"Duel"
In stories about the life of the army, written over the course of a decade (1894-1904), Kuprin spoke about individual events of army life. However, the impression of integrity and completeness of such a theme could only be given by a large, epic work. This piece was "Duel". "Overnight", "Campaign", "Night Shift", "In the Barracks" were the sketches for the story "Duel".
Maria Karlovna recalls what great importance Gorky attached to Kuprin's work on The Duel: “We had a good talk with Gorky, Mashenka,” Alexander Ivanovich told me the next day, returning from Znanie. “He asked in detail about my war years that the plan for the "Duel" was still not quite formed in my head, although I think a lot about it. ”Gorky still remained very dissatisfied with our conversation.
Write, write without delay. Such a story is now necessary, - he said. - It is now, when the students expelled for the riots are being sent to the soldiers, and during the demonstration on Kazan Square, students and the intelligentsia were beaten not only by the police, but under the command of officers and army units ... only to everything indifferent ordinary people, but also to the general public - after all, almost every family has a son or brother a student. The behavior of the officers angered everyone. And what did this lead to? The officers imagined themselves to be the authorities, called upon to defend the throne and the fatherland from "internal enemies."
“I can't write a duel soon,” I replied to Gorky. “The story must end with a duel, and not only have I never fought in a duel, but I didn't even have to be a second. What does a person feel when aiming at his opponent, and most importantly, standing at the point of his pistol himself? These experiences, the psychology of these people are unknown to me. And my thought involuntarily returns to the details of the duel between Pushkin and Dantes and Lermontov and Martynov. But this is literature, not personal real experiences. Now I think with annoyance that there were several cases in my life that, if I wanted to, could end in a duel, but these cases I missed, which now I regret.
Here, Masha, Alexey Maksimovich got up and walked around the room irritably.
You, the devil knows what you say, are going to write about officers, when the officer's leaven is still so firmly in you. The duel was inevitable, - you say indifferently, as if this disgrace is in the order of things ... I did not expect from you. Just know, if you don't write this story, it will be a crime. "Work on" Duel "did not go well for a long time, Kuprin could not find the name of the main character. And then one day Maria Karlovna, returning from friends, answered Kuprin's question in this way." ... Who was there? "
I can list it for you, but you don't know any of them. There were old notaries, and among the youth, the Rukavishnikovs and the former Sonin were a fan of the Romashovs - he is now married.
Alexander Ivanovich suddenly raised his head, stared at me and, still holding the disfigured ashtray in his hands, asked:
Who, who?
But I told you who.
No, repeat the last name again.
Justice of the Peace Romashov. Romashov, Justice of the Peace. Got it finally? I repeated angrily.
Alexander Ivanovich jumped up and threw away the ashtray.
Romashov, Romashov, - he said in an undertone several times and, coming up to me, took my hands. - Masha, my angel, do not be angry with me. I am always worried and angry, like a fool, like a jealous fool, when you are away for a long time. I know I'm funny. Sure. Romashov. Romashov, Only Romashov ... Yes, Romashov. What a clever little girl you are, Mashenka, that you went to see Sonya. It could have happened that he would never have known about the existence of Romashov. And now "Duel" has come to life, it will live ... It will live !! "
Gorky helped Kuprin a lot in his work on the story. “I remember,” Kuprin recalled, “I threw The Duel many times, it seemed to me that it was not done well enough, but Gorky, after reading the chapters written, was delighted and even shed a tear. If he had not breathed confidence in me in my work, I’m I probably would not have finished my own. "
The influence of Gorky, according to Kuprin, determined "everything violent and bold" in the story.
The "Duel", printed in Book VI of Knowledge, had a dedication: "The author devotes this story to Maxim Gorky with a feeling of deep respect and sincere friendship."
Although there is no clear and conscious revolutionary spirit in The Duel, there is no doubt that the story to the greatest extent expressed the progressive views of Kuprin, which were formed under the influence of Gorky.
The protagonist of The Duel, a story largely autobiographical, is Second Lieutenant Romashov. Dreaminess and lack of will are its main features. Romashov is kind and responsive. He has an innate sense of justice, and this makes him different from other officers.
Kuprin says nothing about Romashov's past. The hero of the story leads a boring lifestyle, drinks, is in touch with an unloved woman. All his extensive plans for self-education, the study of languages, literature and the arts remain only plans. Romashov dreams only of a brilliant career: "In dreams he sees himself as an outstanding commander."
Gradually Romashov gets rid of many of the habits inherent in the officers. "Is it really the whole point of life to keep your hands at the seams and your feet together?" he asks himself.
Romashov gradually comes to the conclusion that military service is devoid of any reasonable purpose. Everyone hates her: soldiers, officers, and himself. Romashov is an opponent of war. "... Is it natural to kill?" He naively suggests that all - military and civilian - people should declare: "I do not want to fight!", Threw down their weapons - and then, Romashov believes, the war will disappear forever.
How to save soldiers from oppression, from lawlessness? Neither Romashov nor other heroes of the story can answer this question. Romashov comes to the conclusion that the soldiers will have to endure for the time being, but for himself he sees a way out in abandoning the army, becoming a free man and indulging in one of the three "proud vocations of man" - science, art or free physical labor. But everything is in the future.
One of Kuprin's friends told in 1918 about the alleged continuation of the "Duel": "Romashov, only wounded, not killed, is recovering physically and mentally. After the crisis, a new life began for him. He finally broke with the past, with the environment and conditions, under which he lived before. ”To this ending of the story was to be joined by another work, united with the first only by the generality of the hero. actor Romashov remained, but in a different role, a participant in other events. It would be a kind of new Faust of the second part, outliving his first romance with Gretchen.
The story, accidentally interrupted by the message about the death of Romashov (Kuprin could not give himself an account of how he agreed to this formal ending), tormented the author for a long time, who, because of this, did not start processing the second part.
Presumably, the second part was entitled "The Beggars". She still remains only in the outline. "
In "Duel" Nazansky is one of the main characters along with Romashov. In the conversations between Nazansky and Romashov, the ideological essence of the story is concluded. Nazansky is acutely aware of the injustice of the existing system, the aimlessness of his life, seeks and does not find a way out of the impasse. This is a man who preaches equality and happiness, praises the human mind, love, nature. Nazansky believes in a wonderful life to come, in the fact that the forces will ripen to fight social injustice. But the views of Nazansky, who advocate extreme individualism, are confused. Endowed with intelligence, strength, and beauty, an ardent desire for truth, it would seem that he should be an active fighter for human happiness! But alas! Like many other heroes of Kuprin, Nazansky floats with the flow of life. This was typical not only for many of the writer's heroes, but also for intellectuals in general, far from the people, staying away from the struggle, spiritually powerless. And Kuprin thought to make such a hero a herald of social truth ...
Shurochka - Alexandra Petrovna - in contrast to the Romashov and Nazansky who are in love with her, has a strong will, knows what she wants, and achieves it by all means. She dreams of "a big real society, light, music, worship, subtle flattery," and rushes to the capital. And for the sake of winning his place in the world, Shurochka rejects Nazansky's passionate love, does everything to "push" her husband into the academy, to preserve her husband's career and reputation sacrifices Romashov. In Shurochka, the egoism of an ambitious bourgeois woman, external charm and intelligence are intertwined. Her will and perseverance are aimed at achieving selfish, selfish goals.
The image of Shurochka is one of the most successful creations of the writer in "Duel". A. V. Lunacharsky noted that Kuprin succeeded in "bringing out a curious, completely lively and indisputably interesting female type."
Shurochka's "ideal" is shallow, vulgar and limited. And Shurochka appears quite disgusting in a conversation with Romashov on the eve of the duel.
Other regimental ladies are many times worse than Shurochka: angry, stupid, ignorant, hypocritical. Such are Raisa Peterson, Anna Ivanovna Morgunova, the wife of Captain Talman and others. Kuprin portrayed the world of "regimental ladies" with the same ruthlessness as the world of officers.
The writer showed the soldiers with great sympathy. The fate of the hunted and downtrodden Khlebnikov clearly reveals the plight of a soldier, an unhappy and suffering person. Conversations with Khlebnikov made a turning point in Romashov's soul. He, brought up in the spirit of superiority over the mass of soldiers, indifference to the hard fate of a soldier, begins to understand that Khlebnikov and his comrades are "depersonalized and crushed by their own ignorance, general slavery, superior indifference, arbitrariness and violence", that soldiers are also people, people who have the right to sympathy.
A. I. Kuprin recalled that the scene at the railroad bed made a great impression on A. M. Gorky. "When I read the conversation of Second Lieutenant Romashov with the pathetic soldier Khlebnikov, Aleksey Maksimovich Gorky was moved and it was scary to see this big adult with wet eyes."
Khlebnikov, although he sees in Romashov a kind person, humanly related to an ordinary soldier, but first of all he sees in him a master. Romashov's humanism is limited to sympathy for the soldier and advice - "we must endure, my dear, we must endure."
In "Duel" Kuprin showed the moral and spiritual disintegration of the military intelligentsia, its remoteness from the people.
"With the exception of a few ambitious and careerists, all the officers served as a compulsory, unpleasant, revolting corvee, languishing in it and not loving it. Younger officers were quite late for classes like school and quietly ran away from them, if they knew that they did not Company commanders, for the most part people of many families, immersed in domestic squabbles and in the romances of their wives, crushed by cruel poverty and life beyond means, groaned under the burden of exorbitant expenses and bills of exchange. They built a patch on patch, grabbing money in one place to shut up debt in something else; many of them decided - and most often at the insistence of their wives - to borrow money from company sums or from the wages paid to soldiers for free work; others for months and even years detained the soldiers' money letters, which they, according to the rules, must Some only lived with a screw, a shtoss and a landsknecht: some played uncleanly, they knew about it, but turned a blind eye. All of them were very drunk both in the congregation and at each other's house, while others, like Plum, were alone. "
It is clear that these people are not destined to fight together with the people for their future. The only way that would bring liberation to the people was the revolutionary way, but neither Romashov nor the writer himself saw it.
Kuprin sympathizes not only with Romashov, but also with Mikhin, Nazansky, Stelkovsky, and the corps commander. Stelkovsky taught the officers of his company to deal with the soldiers without shouting and achieved what the officers of the other companies were trying to achieve with difficulty "by means of beating, punishment, oranium and turmoil." For such an attitude, the soldiers "truly" loved Stelkovsky.
But the Romashovs and Stelkovskys are few. They are opposed by the Nikolaevs, Petersons, Ditsy. In "Duel" the vices of military life are presented as an expression of the general incurable disease of the entire autocratic system.
"Duel" is an example of a precise, strictly thought out composition. The story consistently reveals the inner world of Romashov, shows the regularity and inevitability of his death. The very title of the story - "The Duel" - conveys the meaning of the drama, personal and social conflict, which is the basis of the plot. But the title of the story has another, much greater social meaning. This meaning is in Romashov's duel with the evil that is in himself, with caste officer prejudices and traditions, with philistinism and philistineism. Romashov, who dared to oppose himself to the manners and customs of the officer environment, became a victim of a duel.
Highly appreciating "Duel", Gorky said: "An excellent story! I believe that it should make an irresistible impression on all honest, thinking officers. Kuprin's goal was to bring them closer to people, to show that they are alone from them ... In fact, the isolation of our officers is a tragic isolation for them, Kuprin did the officers a great service. He helped them to a certain extent to know themselves, their position in life, all its abnormality and tragedy. " Leo Tolstoy's daughter Tatyana Lvovna wrote in her diary: "In the evenings we read Kuprin's Duel, and dad reads the most. He likes it ..." Kuprin himself attached great importance to the story. He said: "My first real thing is I I consider "Duel" ... "Duel" for me is my main "ninth wave".
Collection "Knowledge" in which "Duel" was published
The release of The Duel was a notable event in literary life. The "duel" literally thundered all over the country, engulfed in a revolutionary fire. Nazansky's inspirational monologues were read at concerts hosted by revolutionary youth. It is interesting that a group of advanced officers, welcoming the release of the "Duel", wrote in one of the newspapers in 1905: "The ulcers affecting the modern officer environment need not palliative, but radical treatment, which will become possible only with the full recovery of all Russian life ". By "complete recovery" was meant, of course, the revolutionary reorganization of the country.
