There are many elements in human blood that help the body to function properly. Also in the blood there are many fats, which are called lipids. These fats tend to be part of many hormones and also tend to keep the body in good health.

If a person has an excess of fats in the blood, or rather lipids, then coordinated work is disrupted in the body and under such circumstances, hyperlipidemia most often develops.

Hyperlipidemia, what is it and what features does the disease have? It is a disease characterized by high, abnormal levels of fats in the blood.

The fact is that disturbances in the circulatory area begin in the blood, since a large amount of lipids are present in it. It is also worth considering that the disease hyperlipidemia carries dangerous and irreversible consequences. This disease often causes, as the cholesterol level in the blood becomes too high. There is also a risk that hyperlipidemia can cause diseases such as atherosclerosis and.

It is also worth knowing the symptoms of hyperlipidemia. The fact is that this disease of a high level of fats in the blood does not have any special symptoms, since diseases associated with blood, or rather its functionality. The diagnosis of hyperlipidemia can be based on. It is also worth considering that only a cut analysis for fats can show a high level of fats, or rather lipids. Only diseases caused by hyperlipidemia can have severe symptoms, and if a person is diagnosed with diseases such as acute pancreatitis, then this disease can be detected in time.

It is also worth considering that the symptoms of hyperlipidemia can only be manifested by diseases caused. This fact can help to detect high levels of lipids in the blood in time.

Classification and reasons

The classification of hyperlipidemia has a number of reasons for when a person may experience hyperlipidemia.

It is worth knowing that this disease can be hereditary. This means that if relatives had such a disease, then a person has every chance of getting sick with it.

The fact is that heredity is the main cause of hyperlipidemia, and also with it, the disease can manifest itself already at a young age.

Less often, hyperlipidemia is manifested due to the fact that a person eats a lot of fat. With this image, a disease with a high level of fats in the blood appears extremely rarely, although this reason has a place to be.

There are several classifications by which the stage of hyperlipidemia can be determined:

• The first classification, or rather the type of hyperlipidemia (I), is extremely rare. But with this form, they are characterized by an increase in blood fats and also a significant decrease in the activator protein. Also, the indicators of all can deviate from the norm.
• The second type of hyperlipidemia disease (II), with this classification of the disease, cholesterol increases are characteristic. But it should be borne in mind that the second classification of this disease is divided into two subtypes, since with different subtypes of this disease it is very often possible to observe different indicators of components in the blood.
• (IIa) this type of disease most often occurs due to malnutrition. This means that a person has the wrong diet in which there is too much fat. With this subtype of the disease, there are also various indicators of other components in the blood that are not normal. Also, such a subtype may occur due to heredity. Under such circumstances, the gene for the LDL receptor, or apoB, is mostly mutated. In this situation, there is a possibility that children and grandchildren will have such a disease.
• (IIb) the same type of hyperlipidemia is characterized by a high concentration of triglycerides. Also, this subtype can occur due to heredity and malnutrition.

In the treatment of these subtypes, the diet of a sick person is corrected, namely, fats are excluded and nutrition is also directed to vitamins and useful components.

• The third type of disease (III) is characterized by the fact that in addition to the fact that the blood counts are not normal, there are also violations of the functioning of the body. This is due to the fact that the disease begins to progress and thus the body itself begins to function incorrectly.
• The fourth type of disease (V) is very similar to the first type, as it has the same symptoms and characteristics. But the fact is that with this type, the indicators of all body functions only worsen, and also with this type, other diseases can progress, caused by hyperlipidemia.

Treatment

Lifestyle correction methods are actively used to treat hyperlipidemia. The fact is that such a disease can occur due to an improper lifestyle and thus significantly increases the level of cholesterol in the blood.

To treat hyperlipidemia of the disease, doctors correct nutrition and recommend appropriate ones. This means that the level of fat that should be in the diet of a person is reduced by 7-8% per day.

Also, the daily level of fats in the blood decreases depending on the type of disease. The fact is that fats are necessary in, but their excessive consumption can cause a number of problems that can be difficult to cope with. It is also worth considering that with different types of disease, the daily noma of fats in the blood can be reduced by up to 50%.

