In this material, we focused the reader's attention on the main problems raised in the texts on the exam in the Russian language. Arguments illustrating these problems are found under the appropriate headings. You can also download a table with all these examples at the end of the article.
- V novels by V.G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matera" the author touches upon the problem of natural heritage preservation, which is very important for the whole society. The writer notes that without knowing the past, it is impossible to build a worthy future. Nature is also a memory, our history. So, the death of the island of Matera and the small village of the same name became the reason for the loss of memory of the wonderful days of life in this area, its former inhabitants ... Unfortunately, only the older generation, for example, the main character Daria Pinigina, understood that Matera is not just an island, it is a connection with the past, the memory of ancestors. When Matera disappeared under the waters of the raging Angara, and the last inhabitant left this place, the memory died.
- Hero story science fiction story American writer Ray Bradbury "And Thunder Rocked" is also a confirmation that nature is part of our shared history. Nature, time and memory - all these concepts are woven together, and this is emphasized by the science fiction writer. The death of a small creature, a butterfly, became the cause of the death of the future of the whole world. Interventions in wildlife from the prehistoric past have been very costly for the inhabitants of planet Earth. Thus, the problem of preserving natural heritage in Ray Bradbury's story "And Thunder Came" is raised so that people think about the value of the environment, because it is inextricably linked with the history of mankind.
Preservation of cultural heritage
- In the book of the Soviet and Russian philologist and culturologist D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful" the problem of preservation of cultural heritage is revealed. The author makes his readers think about what cultural monuments mean for a person. The Doctor of Philology reminds us that, unlike natural objects, architectural structures are not capable of self-healing. He encourages everyone to take an active part in preserving the memory frozen in clay and plaster. In his opinion, no one should reject the culture of the past, since it is the foundation of our future. This statement should convince every caring person to try to solve the problem of preserving cultural heritage, posed by D.S. Likhachev.
- V novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" one of the main characters, Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, is sure that culture is irreplaceable in people's lives. The author tries to convey through this hero the idea of the importance of cultural heritage not only to the nihilist Yevgeny Bazarov, but also to all readers. Without the healing influence of art, Eugene, for example, could not understand himself and realize in time that he is a romantic and also needs warmth and affection. It is the spiritual sphere that helps us to know ourselves, so we cannot deny it. Music, fine arts, literature make a person noble, morally beautiful, therefore, it is necessary to take care of the preservation of cultural monuments.
Memory problem in family relationships
- In the story of K.N. Paustovsky "Telegram" For many years Nastya forgot about her mother, did not come, did not visit. She justified herself by being busy every day, but no work could be compared in importance with her own mother. The story of the main character is given by the author for the edification of the reader: the care and love of parents should not be forgotten by children, because one day it will be too late to repay them in kind. So it happened with Nastya. Only after the death of her mother, the girl realized that she had devoted very little time to the one that protected her sleep by the crib.
- The words of parents, their instructions are sometimes remembered by children for many years and even for life. So, the main character novels by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter", Peter Grinev, very clearly understood for himself the simple truth of his father "take care of honor from a young age." Thanks to his parents and their instructions, the hero never gave up, did not blame anyone for his problems, accepted defeat with honor and dignity, if life demanded it. The memory of parents was something sacred for Pyotr Grinev. He respected their opinion, tried to justify his confidence in himself, later this helped him to become happy and free.
- In the novel by B. L. Vasiliev "Not included in the lists" the main character had not yet had time to check in at a combat post when the bloody Second World War began. He put all his young forces into the defense of the Brest Fortress, during which everyone died. Even when left alone, he never ceased to terrify the invaders with his night forays. When Pluzhnikov was caught, the enemies saluted him, as the Soviet soldier amazed them with his courage. But the title of the novel tells us that many of these nameless heroes are lost in the hustle and bustle of days when they simply did not have time to be included in the next list. But how much have they, unrecognized and forgotten, done for us? In order for us to at least preserve this in our memory, the author dedicated a whole work to the feat of Nikolai Pluzhnikov, which thereby became a monument of military glory at the mass grave.
- In Brave New World by Aldous Huxley describes a society that denies its history. As we can see, their ideal life, not darkened by memories, has become just a cloying and meaningless semblance of real life. They have no feelings and emotions, family and marriage, friendship and other values that define their personality. All new people are dummies, existing according to the laws of reflexes and instincts, primitive creatures. Against their background, the Savage stands out favorably, whose upbringing was built on the connection with the achievements and defeats of past eras. That is why his personality is undeniable. Only historical memory, expressed in the continuity of generations, allows us to develop harmoniously. Interesting? Keep it on your wall!
Historical memory problem
It is in the past that a person finds a source for the formation of consciousness, the search for his place in the world around him and in society. With memory loss, all social connections are lost. It is a certain life experience, awareness of the events experienced.
What is historical memory
It presupposes the preservation of historical and social experience. It is on how carefully the family, city, country treat traditions that directly depends on the essay on this issue is often found in test tasks on literature in grade 11. We will also pay a little attention to this issue.
The sequence of the formation of historical memory
Historical memory has several stages of formation. After a while, people forget about the events that happened. Life constantly presents new episodes filled with emotions and unusual impressions. In addition, the events of past years are often distorted in articles and fiction, the authors not only change their meaning, but also make changes in the course of the battle, the disposition of forces. The problem of historical memory appears. Each author brings his own arguments from life, taking into account his personal vision of the described historical past. Due to the different interpretation of one event, ordinary people have the opportunity to draw their own conclusions. Of course, arguments are needed to substantiate your thought. The problem of historical memory exists in a society deprived of freedom of speech. Total censorship leads to distortion of real events, presenting them to wide layers of the population only in the right perspective. True memory can live and develop only in a democratic society. In order for information to pass to future generations without visible distortions, it is important to be able to compare events that occur in real time with facts from a past life.
Conditions for the formation of historical memory
Arguments on the topic "The problem of historical memory" can be found in many works of the classics. In order for a society to develop, it is important to analyze the experience of ancestors, to do “work on mistakes”, to use the rational grain that previous generations had.
"Black boards" by V. Soloukhin
What is the main problem with historical memory? Let us consider the arguments from the literature using this work as an example. The author tells about the plundering of the church in his native village. Unique books are handed over as waste paper, boxes are made of priceless icons. A carpentry workshop is being organized right in the church in Stavrovo. In another, a machine and tractor station is being opened. Trucks, caterpillar tractors come here, store barrels of fuel. The author bitterly says that neither a cowshed nor a crane can replace the Moscow Kremlin. It is impossible to locate a rest house in a monastery building where the graves of Pushkin's and Tolstoy's relatives are located. The work raises the problem of preserving historical memory. The arguments given by the author are indisputable. Not those who died, lie under the gravestones, need a memory, but the living!
