Mitrofan does not like anyone, he is angry, ignorant and besides aggressive. The preloader is completely subordinate to his wife and does not dare to tell her not a word against it. Silent life and Socyota Sofia, living in the house of these gentlemen, is promised to the wife of Natilin. The serf Eremeevna tries to please their mistress, and in return receives "five rubles per year, and five patches for the day." Prostakova does not regret anyone from his peasants. When she reports that the Palaside's courtyard lies in delight, the serpent shouts: "Birth, Bestiya! As if noble! " And how many such landsel drivers were in Russia! Recall at least the infamous landowner Daria Saltykov, which frightened to death about hundreds of his peasants. It is unknown, whether Porola is pierced by Prostakova, but its inhumanity in relations, even with close people, says that she could well do it. Prostakova was so accustomed to impunity that even with Sofia wants to do as with the fortress, to force her for marriage with Mitrofan, learning that the girl would inherit ten thousand rubles. Prostakova stops only power, and it understands only the language of force. At the last moment, when Sophia is trying to be secretly taken to marry with Mitrofan, the stories save their niece and deprives the landowner of her power, saying: "You feel better than yourself, having lost the power to do others badly." Material from site.

In the finals of the comedy evil punished, and good triumphs. Fonvizin seems to show the government, as it should be done with the brutal landlords. The writer believed that serfdom inhibits the economic and cultural development of Russia and expressed his sharply negative attitude towards serfs living at the expense of the peasants. A. S. Pushkin highly appreciated the noble activity of Fonvizin, calling him the "satirs of the bold lord" and "friend of freedom."

In this lesson, you will continue to get acquainted with the work of Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin "Nepali", consider how the author presented the problems of upbringing and serfdom in his play, what kind of yield he sees from this situation.

After that, many events occurred in Russian life: the accession of the Crimea, the legendary transition of Suvorov through the Alps, the foundation of the Czarsco-rural lyceum and the Patriotic War of 1812. And the generation of Pushkin perceives the era of phonvizin almost as respectable antiquity. In the novel "Evgeny Onegin" Pushkin writes:

"... in old years,

Satires bold lords,

Blind Fonvizin, friend of freedom ... "

If such a temporary distance feels Pushkin (Fig. 2) in 1823, telling about the comedy, which was put in 1782, then our generation is even more difficult to understand the work of Fonvizin.

Fig. 2. A.S. Pushkin ()

Like any talented work, the comedy "inexpensive" (Fig. 3) reflects the specific features of a certain era, its unique signs, but at the same time she puts the universal timeless questions. One of them was the issue of education. This topic is very important in general for the tradition of enlightenment, where the focus of human improvement, the cultivation of his mind, the social status of a wise public personality. We remember about the upbringing when we work with such a direction as classicism, where the author is somehow trying to enlighten and raise his reader or viewer. It is not by chance that the product of Fonvizin is very often called the comedy of education. This is such a clarifying genre definition.

Fig. 3. The title list of the first edition of the comedy "inexpensive" ()

Epoch of Enlightenment People of the XVII century wanted to free themselves from ignorance and prejudices, which they seemed to be related to the religious understanding of the world. They planned themselves, without the help of higher strength to improve all parties to public life and man himself. This desire and the strongest faith (no longer in God, and in human power) determined their worldview and behavior. For people of the Epoch of Enlightenment, confidence is characteristic that the cognitive opportunities of a person are absolutely endless. All the laws of nature will ever be open, all riddles are solved. The philosophers of the XVIII century recognize the status of the Creator of the World even for God, but they deny God's intervention in human life directly. They believe that there are some general laws that are managed by nature and society, and try these laws to solve. At this time, an idea of \u200b\u200bthe natural equality of people and the good nature of man is dominated. The enlighteners believe that man is initially good, good and beautiful. There is no original sin, a person is already perfect. Through education and education can be achieved even greater improvement. There are enlighteners capture Europe and come to Russia. The works of French authors have great popularity. Catherine II consisted in correspondence with a Volter (Fig. 4), and Count Gregory Orlov offered another enlightener, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, settle in himself in the estate and considered it for himself the greatest honor. Books of enlighteners are the indispensable affiliation of the noble libraries of the time.