Working on the story, Kuprin objectively approached the revolutionary-democratic movement, and his political position can be called revolutionary-democratic, meaning the words of V.I. Lenin about "revolutionary bourgeois democracy", "which, even if it was not fully conscious politically, with a number of prejudices, etc., is capable of a decisive and merciless struggle against all the remnants of feudal Russia ... "
The satirist V. Knyazev wittily remarked in 1918 that Kuprin's story dealt "the tsarist army a thousand times more terrible blow than the one that the Japanese inflicted on the Russian fleet at Tsushima." For the people who joined the army in the First World War were already accustomed to reading books, and "Duel" opened their eyes, instilled hatred for the officers and forced, along with other reasons, to turn their bayonets against the true enemy - landowners and capitalists, "Live in Russia and not knowing the "Duel", - wrote Knyazev, - is the same as wandering in zoology and not seeing an elephant. "
Written on the basis of impressions from the life of the army at the end of the 19th century, "The Duel" "outlived itself for a long time. It was perceived as a story about the modern Russian army not only during the war with Japan and the revolution of 1905-1907, but also later, during the First World War. The story also helps to understand the psychology of white officers during the civil war.
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lBL UEKYUBU RPNOA NPK RETCHSCHK CHYJIF CH LPNBODYTULYK DPN, CHYIF OE FBL YUFPVSCH PYUEOSH HDBYUOSCHK.
lPZDB S CHSCHYE H RPML, LPNBODYTPN VSCHM z. b. NYO, IPFS UBN YUEMPCHEL ULTPNOPZP RTPYUIPTSDEOIS, OP RP TSEOE, TPTSDEOOPK LOSTSOE chPMLPOULPK, \u200b\u200bRTYOBDMETSBCHYK L UBNPNKH VPMSHYPNOPZP RTPYUIPTSDEOIS, OP RP TSEOE, TPTSDEOOPK LOSTSOE chPMLPOULPK, \u200b\u200bRTYOBDMETSBCHYK L UBNPNKH VPMSHYUPYPNCHEUELUKH h TSEOEZP, ELBFETYOE UETZEEECHOE, OBPVPTPF, OE VSCHMP OYUEZP "ZTBODBNBUFPZP", J CHYDPN, NBETBNY Y RMBFSHSNY POB PYUEOSH OBRPNYEVLAYOBM. vshMB EEE DPULB, oBFBYB, FPCE PYUEOSH NYMPE Y ULTPNOPE UHEEUFCHP. Hairdryer SAT NEOEE, VMBZPDBTS CHLHUBN IPSYOB, LPNBODYTULYK DPN VSCHM RPUFBCHMEO ON PYUEOSH YYTPLHA OPZH, J DBTSE LPNBODYTULYE DEOEYLY, CHNEUFP PVSCHLOPCHEOOSCHI VEMSCHI UPMDBFULYI THVBYEL, B FPTTSEUFCHEOOSCHI UMHYUBSI PVMELBMYUSH B MYCHTEKOSCHE ZHTBLY J LTBUOSCHE TSYMEFSCH.
rTYENOSCHK DEOSH H ELBFETYOSCH UETZEEECHOSCH VSCHM UHVVPFB. at CHYIFPN S PFRTBCHYMUS, ULPMSHLP RPNOFUS, CH PDYOPULH. xCE RPDIPDS L RPDYAEDKH, NOE UYMSHOP OE RPOTBCHYMPUSH, UFP CHEUSH DCHPT VSCHM RPMPO LBTEF. vschmy y rtydchptosche. bCHFPNPVYMEK CH FP CHTENS EEE OE CHPDYMPUSH, RP LTBKOEK NET CH PVEEN PVYIPDE. chPYEM W YCHEKGBTULHA, UOSMY have NEOS RBMSHFP J C RPMBZBMPUSH LBL, H UBNPN OPCHPN UATFHLE, I DMYOOSCHNY YFBOBNY, I YBYLPK YUETE RMEYUP, MECHBS THLB B VEMPK RETYUBFLE, RP PYUEOSH ULPMSHLPNH RBTLEFH, UP UDBCHMEOOSCHN UETDGEN, RPYEM ON RSCHFLH. rTPYEM DCHE RKHUFSHI VBMSCH Y RPDPYEM L VPMSHYPK ZPUFYOOPK, PFLKHDB UMSCHYBMYUSH PTSYCHMEOSCHE ZPMPUB. dMS VPDTPUFY WITH YEM DPCHPMSHOP VSCHUFTP. ZPUFYOOBS VSCHMB OE PYUEOSH VPMSHYBS Y DMS TPVLPZP CHYJJFETB CHEUSHNB RPDMP HUFTFEOOBS. pLPMP DCHETY VSCHM RPUFBCHMEO VPMSHYPK TEHOPK LTBUOPZP DETECHB "FTEMSHSTS" OBDP RPMBZBFSH EEE CHTENEO BMELUBODTB I, LPZDB PO OBUMEDOILPN LPCHPNBODNPN FTEMSHSTS LFPF LBL YYTNB BUMPOSM PF CHIPDYCHYEZP CHUA ZPUFYOOHA, UP CHUENY ZPUFSNY. b LPZDB EZP PVPZOESH, FP OB VSCHUFTPN IPDH, FHF DHNBFSH HTSE OELPZDB. eEE OEULPMSHLP YBZPCH Y FSH CH UBNPK ZHEE. with UNHFOP CHYDEM, UEFP UYDEMY LBLYE-FP DBNSCH, UFPSMY LBLYE-FP ZEOETBMSCH, OEULPMSHLP PZHYGETPC DTHZYI RPMLPCH, DPHPE YMY FTPE OBYYI; CHYDEM LTHZMSCHK YUBKOSCHK UFPM, OE U UBNPCHBTPN, B U UETEVTSOPK URYTFPCHPK NBYYOLPK, CHPLTHZ OEZP LBLJE-FP DECHYGSCH Y MADY CH UFBFULPN.
iPSKLKH DPNB, ELBFETYOH UETZEEECHOKH, S LBL-FP NEMSHLPN CHYDEM, OP LPOEUOP OE HOBM Y VPDTSCHN YBZPN OBRTBCHIMUS L RETCHPK DBNE, LPFPPTBSK RETCHPK DBNE, LPFPPTBSK th, LPOEUOP, OE RPRBM. yBTLOHM OPTSLPK, YUNPLOHM DBNH THYULH B, B RPFPN, LBL RPMBZBMPUSH B uPVTBOYY, UFBM PVIPDYFSH CHUEI ZPUFEK, I RTBCHPZP ZHMBOZB, RTYZPCHBTYCHBS: RPDRPTHYUYL nBLBTPCh, RPDRPTHYUYL nBLBTPCh ... tHLY, LPOEYUOP, OE RTPFSZYCHBM.
cDBM, UFPVSCH NOE ITS RPDBMY. ьФП С ФЧЕТДП ЬОБМ ЕЭЕ У ДФУФЧБ. rPFPN CHSCHYMP UBNPE ULCHETOPE. WE ARE WITH ABOUT LBLPK-FP ITHRLYK YPMPYUEOSCHK UFHM Y PDOB YJ DECHYG RTYOEUMB NOE YUBYLKH YUBA (PFOADSH OE UFBLBO, ABOUT UCHEFULYI RTYENBI UVBLBOPCH OEBCHBEMU) YBCHBEMU with CHETSMYCHP RPVMBZPDBTIM Y CH'SM. UYTSKH. h RTBCHPK TXLE X NEOS YUBYLB, B CH MECHPK ZhKhTBTSLB, RETUBFLB Y FBTEMLB. PYEOSH OEHDPVOP. YUFPVSH RPRTPVPCHBFSH REYUEOSHE, OKHTSOP RPUFBCHYFSH ABOUT RPM YUBYLKH, SFP DEMBFSH OE RTYOSFP. yuFPVShch ZMPFOHFSH YUBA, OKHTSOP LBL-FP JVBCHYFSHUS PF ZhKhTBTSLJ, RETUBFPL J FBTEMLI. OP LHDB TCE YI DEFSH? NPTSOP VSCHMP, LPOEYUOP, RPMPTSYFSH ZHHTBTSLKH ABOUT LPMEOY, CH OEE UHOKHFSH RTBCHHA RETUBFLKH Y TREATED CHAPTER CHDTKHYFSH FBTEMLH. OP RTPDEMBFSH LFP PDOPK MECHPK TKHLPK, VBFSOKHFPK CH RETYUBFLKH, WEB DPMZPK RTEDCHBTYFEMSHOPK RTBLFYLY Y U OEURPLPKOPK DKHYPK VSCHMP ÄDKHDPTPCHP. with Y OE TEYBMUS Y LET'S LEAVE FBL DPCHPMSHOP DPMZP U UBNSCHN NTBYUOSCHN CHYDPN. OBLPOEG, PDOB PYUEOSH NPMPDEOSHLBS DECHYGB UTSBMYMBUSH OBDP NOPK, PFPVTBMB X NEOS YUBYLKH Y FBTEMLKH Y KHCHEMB NEOS VEUEDPCHBFSH L PLOBN. rP DPTPZE S EEE HUMSCHIBM, LBL PDOB, JJ DBN ULBBMB DTHZPK, RPLBSCHBS ABOUT NEOS ZMBBNY: "pauvre garcon". ULBBMB FYIP, OP S TBUMSCHYBM. VEUEDB OBYB X PLOB RPIPDYMB VPMSHYE ABOUT CHRTPUOIL.
- чШ ДБЧОП Ч РПМЛХ? - rSFSH NEUSGECH. - h LBLPK CHSCH TPFE? - TBOP RTYIPDYFUS CHUFBCHBFSH KhFTPN ... chPF S VSCh OE NPZMB FBL, Y F. D.
yUETEH OEULPMSHLP NYOHF S CNCUUFBOPCHYM DKHIECHOPE TBCHOPCHEUYE Y OE RTPEBSUSH CHSCHULPMSHOHM YY ZPUFYOPK. urbuyfemshoygek npek plbbmbush rmensooygb e. u., pMShZB h., u LPFPTPK RPFPN nsh udembmyush vpmshyyny rtyspfemsniy y ubufp u oechyshmchek nsch.
хЦЕ RPUME RETCHPK YNSCH CH REFETVKHTZE, WITH RPOSM LBLIE S CH FPF RBNSFOSCHK DEOSH UPCHETYYM LTKHROSCHE FBLFYUEULYE PYVLY. chP-RETCHCHI, CHIPDYFSH VSCHUFTP NPTSOP CH LBBTNKH, B CH ZPUFYOOHA UMEDPCHBMP CHIPDYFSH NEDMEOOP. FPTPRYFSHUS OELHDB. chPYED, TELPNEODPCHBMPUSH POOBOPCHYFSHUS ABOUT RPTPZE Y UPPVTBYFSH, FBL ULBBBFSH, RMBO LBNRBOY. y RETCHSCHN DAMPN CHSCHSUOIFSH, LFP IPSCLB Y ZDE ITS NEUFPRPMPTSEOYE. l OEK OKHTSOP VSCHMP OBRTBCHYFSHUS Y RTYMPTSIFSHUS L THLE. ъDPTPCHBFSHUS RPMBZBMPUSH FPMSHLP UP ЪОБЛПНЩНЙ, Б ОЕБОБЛПНЩН DBNBN RPMHRPLMPO, B NKHTSYUYOBN OYUEZP. "ZPMPCHOPK HVPT" NPTSOP VSCHMP UCHPVPDOP RPMPTSYFSH TSDPN ABOUT LPCHET. pF YUBYLY YUBS VMBZPTBKHNOE VSCHMP CHETSMYCHP PFLBBFSHUS, B HC FBTEMLKH U REYUEOSHEN, LPZDB EE OELKHDB RPUFBCHYFSH YOBYUE LBL OB RPMENB RTHEBYUP nd CHPPVEE FBLPK CHYUIF MHYUYE VSCHMP RTPDEMBFSH UFPS, RPDPKDS L LPNKH-OYVKHSH YY ЪОБЛПНЩ.
oP CHUSLPE YOBOYE RTYPVTEFBEFUS PRSCHFPN, OE YULMAUBS Y RPOBOYK CH UCHEFULPN PVTBEEOYY.
eEE VPMEE STLIKE UMHYUBK YNEM NEUFP U PDOIN YY PDOPRPMYUBO, OP HTSE CH DPNE UPCHETEOOOP DTHZPZP FIRB. DPN FFPV VSCHM VPMSHYPK, U NOPZPYUUMEOOSCHNY DPYULBNY, RMENSOOYGBNY Y RPDTHZBNY. h DPNE DETTSBMYUSH TKHUULYI PVSCHYUBECH, Y, RSFYUBUPCHPK YUBK RYMY CH VPMSHYPK UFPMPPCHPK, AB DMYOOSCHN UFPMPN. about UEFPME YUEUFOP UFPSMY CHUSLIE RYTPZY Y FPTFSH Y NKHTSUYOBN RPMBZBMYUSH UFBLBOSCH. nd ZPUFY RTSNP YMY CH UFPMPCHHA. rTYSFEMSH NPK SCHYMUS CH DPN CH RETCHSCHK TBY YUKHCHUFCHPCHBM UEVS UNHEEOOP. PO YUEUFSH YUEUFSHA RETCHSCHN DEMPN RPDPYEM L IPSCLE, FHF CHUE VSCHMP ABOUT YUYUFPFKH. dBNB ЪB UBNPCHBTPN, POB Y EUFSH IPSCLB, B RPFPN TEYIM CHUEEI PVPKFY Y CHUEN PFTELPNEODPCHBFSHUS. ъB UEFPMPN WAYDAMP YUEMPCHEL 25th PWIPD ъBOSM NYOHF DEUSFSH. YUEN DBMSHYE PO RPDCHYZBMUS, FEN OBRTSTSEOYE HCHEMYUYUYCHBMPUSH. oELPFPTSCHE ZPUFY VSCHMY ЪBOSFSCH TBZPCHPTPN Y OE CHYDEMY, UFP LFP-FP UVPIF ЪB UFKHMPN J TSBTSDEF RTEDUFFBCHYFSHUS ... "dSDS lPMS! .. FSSP lPCh ...