Article by D.S.Likhachev
In his article "Love, Respect, Knowledge" the academician raises the topic of desecration of a national shrine, namely, he talks about the explosion of the monument to Bagration, the hero of the Patriotic War of 1812. Likhachev raises the problem of the historical memory of the people. The arguments given by the author relate to vandalism in relation to this work of art. After all, the monument was the gratitude of the people to their Georgian brother, who bravely fought for the independence of Russia. Who could destroy the cast iron monument? Only those who have no idea about the history of their country, do not love their Motherland, are not proud of their Fatherland.
Views on patriotism
What other arguments can you give? The problem of historical memory is raised in Letters from the Russian Museum, authored by V. Soloukhin. He says that by chopping off his own roots, trying to absorb a foreign, alien culture, a person loses his individuality. This Russian argument of problems of historical memory is supported by other patriots of Russia. Likhachev developed the "Declaration of Culture", in which the author calls for the protection and support of cultural traditions at the international level. The scientist emphasizes that without citizens' knowledge of the culture of the past, the present, the state will have no future. It is in the "spiritual security" of the nation that the nationwide existence lies. There should be interaction between external and internal culture, only in this case society will rise along the stages of historical development.
The problem of historical memory in the literature of the 20th century
In the literature of the last century, the central place was occupied by the issue of responsibility for the terrible consequences of the past, in the works of many authors there was a problem of historical memory. Arguments from the literature serve as direct evidence of this. For example, AT Tvardovsky called in his poem "By the Right of Memory" to rethink the sad experience of totalitarianism. Anna Akhmatova did not bypass this problem in the famous "Requiem". She reveals all the injustice, lawlessness that reigned in society at that time, gives weighty arguments. The problem of historical memory can also be traced in the work of A. I. Solzhenitsyn. His story "One Day in Ivan Denisovich" contains a verdict to the state system of that time, in which lies and injustice became priorities.
Respect for cultural heritage
The focus of everyone's attention is issues related to the preservation of ancient monuments. In the harsh post-revolutionary period, characterized by a change in the political system, there was a widespread destruction of former values. Russian intellectuals tried by any means to preserve the cultural relics of the country. DS Likhachev opposed the development of typical multi-storey buildings on Nevsky Prospekt. What other arguments can you make? The problem of historical memory was also touched upon by Russian filmmakers. With the funds raised by them, they managed to restore Kuskovo. What is the problem of the historical memory of the war? Arguments from the literature indicate that this issue has been relevant at all times. A.S. Pushkin said that "disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality."
War theme in historical memory
What is historical memory? An essay on this topic can be written on the basis of the work of Chingiz Aitmatov "Storm station". His hero mankurt is a man who was forcibly deprived of his memory. He became a slave who has no past. Mankurt does not remember either the name or the parents, that is, it is difficult for him to be aware of himself as a person. The writer warns that such a creature is dangerous to social society.
Before the Victory Day, among the young people were held Questions related to the date of the beginning and end of the Great Patriotic War, important battles, military leaders. The responses received were disappointing. Many guys have no idea about the date of the beginning of the war, or about the enemy of the USSR, they have never heard of G.K. Zhukov, the Battle of Stalingrad. The poll showed how urgent the problem of the historical memory of the war is. The arguments put forward by the "reformers" of the history course curriculum at school, which reduced the number of hours devoted to studying the Great Patriotic War, are associated with an overload of students.
This approach has led to the fact that the modern generation forgets the past, therefore, important dates in the history of the country will not be passed on to the next generation. If you do not respect your history, do not honor your own ancestors, historical memory is lost. The essay for the successful passing of the exam can be argued with the words of the Russian classic A.P. Chekhov. He noted that for freedom a person needs the entire globe. But without a purpose, its existence will be absolutely meaningless. Considering the arguments for the problem of historical memory (USE), it is important to note that there are false goals that do not create, but destroy. For example, the hero of the story "Gooseberry" dreamed of buying his own estate, planting gooseberries there. The goal was completely absorbed by him. But upon reaching it, he lost his human form. The author notes that his hero "got stout, flabby ... - just look, he will grunt into the blanket."
The story of I. Bunin "The gentleman from San Francisco" shows the fate of a man who served false values. The hero worshiped wealth as a god. After the death of the American millionaire, it turned out that real happiness passed him by.
The search for the meaning of life, awareness of the connection with ancestors managed to show I.A.Goncharov in the image of Oblomov. He dreamed of making his life different, but his desires were not embodied in reality, he did not have enough strength.
When writing an essay on the Unified State Exam on the topic "The Problem of the Historical Memory of War", the arguments can be cited from the work of Nekrasov "In the trenches of Stalingrad". The author shows the real life of "penalties" who are ready to defend the independence of the Motherland at the cost of their lives.
Arguments for composing the exam in the Russian language
In order to get a good score for an essay, a graduate must argue his position using literary works. In M. Gorky's play "At the Bottom", the author demonstrated the problem of "former" people who have lost the strength to fight for the sake of their interests. They realize that it is impossible to live like they are, and it is necessary to change something, only they do not plan to do anything for this. The action of this work begins in a flophouse, and ends there. There is no question of any memory, pride in their ancestors, the heroes of the play do not even think about it.
Some are trying, lying on the couch, to talk about patriotism, others, sparing no effort and time, bring real benefits to their country. It is impossible to ignore, arguing about the historical memory, the amazing story of M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man". It tells about the tragic fate of an ordinary soldier who lost his relatives during the war. Having met an orphan boy, he calls himself his father. What does this act indicate? An ordinary person who has gone through the pain of loss is trying to resist fate. Love has not died out in him, and he wants to give it to a little boy. It is the desire to do good that gives the soldier the strength to live, no matter what. The hero of Chekhov's story "A Man in a Case" tells about "people who are satisfied with themselves." Having small-property interests, trying to distance themselves from other people's troubles, they are absolutely indifferent to the problems of other people. The author notes the spiritual impoverishment of the heroes who imagined themselves to be "masters of life", but in reality they are ordinary bourgeoisie. They do not have real friends, they are only interested in their own well-being. Mutual assistance, responsibility for another person is clearly expressed in the work of B. Vasiliev "And the dawns here are quiet ...". All the wards of Captain Vaskov not only fight together for the freedom of the Motherland, they live according to human laws. In Simonov's novel The Living and the Dead, Sintsov carries his comrade out of the battlefield. All the arguments given from different ones help to understand the essence of historical memory, the importance of the possibility of preserving it, passing it on to other generations.