Classicism Classicism is a literary direction, which is based on the following signs: · Cult reason ("Mind"); · The most important principle is the idea of \u200b\u200bstatehood, embodied in the image of an enlightened monarch; · Strict genre hierarchy: High: tragedy, epic, s) (they are depicted social life, history; there are monarchs, heroes, commander), Average: letters, diaries, Low: comedy, satire, bass (the image of the image is the daily life of ordinary people). Mixing a high and low genre was considered incorrect and not allowed; · Recognition of ancient (ancient Greek and Roman) art with a senior example, an eternal ideal; · One-dimension, "simplicity" character characters; frank doctorm (puppiness).

In the comedy, the reader sees the upbringing of Mitrofan, who is a young man, nobleman, inexpensive, that is, those who have not yet grown to the public service, but soon turns. In modern Russian, the concept of "adolescent" is nominal and has a negative semantic color. Initially, the word "inexpensive" did not mean any evaluation. It was social status, even age - a teenager, a teenager, the one who is no longer 18 years and therefore he did not enter into rights and is not responsible. Only because of the comedy "inexpensive" the word that means that we are accustomed to, ignorant, an uneducated person, non-scattered, non-public, brazen.

In the comedy "inexpensive" to the fore, education is coming out and such an important component as education.

Education is the ownership of sciences, it is an increase in scientific knowledge, some academic successes.

Consider what successes exhibit on the field of learning Sciences of the Hero of the Comedy Fonvizin:

The fourth action. PhenomenonVII

Mitrofan. Here I sat down.

Tsyfirkin cleans the griffel.

Ms. Prostakova.And I'm right away. Wallet I think for you, my friend! Sofuhkushkina money was to put the money bud.

Mitrofan.Well! Let's board, garrison rat! Write what to write.

Tsyfirkin.Your Honor, France Frames Frames.

Ms. Prostakova(Working).Ah, Lord My God! A robnok do not dare and choose Paftych! Already angry!

Tsyfirkin.What to disturb, your wellness? We have a Russian proverb: the dog barks, the wind is wearing.

Mitrofan.Create the same goes, turn.

Tsyfirkin.All goes, your wellness. Vista with the tasks of the age of Nazada will be left.

Ms. Prostakova.Not your business, Paftych. I am very cute that Mitrofanushka forward does not like. With his mind, it is far away, and God to get rid!

Tsyfirkin.A task. You knew, on the butt, go along the way with me. Well, at least take with sideways. We found three ...

Mitrofan(writes).Three.

Tsyfirkin.On the road, on the butt, three hundred rubles.

Mitrofan(writes).Three hundred.

Tsyfirkin.I got the case before delegation. Cooked-TKO, for what is brother?

Mitrofan(Computing, whispering).One more - three. Once zero - zero. Once zero - zero.

Ms. Prostakova.What, what before the degree?

Mitrofan.Come, three hundred rubles, that they found, Troim divided.

Ms. Prostakova.He is lying, my heart! Found money, did not share with anyone. All yourself take, Mitrofanushka. Do not learn this stupid science.

Mitrofan.Hear, Paftych, ask another.

Tsyfirkin.Write your wellness. For the teaching, you complain about ten rubles per year.

Mitrofan.Ten.

Tsyfirkin.Now, however, not for that, and you, Barin, who took over me, would not have a sin then and still add ten.

Mitrofan(writes).Well, well, ten.

Tsyfirkin.How many years ago?

Mitrofan(Computing, whispering).Zero yes zero - zero. One yes one ...(Thought.)

Ms. Prostakova.Do not work empty, my friend! I will not add a penny; And not for what. Science is not so. Only you tormence, and all I see, emptiness. No money - what to count? There is money - we descend and without Paftychucho good.

Kuteukin.Shabak, right, Paftychich. Two tasks are solved. Verify the calibration will not lead.