- “b, UFP ... WHERE? BI, DB, DB, PYEOSH RTYSFOP ".
lPZDB NPMPDPK YUEMPCHEL VBLPOYUIM PVIPD, PO HTS DPYEM, UFP OBSCHBEFUS, DP FPYUL, FEN VPMEE, UFP PO VBNEFIM, UFP OB DBMSHOEN LPOGSCHELBUELBUAL oBLPOEG, VEDOSZB RPMHYUIM Y TKHL IPSCLY UCHPK UFBLBO YBS Y RPOEU EZP L UCHPENKH NEUFH, OP ... OE DPOEU. uFBLBO CHSCHULPMSHOHM YY THL Y VTSLOHM ABOUT RPM. oENEDMEOOP TCE CHUMED ЪB FYN U DEHYYUSHESP LPOGB TBDBMUS ChTSCHCH VEYEOPZP IPIPFB. nPMPDPK YUEMPCHEL RPUFPSM OENOPZP, ABFEN RPCHETOKHMUS L DCHETY Y CHSCHYEM ... CHOOYH CH YCHEKGBTULPK OBDEM RBMSHFP Y KHEIBM DPNPK U FBLYN YUHCHUFCHUP CHEPN
tSYYOSH, PDOBLP, UHDIMB YOBYUE. ON OE FPMSHLP OBYUBM YUBUFP VSCHCHBFSH CH FPN DPNE, OP YUETE DCHB ZPDB TSEOIMUS LBL TBB ABOUT FPK UBNPK DECHIGE, LPFPTBS VPMSHYE CHUEI OBBMBUSH YDECH.
pF ABUFEOYUYCHPUFY S YMEUYUMUS DPCHPMSHOP ULPTP. CHSCHMEUIM NEOS FPCE OBY PZHYGET, LBRIFBO r., YUEMPCHEL CHEUSHUE OE CHPEOOSCHK, OP NKHTSUYOB OEZMHRSCHK, OBVMADBFEMSHOSHCHK Y UBN CHEUSHNB "UCHEFULYK".
lBL-FP TBB PO NOE ZPCHPTYF:
- rPUMKHYBK ATYK, FSH BUFEOYUYCH?
- ipueysh, s fevs chshmeyuh?
- fBL CPF UMKHYBK. ъBUFEOYUYCHPUFSH X OPTNBMSHOPZP YUEMPCHELB RTPYUIPDIF ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBSPN PF YUVSHFLB UBNPMAVYS. FEVE RPUFSOOP LBTSEFUS, UFP LKHDB VSCH FSCH OY RTYYEM, CHUE FPMSHLP FEN Y БОBOSFSCH, UFP OBVMADBAF, LBL FSCH RPLMPOIMUS, LBL FSCH RPCHETOKHMUS UBP CHUSLKHA NYOHFKH FS YUKHCHUFCHKHEYSH, SFP FSH "GEOFT", GEOFT CHUEPVEEZP CHOINBOYS ... b FFF Y EUFSH UBNBS VPMSHYBS PYIVLB. LBL FPMSHLP fng UEVE SUOP, LTERLP J OBCHUEZDB HUCHPYYSH RTPUFHA YUFYOH, YUFP Chueh MADY ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBPN BOSFSCH UCHPYNY Debno J OYLPNH DP FEVS Demba RFU, J OYLPNH fng OE YOFETEUEO, LBL fng FPMSHLP FP PUPOBEYSH, fng URBUEO ... Chueh RPKDEF LBL RP NBUMH , RTPRBDEF UCHSBOOPUFSH Y OBRTSTSEOOOPUFSH Y FSH OE FPMSHLP RETEUFBOYISH UVTBDBFSH, OP OBYUEYSH OBIPDYFSH HDPCHPMSHUFFCHYE CH PVEUFCHE MADEK DBSCHO NBL.
uPCHEF VSCHM NKHDTSCHK Y RPNPZ NOE YUTECHSCHYUBKOP. NEOSHIE YUEN YUEET ZPD WITH VSCHM ABOUT CHETOPN RHFY L CHSCHDPTPTPCHMEOYA.
oP NPK UMHYUBK VSHM RTPUFK. with VSCHM AOPYB CHPTPUYYK B RTPCHYOGYY J LCA LPFPTPZP DP rEFETVHTZB, UBNSCHK "CHEMYLPUCHEFULYK" DPN, zde Software VSCHCHBM, VSCHM DPN OBYEZP STPUMBCHULPZP ZHVETOBFPTB, zde, LUFBFY ULBBFSH, Chueh VSCHMP CHEUSHNB RP UENEKOPNH. with RPNOA UMKHYUBY NOPZP UMPTSOEE. rPNOA, OBRTYNET, PDOPZP GBTULPZP ZHMYZEMSH-BDYAAFBOFB, OPUIFEMS PDOPK Y UBNSHI YCHEUFOSHI THUULYI YUFPTYUEULJI ZHBNYMYK, ULBTSEN FBYUBEYMEYK TPDIMUS CH REFETVKHTZE J CHPURIFSCHBMUS CH rBCEULPN LPTRKHUE. yuEMPCHEL, LPFPTPNKH VSCHMP IPTPYP bb 30. b S UCHPYNY ZMBBNY CHYDEM LBL, TBZPCHBTYCHBS U NBMP'OBLPNSCHNY DBNBNY, PO RHOGPCHP LTPBUO 15.
rTYCHEDH RTYNET EEE VPMEE TBYFEMSHOSCHK. h 1906 ZPDKH, CH YAOE, CHEUSH OBY RPML VSCHM RTYZMBYEO CH REFETZPZH L GBTA ABOUT "garden party". rTYEN DPMTSEO, VSCHM RTPY'PKFY ABOUT GBTULPK DBYUE, CH BMELUBODTYY, CH DYCHOPN RBTLE U ZTPNBDOSCHNY uFBTSCHNY, DETECHSNY Y HDYCHYFEMSHOPK LTPNMEBUPFSCH. OBLBOHE NSCh RTIEEIBMY Y ltBUOPZP uEMB RPEDPN Y RETEOPYUECHBMY CH hmboulyi LBBTNBI. b ABOUT UMEDKHAEYK DEOSH, YUBUB CH YUEFSCHTE, CHUEN RPMLPN UFTPEN RPYMY CH BMELUBODTYA, U IPTPN NKHSCHLY PE ZMBCHE. iDFY VSCHMP, RPNOYFUS, OE PYUEOSH DBMELP. RETED CHPTPFBNY RBTLB POOFBOPCHYMYUSH, EEE TB RPYUYUFYMYUSH Y UNBIOKHMY RSHMSH U URPZ. CHUE VSCHMY CH VEMPN, PZHYGETSCH CH THINGS LIFEMSI, UPMDBFSCH CH VESCHI THVBYLBI, Y CHUE VEH PTKHTSIS, OY YBYEL, OY CHYOFPCHPL, OH FEUBLPCH. rPZPDB VSCHMB FBLBS, LBLBS FPMSHLP HNEEF VSCHBFSH CH REFETVKHTZE CH SUOSCHE, UPMOYUOSCHE, OE TSBTLIE, U CHEFETLPN, DOY. rTYDS CH RPMPTSEOOPE NEUFP, NSH POOFBOPCHYMYUSH Y CHSCHFSOHMYUSH CH DCHE YETEOSY, RP-TPFOP, PZHYGETSCH ABOUT UCHPYI NEUFBI. We have a GBTSh. ON FPCE VSCHM CH VEMPN LIFEM Y VE'PTHTSIS, CH OBYEK ZHPTNE; ZHPTNKH VSCHMP CHYDOP FPMSHLP RP UYOENKH PLPMSCHYH VEMPK MFOEK ZHHTBTSLY. ON POPYEM TSDSCH Y RP'DPTPTPCHBMUS. rPFPN ULPNBODPCHBMY "TBPCFYUSH!" Y NSCH TBDEMYMYUSH. YUYOSCH RPYMY DBMSHYE, ZDE YN VSCHMY RTYZPFPCHMEOSCH UFPSCH U HZPEEOSHEN, YUBK, UMBDLJE VHMLY, VHFETVTPDS Y LPOZHEFSCH. fHDB TSE RPYEM Y GBTSH U LPNBODYTPN RPMLB, PVIPDYFSH UVPMSh.
b NShch, PZHYGETSCH, PFRTBCHYMYUSH B DTHZHA UFPTPOH, zde RPD DETECHSHSNY UFPSM PZTPNOSCHK LTHZMSCHK YUBKOSCHK UFPM, RPLTSCHFSCHK DP ENMY VEMPUOETSOPK ULBFETFSHA, B ON Oen UETEVTSOSCHK UBNPCHBT, YUBYLY, REYUEOSHS J CHUSLBS UOEDSH. oB UEFPMPN UYDEMB GBTYGB CH VEMPN LTHTSECHOPN RMBFSHE J RTYOYNBMB "ZPUFEK" ... fHF TSE WEZBMY GBTULJE DPULY, UFBTYEK VSCHMP 10 MEF. dCHKHIMEFOYK OBUMEDOIL, LPFPTSCHK Y'-ЪB VPMEOY OE NPZ IPDYFSH, LET'S LEAVE ABOUT THLBI X DSDSHLY, NBFTPUB DETECHOSHLP. rPFPN EZP RETEDBMY ABOUT THLI UFBTYENKH OBYENKH ZHEMSHDZHEVEM t. m. uFEGPCHH. rTYDCHPTOSHI RPYUFY OYLPZP OE VSCHMP. DETSKHTOSCHN ZHMYZEMSH-BDYAAFBOFFN VSCHM ABOUT FFF DEOSH OBOBYUEO THAN. LO. VPTYU chBDYNYTPCHYU, LPFPTSCHK ZHBLFYUEULY X OBU OE UMKHTSIM, OP YUUMIMUS CH URYULBI RPMLB, YUBUP OPUIM OBYKH ZHPTNKH Y UYUIFBMUS LBLV x CHUEI X OBU OBUFTFEOYE VSCHMP TBDPUFOPE Y CHEUEMPE. GBTSH VSCHM FBLCE CHEUEM Y, LBL CHUEZDB, CH PVTBEEOY PYUEOSH RTPUF. hNOSchI NYOYUFTPCH IN VPSMUS, RETED UFBTYYNY ZEOETBMBNY TPVEM, OP FHF, B OBLPNPK UTEDE UPMDBF J PZHYGETPCH IN YUHCHUFCHPCHBM UEVS DRYER UBNSCHN RPMLPCHOYLPN, LPNBODYTPN VBFBMSHPOB rTEPVTBTsEOULPZP RPMLB, LBLYN IN LPZDB-OP VSCHM, DB FBL ON CHUA TSYOSH J PUFBMUS.