Conclusion
When congratulating on any holiday, wishes for a peaceful sky overhead sound. What does this testify to? The fact that the historical memory of the hard trials of the war is passed on from generation to generation. War! There are only five letters in this word, but immediately there is an association with suffering, tears, a sea of blood, the death of relatives and friends. Unfortunately, there have always been wars on the planet. The groans of women, crying of children, echoes of war should be familiar to the younger generation from feature films, literary works. We must not forget about those terrible ordeals that befell the Russian people. At the beginning of the 19th century, Russia took part in the Patriotic War of 1812. To keep the historical memory of those events alive, Russian writers in their works tried to convey the features of that era. In his novel War and Peace, Tolstoy showed the patriotism of the people, their readiness to give their lives for the Fatherland. Reading poems, stories, novels about the Guerrilla War, young Russians get the opportunity to "visit the battlefields", to feel the atmosphere that prevailed in that historical period. In "Sevastopol Tales" Tolstoy talks about the heroism of Sevastopol, shown in 1855. The events are described by the author so reliably that one gets the impression that he himself was an eyewitness to that battle. Courage of spirit, unique willpower, amazing patriotism of the city's inhabitants are worthy of memory. Tolstoy associates war with violence, pain, dirt, suffering, death. Describing the heroic defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855, he emphasizes the strength of the spirit of the Russian people. B. Vasiliev, K. Simonov, M. Sholokhov and other Soviet writers devoted many of their works to the battles of the Great Patriotic War. In this difficult period for the country, women worked and fought on an equal basis with men, even children did everything in their power.
At the cost of their lives, they tried to bring the Victory closer, to preserve the country's independence. Historical memory helps to preserve in the smallest detail information about the heroic deed of all soldiers and civilians. If the connection with the past is lost, the country will lose its independence. This must not be allowed!
The problem of courage, cowardice, compassion, mercy, mutual assistance, caring for loved ones, humanity, moral choice in war. The impact of war on human life, character and perception of the world. The participation of children in the war. Human responsibility for their actions.
What was the courage of the soldiers in the war? (A.M.Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man")
In the story of M.A. Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man" can be seen a manifestation of true courage during the war. The main character of the story, Andrei Sokolov, goes to war, leaving his family at home. For the sake of his loved ones, he passed all the tests: he suffered from hunger, fought bravely, sat in a punishment cell and escaped from captivity. The fear of death did not force him to abandon his beliefs: in the face of danger, he retained human dignity. The war took the lives of his loved ones, but even after that he did not break down, and again showed courage, however, no longer on the battlefield. He adopted a boy who also lost his entire family during the war. Andrei Sokolov is an example of a courageous soldier who continued to fight the hardships of fate even after the war.
The problem of moral assessment of the fact of war. (M. Zusak "The Book Thief")
In the center of the story of the novel "The Book Thief" by Markus Zusak, Liesel is a nine-year-old girl who, on the verge of war, ended up in a foster family. The girl's own father was associated with the communists, therefore, in order to save her daughter from the Nazis, her mother gives her to strangers for upbringing. Liesel begins a new life away from her family, she has a conflict with her peers, she finds new friends, learns to read and write. Her life is filled with ordinary childish concerns, but war comes and with it fear, pain and disappointment. She doesn't understand why some people kill others. Liesel's adoptive father teaches her kindness and compassion, despite the fact that it only brings him trouble. Together with her parents, she hides a Jew in the basement, looks after him, reads books to him. To help people, she and her friend Rudy, they scatter bread on the road along which the column of prisoners must pass. She is convinced that the war is monstrous and incomprehensible: people burn books, die in battles, arrests of those who disagree with official policy are taking place everywhere. Liesel does not understand why people refuse to live and rejoice. It is not by chance that the narrative of the book is conducted on behalf of Death, the eternal companion of war and the enemy of life.
Is human consciousness capable of accepting the very fact of war? (Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace", G. Baklanov "Forever - Nineteen Years")
It is difficult for a person faced with the horrors of war to understand why it is needed. So, one of the heroes of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Pierre Bezukhov does not take part in the battles, but he tries with all his might to help his people. He does not realize the true horror of the war until he witnesses the Battle of Borodino. Seeing the carnage, the count is horrified at its inhumanity. He is captured, experiences physical and mental torment, tries to comprehend the nature of war, but cannot. Pierre is not able to cope with his mental crisis on his own, and only his meeting with Platon Karataev helps him to understand that happiness lies not in victory or defeat, but in simple human joys. Happiness is inside each person, in his search for answers to eternal questions, awareness of himself as a part of the human world. And war, from his point of view, is inhuman and unnatural.
The protagonist of G. Baklanov's story "Forever - Nineteen Years" Alexei Tretyakov painfully reflects on the reasons, the significance of the war for the people, man and life. He finds no weighty explanation for the need for war. Its meaninglessness, the devaluation of human life for the sake of achieving any important goal, terrifies the hero, causes bewilderment: “... One and the same thought haunted: will it ever turn out that this war could not have happened? What could the people have been able to prevent this? And millions would have survived ... ".
How did the children experience the war events? What was their participation in the fight against the enemy? (L. Kassil and M. Polyanovsky "Street of the youngest son")
Not only adults, but also children stood up to defend their homeland during the war. They wanted to help their country, their city and their family in the fight against the enemy. In the center of the story by Lev Kassil and Max Polyanovsky "The Street of the Youngest Son" is an ordinary boy Volodya Dubinin from Kerch. The story begins with the storytellers seeing a street named after a child. Having become interested in this, they go to the museum to find out who Volodya is. The storytellers talk with the boy's mother, find his school and comrades, and learn that Volodya is an ordinary boy with his dreams and plans, whose life has been burst into the war. His father, the captain of a warship, taught his son to be steadfast and brave. The boy bravely joined the partisan detachment, obtained news from the rear of the enemy and was the first to know about the retreat of the Germans. Unfortunately, the boy died while clearing the approaches to the quarry. However, the city did not forget its little hero, who, despite his young years, performed a daily feat on a par with adults and sacrificed his life to save others.
How did the adults feel about the participation of children in military events? (V. Kataev "Son of the Regiment")
War is terrible and inhuman, this is not a place for children. In war, people lose loved ones, become bitter. Adults do their best to protect children from the horrors of war, but, unfortunately, they do not always succeed. The protagonist of Valentin Kataev's story "The Son of the Regiment" Vanya Solntsev loses his entire family in the war, wanders through the woods, trying to get through the front line to his "friends". There the scouts find the child and bring him to the camp to the commander. The boy is happy, he survived, made his way through the front line, he was deliciously fed and put to bed. However, Captain Yenakiev understands that there is no place for a child in the army, he sadly remembers his son and decides to send Vanya a child's receiver. On the way, Vanya escapes, trying to return to the battery. After an unsuccessful attempt, he manages to do this, and the captain is forced to accept: he sees how the boy is trying to be useful, eager to fight. Vanya wants to help the common cause: he takes the initiative and goes into reconnaissance, draws a map of the area in an ABC book, but the Germans catch him for this occupation. Fortunately, in the general turmoil, the child is forgotten and he manages to escape. Yenakiev admires the boy's desire to protect his country, but worries about him. To save the child's life, the commander sends Vanya with an important message away from the battlefield. The entire crew of the first gun perishes, and in the letter that Yenakiev transmitted, the commander says goodbye to the battery and asks to take care of Vanya Solntsev.