Mitrofan.Probably, brother. Mother here herself will not be mistaken. Stay you are now, Kuteyukin, prunes yesterday.

Kuteukin(Opens per hour, Mitrofan takes a pointer).Let's start blessing. For me, with attention. "Az the same worm ..."

Mitrofan."Az the same worm ..."

Kuteukin.Worm, siren, livestock, cattle. Sire: "Az Esm Cattle".

Mitrofan."AZ EMM Skot".

Mitrofan(same)."Not a man."

Kuteukin."Decompression of people."

Mitrofan."Decompression of people."

Kuteukin."And unfortunate ..."

The fourth action. PhenomenonVIII.

Ms. Prostakova.That's what's the point, the father. For the prayers of our parents, - we, the sinner, where b and chose, the Lord Mitrofanushka gave us. We all did, so that he began with us, how to see him. Unlikely, my father, take care of yourself and see how he is learned?

Elders.About madam! Before my ears, it has already reached that he now only learned. I heard about his teachers and see vague, which literacy he was needed, studying at Kuteyukin, and what mathematics, studying at Zyfirkin. (To the truth.) I would be curious to listen to what German learned him.

Ms. Prostakova, Prostakov(together):

- All Sciences, Batyushka.

- Everything, my father. Mitrofan. Everything you want to.

Pravdin(Mitrofan).What would, for example?

Mitrofan(gives him a book).Here, grammar.

Pravdin(Taking the book).I see. This is grammar. What do you know in her?

Mitrofan. Lot. Evient yes adjective ...

Pravdin.Door, for example, what name: noun or adjective?

Mitrofan.Door, which door?

Pravdin.Kotor door! This one.

Mitrofan.This? Adjective.

Pravdin. Why?

Mitrofan. Because it is attached to its place. Won at Chulana Peda Week the door is not yet hung: so it is existing existing.

Elders. So why do you have a word fool adjective because it is attached to a stupid man?

Mitrofan. And led.

Ms. Prostakova. What, what is my father?

Mitrofan.What is my father?

Pravdin.It is impossible better. In grammar he is strong.

Milon.I think no less in history.

Ms. Prostakova.That is my father, he still dies to the hunter stories.

Cattlein.Mitrofan for me. I am not sizing without that eye, so that the elected does not tell me the stories. Master, dog son, where does what happens!

Ms. Prostakova. However, nevertheless will not come against Adam Adamich.

Pravdin(Mitrofan).Are you in history?

Mitrofan.Far? What is the story. In another, you will fly over the thirty lands, for the thirty kingdom.

Pravdin.BUT! So this story teaches you a mistress?

Elders. Rulman? The name is something familiar.

Mitrofan.No, our Adam Adamich story does not tell; He, that I, the Hunter himself listen.

Ms. Prostakova.They both make themselves telling the stories of the cowgirl Havronye.

Pravdin.Yes, didn't you have anyone studied and geography?

Ms. Prostakova(son).Do you hear my heartfelt friend? What kind of science is?

Prostakov(quiet mother).And I sincer know.

Ms. Prostakova(Quiet Mitrofan).Do not stubborn, dying. Now yourself and show.

Mitrofan(quiet mother).Yes, I will not be able to ask about what.

Ms. Prostakova(Pravdin).How, father, did you call science?

Pravdin.Geography.

Ms. Prostakova(Mitrofan).Hear, eorgafia.

Mitrofan. What is what! Oh my God! Stuck with a knife to the throat.

Ms. Prostakova(Pravdin).And led, father. Yes, tell him, make mercy, what kind of science it is, he will tell her.

Pravdin. Description of the Earth.

Ms. Prostakova(Senior).And why would it be in the first case?

Elders.For the first time it would be good for the fact that if it would happen to go, you know where you are going.

Ms. Prostakova. Oh, my father! Yes, the cabins are what? This is their business. This is the same and science is not noble. The nobleman just say: take me there, - will be brought, where they will be empty. Believe me, the father, that, of course, the nonsense, which Mitrofanushka does not know.