gBTULYE DECHPULY PYEOSH CHEUEMYMYUSH. from ZTPNLYNY LTYLBNY OPUIMYUSH RP MHZKH Y, YZTBMY U NPMPDSCHNY PZHYGETBNY CH RSFOBYLY Y CH ZPTEMLY. GBTYGB YURPMOSMB PVSBOOPUFY IPSCLY. OBMYCHBMB YUBK Y LBTSDPNKH MYUOP RETEDBCHBMB YUBYLH. oBULPMShLP NPTSOP VSCHMP UHDYY, OE LPTPFEOSHLYN ZHTBBN DEFSI P, P RPZPDE, YMY P Ubaye, UMBDLYK, LTERLYK, I have MYNPOPN YMY NPMPLPN, ZPCHPTYMB POB RP-THUULY DPCHPMSHOP UCHPVPDOP, IPMF have UYMSHOSCHN BOZMYKULYN BLGEOFPN. OP UPUCHPA IPSCULHA DPMTSOPUFSH POB YURPMOSMB U FBLYN SCHOSCHN UVTBDBOYEN, UFP ABOUT OE TSBMLP VSHMP UNPFTEFSH. h FP CHTENS POB VSCHMB HTSE NBFSH RSFY DEFEK Y OPUIMB YCHBOYE CHUETPUUYKULPK YNRETBFTYGSCH PDYOOBDGBFSHK ZPD. lBBBMPUSH VSCH, LBLPE UNHEEOYE Y OEMPCHLPUFSH NPZMB POB YURSCHFSCHBFSH CH PVEEUFCHE LBLYI-FP OEBLPNCHI 40 PZHYGETPCH, LPFPTSCHE ULPTEYE UBNY UBEY UFEU nd FEN OE NEOEE NEOS RPTBYMP, UFP LPZDB POB ÄBDBCHBMB UCHPY, OEIFTSCHE CHPTRPUSCH, MYGP X OEE YMP LTBUOSCHNY RSFOBNY. ПFP VSCHMP SUOP BNEFOP, FBL LBL CH FE CHTENEOB RTYMYUOSCHE TSEOEYOSCH EEL UEVE EEE OE LTBUIMY. b LPZDB POB RTPFSZYCHBMB YUBYLKH, THLB X OEE LTHROP DTPTSBMB. OP FHF, LPOEYUOP, VSCHMB OE PDOB FPMSHLP ABUFEOYUYCHPUFSH. xCE CH FE CHTENEOB, OBYB RETCHBS RPMLPCHBS DBNB, UKHRTKHZB YEZHB, VSCHMB VPMSHOBS Y ZMKHVPLP OEUYUBUFOBS TSEOEYOB.
* * *
h RETCHSCHK ZPD UMHTSVSCH U HOBCHBOYEN UCHPYI DBN ABOUT HMYGE Y CH RHVMYUOSHI NEUFBI YUBUFP CHSCHIPDYMP OE CHUE ZMBDLP.
oBRTINET, UYDYYSH CH FEBFTE. h BOFTBLFE CHYDYYSH UCHPEZP PZHYGETB U DBNPK. FERETSH, LFP LFB DBNB? eUMY TSEOB, FP RPMBZBEFUS RPDIPDYFSH. eUMI LFP TPDUFCHOOOYGB, UEUFTB, UEUFTB TSEOSCH Y FR, FP NPTSOP Y RPDPPKFY Y OE RPDPPKFY. EUMY LFP RTPUFP BOBLPNBS, FP RPDIPDIFSH OE OKHTSOP. pDOPZP 20-NYOHFOPZP CHY'YFB CH ZPD CHUE-FBLY NBMP, YUFPVSH ЪBRPNOYFSH 15 OPCHCHI TSEOULYI MYG, LPFPTSCHE CHDPVBCHPL JNEAF UPHPKUFPCHP TBDYSPHYNSPK
rP CHFPTPNKH ZPDKH CHUE DBNSCH HTSE CHCHHYUYCHBMYUSH FCHETDP.
chPF UPVUFCHEOOOP Y CHUE UPGYBMSHOSHE PVS'BOOPUFY IPMPUFSHI RP PFOPYEOYA L TSEOBN YI FPCHBTYEEK.
oILBLYI PVSBFEMSHOSHI RPDTBCHMEYK, U OPCHSCHN ZPDPN, U RBUIPK, U YNEOYOBNY, TPCDEOYSNY, OE UHEEUFCHPCHBMP. VSCHMP DCHB, FTY TCEOBFSHI TPFOSHCHI LPNBODYTB, LPFPTSCHE ABRTPUFP RTYOYNBMY Y LPTNYMY ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBDPN UCHPYI NMBDYYI PZHYGETPCH, OP Y FP.
oYLBLYI CHEYUETPCH, VBMPCH, URELFBLMEK Y F. D. CH UPVTBOSHY OE HUFTBYCHBMPUSH Y DBNBN CHIPD FHDB VSCHM YBLBBO. DEMBMPUSH YULMAYUEOYE FPSMSHLP TB 'CH ZPD. about FTEFIK DEOSH tPCDEUFCHB CH yLPME UPMDBFULYI DEFEK VSCHMB EMLB. fKhDB RTYZMBYBMYUSH CHUE PZHYGETSCH U TSEOBNY. rPUME EMLY, YUBUPCH CH 11, YMY HTSYOBFSH CH UPVTBOYE. DBNSCH SCHMSMYUSH DBMELP OE CHUE, B ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBBPN NPMPDSCHE, MAVSEYE RPCHEUEMYFSHUS. yuFPVSCH OE UFEUOSFSH CHEUEMSHS, OY LPNBODYT RPMLB, OY EZP TSEOB OE RPSCHMSMYUSH. OB FFF CHEUET VPMSHYHA UVPMPCHHA HVITBMY RPD "TEUFPTBO". CHSCHOPUIMY VPMSHYPK UVPM Y UVBCHYMY NBMEOSHLYE UVPMYLY B ABOUT OYI MBNRPULY U GCHEFOSCHNY BVBTSHTBNY. RP FTBDYGYY DBN RTYZMBYBMY OE NKHTSSHS, B IPMPUFSCHE. hTSYOBMY RP RSFSH, RP YEUFSH YUEMPCHEL, RTYUEN NKHTSEK HUBTSYCHBMY B DTKHZIE UEFPMSh. OB, LBTSDSCHK UFPM RTYIPDYMPUSH RP PDOPK, RP DCHE DBNSCH Y UFPMSH UPUFBCHMSMYUSH BTBOYE, U FBLYN TBUYUEFPN, YUFPVSCH CHUE VSCHMY DTHZ DTHSHFZH RT. yZTBM OBY NBMEOSHLYK UVTHHOSCHK PTLEUFT, FBL OBSCHBENSCHK "VBMSHOSCHK", B LPZDB EZP YUBUB CHDCHB OPYU PFRHULBMY, LFP-OYVKHDSH YB UBYMSHYUPSH YBYUPSHT pvshlopcheoop YZTBM khozeto-yFETOVETZ, LPFPTSCHK KHNEM YZTBFSh FPMShLP FBOGSCH, OP VBFP CHPURTPYCHPDIM YI U PUPVEOOSCHN YUYUFP FBRETULNUPYN ZT. zhPLUFTPFPCH Y YINNY FPZDB EEE OE BOBMY, B FBOGECHBMY CHBMSHUSCH Y LBDTYMY.
with RPNOA PDYO FBLPK PUPVEOOOP HDBCHYKUS CHEYET. RYMY OPTNBMSHOP, OP CHEUEMSHE YUBUFP RTYIPDIF OE PF RIFSHS, B LBL-FP UBNP UPVPK. h LFPF CHEYUET OELPFPTSHE Y'OBU RPVETSBMY CH RPMLPCHPK NHJEK, CHSCHFBEYMY UFBTSCHE ZHPTNSCH Y PVMELMYUSH CH OYI, UFP NECDKH RTPUYN UFPNTsDKH RTPUYN UFPNTsDKH RTPUYN UFPNTSDKH RTPUYN UFTPZCHM SHBRTEBEBMY CH RPMLPCHPK NKHEK rKHUFIMYUSH RMSUBFSH PZHYGETSCH OILPZDB OE FBOGECHBCHYE, Y OEHNECHYE FBOGECHBFSH, UFP VSHMP PUPVEOOOP UNEYOP. uFBMY CHPDYFSH ZPMPCHPLTKHTSYFEMSHOSHE LBDTYMY, U VEYEOSCHNY ZBMPRBNY. lBLBS-FP RBTB RPLBFIMBUSH ABOUT RPM, RP UYUBUFSHA PLBBMYUSH TSEOB U NKHTSEN. pDOIN UMCHPN, CHEUMSHE VSCHMP VEHDETTSOPE Y VHKOPE ... eEE OENOPTSLP Y VSHMP VSCH OEIPTPYP. OB UMEDHAEYK DEOSH PDYO YY OBYYI PUFTSLPCH, v. at. rTPOYO, PUFTSL OECHPNHFYNP URPLPKOSCHK, LPFPTSCHK TPOSM UCHPY UMPCHEYULY HZPMLPN TFB, YUFP of the ECE VPMSHYE HUYMYCHBMP CHREYUBFMEOYE, LPZDB EZP URTPUYMY, LBL ENH RPOTBCHYMUS CHYUETBYOYK CHEYUET, OE CHSCHOYNBS CHEYUOPK UYZBTSCH, RTPGEDYM "vSchMP PYUEOSH NYMP, OENOPTSLP YUPRPTOP".
fBLPZP TPDB CHEUEMSHE HDBCHBMPUSH, LPOEYUOP, OE LBTSDSCHK TB, OP CHEUEMP Y RTYSFOP VSCHBMP CHUEZDB. ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBSPN RPFPNKH, UFP LFP VSCHM EDYOUFCHOOSCHK UMHYUBK RPRBUFSH CH YNOE UPVTBOYE, NPMPDSCHE DBNSCH FY HTSYOSH PYEOSH MABUCHYMY YP
h MBZETOPE UPVTBOYE RPRBUFSH VSHMP MEZUE. fBN ABOUT CHFPTPN ЬFBTSE VSCHMP DCHE LPNOBFSCH, HUFTFEOOSCHE ABOUT RPDPVYE TEUFPTBOOSHI LBVYOEFPCH. fKhDB PZHYGETSCH NPZMY RTYZMBYBFSH UCHPY UENSHY, YMY RTPUFP JOBLPSCHI. ьФЙН РПМШЪПЧБМЙУШ ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBDPN FPZDB, LPZDB PZHYGET UBN OE REFINERY KHEIBFSH YB MBZETS. RP RTBDOILBN, YCHEUFOPE YUUMP RP OBTSDKH OE YNEMP RTBCHB PFMKHYUBFSHUS YM MBZETOPZP TBURPMPTSEOIS. OP OY CH OYTSOYK VPMSHYPK VBM OY ABOUT OYTSOAA FETBUUH, OY CH UBD, DBVSCH OE UFEUOSFSH UCHPVPDKH IPMPUFSHI CH YI GBTUFCHE, DBNULYK LMENEOF OE DPRKHUL. rTYOYNBFSH DBN CH MBZETSI X UEVS CH VBTBLBI PZHYGETBN FPCE OE TELPNEODPCHBMPUSH. EDYOUFCHOOOPE YULMAYUEOYE VSCHM LPNBODYTULYK VBTBL, ZDE VSCHMP OEULPMSHLP LPNOBF. OP S PRSFSH-FBLY OE RPNOA, YUFPVSCH LPNBODYTPCH RTYE'TSBMY FHDB VPMSHYE YUEN ABOUT OEULPMSHLP YUBUPCH, YULMAYUIFESHOP RP RTBDOYLBN.