The problem of the manifestation of humanity in war, the manifestation of compassion, mercy to the captured enemy. (L. Tolstoy "War and Peace")
Only strong people who know the value of human life are capable of showing compassion for the enemy. So, in the novel "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy has an interesting episode describing the attitude of Russian soldiers towards the French. In the night forest, a company of soldiers warmed themselves by the fire. Suddenly they heard a rustle and saw two French soldiers, who, despite the wartime, were not afraid to approach the enemy. They were very weak and could hardly stand on their feet. One of the soldiers, whose clothes betrayed him as an officer, fell exhausted to the ground. The soldiers laid an overcoat for the sick man and brought both cereals and vodka. They were Officer Rambal and his orderly Morel. The officer was so cold that he could not even move, so the Russian soldiers took him in their arms and carried him to the hut, which was occupied by the colonel. On the way, he called them good friends, while his batman, already pretty drunk, sang French songs, sitting between the Russian soldiers. This story teaches us that even in difficult times you need to remain human, not to kill the weak, to show compassion and mercy.
Is it possible to show concern for others during the war years? (E. Vereiskaya "Three girls")
In the center of Elena Vereiskaya's story "Three Girls" are friends who stepped from their carefree childhood into a terrible wartime. Friends Natasha, Katya and Lyusya live in a communal apartment in Leningrad, spend time together and go to a regular school. The most difficult test in life awaits them, because suddenly the war begins. The school is destroyed, and the friends stop their studies, now they are forced to learn to survive. The girls grow up quickly: the cheerful and frivolous Lucy turns into a responsible and organized girl, Natasha becomes more thoughtful, and Katya becomes self-confident. However, even at such a time, they remain human and continue to take care of their loved ones, despite the difficult living conditions. The war did not separate them, but made them even more amicable. Each of the members of the friendly "communal family" first of all thought about the others. A very touching episode in the book where the doctor gives most of his rations to a little boy. At the risk of starving to death, people share everything they have, and this instills hope and makes them believe in victory. Caring, love and support can work wonders, only thanks to such relationships, people were able to survive some of the most difficult days in the history of our country.
Why do people keep the memory of the war? (O. Berggolts "Poems about myself")
Despite the gravity of the memories of the war, you need to keep them. Mothers who have lost their children, adults and children who have seen the death of loved ones will never forget these terrible pages in the history of our country, but contemporaries should not forget. For this there is a huge number of books, songs, films designed to tell about the terrible time. For example, in "Poems about Myself" Olga Berggolts calls to always remember wartime, people who fought at the front and died of hunger in besieged Leningrad. The poetess appeals to people who would like to smooth it out "in the timid memory of people" and assures them that she will not let them forget "how a Leningrader fell on the yellow snow of deserted squares." Olga Berggolts, who went through the whole war and lost her husband in Leningrad, kept her promise, leaving after her death many poems, essays and diary entries.
What helps to win the war? (L. Tolstoy "War and Peace")
You cannot win a war alone. Only by rallying in the face of common misfortune and finding the courage to face fear can you win. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's War and Peace, the feeling of unity is especially acute. Different people united in the struggle for life and freedom. each soldier, the fighting spirit of the army and belief in their own strength helped the Russians to defeat the French army, which encroached on their native land. The battle scenes of the Shengraben, Austerlitz and Borodino battles especially clearly show the solidarity of people. The winners in this war are not careerists who want only ranks and awards, but ordinary soldiers, peasants, militias who perform feat every minute. The modest battery commander Tushin, Tikhon Shcherbaty and Platon Karataev, the merchant Ferapontov, young Petya Rostov, who combine the basic qualities of the Russian people, did not fight because they were ordered, they fought of their own free will, defended their home and their loved ones, that is why they won in war.
What unites people during the war years? (L. Tolstoy "War and Peace")
A huge number of works of Russian literature are devoted to the problem of uniting people during the war years. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" people of different classes and views rallied in the face of a common misfortune. The unity of the people is shown by the writer on the example of many dissimilar individuals. So, the Rostov family leaves all their property in Moscow and gives carts to the wounded. The merchant Feropontov calls on the soldiers to rob his shop so that the enemy does not get anything. Pierre Bezukhov changes clothes and remains in Moscow, intending to kill Napoleon. Captain Tushin and Timokhin perform their duty with heroism, despite the fact that there is no cover, and Nikolai Rostov boldly rushes into the attack, overcoming all fears. Tolstoy vividly describes Russian soldiers in the battles near Smolensk: patriotic feelings and fighting spirit of people in the face of danger fascinate. In an effort to defeat the enemy, protect loved ones and survive, people feel their kinship especially strongly. Having united and feeling brotherhood, the people were able to rally and defeat the enemy.
Why learn from defeats and victories? (L. Tolstoy "War and Peace")
One of the heroes of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy Andrei went to war with the intentions to build a brilliant military career. He left his family to gain glory in battles. How bitter was his disappointment when he realized that he had lost this battle. What seemed to him in his dreams as beautiful battle scenes, in life turned out to be a terrible massacre with blood and human suffering. Awareness came to him as an epiphany, he realized that war is terrible, and it carries nothing but pain. This personal defeat in the war forced him to reevaluate his life and admit that family, friendship and love are much more important than fame and recognition.
What feelings does the conqueror feel about the endurance of a defeated enemy? (V. Kondratyev "Sashka")
The problem of compassion for the enemy is considered in the story "Sashka" by V. Kondratyev. A young Russian soldier takes a German soldier prisoner. After talking with the company commander, the prisoner does not give out any information, so Sasha is ordered to take him to the headquarters. On the way, the soldier showed the captive a leaflet on which it was written that the captives were assured of life and return to their homeland. However, the battalion commander, who lost a loved one in this war, orders to shoot the German. Conscience does not allow Sasha to kill an unarmed man, just like he is a young guy who behaves the same way as he would behave in captivity. The German does not betray his own people, does not beg for mercy, preserving his human dignity. At the risk of being court-martialed, Sashka does not comply with the commander's order. Belief in the righteousness saves him and his captive's life, and the commander cancels the order.
How does war change the worldview and character of a person? (V. Baklanov "Forever - nineteen")
G. Baklanov in his story "Forever - Nineteen Years" speaks about the significance and value of a person, about his responsibility, memory that binds the people: “Through a great catastrophe - a great liberation of the spirit, - said Atrakovsky. - Never before has so much depended on each of us. Therefore, we will win. And this will not be forgotten. The star goes out, but the field of attraction remains. That's how people are. " War is a disaster. However, it leads not only to tragedy, to the death of people, to a breakdown of their consciousness, but also contributes to spiritual growth, the transformation of the people, the definition of true life values by everyone. In war, a reassessment of values takes place, the worldview and character of a person change.