Doctors prescribe special preparations and also prescribe a diet in which fish must be present, since it contains many components that can be directed to recovery.

Hyperlipidemia is a pathological condition characterized by the accumulation in the blood of substances harmful to the body, namely cholesterol, fats and triglyceride. In medicine, they are most often referred to by the common name - lipids. It is from this term that the name of this pathology originated.

general information

Hyperlipidemia is not a disease, but one of the very serious diagnostic syndromes. In clinical practice, this problem occurs quite often. Many patients for a long time are not even aware of its existence, and only find out during the next preventive examination.

Despite the fact that hyperlipidemia is frequently diagnosed and mostly asymptomatic, it should not be ignored. Elevated levels of fats, cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood lead to the development of many diseases, including atherosclerosis. That is why patients with such a diagnosis need not only constant monitoring, but also appropriate treatment.

Main reasons

Unlike many hereditary and acquired diseases, on the occurrence of which there is practically no influence, hyperlipidemia is a clear indicator of what kind of lifestyle a particular person adheres to in practice. The thing is that the pathology develops as a result of the penetration into the body of those substances that come with food. In this case, we are not talking about a one-time use, but about a regular one.

In addition, experts call a number of factors that inevitably lead to the development of pathology:

• Hypertonic disease.
• Bad habits (smoking, drinking alcohol).
• Diseases of the thyroid gland.
• hereditary predisposition.
• Physical inactivity.
• Unhealthy and unbalanced diet.
• Obesity.

Symptoms

As noted above, hyperlipidemia is not an independent disease, but a special syndrome. That is why there is no need to talk about any of its clinical signs. Even an elevated lipid concentration is detected only during a medical examination. In fact, doctors strongly recommend that all people over the age of 20 have an annual test to determine the concentration of these substances in the blood.

Meanwhile, the patient's condition can only worsen over time, provoking the development of a rather serious disease called atherosclerosis. As a rule, only at this stage, the patient may have suspicions that the body is not working properly, that is, it's time to check your health. As a result, hyperlipidemia is diagnosed.

Symptoms of a non-specific nature can manifest as an increase in the size of the spleen, as well as xanthomas (fat deposits in the skin).

Classification

The modern classification of this pathology was developed back in 1965 by Donald Fredikson. Subsequently, it was recommended as the main standard. How is hyperlipidemia classified? Classification:

• Type I. Very rarely diagnosed. Occurs predominantly due to a defect in the enzyme lipoprotein lipase or due to a deficiency of this enzyme. There is a sharp increase in the level of lipids in the blood after eating a fatty meal. That is why in this case, the main method of treatment is the normalization of nutrition.
• Type II. This is the most common type of pathology. It often leads to the development of atherosclerosis and even causes myocardial infarction.
• Type III. This is hereditary hyperlipidemia. People suffering from this pathology are prone to developing gout, diabetes, and obesity.
• Type IV. In this case, there is an increased content of triglycerides in the blood, and their number increases markedly immediately after drinking alcoholic beverages.
• Type V. Doctors with this form note an increased level of lipoproteins, and with an excessively low density. In patients due to this pathology, the risk of developing pancreatitis increases.

Other types of hyperlipidemias are also distinguished. The classification is based on the predominant content of certain substances in the blood related to this syndrome. In accordance with this, two forms of pathology are distinguished:

• Hypo-beta-lipoproteinemia.
• Hypo-alpha-lipoproteinemia.

Diagnostics

Taking into account the fact that the pathology does not have a pronounced clinical picture, and the types of hyperlipidemia described above have their own differences, the diagnosis should be based solely on the level of lipids, their fraction, the doctor suggests appropriate therapy. In addition, the hematologist must conduct a differential diagnosis with other diseases.

What should be the treatment?

First of all, it should be noted that the lipids accumulated in the blood by themselves will not go anywhere. In order to normalize their level, patients are advised to radically reconsider their lifestyle. You should reduce your intake of foods with bad cholesterol. Such a step allows not only to improve the general condition, but also to minimize disturbances in the work of the cardiovascular system.