chui FY NHDTSCHE RTBCHYMB, PFUHFUFCHYE PVSBFEMSHOPZP PVEEOYS, PVSBFEMSHOSCHI UENEKOSCHI HCHEUEMEOYK J UTBCHOYFEMSHOP PYUEOSH BNLOHFBS TSYOSH PZTPNOPZP VPMSHYYOUFCHB TSEOBFSCHI PZHYGETPCH UDEMBMY AF YUFP B Chui CHTENS NPEK VMYLPK UCHSY Y RPMLPN (Y 1904 RP 1917), C OE DPEP X OCU OH PDOPK DHMY, OH PODOPZP TBCHPDB Y CHPPVEE OY PDOPK TPNBOYUEULPK YUFPTYY. OE CHUE RPMLY REFETVHTZULPZP ZBTOYIBPOB NPZMY LFYN RPICHBUFFBFSHUS. h LBYUEUFCHE LPTRPTBGY, TSEOSCH PZHYGETPC CHCHUFHRBMY FPMSHLP PDYO TBB CH ZPDH. lPZDB RPML URTBCHMSM RPMLPCHPK RTB'DOIL CH GBTULPN UEME, DBNSH FKHDB OE YEDIMY. oP EUMI FPTCEUFCHP RTPYUIPDYMP CH REFETVKHTZE, CH NYIBKMPCHULPN NBOETSE, J ABOUT NPMEVOE J RBTBDE CHNEUFE U ZPUHDBTEN RTYUHFUFFSCHPKHDPYUBMB YBSPH about NPMEEVO POI UFBOPCHYMYUSH CHNEUFE U OEK, OEULPMSHLP RPBDY. zhPTNB PDETSDSCH YN VSCHMB: VEMBS YMSRB, VEMSCHK UHLPOSCHK YMY YETUFSOPK LPUFAN "tailleur", VEMSCHE RETUBFLY ABOUT HER. FE, LFP YNEM YYZHTSCH, ZHTEKMYOULYE YMY YOUFEIFHFULYE, YMY NEDBMY, DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY YI OBDECHBFSH. RETED NPMEVOPN TSEOB LPNBODYTB RPDOPUIMB GBTEIGE VPMSHYPK VHLEF VEMSHI TP'U, U YYTPLYNY UYOYNY, RPMLPCHPZP GCHEFB, MEOFBNY.
vSCHMP EEE DCHB UMKHYUBS, LPZDB DBNSCH NPZMY RTYOYNBFSH HYUBUFYE CH PZHYGBMSHOPK RPMLPCHPK TSYOYA, OP NFP HTSE RP TSEMBOYA. POI NPZMY RTYIPDYFSH ABOUT CHUEOPEOHA CH uPVPT OBLBOHE CHDEOSH Y UVBOPCHYFSHUS CH PZHYGETULKHA ABZPTPDLKH, B MEFPN, CH LPOGE MBZETS, RTYEBETSBU. fBL LBL Y ТСBTS J GETENPOYS RTPYUIPDYMY CH TBURPMPTSEOY OBYEZP-TSE RPMLB, POI YNEMY CHPUNPTSOPUFSH RTYSFOP LPOYUIFSH CHEYUET, RPCHTSYMSHYBSHEBOUT
* * *
oP CPF OBUFBM RTYUOPRBNSFOSCHK BCHZHUF RTYUOPRBNSFOPZP 1914 ZPDB. rPML HYEM ABOUT FEBFT CHEOOSHI DEKUFCHYK, RPMLPSCHE DBNSCH PUFBMYUSH CH REFETVKHTZE. uLPMSHLP FSCHUSYU MEF CHPAAF MADY Y ULPMSHLP FSCHUSYU MEF VMYLJE CHPYOBN TSEOEYOSCH DHNBAF Y YUKHCHUFCHHAF PDOP Y FP TSE. chPEChBFSh OEMEZLP, \u200b\u200bOP YNEFSH VMYLPZP YUEMPCHELB B RPUFPSOOPK PRBUOPUFY, BUSCHRBFSH J RTPUSCHRBFSHUS have NSCHUMSHA zde software YUFP have Oin, PEF IN UEKYUBU, NPTSEF VSCHFSH, W FH UBNHA NYOHFH METSYF ON ENME J YUFELBEF LTPCHSHA, BS FPZP OE OBA TH OE NPZH ENH RPNPYUSH ... lFP, RPCBMHK, EEE FSTSEMEE YUEN CHPECHBFSH ... YDBMY CHUEZDB CHUE LBTSEFUS UVTBYOEE.
y CH FY DOY CH refETVKHTZE UMKHYUIMPUSH FP, UFP VSCHMP RPOSFOP Y EUFEUFCHEOOP. TSEO PZHYGETPCH, RTETSDE EDCHB JOBLPNSCHI DTHZ DTHZH, UPDEOYIMP Y UTPDOYMP YUKHCHUFCHP PVEEK FTECHPZY RETED MYGPN PVEEZP YURSCHFBOYS.
eEE PE CHTENS NPVYMYBGYY PDOI JCHPOYMY RP FEMEZHPOKH DTHZYN:
- CHBY NHTS VETEF U UPVPA FETNPU? b SRPOULKHA ZTEMLKH? b LBLPE VEMSHE? CHCH BOBEFE, YEMLPCHPE MHYUYE CHUEZP; ZPChPTSF RPMOBS ZBTBOFYS PF OBUELPNCHI.
lUFBFY ULBBFSH, LBL NOPZP CHUSLYI CHEEEK, UPVTBOOSCHI have FBLPK MAVPCHSHA J FTPZBFEMSHOPK BVPFPK, RTYYMPUSH ON CHPKOE CHSCHLYOHFSH B RPMOEKYEK YEE VEURPMEOPUFSHA ... uLPMShLP DEOEZ, RPDBTLPCH J CHUSLPK Mbula RPMHYUYMY PF NPMPDSCHI "VBTSCHOSH" CHETOSCHE, OP RMHFPCHBFSCHE DEOEYLY, YUFPVSCH Sing FPMSHLP RPMHYUYE UNPFTEMY ЪB “RPTHYUILPN” YMI “LBRIFBOPN”.
b LPZDB RPML HYEM, FP UFBMY EDIFSH Y JCHPOIFSH CH LPNBODYTULYK DPN, LKHDB TBOSHYE NPTEBUSH EDMY TBB CH ZPD. y UBN UPVPA PVTBPCHBMUS "uENEOPCHULYK DBNULYK LPNYFEF", B TSEOB RPCHEDYEZP RPML LPNBODYTB, NBTYS chMBDYNEYTPCHOB ZFFBFETBUYPKHEKHPKH
uENEOPCHULYK ZhPTNKHMST X n. h. VSCHM UBNSCHK VMEUFSEYK. eE PFEG, ZTBZh h. r. lMEKONYIEMSH, VSCHM LPZDB-FP OBYIN LPNBODYTPN Y POB CH RPMLH TPDYMBUSH. b RPFPN, CHCHKDS BNKHTs bB d. at. FFETB, LPZDB PO VSCHM EEE CH NPMPDSCHI YUYOBI, RTPYMB U OYN, FBL ULBBFSH, CHUE DPMTSOPUFY PF NMBDYEZP PZHYGETB Y DP LPNBODYTB. OYLBLIYI UREGYYUEULYI YUETF "NBFETY-LPNBODYTYY" X OEE OE VSCHMP. h NYTOPE CHTENS POB TSIMB BNLOHFP Y BVPFIMBUSH P NKHTSE Y P USHOE, 15-MEFOEN MYGEYUFYLE. OP U HIPDPN RPMLB ABOUT CHIPKOH, UENSHS n. h. CHSCHTPUMB UTBKH DP YUEFSCHTEI FSCHUSYU.
rP TPCDEOYA J: RP NKHTSKH POB RTYOBDMETSBMB L UBNPNKH VPMSHYPNKH refETVKHTZULPNKH UCHEFKH, OP VPMSHYEK "DENPLTBFYY" FTHDOP VSCHMP UCHEVE RTESHDUF. uCHPE UPVUFCHEOOPE "S" DMS OEE CHPPVEE OE UHEEUFCHPCHBMP. TBUETDYFSH EE VSHMP NPTSOP, OP PVIDEFSH OENSHUMYNP. u CHEOBNY ZHEMSHDZHEVEMEK Y U CHEMILYNY LOSZYOSNY POB ZPCHPTIMB CH UPCHETEOOOP PDYOBLPCCHI FPOBI. about HMYGE ITS NPTSOP VSCHMP RTYOSFSH B ZKHCHETOBOFLKH JV VEDOPZP DPNB YMY ЪB VEZBAEKHA RP KhTPLBN HYUIFEMSHOYGKH NHYSCHLY, OP OILPYSCHNE PVHENBBP FN lBTSEFUS CHUA CHUKH POB RTPIPDYMB CH PDOPN EDYOUFCHOOOPN YUETOPN RMBFSHE, U AVLPK CHUEZDB YUHFSH-YUHFSH ABOUT VPLH.
pF NHTSB, U LPFPTSCHN X OEE VSCHMP HUFBOPCHMEOP RPDPVYE FEMEZTBZHOPZP L RYUSHNEOOOPZP "LPDB", n. h. CHUEZDB YNEMB UBNSHE VSCHUFTSCHE Y UBNSHE TETHER UCHDEOYS P FPN, ZDE RPML: CH RIPDE, CH TEETCHE, CH VPA YMY ABOUT PFDSHIE. y RPOSFOP, UFP PDOPFBTSOCHK DETECHSOOSCHK DPN, ABOUT KhZMKh ъBZPTPDOPZP Y tKhPCHULPK VSCHM NBZOIFPN, LPFPTPNKH FSOHMYUSH VETDGB CHUCHIE HPHMYPYM.
rP TPLPCHPK PYIVLE, DPRHEEOOPK OBYIN OBYUBMSHUFCHPN, OBY RPML LBL Y CHUE RPMLY THUULPK BTNYY, CHCHYEM ABOUT CHPKOKH CH RETERMOEOOOPN UPUFBCHE. h TPFBI VSCHMP RP YUEFSCHTE PZHYGETB, ZHEMSHDZHEVMS UFPSMY OB CHCHPDBI, UFBTYE KHOFET-PZHYGETSH CH UFTPA AB TSDPCHCHCHI. PYIVLB, AB LPFPTHA OBN RTYYMPUSH DPTPZP ABRMBFYFSH, LPZDB CH RETCHSCHE TCE NEUUSGSCH CHOCOSCH RPMPCHYOB LPNBODOPZP UPUFBCHB PLBBBMBUSH CHSCHVIFPK.
vMBZPDBTS OERPNETOPNKH LPMYUEUFCHH KHYEDYI PZHYGETPCH, UTBH TCE RP UCHPEN CHOOYLOPCHEOY, DBNULYK LPNYFEEF OPVSCHYUBKOP TBBTPUUS. lTPNE TSEO, EUFEUFCHOOSCHN RHFEN FKHDB CHOPYMY, NBFETY, UEUFTSCH, FEFLY, OECHEUFSH. u LBTSDSCHN OPCHSCHN RPUFKHRMEOYEN PZHYGETPCH, RPRPMOSMUS Y LPNIFEF, LPFPTSCHK UTBH TCE RPCHEM DAMP LOETZYUOP Y HNEMP. LPOEYUOP, OYLBLYI VMBZPFCHPTYFEMSHOSHI YUBECH YMY VTYDTSEK OE HUFTBYCHBMY, B RETCHSCHN DAMPN PVMPTSYMY CHUPUBNY UBNYI UEVSCH B DMS UPLBUIPPN FE, LFP DETTSBMY MYPYBDEK, UFBMY EDIFSH ABOUT YCHPYUILBI ABOUT FTBNCHBE. rTELTBFYMY RTYENSCH, PFRHUFYMY MYYOOAA RTYUMHZKH, EUMY ЬFB RTYUMKHZB UBNB OE OHTSDBMBUSH CH RPNPEY. nPMPDSCHE LTBUYCHCHE TSEOEYOSCH RETEUFBMY EDYFSH CH TEUFPTBOSCH Y CHNEUFP 10 OPCHCHI RMBFSHECH CH ZPD OPUMY Y RETEDEMSCHBMY UVBTSCHE. uOBUBMB CHSMYUSH БB YENSHY HYEDYI U RPMLPN RPDRRBRPTEYLPCH Y ZHEMSHDZHEVEMEK. CHUEN YN RPMBZBMUS "RBEL", OP VSCHM ON UPCHETYEOOOP OYEEOULIK. ABFEN RP CHP'NPTSOPUFY CHSCHSUOSMY BDTEUB CH refETVKHTZE Y PLTEUFOPUFSI UENEKUFCH ABBBUOSHI UPMDBF, HYEDYY U RPMLPN. YI VSCHMP OE NOPZP, OP FBLYE VSCHMY. y OKHTSOP PFDBFSH RPMOKHA URTBCHEDMYCHPUFSH TSEOEYOBN LFPZP RPLPMEOIS. CHUS ЬFB RPNPESH CHUCHUE OE OPUIMB IBTBLFET "VMBZPFCHPTIFEMSHOPUFY". uYUIFBMPUSH Y ZPCHPTYMPUSH FBL OBSY NKHTSSH Y USCHOPCHSH UEKYUBU TSDPN, IDP P IDP, DETHFUS Y UVTBDBAF, RPNPZBAF Y CHSCHTHYUBAF DTHZ DTHZB. fBLTSE Y NSCH, TSEOEYOSCH, DPMTSOSCH Y PVSBOSCH DTHZ DTHZH RPNPZBFSH.