The problem of the inhumanity of war. (I. Shmelev "Sun of the Dead")
In the epic "Sun of the Dead" I. Shmelev shows all the horrors of war. "The smell of decay", "cackle, stomp and roar" of anthropoid, these are carriages of "fresh human meat, young meat!" and “one hundred and twenty thousand heads! Human! " War is the absorption of the world of the living by the world of the dead. She makes a beast out of man, makes him do terrible things. No matter how great the external material destruction and destruction are, they do not terrify I. Shmelev: neither a hurricane, nor hunger, nor snowfall, nor crops drying up from drought. Evil begins where a person who does not oppose him begins, for him "everything is nothing!" "And there is no one, and none." For the writer, it is indisputable that the human spiritually - the spiritual world is a place of the struggle between good and evil, and it is also indisputable that there will always, in any circumstances, even during a war, be people in whom the beast will not defeat man.
Responsibility of a person for the actions he committed in the war. The mental trauma of the participants in the war. (V. grossman "Abel")
In the story "Abel (Sixth August)" V.S. Grossman reflects on the war in general. Showing the tragedy of Hiroshima, the writer speaks not only of a universal human misfortune and ecological disaster, but also of a person's personal tragedy. Young striker Connor bears the onus of being the man destined to push the button to trigger the killing mechanism. For Connor, this is a personal war, where everyone remains just a person with inherent weaknesses and fears in the desire to save their own lives. However, sometimes, in order to remain human, you need to die. Grossman is convinced that true humanity is impossible without involvement in what is happening, and therefore without responsibility for what happened. The conjugation in one person of a heightened sense of Peace and a soldier's diligence imposed by the state machine and the system of education turns out to be fatal for a young man and leads to a split in consciousness. Crew members perceive what happened in different ways, not all of them feel responsible for what they have done, they talk about high goals. An act of fascism, unprecedented even by fascist standards, is justified by public thought, presented as a struggle against the notorious fascism. However, Joseph Conner experiences an acute sense of guilt, all the time washing his hands, as if trying to wash them of the blood of innocents. The hero goes crazy, realizing that his inner man cannot live with the burden that he has shouldered.
What is war and how does it affect a person? (K. Vorobyov "Killed near Moscow")
In the story "Killed near Moscow" K. Vorobyov writes that war is a huge machine, "made up of thousands and thousands of efforts of different people, moved, moves not someone else's will, but itself, having received its move, and therefore unstoppable" ... The old man in the house where the retreating wounded are left calls the war the "master" of everything. All life is now determined by the war, which changes not only life, destinies, but also the consciousness of people. War is a confrontation in which the strongest wins: "In a war - who is the first to fail." The death that war brings occupies almost all the thoughts of the soldiers: “It was during the first months at the front that he was ashamed of himself, he thought he was the only one. Everything is so in these minutes, everyone overcomes them with himself alone: there will be no other life ”. The metamorphoses that occur with a person in war are explained by the purpose of death: in the battle for the Fatherland, soldiers show unthinkable courage, self-sacrifice, while in captivity, doomed to death, they live guided by animal instincts. War cripples not only the bodies of people, but also their souls: the writer shows how disabled people are afraid of the end of the war, since they no longer imagine their place in peaceful life.
The problem of courage, cowardice, compassion, mercy, mutual assistance, caring for loved ones, humanity, moral choice in war. The impact of war on human life, character and perception of the world. The participation of children in the war. Human responsibility for their actions.
What was the courage of the soldiers in the war? (A.M.Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man")
In the story of M.A. Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man" can be seen a manifestation of true courage during the war. The main character of the story, Andrei Sokolov, goes to war, leaving his family at home. For the sake of his loved ones, he passed all the tests: he suffered from hunger, fought bravely, sat in a punishment cell and escaped from captivity. The fear of death did not force him to abandon his beliefs: in the face of danger, he retained human dignity. The war took the lives of his loved ones, but even after that he did not break down, and again showed courage, however, no longer on the battlefield. He adopted a boy who also lost his entire family during the war. Andrei Sokolov is an example of a courageous soldier who continued to fight the hardships of fate even after the war.
The problem of moral assessment of the fact of war. (M. Zusak "The Book Thief")
In the center of the story of the novel "The Book Thief" by Markus Zusak, Liesel is a nine-year-old girl who, on the verge of war, ended up in a foster family. The girl's own father was associated with the communists, therefore, in order to save her daughter from the Nazis, her mother gives her to strangers for upbringing. Liesel begins a new life away from her family, she has a conflict with her peers, she finds new friends, learns to read and write. Her life is filled with ordinary childish concerns, but war comes and with it fear, pain and disappointment. She doesn't understand why some people kill others. Liesel's adoptive father teaches her kindness and compassion, despite the fact that it only brings him trouble. Together with her parents, she hides a Jew in the basement, looks after him, reads books to him. To help people, she and her friend Rudy, they scatter bread on the road along which the column of prisoners must pass. She is convinced that the war is monstrous and incomprehensible: people burn books, die in battles, arrests of those who disagree with official policy are taking place everywhere. Liesel does not understand why people refuse to live and rejoice. It is not by chance that the narrative of the book is conducted on behalf of Death, the eternal companion of war and the enemy of life.
Is human consciousness capable of accepting the very fact of war? (Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace", G. Baklanov "Forever - Nineteen Years")
It is difficult for a person faced with the horrors of war to understand why it is needed. So, one of the heroes of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Pierre Bezukhov does not take part in the battles, but he tries with all his might to help his people. He does not realize the true horror of the war until he witnesses the Battle of Borodino. Seeing the carnage, the count is horrified at its inhumanity. He is captured, experiences physical and mental torment, tries to comprehend the nature of war, but cannot. Pierre is not able to cope with his mental crisis on his own, and only his meeting with Platon Karataev helps him to understand that happiness lies not in victory or defeat, but in simple human joys. Happiness is inside each person, in his search for answers to eternal questions, awareness of himself as a part of the human world. And war, from his point of view, is inhuman and unnatural.
The protagonist of G. Baklanov's story "Forever - Nineteen Years" Alexei Tretyakov painfully reflects on the reasons, the significance of the war for the people, man and life. He finds no weighty explanation for the need for war. Its meaninglessness, the devaluation of human life for the sake of achieving any important goal, terrifies the hero, causes bewilderment: “... One and the same thought haunted: will it ever turn out that this war could not have happened? What could the people have been able to prevent this? And millions would have survived ... ".