Elders.Oh, of course, madam. In human ignorance it is very comforting to consider everything for nonsense, which you do not know.

Ms. Prostakova.Without science, people live and lived.

The first action. PhenomenonVI

Sophia.Read it yourself, madam. You will see that nothing innocent can be.

Ms. Prostakova.Read it yourself! No, madam, I, thanks God, is not so raised. I can receive letters, but to read them always led another. (To her husband.) Read.

Prostakov(long looking).Wise.

Ms. Prostakova. And you, my father, can be seen, brought up like a red maiden. Brantz, read, fight.

Cattlein.I ? I did not read anything, sister! God went rid of this boredom.

Action third. PhenomenonVII

Ms. Prostakova. While he rests, my friend, you will try to go to the ears, how you work, Mitrofanushka.

Mitrofan.Well! And then what?

Ms. Prostakova.And there and groom.

In the comedy of Fonvizin, which is natural for works of classicism, everything is said unequivocally, in open text. We can only ask a rhetorical question: what success can be expected from the child if his parents have inspired him from childhood that the doctrine is not only not necessary, but also harmful?

Do not cause confidence and teachers of Mitrofan. About them the reader learns interesting details:

Ms. Prostakova.Troy money teachers pay. For the diploma goes to him a decese from the cover, Kuteyukin. Arichomet teaches him, father, one retired sergeant, Tsyfirkin. Both are coming here from the city. Vista from us and the city in three versts, father. In French and all the sciences teach him the German Adam Adamich Morredman. This is three hundred rugs for a year. Squeeze at the table with myself.<…> The truth is to say, and we are satisfied with them, Battz's father. He is not a robling.

Of course, the "speaking" surnames rush. The reader immediately receives an idea of \u200b\u200bMitrofanushki teachers. "Speaking" names here are a sign of author's irony. The surname of Malmalman is especially allocated, which encourages his gentlemen, and he behaves extremely brazenly with servants. We learn that the deceiver is before us, because he is a kucher, but gives himself a competent teacher.

Create a very sad picture. Indeed, the Russian education of that time left much to be desired. Russia, with a light hand of Peter I, just plunged in absolutely alien to her European culture, could not immediately learn everything. In combination with natural human laziness, it gave such funny and sad fruits.

It is not by chance that the famous critic Belinsky will later say about Phonon and its characters later:

"His fools are very funny and disgusting. But this is because they are not the creation of fantasy, but too correct lists from nature. "

Characters of positive heroes Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky was expressed about the positive characters of the comedy "inexpensive" so: "Streets, Milon, Pravdin, Sophia not so much livers, how many moralistic mannequins; But after all, their valid scripts were no longer than their dramatic pictures. They confidently challenged and, stamped, read the new feelings and rules surrounding the new feelings and the rules that were established to their inner being, as foreign wigs were adjacent to their bristly heads; But these feelings and rules are also mechanically stuck to their homegrown, natural concepts and habits, like those wigs to their heads. They were walking, but even lifeless schemes of the new, good morality, which they put on as a mask ... Sophia came out<…> Freshly prepared doll fertilizing, from which still dampness is a pedagogical workshop. " IN. Klyuchevsky "Lady of Fonvizin (Experience of historical explanation of the training play) " However, reading the witness of the Kuevsky's witty comments, it is not worth criticizing Fonvizin, who reflected in his comedy not only the indignation is bad, but also the dream of good and correct, about how to be solved in Russian life the problem of upbringing and enlightenment.

Pushkin and Fonvizin

Consider the table in which two heroes are compared: the hero of the Comedy of Fonvizin "Lady" and the hero of the novel Pushkin "Captain's daughter".