y VSCHMI YUMEOSCH dBNULPZP LPNIFEFB, LPFPTSCHE VEH YHNB Y PZMBULY VTBMY ABOUT UCHPE RPRREYUEOYE RP 5, RP 10 UENEK ABBUOSCHI.
pDOIN YY CHYDPCH RPNPEY VSCHMP YYIFSHE VEMSHS, Y ZPFPCHPZP NBFETYBMB, RP UREGYBMSHOPK TBUGEOLE, CH ABCHYUYNPUFY PF RPMPTSETSOYS Y CHP'PKNPK.
dTHZPE DAMP LPNYFEFB VSCHMB VBVPFB P OBYYI TBOOSCHI, UPMDBFBI LPOEYUOP, PV PZHYGETBI Y FBL VSCHMP LPNKH RPBVPFIFSHUS. dMS LFPZP UPVYTBMY URTBCHLY RP ZPURIFBMSN, OBCHEBMY Y VBMPCHBMY UCHPYI.
oBLPOEG, UPVYTBMY J PFRTBCHMSMY B RPML RPUSCHMLY, PRSFSH-FBLY LCA UPMDBF CE, have VEMSHEN, FBVBLPN, YUBEN, UBIBTPN, UMBDPUFSNY TH FD rPUSchMLY PZHYGETBN PFRTBCHMSMY YEE UENSHY, OP RPUSCHMBMYUSH Sing FBLTSE YUETE lPNYFEF.
h LPOGE BCHZHUFB 14 ZPDB OBYUBMYUSH RPFETY. uOBUBMB RTYCHEM PODOPZP HVYFPZP, RPFPN DCHI, RPFPN RSFSH Y RPOENOPTSLKH GENEOPHOSCHNY ZTPVBNY ABPMOSMBUSH CHUS OYTSOS GETLPCHPZBP u.
chuei rtycheeoooshi khvaifshch h. CHUEZDB CHUFTEYUBMB ABOUT RMBFZHPTNE UBNB. th DEMBMB POB EEE »VPMSHYE. lPZDB PF NKHTSB ABOUT ITS YNS RTYIPDYMY FEMEZTBNNSCH P RPFETSI, POB VTBMB ÜFY FEMEZTBNNSCH Y PFRTBCHMSMBUSH UPVEBFSH UVTBYOSCHE OPCHPUFY NBFETSN Y TS. dTHZBS VSCH ULBBMB RP FEMEZHPOKH, LTHTSOSCHN RHFEN LPNKH-OYVHDSH YY OE PYUEOSH VMYALYI, YUFPVSH RPFYIPOSHLH, PUFPTPTSOP RPDZPFPCHYM. OP POB UYUIFBMB LFP UCHPYN UCHSEEOOSCHN DPMZPN Y CHUE HDBTSCH OBOPUIMB UBNPMYUOP.
fERETSH DHNBEFUS, UFP NPTSEF VSCHFSH OE UMEDCHBMP RTYCHPYFSH FEMB KHVIFSHI PZHYGETPCH CH REFETVKHTZ. rPCBMHK LTBUYCHE VSCHMP VSH IPTPOIFSH CHUEI FHF TSE, ABOUT NEUFE, TSDPN U VEPCHCHNY FPCHBTYEBNY CH PVEEK NPZIME, LPFPTBS OE DBTPN OBBSCHTBEFUS. OP UENSHSN IPFEMPUSH YNEFSH PF VMJLJI IPFSH YUFP-OYVKHSH, CPF FHF, TSDPN, YUFPVSH VSCHMP OBD YUEN RPNPMYFSHUS Y RPRMBLBFSH. y LFPZP HFEYEOYS, LPZDB YNEMBUSH CHP'NPTSOPUFSH, FTHDOP VSCHMP YI MYYYIFSH.
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Army crisis image
as a crisis of Russian life in the story of A. I. Kuprin "Duel"
The purpose of the lesson:to show the importance of Kuprin's story for the awareness of society of the crisis of all Russian life; the humanistic, anti-war pathos of the story.
Methodological techniques:analytical conversation, commented reading.
During the classes
I... Teacher's word
The story "Duel" was published in May 1905, in the days of the defeat of the Russian fleet at Tsushima. The depiction of a backward, incapable of combat army, decayed officers, slaughtered soldiers had an important socio-political meaning: it was an answer to the question about the causes of the Far Eastern catastrophe.
II. Conversation on the story "Duel"
- What is the theme of the story "Duel"?
(The main theme of the story is the crisis of Russia, all spheres of Russian life, shown through the crisis of the army.)
Teacher comment:
The critical orientation of the story was noted by Gorky, who ranked "The Duel" as civic, revolutionary prose. The story had wide resonance, brought Kuprin all-Russian glory, became the reason for controversy in the press about the fate of the Russian army. The problems of the army always reflect the general problems of society. In this sense, Kuprin's story is still relevant today.
Dedicating the story "Duel" in its first (1905) publication to M. Gorky, Kuprin wrote to him: “Now, finally, when everything is over, I can say that everything bold and violent in my story belongs to you. If you knew how much I learned from you and how grateful I am to you for it. "
- What, in your opinion, in "Duel" can be defined as "bold and violent"?
(Discussion.)
- What topic, besides the crisis of the army, the crisis of Russia, is Kuprin especially worried about?
(The theme of the protest against the war. Kuprin shows the senselessness and inhumanity of wars.)
Teacher comment:
LN Tolstoy noted the anti-war orientation of the story. By the way, Tolstoy's story "After the Ball", the theme of which is close to the theme of "The Duel", was also written in 1905. The protagonist of The Duel, Romashov, thinks that there should be no wars in a reasonably organized society: “Maybe all this is some common mistake, some kind of universal delusion, insanity? Is it natural to kill? " Romashov naively believes that in order to eliminate the war, it is necessary that all people suddenly see their light, declare in one voice: "I do not want to fight!" and threw down their weapons. There are several thematic lines in the story: the life of officers, the combat and barracks life of soldiers, relations between people. It turns out that not all people adhere to the same pacifist views as Romashov.
- How Kuprin draws images of officers?
(Kuprin perfectly knew the army environment from his many years of experience. The images of the officers are given accurately, realistically, with merciless reliability. Almost all the officers in the "Duel" are nonentities, drunkards, stupid and cruel careerists and ignoramuses. Moreover, they are confident in their class and morality superiority, they contemptuously regard civilians, who are called “hazel grouses”, “shpak”, “shafirk.” Even Pushkin for them is “some kind of shpak.” Among them, it is considered “youth to abuse or beat a civilian for no reason at all. , put out a lighted cigarette on his nose, slide a cylinder over his ears. ")
- What is the reason for the arrogance and rudeness of the officers?
(Unbounded arrogance, perverted ideas about "the honor of the uniform" and honor in general, rudeness is a consequence of isolation, isolation from society, inactivity, stupefying drills. In the ugly carousing, drunkenness, ridiculous antics, some kind of blind, animal, senseless rebellion against mortal melancholy and monotony. The officers are not used to thinking and reasoning, some seriously believe that in military service, in general, “it is not supposed to think.” Recall that such thoughts were visited, for example, by Nikolai Rostov from the novel “War and Peace.”)
Teacher comment:
Literary critic Yu. V. Babicheva writes about The Duel: “The officers of the regiment have a single“ typical ”face with clear signs of caste limitation, senseless cruelty, cynicism, vulgarity and arrogance. At the same time, in the course of the development of the plot, each officer, typical in his caste ugliness, at least for a moment is shown as he could have become if it were not for the destructive influence of the army. "
- Do you agree that the officers in the story "Duel" have a single "typical" face? If so, how is this “unity” manifested?
- Is it true that each of the officers, the heroes of Kuprin's story, "at least for a moment is shown as he could have become if it were not for the destructive influence of the army"?
(The writer shows the officers' milieu in a vertical section: corporals, junior officers, senior officers, senior officers. "With the exception of a few ambitious and careerists, all officers served as a compulsory, unpleasant, resentful corvee, languishing in it and not loving it." common features common to most officers, each of them has individual features, outlined so vividly and expressively that the image becomes almost symbolic.)
- What can you say about the image of Osadchy?
(The image of the Osadchy is ominous. "He is a cruel man," Romashov says about him. The cruelty of the Osadchy was constantly experienced by the soldiers, who trembled from his thunderous voice and the inhuman force of the blows. In the Osadchy company, soldiers suicides more often than in others. The bloodthirsty Osadchy in disputes about the duel insists on the need for a fatal outcome of the duel - “otherwise it will be just a stupid pity ... a comedy.” At a picnic he makes a toast “to the joy of previous wars, to merry bloody cruelty.” In a bloody battle, he finds pleasure, he is intoxicated by the smell of blood, he is ready to chop, stab, shoot all his life - no matter who and for what (chapters VIII, XIV).)
- Tell us about your impressions of Captain Sliva.
(Captain Plum - “even in the regiment, which, due to the conditions of wild provincial life, did not differ in a particularly humane direction, he was some kind of outlandish monument to this fierce military antiquity.” He did not read a single book, not a single newspaper, and despised everything that This is a sluggish, degraded man, he brutally, to the point of blood, beats the soldiers, but he is attentive to the soldiers' needs: he does not hold up money, he personally watches over the company boiler (Chapter X).)
- What is the difference between the image of Captain Stelkovsky?
(Perhaps only the image of Captain Stelkovsky - patient, cold-blooded, persistent - does not cause disgust. The soldiers "truly loved him: perhaps the only example in the Russian army" (Chapter XV).)
- What are the distinctive features of Bek-Agamalov?
(Bek-Agamalov boasts of his ability to chop, regretfully says that he probably won’t cut a man in half: “I’ll take my head to the devil, I know that, but so that obliquely ... no. My father did it easily ...” (“Yes, there were people in our time ...”) With this evil eyes, with a humped nose and bared teeth, he “looked like some kind of predatory, angry and proud bird” (Chapter I).
Bek-Agamalov's features are present in each of the officers. Many are generally bestial. During a scandal in a brothel, this bestial essence comes through especially clearly: in the bulging eyes of Bek-Agamalov, "naked round squirrels glittered terribly", his head "was low and menacingly lowered", "an ominous yellow glint lit up in his eyes." “And at the same time, he bent his legs lower and lower, he cringed all over and absorbed his neck like an animal ready to take a leap.”)
- What feelings do the officers experience after the scandal in the brothel?
(After this scandal, which ended in a fight and a challenge to a duel, “everyone dispersed, embarrassed, depressed, avoiding looking at each other. Everyone was afraid to read in other people's eyes his own horror, his slavish, guilty longing - the horror and longing of small, evil and dirty animals (Chapter XIX).)
Sasha is the wife of Lieutenant Nikolaev. Officer Romashov serves with the lieutenant in one military unit and is a devoted friend to his wife.
Description of Shurochka's appearance.
Nikolaeva Alexandra Petrovna is a young lady. She has a sweet, pale face with scarlet lips. There is a small mole on the left earlobe. The eyes are blue. She looks small, light, flexible, strong woman. Her movements are impulsive and sudden. She is very stylish, although her hair is not dark, but to some extent the image of "Carmen" or a gypsy is manifested.
Characteristics of Alexandra.
Shurochka believes that she is not beautiful, but an interesting woman. Shurochka is an intelligent woman. Knows a few foreign languages and knows how to competently and skillfully conduct a dialogue with people. She can be wayward and ironic. Likes to do needlework. The goal of her life is to escape from the provincial town of her husband. Shurochka says that she despises her husband. Refuses to have children until he earns a lot. And she lives with him only because she invested in his career. She dreams that her husband will be enrolled in the Academy and he will take her away from the province. She does her best to help her husband prepare for his exams. She encouraged him in times of depression and believed in him. Romashov is in love with her and Sasha is sympathetic to him, but she is confident in his weak character and does not see a joint future with him. For Alexandra, the main thing in a man is his reputation in society and strength. She considers herself a cold-blooded and disgusting woman.