How did the children experience the war events? What was their participation in the fight against the enemy? (L. Kassil and M. Polyanovsky "Street of the youngest son")
Not only adults, but also children stood up to defend their homeland during the war. They wanted to help their country, their city and their family in the fight against the enemy. In the center of the story by Lev Kassil and Max Polyanovsky "The Street of the Youngest Son" is an ordinary boy Volodya Dubinin from Kerch. The story begins with the storytellers seeing a street named after a child. Having become interested in this, they go to the museum to find out who Volodya is. The storytellers talk with the boy's mother, find his school and comrades, and learn that Volodya is an ordinary boy with his dreams and plans, whose life has been burst into the war. His father, the captain of a warship, taught his son to be steadfast and brave. The boy bravely joined the partisan detachment, obtained news from the rear of the enemy and was the first to know about the retreat of the Germans. Unfortunately, the boy died while clearing the approaches to the quarry. However, the city did not forget its little hero, who, despite his young years, performed a daily feat on a par with adults and sacrificed his life to save others.
How did the adults feel about the participation of children in military events? (V. Kataev "Son of the Regiment")
War is terrible and inhuman, this is not a place for children. In war, people lose loved ones, become bitter. Adults do their best to protect children from the horrors of war, but, unfortunately, they do not always succeed. The protagonist of Valentin Kataev's story "The Son of the Regiment" Vanya Solntsev loses his entire family in the war, wanders through the woods, trying to get through the front line to his "friends". There the scouts find the child and bring him to the camp to the commander. The boy is happy, he survived, made his way through the front line, he was deliciously fed and put to bed. However, Captain Yenakiev understands that there is no place for a child in the army, he sadly remembers his son and decides to send Vanya a child's receiver. On the way, Vanya escapes, trying to return to the battery. After an unsuccessful attempt, he manages to do this, and the captain is forced to accept: he sees how the boy is trying to be useful, eager to fight. Vanya wants to help the common cause: he takes the initiative and goes into reconnaissance, draws a map of the area in an ABC book, but the Germans catch him for this occupation. Fortunately, in the general turmoil, the child is forgotten and he manages to escape. Yenakiev admires the boy's desire to protect his country, but worries about him. To save the child's life, the commander sends Vanya with an important message away from the battlefield. The entire crew of the first gun perishes, and in the letter that Yenakiev transmitted, the commander says goodbye to the battery and asks to take care of Vanya Solntsev.
The problem of the manifestation of humanity in war, the manifestation of compassion, mercy to the captured enemy. (L. Tolstoy "War and Peace")
Only strong people who know the value of human life are capable of showing compassion for the enemy. So, in the novel "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy has an interesting episode describing the attitude of Russian soldiers towards the French. In the night forest, a company of soldiers warmed themselves by the fire. Suddenly they heard a rustle and saw two French soldiers, who, despite the wartime, were not afraid to approach the enemy. They were very weak and could hardly stand on their feet. One of the soldiers, whose clothes betrayed him as an officer, fell exhausted to the ground. The soldiers laid an overcoat for the sick man and brought both cereals and vodka. They were Officer Rambal and his orderly Morel. The officer was so cold that he could not even move, so the Russian soldiers took him in their arms and carried him to the hut, which was occupied by the colonel. On the way, he called them good friends, while his batman, already pretty drunk, sang French songs, sitting between the Russian soldiers. This story teaches us that even in difficult times you need to remain human, not to kill the weak, to show compassion and mercy.
Is it possible to show concern for others during the war years? (E. Vereiskaya "Three girls")
In the center of Elena Vereiskaya's story "Three Girls" are friends who stepped from their carefree childhood into a terrible wartime. Friends Natasha, Katya and Lyusya live in a communal apartment in Leningrad, spend time together and go to a regular school. The most difficult test in life awaits them, because suddenly the war begins. The school is destroyed, and the friends stop their studies, now they are forced to learn to survive. The girls grow up quickly: the cheerful and frivolous Lucy turns into a responsible and organized girl, Natasha becomes more thoughtful, and Katya becomes self-confident. However, even at such a time, they remain human and continue to take care of their loved ones, despite the difficult living conditions. The war did not separate them, but made them even more amicable. Each of the members of the friendly "communal family" first of all thought about the others. A very touching episode in the book where the doctor gives most of his rations to a little boy. At the risk of starving to death, people share everything they have, and this instills hope and makes them believe in victory. Caring, love and support can work wonders, only thanks to such relationships, people were able to survive some of the most difficult days in the history of our country.
Why do people keep the memory of the war? (O. Berggolts "Poems about myself")
Despite the gravity of the memories of the war, you need to keep them. Mothers who have lost their children, adults and children who have seen the death of loved ones will never forget these terrible pages in the history of our country, but contemporaries should not forget. For this there is a huge number of books, songs, films designed to tell about the terrible time. For example, in "Poems about Myself" Olga Berggolts calls to always remember wartime, people who fought at the front and died of hunger in besieged Leningrad. The poetess appeals to people who would like to smooth it out "in the timid memory of people" and assures them that she will not let them forget "how a Leningrader fell on the yellow snow of deserted squares." Olga Berggolts, who went through the whole war and lost her husband in Leningrad, kept her promise, leaving after her death many poems, essays and diary entries.
What helps to win the war? (L. Tolstoy "War and Peace")
You cannot win a war alone. Only by rallying in the face of common misfortune and finding the courage to face fear can you win. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's War and Peace, the feeling of unity is especially acute. Different people united in the struggle for life and freedom. each soldier, the fighting spirit of the army and belief in their own strength helped the Russians to defeat the French army, which encroached on their native land. The battle scenes of the Shengraben, Austerlitz and Borodino battles especially clearly show the solidarity of people. The winners in this war are not careerists who want only ranks and awards, but ordinary soldiers, peasants, militias who perform feat every minute. The modest battery commander Tushin, Tikhon Shcherbaty and Platon Karataev, the merchant Ferapontov, young Petya Rostov, who combine the basic qualities of the Russian people, did not fight because they were ordered, they fought of their own free will, defended their home and their loved ones, that is why they won in war.
What unites people during the war years? (L. Tolstoy "War and Peace")
A huge number of works of Russian literature are devoted to the problem of uniting people during the war years. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" people of different classes and views rallied in the face of a common misfortune. The unity of the people is shown by the writer on the example of many dissimilar individuals. So, the Rostov family leaves all their property in Moscow and gives carts to the wounded. The merchant Feropontov calls on the soldiers to rob his shop so that the enemy does not get anything. Pierre Bezukhov changes clothes and remains in Moscow, intending to kill Napoleon. Captain Tushin and Timokhin perform their duty with heroism, despite the fact that there is no cover, and Nikolai Rostov boldly rushes into the attack, overcoming all fears. Tolstoy vividly describes Russian soldiers in the battles near Smolensk: patriotic feelings and fighting spirit of people in the face of danger fascinate. In an effort to defeat the enemy, protect loved ones and survive, people feel their kinship especially strongly. Having united and feeling brotherhood, the people were able to rally and defeat the enemy.
Why learn from defeats and victories? (L. Tolstoy "War and Peace")
One of the heroes of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy Andrei went to war with the intentions to build a brilliant military career. He left his family to gain glory in battles. How bitter was his disappointment when he realized that he had lost this battle. What seemed to him in his dreams as beautiful battle scenes, in life turned out to be a terrible massacre with blood and human suffering. Awareness came to him as an epiphany, he realized that war is terrible, and it carries nothing but pain. This personal defeat in the war forced him to reevaluate his life and admit that family, friendship and love are much more important than fame and recognition.