In patients diagnosed with hyperlipidemia, treatment involves following a specific diet. It is recommended to give up junk food, alcoholic beverages, all fatty and fried foods. The diet should consist of steamed or oven-baked dishes. It is allowed to eat lean meat, fish, a large number of fresh vegetables and herbs. We should not forget about

With a combination of obesity and this pathology, it is recommended to include physical education in your life. At first, even the most ordinary can have a positive effect on health.

If, after a certain time, the tests have not returned to normal, the doctor most often decides on the appointment of drug therapy. It is primarily dictated by the high probability of developing heart disease and atherosclerosis. The thing is that these diseases most often accompany such a pathology as hyperlipidemia. Treatment in this case includes taking statins (lower blood cholesterol levels), fibrates and choleretic agents.

Remember, the sooner this pathology is detected and treatment is prescribed, the faster the recovery will go. Be healthy!

In putative heterozygotes, the incidence of xanthomas and other external signs of the disease increases with age. Sometimes, especially in women, inflammation of the Achilles tendon recurs. Dramatically accelerates the development of atherosclerosis, especially coronary vessels and especially in men. Among men suffering from this disease, 17% suffer an angina attack before the age of 40 and 67% before the age of 60. Homozygotes can suffer from coronary heart disease and die from it and its consequences before the age of 20 years.

Treatment

With a decrease in cholesterol levels, disfiguring xanthomas stop growing and decrease or disappear. But the main goal of treatment is to slow down the premature development of atherosclerosis and reduce the likelihood of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction. With a mild to moderate increase in LDL cholesterol, a diet, which is the first stage of treatment, is usually sufficient. Before deciding whether medication is needed, the effect of the diet should be observed for at least 6 months. In severe hypercholesterolemia (eg, total cholesterol above 240 mg%, LDL above 160 mg%) or the familial form of the disease, drug therapy is recommended to start sooner.

The main premise of the modern dietary approach is the idea that the consumption of saturated fats and cholesterol reduces the activity of hepatic LDL receptors and thereby slows down the clearance of plasma from LDL, leading to their accumulation. Saturated fat content in the diet can be reduced in 4 ways. 1. Saturated fats are replaced with monounsaturated fats. This should lower LDL levels without affecting HDL. 2. Saturated fats are replaced with polyunsaturated ones. Although the latter appear to have some independent effect in lowering LDL levels, when consumed in excess, they can also disproportionately reduce HDL levels. 3. Saturated fats are replaced by carbohydrates, which sometimes greatly increase triglycerides and often lower HDL levels. 4. In case of obesity, weight loss is recommended. Excess weight and excess calorie intake decrease HDL levels and also increase LDL levels by accelerating the secretion of VLDL, which are the precursors of LDL. The choice of these options is often determined by individual socio-cultural preferences.

Diet. The most effective diet for lowering serum LDL and total cholesterol levels is to severely limit cholesterol and saturated fatty acid foods.

At stage I diet therapy, the total amount of fat for the average adult should cover no more than 30% of daily energy intake. Cholesterol intake should not exceed 300 mg/day, and saturated fat should not exceed 10% of total calories. Meat is excluded from the diet (especially obviously fatty, as well as meat offal), egg yolks, whole milk, sour cream, butter, cheeses, lard and other saturated fats on which food is cooked; they are replaced by foods low in saturated fat and cholesterol (eg, fish, vegetables, poultry), supplemented with mono- or polyunsaturated oils, margarine, and mayonnaise, as needed. Most vegetable oils (eg, corn, safflower) are low in saturated fat and relatively high in polyunsaturated fats, but some (eg, coconut and palm) are relatively high in saturated fat.

If elevated LDL levels persist after Stage I diet therapy, a more restrictive diet is recommended.

At stage II cholesterol intake is reduced even further, to 200 mg/day, and the share of saturated fat in energy intake is 7%. Consultations with a specialist nutritionist help the patient understand the benefits of the prescribed therapeutic measures and agree to dietary restrictions.

medications, reduce elevated lipid levels, act in various ways; a number of mechanisms are known.