Based on the above, Sasha has a very rich experience behind her, she knows how to survive in critical situations, she has rooted life principles. Her priorities have long been set, and the fact that Romashov died in a duel was not her cold calculation, unfortunately there are losses in life and we cannot do anything about it.
Alexandra in my opinion turned out positive hero works. We have all made mistakes in our lives more than once, and therefore received a huge experience. After all, if you do not make a decision yourself, then this decision will be made for you. It is easy to shift the responsibility onto other shoulders, because then there will be someone to blame in case of failure.
Several interesting compositions
- The image and characteristics of Prince Vsevolod in the Lay of Igor's regiment composition
Vsevolod is one of the main characters, he was the younger brother of the main character - Igor. His wife is Olga, the granddaughter of Yuri Dolgoruky.
- Composition Old Count Bezukhov in the novel War and Peace
Kirill Bezukhov is one of minor characters Tolstoy's magnificent novel War and Peace. The old count appeared only at the very beginning, his characteristics are small, but one cannot pass by this personality.
- Composition by Ilya Bunchuk in the novel Tikhiy Don Sholokhov
Ilya Bunchuk is a zealous fighter who opposes the old regime that existed for a long time. His ideology is not just a commitment, it is the meaning of his life, for which he regularly fights.
- Life path is a constant choice composition 11 grade
Choice is a symbol of freedom. Deep within us, there is a thirst and need for independence. When choosing, it is always useful to follow the logic of our aspirations and positions so that we can be closer to the goal.
- The image and characteristics of the Lieutenant in the story Sunstroke Bunin composition
In the short story "Sunstroke" I. A. Bunin introduces only two heroes. Thanks to their relationship, the author considers their love story of acquaintance with a sad end as one of their manifestations of this high feeling.
Grade 11. Lessons based on the novel by A. I. Kuprin "Duel" (1905)
The purpose of the lesson:to show the importance of Kuprin's story for the awareness of society of the crisis of all Russian life; the humanistic, anti-war pathos of the story.
Methodical techniques:analytical conversation, commented reading.
During the classes
Teacher's word.The revolutionary epoch put forward an urgent need for all writers to understand the historical fate of Russia, its people, and national culture. These global issues have led to the creation of large "numerous" canvases. The writers interpreted the pace of the world in a contradictory time. This is how the novellas "Duel", "Sukhodol" and "Village" by Bunin were written; Judas Iscariot by L. Andreev; "Movements", "Bear" by Sergeev-Tsensky.
At first glance, the story (any of them) is simple in content. But according to the author's generalizations, it is multi-layered, reminiscent of a "casket in a casket" that keeps a jewel.
The story " Duel" came out in May 1905, in the days of the defeat of the Russian fleet at Tsushima. The depiction of a backward, incapable of combat army, decayed officers, slaughtered soldiers had an important socio-political meaning: it was an answer to the question about the causes of the Far Eastern catastrophe. With rigid strokes, as if reckoning with the past, Kuprin draws the army to which he gave his years of youth.
This story can be defined as psychological and philosophical. With "Fathers and Sons" there was no such work.
Conversation on the story:
What is the theme of the story?The main theme is the crisis in Russia, in all spheres of Russian life. The critical orientation of the story was noted by Gorky, who ranked The Duel as a civic, revolutionary prose. The story had a wide resonance, brought All-Russian glory to Kuprin, and became a pretext for controversy in the press about the fate of the Russian army. The problems of the army always reflect the general problems of society. In this sense, Kuprin's story is still relevant today.
Dedicating "Duel" in its first publication to Gorky, Kuprin wrote to him: " Now, finally, when it's all over, I can say that everything bold and violent in my story belongs to you. If you knew how much I learned from Vasya, how grateful I am for that. "
What, in your opinion, in the "Duel" can be defined as "bold and violent »? From denying petty rituals (keeping your hands at the seams and heels together in conversation with the authorities, pulling your sock down when marching, shouting "On your shoulder!", Chapter 9, p. 336.) the protagonist of "The Duel" Romashov comes to denial that that in a reasonably arranged society there should be no wars: « Maybe all this is some kind of common mistake, some kind of worldwide delusion, insanity? Is it natural to kill? " "Suppose, tomorrow, let's say, this very second this thought occurred to everyone: Russians, Germans, British, Japanese ... And now there is no more war, there are no officers and soldiers, everyone has gone home."Romashov naively believes that in order to eliminate the war, it is necessary that all people suddenly see their light, declared in one voice: "I don't want to fight!"and dropped their weapons.« What courage! - said admiringly L. Tolstoy about Romashov. - And how did the censorship let this pass, and how does the military not protest? "
The propaganda of peacemaking ideas was strongly attacked in a fierce magazine campaign around "Duel", with military officials especially indignant. The story was the largest literary event that sounded topical.
What thematic lines can be distinguished in the story? There are several of them: the life of officers, the military and barracks life of soldiers, relations between people. It turns out that not all people adhere to the same pacifist views as Romashov.
How Kuprin draws images of officers?Kuprin knew the army environment very well from his many years of experience. The images of the officers are accurate. Realistic with relentless authenticity. Almost all of the officers in "Duel" are nonentities, drunkards, stupid and cruel careerists and ignoramuses.
Moreover, they are confident in their class and moral superiority, they disdain civilians, who are called “ hazel grouse "," shpak "," shtafirkami". Even Pushkin for them " some shpak". Among them it is considered "youth to scold or beat a civilian for no apparent reason, put out a lighted cigarette on his nose, pull a top hat over his ears." Arrogance based on nothing, perverted ideas about "the honor of the uniform" and honor in general, rudeness is a consequence of isolation, isolation from society, inaction, stupefying drills. In the ugly revelry, drunkenness, ridiculous antics, some kind of blind, animal, senseless rebellion against mortal yearning and monotony. Officers are not used to thinking and reasoning, some seriously believe that in military service in general " not supposed to think”(N. Rostov had similar thoughts).
Literary critic Yu. V. Babicheva writes: “ The officers of the regiment have a single "typical" face with clear signs of caste limitation, senseless cruelty, cynicism, vulgarity and arrogance. At the same time, in the course of the development of the plot, each officer, typical in his caste ugliness, at least for a moment is shown as he could have become, if not for the destructive influence of the army».
Do you agree that the officers in the story "Duel" have a single "typical" face? If so, how is this unity manifested? The writer shows the officer environment in a vertical section: corporals, junior officers, senior officers, senior command personnel. " With the exception of a few ambitious and careerists, all officers served as a forced, unpleasant, revolting corvee, languishing in it and not loving it". A terrible picture " ugly indiscriminate revelry " officers. 406, ch. 18.
In addition to common features common to most officers, each of them has individual traits,depicted so vividly and expressively that the image becomes almost symbolic :
AND)Regimental commander Shulgovich, under his thundering bourbon style, hides his concern for the officers.
B) What can you say about the image of the Osadchy?The ominous image of the Osadchy. " He is a cruel man ", - says Romashov about him. The brutality of the Siege was constantly experienced by the soldiers, who trembled from his thunderous voice and the inhuman force of the blows. In the Osadchy company more often than in others suicides of soldiers happened. Bestial, bloodthirsty Osadchy in disputes about a duel insists on the need for a fatal duel - “ otherwise it will only be a stupid pity ... a comedy. " At a picnic, he makes a toast " for the joy of previous wars, for the merry bloody cruelty". In a bloody battle, he finds pleasure, he is intoxicated by the smell of blood, he is ready to chop, stab, shoot all his life - no matter who and for what ( ch. 8, 14)
C) Tell us about your impressions of Captain Sliva. « Even in the regiment, which, thanks to the conditions of wild provincial life, did not differ in a particularly humane direction, it was some kind of outlandish monument to this fierce military antiquity. " He did not read a single book, not a single newspaper, and despised everything that went beyond the limits of the formation, the charter and the company. This is a sluggish, degraded man, he brutally, to the point of blood, beats the soldiers, but he is attentive " to the soldiers' needs: does not hold up money, personally supervises the company boiler"(Ch. 10, 337)
D) What is the difference between Captain Stelkovsky,the commander of the 5th company? Perhaps only the image of Captain Stelkovsky - patient, cold-blooded, persistent - does not arouse disgust , "The soldiers truly loved: an example, perhaps the only one in the Russian army"(Ch. 15.376 - 377). "In his company they did not fight and did not even swear, although they were not particularly tender, and yet the company was not inferior to any guards unit in terms of its excellent appearance and training." It is his company at the May review that makes the corps commander cry.
D)Lieutenant colonel Rafalsky (Brem) loves animals and devotes all his free and non-free time to collecting a rare domestic menagerie. 352.
E) What are the distinctive features of Bek-Agamalov? He boasts of the ability to cut, regretfully says that he probably won't cut a man in half: “ I'll blow my head to hell, I know that, but so that obliquely ... no ”My father did it easily…» (« Yes, there were people in our time... "). With his evil eyes, humped nose and bared teeth, he “ looked like some kind of predatory, angry and proud bird " (ch. 1)
8) Brutality generally distinguishes many officers... During a scandal in a brothel, this animal essence comes through especially clearly: in the bulging eyes of Bek-Agamalov “ the naked round squirrels glittered terribly, his head " was low and menacingly lowered "," an ominous yellow shine lit up in my eyes». “And at the same time, he bent his legs lower and lower, he cringed all over and absorbed his neck, like an animal ready to take a jump”... After this scandal, which ended in a fight and a challenge to a duel, " all dispersed, embarrassed, depressed, avoiding looking at each other. Everyone was afraid to read in other people's eyes their own horror, their slavish, guilty longing - the horror and longing of small, evil and dirty animals"(Ch. 19).
9) Let's pay attention to the contrast of this description with the following description of dawn “ with a clear, childishly clear sky and still cool air. Trees, wet, shrouded in barely visible ferry, silently waking up from their dark, mysterious night dreams". Romashov feels " short, ugly, ugly and infinitely stranger amid this innocent charm of the morning, smiling sleepily».
As Kuprin's mouthpiece says - Nazansky, “All of them, even the best, the most tender of them, wonderful fathers and considerate husbands, - all of them in the service become base, cowardly, stupid animals. You will ask why? Yes, precisely because none of them believes in the service and does not see the reasonable purpose of this service».
10) How are the "regimental ladies" depicted?The officers' wives are as predatory and bloodthirsty as their husbands. Evil, stupid, ignorant, hypocritical. Regimental ladies are the personification of extreme squalor. Their everyday life is woven from gossip, provincial game of secularism, boring and vulgar connections. The most repulsive image is Raisa Peterson, wife of Captain Talman. Angry, stupid, depraved and vindictive. " Oh, how disgusting she is! " - Romashov thinks of her with disgust. " And from the thought of his previous physical intimacy with this woman, he had such a feeling as if he had not washed for several months and had not changed clothes ”(Ch. 9).
The rest of the "ladies" are no better.... Even outwardly charming Shurochka Nikolaeva the features of Osadchy, who seem not to be like him, are manifested: she advocates fights with a fatal outcome, says: “ I would shoot people like mad dogs". There is no truly feminine left in her: “ I don't want a child. Fu, what disgusting! " - she confesses to Romashov (Ch. 14).
What role do images playsoldier? They are depicted as a mass, motley in ethnic composition, but gray in essence. The soldiers are completely powerless: the officers take their anger at them, beat them, crush their teeth, break the eardrums.
Kuprin gives and individualized looks (there are about 20 of them in the story). A whole host of common soldiers - in chapter 11:
A) poorly thinking, slow-witted B ondarenko,
B) frightened, deafened by shouts Arkhipov, which the " does not understand and cannot memorize the simplest things»,
C) loser Khlebnikov. 340, 375, 348/2.His image is more detailed than others. A ruined, landless and impoverished Russian peasant, " shaved into the soldiers. " Khlebnikov's share of soldiers is painful and pitiful. Corporal punishment and constant humiliation are his lot. Sick and weak, with a face " in the cam", On which an absurdly upturned dirty nose, with eyes in which" froze dull, submissive horror", This soldier became a general mockery in the company and an object for mockery and abuse. He is brought to the idea of \u200b\u200bsuicide, from which Romashov saves him, who saw his human brother in Khlebnikov. Taking pity on Khlebnikov, Romashov says: “ Khlebnikov, are you feeling bad? And I feel bad, my dear ... I do not understand anything of what is happening in the world. Everything is some wild, senseless, cruel nonsense!But you have to endure, my dear, you have to endure …» Khlebnikov, although he sees in Romashov a kind person, humanly related to an ordinary soldier, but, above all, sees in him master.Cruelty, injustice, and the absurdity of the way of life become obvious, but the hero sees no way out of this horror except patience.