What feelings does the conqueror feel about the endurance of a defeated enemy? (V. Kondratyev "Sashka")
The problem of compassion for the enemy is considered in the story "Sashka" by V. Kondratyev. A young Russian soldier takes a German soldier prisoner. After talking with the company commander, the prisoner does not give out any information, so Sasha is ordered to take him to the headquarters. On the way, the soldier showed the captive a leaflet on which it was written that the captives were assured of life and return to their homeland. However, the battalion commander, who lost a loved one in this war, orders to shoot the German. Conscience does not allow Sasha to kill an unarmed man, just like he is a young guy who behaves the same way as he would behave in captivity. The German does not betray his own people, does not beg for mercy, preserving his human dignity. At the risk of being court-martialed, Sashka does not comply with the commander's order. Belief in the righteousness saves him and his captive's life, and the commander cancels the order.
How does war change the worldview and character of a person? (V. Baklanov "Forever - nineteen")
G. Baklanov in his story "Forever - Nineteen Years" speaks about the significance and value of a person, about his responsibility, memory that binds the people: “Through a great catastrophe - a great liberation of the spirit, - said Atrakovsky. - Never before has so much depended on each of us. Therefore, we will win. And this will not be forgotten. The star goes out, but the field of attraction remains. That's how people are. " War is a disaster. However, it leads not only to tragedy, to the death of people, to a breakdown of their consciousness, but also contributes to spiritual growth, the transformation of the people, the definition of true life values by everyone. In war, a reassessment of values takes place, the worldview and character of a person change.
The problem of the inhumanity of war. (I. Shmelev "Sun of the Dead")
In the epic "Sun of the Dead" I. Shmelev shows all the horrors of war. "The smell of decay", "cackle, stomp and roar" of anthropoid, these are carriages of "fresh human meat, young meat!" and “one hundred and twenty thousand heads! Human! " War is the absorption of the world of the living by the world of the dead. She makes a beast out of man, makes him do terrible things. No matter how great the external material destruction and destruction are, they do not terrify I. Shmelev: neither a hurricane, nor hunger, nor snowfall, nor crops drying up from drought. Evil begins where a person who does not oppose him begins, for him "everything is nothing!" "And there is no one, and none." For the writer, it is indisputable that the human spiritually - the spiritual world is a place of the struggle between good and evil, and it is also indisputable that there will always, in any circumstances, even during a war, be people in whom the beast will not defeat man.
Responsibility of a person for the actions he committed in the war. The mental trauma of the participants in the war. (V. grossman "Abel")
In the story "Abel (Sixth August)" V.S. Grossman reflects on the war in general. Showing the tragedy of Hiroshima, the writer speaks not only of a universal human misfortune and ecological disaster, but also of a person's personal tragedy. Young striker Connor bears the onus of being the man destined to push the button to trigger the killing mechanism. For Connor, this is a personal war, where everyone remains just a person with inherent weaknesses and fears in the desire to save their own lives. However, sometimes, in order to remain human, you need to die. Grossman is convinced that true humanity is impossible without involvement in what is happening, and therefore without responsibility for what happened. The conjugation in one person of a heightened sense of Peace and a soldier's diligence imposed by the state machine and the system of education turns out to be fatal for a young man and leads to a split in consciousness. Crew members perceive what happened in different ways, not all of them feel responsible for what they have done, they talk about high goals. An act of fascism, unprecedented even by fascist standards, is justified by public thought, presented as a struggle against the notorious fascism. However, Joseph Conner experiences an acute sense of guilt, all the time washing his hands, as if trying to wash them of the blood of innocents. The hero goes crazy, realizing that his inner man cannot live with the burden that he has shouldered.
What is war and how does it affect a person? (K. Vorobyov "Killed near Moscow")
In the story "Killed near Moscow" K. Vorobyov writes that war is a huge machine, "made up of thousands and thousands of efforts of different people, moved, moves not someone else's will, but itself, having received its move, and therefore unstoppable" ... The old man in the house where the retreating wounded are left calls the war the "master" of everything. All life is now determined by the war, which changes not only life, destinies, but also the consciousness of people. War is a confrontation in which the strongest wins: "In a war - who is the first to fail." The death that war brings occupies almost all the thoughts of the soldiers: “It was during the first months at the front that he was ashamed of himself, he thought he was the only one. Everything is so in these minutes, everyone overcomes them with himself alone: there will be no other life ”. The metamorphoses that occur with a person in war are explained by the purpose of death: in the battle for the Fatherland, soldiers show unthinkable courage, self-sacrifice, while in captivity, doomed to death, they live guided by animal instincts. War cripples not only the bodies of people, but also their souls: the writer shows how disabled people are afraid of the end of the war, since they no longer imagine their place in peaceful life.
Argumentation
Problem
Historical memory
A. Chekhov. "The Cherry Orchard". The haughty lackey Yasha from the play by A. Chekhov "The Cherry Orchard" does not remember his mother and dreams of leaving for Paris as soon as possible. He is the living embodiment of unconsciousness. I. S. Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons". Bazarov, who scornfully refers to the "old people", denies their moral principles, dies from a trifle scratch. And this dramatic finale shows the lifelessness of those who have broken away from the "soil", from the traditions of their people.
Love to motherland
Yu. G. Oksman "The Capture of Lieutenant Sukhinov". The famous writer told the story of the Decembrist Sukhinov, who, after the defeat of the uprising, was able to hide from the police bloodhounds and, after painful wanderings, finally got to the border. Another minute - and he will find freedom. But the fugitive looked at the field, forest, sky and realized that he could not live in a foreign land, far from his homeland. He surrendered to the police, he was shackled and sent to hard labor. A.S. Pushkin "To Chaadaev". In the friendly message "To Chaadaev" the poet's fiery appeal to the Fatherland to devote "beautiful impulses to souls" sounds. "A word about Igor's regiment." The author's love for his native Russian land is clearly expressed. He was worried about the future. He proudly told us about the defender of the homeland. Described nature beautifully. Solar eclipse. It was the Russian land that became the main character of his work. Poems by Yesenin, Blok, Lermontov.
Scientific progress and moral
Human qualities
A.S. Griboyedov. "Woe from Wit"
M. Bulgakov. "Heart of a Dog" Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by the thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a man, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.
Human responsibility
Surrounding
N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace".
The images of Kutuzov, Napoleon, Alexander I. A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, who knows how to understand them at the right time, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are the ordinary people in the novel who do their duty without high phrases. A. Kuprin. "Wonderful Doctor". A man, exhausted by poverty, is ready to desperately commit suicide, but the famous doctor Pirogov, who happened to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate, and from that moment on, his life and the life of his family changes in the happiest way. This story speaks volumes about the fact that the act of one person can affect the fate of other people.