Mitrofanushka DI. Fonvizin, "Lady" (1782)	Petrusha A.S. Pushkin "Captain's daughter" (1836)
1. Loving Leisure
Buck now to the pigeon.		I lived bastard, chasing the pigeons and playing a leaf with yard boys.
2. Qualification of teachers
Troy money teachers pay. For the diploma goes to him a decese from the cover, Kuteyukin. Arichmetic teaches his one retired Sergeant Tsyfirkin<…>. In French and all the sciences teach him the German Adam Adamich Morredman.			Bopre in the fatherland was a hairdresser, then in Prussia soldier, then came to Russia<…>. He was obliged to teach me in French, in German and all sciences ...
3. "Success" in training
Ms. Prostakova (Quiet Mitrofan). Do not stubborn, dying. Now and show yourself. Mitrofan (quiet mother). Yes, I will not be able to ask what they ask. Ms. Prostakova (Pravdin). How, father, did you call science? Pravdin.Geography. Ms. Prostakova (Mitrofan). Hear, eorgafia.				The father entered at the very time, as I adjusted the urine tail to the caution of good hope.
4. Life prospects
With you, my friend, I know what to do. Went to serve ...				Petrusha will not go to Petersburg. What will he learn, serving in St. Petersburg? Motion and hang? No, let him serve in the army, and it pulls the strap, yes, I'm powder, and there will be a soldier, and not Shamaton.

The heroes of these two works are in very similar starting conditions, but they will be different ways. Think why Pushkin deliberately orients his hero on some resemblance to the lowest Mitrofanushka.

Education implies not only the receipt of scientific knowledge, but also the awakening of his best qualities, the formation of its character. This situation in the family depicted by the author is still sadder than with arithmetic and geography.

The fourth action. PhenomenonVII

Cattlein.And I'm here.

Elders.Why did you complain?

Cattlein.For his need.

Elders.And what can I serve?

Cattlein.Two words.

Elders.What is it?

Cattlein.Hugging me stronger, say: your softeushka.

Elders. Do not empty check out? Think good.

Cattlein. I never think and might sure that if you won't think, then my softeushka.

Elders. This is a strange thing! The man you see, not crazy, but you want, so that I gave my niece, for whom I do not know.

Cattlein. You do not know, so I will say. I am Taras Skalinin, in kind not the last. The genus of cattle great and old. Rooking our hearland will not find out.

Pravdin(Swiss).Edak You arouse us that he is old Adam.

Cattlein. What do you think? Although a little ...

Starodules(dreadful.)That is, the Prasratur is created at least in the sixth day, and a little adma, a little?

Cattlein.No, right? So you are good opinion about the old days of my kind?

Elders.ABOUT! Such a good one that I am surprised how in your place you can choose a wife from another kind of cattle?

Cattlein.Outwardly, what happiness sofya to be for me. She is a noble ...

Elders.Ecoo man! Yes, for that, you are not the groom.

Cattlein. I went to that. Let him chat that the cattle married a nobility. For me anyway.

Elders. Yes, it doesn't care for it, when they say that the nobleman came out for Natilin.

Milon.Such inequality made you with both of you both.

Cattlein. Ba! Yes, this is what is equal here? (Quiet Starodum.) And does not beat off?

Starodules(quietly cattle).It seems to me.

Skalinin(the same tone).But where is the hell!

Starodules(the same tone).Heavy.

Skalinin(loud, pointing to Milon).Who is from us rid? Ha ha ha ha ha!

Starodules(laughs).I see who is ridiculous.

Sophia.Uncle! How cute me that you are cheerful.

Skalinin(Senior).Ba! Yes, you are merry. I thought I thought that there was no row to you. I did not say the words, and now everyone laughs with me.

Elders.This is a person, my friend! An hour per hour does not come.

Cattlein. This is visible. I divecha I was the same cattle, and you were angry.

Elders.There was a reason.

Cattlein.I know her. I myself am in this same. At home, when I come to Kleva, I will find them out of order, annoyance and take. And you, not a word in the word, having come here, found a nursing house no better than Kleves, you and annoying.

Elders. You are happier than me. People touch me.

Cattlein.And I'm so pigs.