D)educated, smart, independent Fokin.
Depicting gray, impersonal, crushed « own ignorance, general slavery, bossy indifference, arbitrariness and violence » soldier, Kuprin evokes compassion in the reader for them, shows that in fact these are living people, and not faceless "cogs" of a military machine .
So Kuprin comes out on another, very important topic - personality theme.
D. z.1) Prepare messages on the images of Romashov and Nazansky (by groups) (portrait characteristics, relationships with people, views, attitude to the service, etc.)
2) Answer questions:
How is the theme of love solved in the story?
What is the meaning of the title of the story?
Lesson 2
Theme:The metaphorical nature of the title of A. I. Kuprin's story "The Duel".
The purpose of the lesson:analyze the images of heroes expressing the author's position in the story.
Methodical techniques:student messages, work on the text, analytical conversation.
Characteristics of the image of Nazansky. The essence of the story is contained in the conversations between Romashov and Nazansky.
AND) We learn about Nazansky from the conversation between the Nikolaevs and Romashov ( ch. 4): this is " inveterate man", it " leaves on vacation for one month for domestic reasons ... It means - washed down ”; "Such officers are a disgrace for the regiment, an abomination!"
B)Chapter 5 describes the meeting between Romashov and Nazansky. We see first " a white figure and a golden head"Nazansky, we hear his calm voice, get to know his home:" 288 ", Ch. five. All this, and even a direct look " brooding, beautiful blue eyes»Contradicts what the Nikolaevs said about him. Nazansky argues “ about sublime matters", Philosophizes, and this, from the point of view of others, -" nonsense, idle and absurd chatter". He thinks about " 289 ". This is for him " 290/1 ". He feels someone else's joy and someone else's sorrow, feels injustice existswith troy, aimlessness of your life, seeks and does not find a way out of the impasse. 431-432.
Description of the landscapeof the mysterious night opening from the window, according to his sublime words: « 290/2 ».
The face of Nazansky it seems to Romashov “ beautiful and interesting»: Golden hair, a high, clean forehead, a neck of a noble pattern, a massive and graceful head, similar to the head of one of greek heroes or sages, clear blue eyes, looking " lively, smart and meek". True, this description of an almost ideal hero ends with an exposure: “ 291/1 ".
Dreaming about " the coming godlike life", Nazansky glorifies the power and beauty of the human mind, enthusiastically encourages respect for a person, enthusiastically speaks about love - and at the same time expresses the views of the author himself:" 293/1 ". According to Kuprin, love is akin to musical talent. Kuprin will develop this theme later in the story "The Garnet Bracelet", and much of what Nazansky said will go directly into the story.
IN) « 435 - underlined » (chap. 21). Preaches equality and happiness, praises the human mind.
In the passionate speeches of Nazansky a lot of bile and anger, thoughts about the need to fight against "Two-headed monster" - the tsarist autocracy and police regime in the country, premonitions of the inevitability of deep social upheavals: « 433/1 ". Believes in the life to come.
is he enemy of military service and the army in general, condemns the brutal treatment of soldiers (chap. 21, 430 - 432). Nazansky's incriminating speeches are full of open pathos. It is kind duel hero with a senseless and cruel system... Some of the statements of this hero, as Kuprin himself later said, “ sound like a gramophone ",but they are dear to the writer, who put in Nazansky a lot that worried him.
D) What do you think, why was such a hero needed in "Duel" next to Romashov? Nazansky asserts: there is only man, complete freedom of man. Romashov embodies the principle of human lack of freedom. The door is not closed, you can exit. Romashov recalls that his mother tied him with the thinnest thread to the bed. She caused him a mystical fear, although it was possible to break.
Characteristic of Romashov.
Lieutenant Romashov, the protagonist of The Duel, becomes infected with Nazansky's moods and thoughts. This is a typical Kuprin image of a truth-seeker and a humanist. Romashov given in constant motion, in the process of his inner change and spiritual growth. Kuprin reproduces not all biography hero, and the most important point in it, without a beginning, but with a tragic end.
Portrait the hero is outwardly expressive: “ 260, ch. 1 ", Sometimes ingenuous. However, in the actions of Romashov one can feel inner strengthcoming from a sense of righteousness and justice. For example, he unexpectedly for himself defends the Tatar Sharafutdinov, who does not understand Russian, from the colonel offending him (Ch. 1, 262-263 )
He stands up for the soldier Khlebnikov when a non-commissioned officer wants to beat him ( ch. 10, 340/1).
He defeats even the bestial Bek-Agamalov, when he almost hacked to death a woman from a brothel where officers were drinking with a saber: “ Chapter 18, 414 "... Bek-Agamalov is grateful to Romashov for the fact that he did not let him, who had become brutal with drunkenness, hack to death a woman
In all these duels Romashov is on top.
- What kind of life does he lead ? (bored, drunkenness, loneliness, is in connection with an unloved woman)
- There are plans ? Extensive in self-education, study of languages, literature, art. But they remain only plans.
- What is your dream? About a brilliant career, sees himself as an outstanding commander. His dreams are poetic, but they are wasted. 267-269.
- Where does Romashov like to go ? To meet trains at the station 265.Chapter 2. His heart strives for beauty. Wed at Tolstoy ("Resurrection"), Nekrasov ("Troika"), Blok ("On the railway", 439) .Straight reminiscence (an echo, the influence of someone else's work in a work of art). The railway is read as the theme of distance, the theme of a life exit
Romashov is a romantic, subtle nature. Him " 264 ". Attractive in the hero spiritual softness, kindness, congenital sense of justice... All this sharply distinguishes him from the other officers of the regiment.
The army situation in the supernumerary regiment is painful, boring. Military practice is senseless, sometimes idiotic. His disappointments are painful.
-Why is Kuprin's hero young? Over the blooming youth, the government deadening the soul dominates. Choosing a young hero, Kuprin intensified the torment " absurdities, incomprehensibility».
- What feeling does Romashov evoke in the reader? Deep sympathy.
Romashov has evolutionary trend... Moves towards the knowledge of life. Collision of a man and an officer first happens in Romashov himself, in his soul and consciousness. This inner struggle gradually turns into open duel with Nikolaev and with all the officers. S. 312 (Ch. 7), 348, 349, 419.
Romashov gradually frees from false understanding of honor officer's uniform. The turning point was the hero's reflections on the position of the human person in society, his inner monologue in defense of human rights, dignity and freedom. Romashova " stunned and shocked unexpectedly bright consciousness of their individuality "and he rebelled in his own way vs depersonalization of a person in military service, in defense of an ordinary soldier. He is indignant at the regimental authorities who maintain a state of enmity between soldiers and officers. But his impulses to protest are replaced by complete apathy and indifference, the soul is often seized by depression: “ My life is gone! "
The feeling of absurdity, confusion, incomprehensibility of life oppresses him. While talking to a sick, disfigured Khlebnikov Romashov is experiencing acute pity and compassion for him (ch. sixteen). He, brought up in the spirit of superiority over the mass of soldiers, indifference to the hard fate of the soldier, begins to understand that Khlebnikov and his comrades are impersonal and crushed by their own ignorance, general slavery, arbitrariness and violence, that soldiers are also people who have the right to sympathy. 402/1, 342 .
A. And Kuprin recalled that the scene at the railroad bed made a great impression on Gorky: « When I read the conversation of Second Lieutenant Romashov with the pathetic soldier Khlebnikov, Alexei Maksimovich was moved, and it was scary to see this big man with wet eyes.
Unexpectedly for himself, he suddenly rises up against God himself, who allows evil and injustice (another duel, maybe the most important). « 402 " . is he closed in on myself, focused on my inner world, firmly decided to break with military serviceto start a new life: "403"; "404/1 "- this is how the Romashovs define a worthy purpose of life for themselves.
A modest person grows spiritually, reveals the eternal values \u200b\u200bof being. Kuprin sees in the hero's youth a hope for the future transformation of the world. The service makes a repulsive impression on him precisely by its unnaturalness and antihumanity. However, Romashov does not have time to fulfill his dreams and dies as a result of betrayal.
4. Thoughts about the possibility of another life are combined with thoughts of love for Shurochka Nikolaeva... Sweet, feminine Shurochka, with whom Nazansky is in love, essentially guilty of the murder of Romashov in a duel. Self-interest, calculation, lust for power, double-mindedness, « some kind of evil and proud power”, The resourcefulness of Shurochka is not noticed by the enamored Romashov. She demands: " You should definitely shoot yourself tomorrow"- and Romashov agrees for her sake to a duel that could have been avoided.
Types of business people have already been created in Russian literature (Chichikov. Stolz). Shurochka is a business man in a skirt. She seeks to break out of the environment. The only way is for her husband to enter the academy, he wants to leave for the capital from the bourgeois province. 280, 4 chap.
For the sake of winning his place in the world, he rejects Nazansky's passionate love, for the sake of preserving her husband's reputation and career, he sacrifices Romashov. Outwardly charming and intelligent, she appears disgusting in a conversation with Romashov on the eve of a duel. 440/2.
Discussion of the meaning of the title of the story.
AND) The name itself conveys the personal and social conflict underlying the plot.
The plot aspect. P duels, which we have already talked about, is inevitable and natural lead to the roundabout - to the last fight.
Finale feature ... The duel between Romashov and Nikolaev is not described in the story. ABOUT death of Romashov communicate dry, formal, soulless lines reportcaptain Dietz ( chap. 23, 443). The ending is perceived as tragic because the death of Romashov is meaningless. This last chord is filled with compassion. This duel, the death of the hero is a foregone conclusion: Romashov is too different from everyone, to survive in this society.
Several times in the story are mentioned duels, a painful, stuffy atmosphere is compressed. Chapter 19 describes how drunken officers pull funeral tune (in Vetkin's stupid eyes, this motive causes tears), but pure sounds memorial services suddenly interrupted " terrible, cynical curse " Osadchy , 419. The offended Romashov is trying to reason with people. After that, a scandal was played out, which led to the fact that Romashov challenged Nikolaev to a duel, 420, 426.
B)The meaning of the name is in Romashov's duel with the evil that is in him. This conflict is presented as a philosophical one, the hero's comprehension of freedom and necessity.
C) The theme of the fight -a sign of reality itself, disunity of people, misunderstanding of one person by another.
D)Civilian - Officers, 411-412. Caste officers' prejudices.
E) Officers and soldiers(humiliated, remember the Tatar, the orderly Romashov, finishing his coffee after him, finishing his dinners)
E) But the name is also metaphorical, symbolic meaning. Kuprin wrote: “ with all the strength of my soul, I hate the years of my childhood and youth, the years of the corps, the cadet school and service in the regiment. About everything. What I have experienced and seen, I must write. And with my novel I will challenge the tsarist army to a duel". The name has another, much larger social aspect. The story is Kuprin's duel with the entire army, with the entire system that kills a person in a person and kills a person himself. In 1905, this tale was, of course, taken by the revolutionary forces as a call to struggle. But almost a hundred years after it was written, the story remains a call to respect for the human person, to reconciliation and brotherly love.
5. So, traditions of Russian literature:
1) Kuprin's hero is closely related to the concept of an extra person, Tolstoy's hero.
2) Subtle psychological drawing (Dostoevsky, Tolstoy). As L. Tolstoy, he deeply explores the struggle of feelings, the contradictions of the awakening consciousness, their collapse. Romashov is close to Chekhov's characters. Kuprin's approach to his hero is akin to Chekhov's. An embarrassed, shortsighted and baggy second lieutenant, thinking of himself in 3 persons in the words of stilted novels, 375, 380. 387., evokes a mocking and compassionate attitude. This is how the figure of Petya Trofimov is illuminated.
3) Spontaneous democracy, sympathy for the little man. (Pushkin, Gogol, Dostoevsky)
4) Socio-philosophical definition of good and evil.
5) Orientation to some kind of doctrine. Tolstoy is looking for his "green stick". Kuprin doesn't know how to rebuild the world. His work contains a rejection of evil.