Fathers and Sons
And S. Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons". A classic that shows the problem of misunderstanding between the older and younger generations. Evgeny Bazarov feels like a stranger and an older Kirsanov, and his parents. And, although, by his own admission, he loves them, his attitude brings them grief. L. N. Tolstoy. Trilogy "Childhood", "Adolescence", "Youth". Striving to know the world, to become an adult, Nikolenka Irtenev gradually learns the world, realizes that much in it is imperfect, encounters a misunderstanding of elders, he sometimes offends them (chapters "Classes", "Natalia Savishna") KG Paustovsky "Telegram". Girl Nastya, living in Leningrad, receives a telegram that her mother is sick, but the affairs that seem important to her do not allow her to go to her mother. When she, realizing the magnitude of the possible loss, arrives in the village, it is too late: the mother is gone ...
Role of example.
Raising a person
V.P. Astafiev. "A horse with a pink mane." Difficult pre-war years of a Siberian village. The formation of the hero's personality under the influence of the kindness of his grandmother and grandfather. V. G Rasputin "French Lessons". Formation of the personality of the protagonist in the difficult war years. The role of the teacher, her spiritual generosity in the boy's life. Thirst for knowledge, moral fortitude, self-esteem of the hero of the story.
Self-sacrifice
In the name of love for a loved one
B. Vasiliev "My Horses Are Flying". Dr. Jansen died saving children who fell into a sewer pit. The man, who was revered as a saint even during his lifetime, was buried by the whole city. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita". Self-sacrifice of Margarita for the sake of her beloved.
Compassion, sensitivity and mercy
Astafiev "Lyudochka" In the episode with a dying man, when everyone left him, only Lyudochka took pity on him. And after his death, everyone only pretended that they felt sorry for him, everyone except Lyudochka. A verdict on a society in which people are deprived of human warmth. M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man". The story tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength for life, strength in order to resist fate. V. Hugo "Les Miserables". The writer in the novel tells the story of a thief. After spending the night in the bishop's house, in the morning this thief stole a silver dish from him. But an hour later, the police detained the criminal and took him to the house, where he was given an overnight stay. The priest said that this man did not steal anything, that he took all the things with the permission of the owner. The thief, amazed by what he heard, in one minute experienced a true rebirth, and after that he became an honest man.
Man and power
Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince". There is an example of just power: "But he was very kind, and therefore gave only reasonable orders." If I tell my general to turn into a sea gull, "he used to say," and if the general does not obey the order, it will not be his fault, but mine. " ...
Man and art.
Impact of art
Per person
A.I. Kuprin. "Garnet bracelet". The author claims that nothing is permanent, everything is temporary, everything passes and leaves. Only music and love affirm the true values on earth. Fonvizin "Minor". They say that many noble children, recognizing themselves in the image of the idler Mitrofanushka, experienced a genuine rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up worthy sons of the fatherland.
Man and history.
The role of personality in history
L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace".
One of the central problems of the novel is the role of personality in history. This problem is revealed in the images of Kutuzov and Napoleon. The writer believes that there is no greatness where there is no kindness and simplicity. According to Tolstoy, a person whose interests coincide with the interests of the people can influence the course of history. Kutuzov understood the mood and desires of the masses, so he was great. Napoleon thinks only of his own greatness, therefore he is doomed to defeat. I. Turgenev. "Notes of a Hunter".
People, having read bright, vivid stories about peasants, realized that it is immoral to own people like cattle. A wide movement for the abolition of serfdom began in the country.
Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man"
After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. M. Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man", which shows the bitter lot of a soldier, made society look differently at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.
Platonov. "Pit".
Man and cognition. Self-realization of a person. Life is like a struggle for happiness.
Shukshin "Chudik" - an absent-minded person, may seem ill-mannered. And what prompts him to do strange things are positive, unselfish motives. Chudik reflects on the problems of concern to humanity at all times: what is the meaning of life? What are good and evil? Who in this life is “right, who is smarter”? And by all his actions he proves that he is right, and not those who believe Goncharov. The image of Oblomov. This is the image of a person who only wanted to. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children ... But he did not have the strength to realize these desires, so his dreams remained dreams. M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom". He showed the drama of "former people" who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, they understand that they need to live better, but they do nothing in order to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the action of the play begins in the shelter and ends there. False Values I. Bunin in the story "The gentleman from San Francisco". He showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that real happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is. Yesenin. "Black man". The poem "The Black Man" is the cry of Yesenin's dying soul, it is a requiem for the life left behind. Yesenin, like no one else, was able to tell what life does to a person. Mayakovsky. "Listen." The inner conviction of the correctness of their moral ideals separated Mayakovsky from other poets, from the usual course of life. This isolation gave rise to a spiritual protest against the philistine environment, where there were no high spiritual ideals. The poem is the cry of the poet's soul. Zamyatin "The Cave". (). Martina Martynych The hero comes into conflict with himself, a split occurs in his soul. values He violates the commandment "Thou shalt not steal."
Human and nature
Sholokhov "Quiet Don". Turgenev "Bezhin Meadow". Nature coincides with the feelings of the heroes. M. Bulgakov. "Fatal eggs". Professor Persikov accidentally, instead of large chickens, brings out giant reptiles that threaten civilization. M. Bulgakov. "Dog's heart". Professor Preobrazhensky transplants a part of the human brain to Sharik's dog, turning a quite cute dog into a disgusting Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov. You can't mindlessly interfere with nature! M. Prishvin. "Pantry of the sun"
Callous and soulless attitude towards a person
"Matryonin Dvor" by Solzhenitsyn. A closed model of the world in the novel by E.I. Zamyatin "We". 2) The appearance and principles of the One State. 3) The narrator, number D - 503, and his spiritual illness. 4) "Resistance of human nature". In dystopias, based on the same premises, the world is given through the eyes of its inhabitant, an ordinary citizen, from the inside, in order to trace and show the feelings of a person who undergoes the laws of an ideal state. The conflict between the personality and the totalitarian system becomes the driving force of any dystopia, allowing one to identify dystopian features in the most diverse at first glance works ... The society depicted in the novel has reached material perfection and stopped in its development, plunged into a state of spiritual and social entropy.
Honor and dishonor
The poet John Brown received the Enlightenment project from the Russian Empress Catherine, but he could not come because he fell ill. However, he had already received money from her, therefore, saving his honor, he committed suicide. N.V. Gogol in his comedy "The Inspector General". The officials of the district town mistakenly take Khlestakov for a real auditor, in every possible way try to please him, do not pay attention to his stupidity at all. A.P. Chekhov in the story "Death of an Official", The author showed the problem from a moral point of view. Chervyakov, asking for forgiveness, humiliated himself before the general not by the nature of service or position (after all, it was not even his boss), but by his human nature.