If the hero, according to his own words, was created somewhat earlier Adam, then, knowing biblical history, we can interpret it unequivocally: he refers herself to a wondrous creature - to animals. If you remember the incredible love for the pig-like, which is experiencing cattle, then there is a completely definite perception. This, of course, caricature is a satirical image, but the family of simple and cattle line is, in general, not quite people. They do not have the most important quality classicists - quality of mind. These are wordless animals.

It is not by chance that in its environment, Mitrofan learns to behave in Scotch. He gets lessons again. Now he is already a completely talented student, and immoral lessons do not pass for him for nothing. The main teacher here is his mother. It is not by chance that the name of the main character - Mitrofan, which translated from Greek means "such a mother".

Mitrofan sees how Prostakova despises, insults, severely beats an old man - Nanny Yeremeevna. As calling it "a hrycot", as tormented by his own husband. After all, she is a neborn cattle, she is rude with everyone who depends on her, and frankly flashes the Staruga, when he learns that he has a state. At the beginning of the play, she mocks his sofi, humiliates her. And it looks in front of her when she becomes rich bride. Proudly prostakova speaks of his father who acquired a state of bribes. Therefore, in Mitrofan, she intentionally brings up falseness and greed to and he reached well-being:

"Found money, I did not share with anyone! All yourself leave myself, Mitrofanushka. "

Tired of this nightmare, reader is glad to find another - good education. The characters in the comedy, as characteristic classicism, are built on the principle of antitheasses - clear opposition of good and bad. The terrible family is opposed to, of course, the beginners.

"My upbringing was given by the father of my for the best", - He says.

He thought about his century and, of course, he knows that it all depends on who concretely brings up a young man. "What kind of education to expect children from mother who lost virtue?" - he asks. It is in the education of the character of a person and his mental qualities a wise hero sees the promise of future happiness. The main human value for an old product is internal purity and decency.

Elders. My father told me the same thing: I have a heart, I have a soul, and you will be a person at any time.

Everyone will find pretty forces in himself to be virtuous. It is necessary to want to want decisively, and there everything will be easier to do not do that what would be a conscience.

Mind, since he is just the mind, the very strap. We see the kneading minds we see thin husbands, thin fathers, thin citizens. The direct price gives him admonition.

Rich ... The one who counts you too much to help the one that does not need.

So says the beginners and is guided by these principles in his life.

A positive example and antithesis Mitrofan reader finds a primary generation representative - Sofier, whose name is translated from Greek as "wisdom". The heroine appears on stage with a book of French enlightener Fennelon about the upbringing of maidens. Being poor orphan, she does not have invited teachers and stubbornly wants to mentally improve, grow. For this, it is sympathetic and the author himself.

Stokers are in the play by the hero-resonator.

Hero-resonor - The one who expresses the views of the author.

Elders love sophia very much, because she was ready for anything to learn and get better and from his uncle she is waiting for not wealth, but of good tips:

"Your instructions, uncle, make up all my well-being. Give me the rules that I must follow, "- About this asks Sofya.

The characters of virtuous heroes in the play are not distinguished by complexity and believability. This, no matter how paradoxically, much less living people than unpleasant prostakov and her relatives. However, Fonvizin, as a classicist author, it is important to give readers and viewers not only a disgusting, scaring the picture, but also an example for imitation.

The final comedy on the author's plan should also have an educational function. We should think about which model of family behavior will inherit Mitrofanushka: stupid, weakly speakers or aggressive and violent cattle will affect him in the end? But maybe there is some other way? Obviously, having no entity, neither the benefits of Mitrofanushka will begin service with the lowest stage of the career ladder. From a simple soldier he will climb up.

The same choice, but not under pressure from circumstances, and independently and consciously, the father of Petrushi Greenyov in the novel Pushkin "Captain's daughter". He does not want a light fate for Petrushi, but he wants to grow a real man and the valiant warrior. Thus, two young heroes - Mitrofanushka of Prostaki and Petrusha Grinev - will be in similar life circumstances. About Tom, why does Pushkin, who wrote his novel, much later (in 1836), you can think about yourself, this is a very interesting question.

Pay attention to one statement of the senior (hero-resonor):

Elders. We see all the unfortunate consequences of bad education ... how many disadvantages who moral education are instructed by their slave the serfs! Fifteen years later, instead of one slave, two, old uncle and a young barin.

Not careful, not respectful coexistence and cooperation of peasants and the nobles sees the hero-resonor in Russian life, but cruel mockery and humiliation. So in the text there is a very important and very sharp in the era of phonvizin the problem of serfdom, or rather the abuse of serfdom.

First action

Ms. Prostakova (inspecting a caftan on Mitrofan). Caftan is all spoiled. Eremeevna, enter the fraudster Trushka. (Eremeevna leaves.) He, the thief, he studied him everywhere. Mitrofanushka, my friend! I'm tea, taking you to death. Happy Father here.

Ms. Prostakova (Trishka). And you, cattle, come closer. I did not say to you, thieves Kharya, so that you caftan let go wider. Child, the first, grows; Other, child and without a narrow caftana of delicate addition. Tell me, Did you justify?

Trishka. Maybe I, madam, learned by self-taught. I also reported to you: Well, let them give to give the tail.

Ms. Prostakova. So it is not necessary to be tailor to be able to sew a caftan carefully. Ecloat Skotian reasoning!

Trishka. Yes, the vibration of the tailor studied, madam, and I am not.

Ms. Prostakova. It seeks he also argues. The tailor studied with the other, the other in the third, and the top of the tailor did he study? Speak, cattle.

Trishka. Yes, the tailor first, it may be worse than mine.

Action second. PhenomenonVI

Eremeevna. All uncle scared. Slightly in the hairs did not climb him. And for nothing ... no matter what ...

Ms. Prostakova (in malice). Well...

Eremeevna. Pastened to him: Want to marry? ..

Ms. Prostakova. Well...

Eremeevna. The child did not pelt, for a long time, de, uncle, hunting takes. How he is wounded, my mother, how will threw it! ..

Ms. Prostakova (trembling). Well ... And you, the Bestiy, dumbfounded, and you did not dug brother in Haru, and you didn't smash him on the ears ...

Eremeevna. He took it! Oh, accepted yes ...

Ms. Prostakova. Yes ... what ... not your child, the beast! For you, the child even kill to death.

Eremeevna. Ah, creator, save and hindle! Yes, Kababi brother in the one minute did not send a minute, then I would break with him. That's what God did not put. It would be stuck these (pointing to the nails), I b and fangs did not take place.

Ms. Prostakova. All of you, kissing, diligently on some words, and not in fact ...

Eremeevna (Slap). I'm not diligent to us, Mother! It's how to serve more, you don't know ... I wouldn't have a Tokmo that ... you don't regret the abdomen ... but everything is not pleased.

Action third. Phenomenon IV.

Ms. Prostakova. And you really girls, dogs are you daughter? Is it in my house, except your badger, and there are no maid? Steamed where?

Eremeevna.Saw, Mother, lies in the morning.

Ms. Prostakova. Lies! Oh, she's a festival! Lies! As if noble!

Eremeevna. Such a heat is reproached, Mother, without silent, rags ...

Ms. Prostakova. Bit, Bestiya! As if noble!

We find an explanation for this shameless behavior not only in the character of space-based, but also in some external circumstances in relation to the heroine. At the end of the comedy, Prostakova utters a phrase that one of the most important replicas in the whole play:

Ms. Prostakova. Not free! The nobleman when he wants, and the servants do not avail! Yes, what would we have a decree of the liberty of the nobility?

The famous Russian historian Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky (Fig. 5) considers this phrase itself essential to understand the comedy. And all the events that precede this statement are just an entry to the main topic.

Fig. 5. V.O. Klyuchevsky

Prostakova to justify his behavior mentions a decree, manifesto about the noble liberty, proclaimed by Emperor Peter III (Fig. 6) in 1762.

In order to understand the essence of this important law, it is worth making a small historical excursion. It so happened that it was the nobility that for himself for many centuries all the severity of military service. Privileges, land, estates are a fair reward for that person who is always ready to substitute his chest under arms. A very long time for the nobles service (25 years) was mandatory, and it was impossible to avoid it. As soon as the young man was growling to a certain age, he became more affordable, he was preparing for the service in the army. However, at some point, the number of the army becomes very impressive due to the fact that the other classes come to military service, and then there is no need for the magnitude ministry of the nobility. The state sees new opportunities for the activities of the nobles. The nobleman is not obliged to serve 25 years and spend their entire lives in military campaigns. Now he has the right to work for the benefit of the Fatherland, living in his own estate. The mission of the nobleman is now to take care of his peasants, facilitate their life, establish schools and hospitals, to educate (at least the basics of initial literacy). Before the nobleman, one more very important task is to give their children the education of the European level, so that future nobles be a true support for their fatherland - a developing, young country.

Prostaki did not succeed in any other. And not only alone they. The fact is that the law on the noble liberty was written so good, calm, it was formulated so peacefully, and nothing threatened to a person, he had a violation that the nobles took the law not as an order, but as permission to do whatever. The authors of the decree thought that the nobles would deliver the real pleasure to voluntarily take care of the peasants, bring up children in the traditions of European enlightenment, to engage in sciences, because now they have all the possibilities for this.

But this hope turned out to be unreasonable. The nobles perceived it like this: we have all the rights and no longer duties. Thus, the law proclaimed by Peter III in 1762 and after 20 years of the reign of Catherine II (Fig. 7), and was not fully understood by the Russian society, but, on the contrary, everything became even worse.

Fig. 7. Ekaterina II ()

Two decades later, after the adoption of the Law, Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin is taken in some sense to raise the whole estate of the nobles. And he writes a work that he set the question of the role of nobleman is very acute and painful. This important document (a decree on noble liberty) should be rethought. Abstract, beautiful law does not reach the consciousness of the nobles. One polite persuasion and expression of hope do not affect those who are used to doing monstrous things with impunity. According to the playground, the intervention of state power is necessary. When the author, at the end of the Comedy, Praddina take the estate of the prostata under the custody, he thus prompts the real way out - all landowners who brutally turn to serfs should be deprived of the right to own the peasants and manage their estate.

The image of the prostata, which has absorbed the features of many landowners, was to, according to the author's plan, to become a living dope of those nobles, in whose homes the same thing was happening.

Thus, the comedy "inexpensive" calls for human and fair attitude towards peasants. Noting the extremely negative attitude of the author to the humiliation of serfs, it is worth remembering that the author of "cheap" is not against serfdom as such as the forms of organizing social life. He is against the abuse of serfdom. The basis of the state is the Commonwealth and cooperation of peasants and nobles, which should be humane, fair and based on the principles of enlightenment.

In this lesson, you looked at how in the comedy Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin "Nephalop" reflected modern author and eternal problems: the question of the abuse of the serfdom and the global question of the upbringing of the human person and a worthy citizen. You also met an important concept of "hero-resonor".

Bibliography

1. Ko-Ro-Vi-on V.Ya., Zhu-Rav-Lov V.P., Ko-Ro-Wine V.I. Literature. Grade 9. - M.: Pro-Other, 2008.
2. Lada-Gin M.B., Esin AB, Nebel-Ba Va N.A. Literature. Grade 9. - M.: Drop, 2011.
3. Cher-Tov V.F., Tru-Bi-on L.A., An-Ti-Va A.M. Literature. Grade 9. - M.: Pro-Other, 2012.

1. Internet portal "5litra.ru" ()
2. Internet portal "Litresp.ru" ()
3. Online portal "Festival of pedagogical ideas" Open Lesson "()

Homework

1. Describe the level of education, education and morality of Mrs. Prostaya and her son Mitrofanushki. Give examples from text.
2. Make an "moral code" of the senior.
3. How does Fonvizyn serfdom problem sees? What is its decision the author in the play?