1. Bile acid binders (cholestyramine and colestipol) and inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (lovastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin) contribute to the elimination of LDL with the participation of the receptor mechanism.
2. Niacin (nicotinic acid) reduces the rate of synthesis of VLDL - LDL precursors.
3. Fibric acid derivatives (gemfibrozil, clofibrate, fenofibrate, bezafibrate) accelerate the elimination of VLDL.
4. Probucol enhances the elimination of LDL by non-receptor mechanisms. Bile acid binders gemfibrozil and nicotinic acid have been shown to prevent coronary heart disease in clinical trials; niacin also reduces overall mortality.

cholestyramine and colestipol effectively reduce the content of total cholesterol in the blood serum, especially in combination with diet. These drugs are taken orally in doses of 12-32 g / day in 2-4 doses, which lowers LDL levels by 25-50%. The unpleasant taste of the drug and side effects such as constipation may lead patients to refuse this type of treatment. Due to the decrease in cholesterol levels under the action of cholestyramine, the frequency of manifestations of coronary heart disease (for example, ischemic events during an exercise test, angina attacks, sudden death) decreases.

Niacin (nicotinic acid) also helps, but requires high doses (3-9 g/day orally in divided doses with meals), which can cause side effects such as stomach irritation, hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia, flushing, and itching, often limiting use this drug. Niacin is most effective in combination with cholestyramine in heterozygotes with severe disease or in homozygotes.

Lovastatin orally at a dose of 20-80 mg / day in 1-2 doses can significantly reduce LDL levels in heterozygotes. The effectiveness of this drug can be increased if combined with cholestyramine and/or niacin. Side effects of lovastatin are rare: sometimes there are hepatitis and myositis.

The risk of myositis and rhabdomyolysis, which can lead to renal failure, is increased when lovastatin is combined with gemfibrozil, clofibrate, or niacin. Therefore, these combinations should be used only in special cases that justify the risk, and careful monitoring and use of immunosuppressive agents (eg, cyclosporine) is necessary.

Probucol 500 mg orally twice daily with diet can reduce LDL by 10-15%, but it often has the undesirable side effect of lowering HDL. Thyroid hormone analogues, such as D-thyroxine, strongly lower LDL levels, but are contraindicated in suspected or proven heart disease.

Clofibrate It has little effect on the level of total cholesterol or LDL and, in addition, sometimes contributes to the formation of gallstones and the development of other metabolic disorders. Usually this drug is not used. Other remedies tend to be less effective than strict dietary measures.

Familial mixed hypercholesterolemia appears to be a less common form of hypercholesterolemia. It is inherited as a dominant trait, but usually does not appear until puberty. The pathology is apparently due to excessive production of apolipo-protein B in the liver. Since it is the main protein of VLDL and LDL, its excess can lead to an increase in the level of VLDL, LDL, or both, depending on their elimination. It often happens that affected members of the same family have a different range of lipoproteins.

Xanthomas appear very rarely, but there is a clear predisposition to the premature onset of coronary heart disease. Depending on the amount of lipoproteins, weight loss, restriction of saturated fats and cholesterol in the diet, followed (as needed) by the appointment of niacin (3 g / day), lovastatin (20-40 mg / day) or cholestyramine in combination with niacin or gemfibrozil.

Polygenic hypercholesterolemia is probably the heterogeneous group of diseases that accounts for the largest number of cases of hereditarily elevated LDL levels. In some of these patients, LDL is abnormal and binds poorly to receptors, resulting in delayed plasma clearance. However, most often the elimination of LDL is impaired for other reasons. Diet therapy (restriction of saturated fats and cholesterol) is sometimes effective. If it is unsuccessful, then the use of lovastatin, cholestyramine or niacin usually completely brings the concentration of LDL to normal levels.

Ed. N. Alipov

"Prognosis and treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia type II" - an article from the section

Hyperlipidemia (hyperlipoproteinemia)- abnormally elevated levels of lipids and / or lipoproteins in the blood of a person. Violation of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism is quite common in the general population. Hyperlipidemia is an important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases, mainly due to the significant influence of cholesterol on the development of atherosclerosis. In addition, some hyperlipidemias affect the development of acute pancreatitis.
Classification
Classification of lipid disorders based on changes in the profile of plasma lipoproteins during their electrophoretic separation or ultracentrifugation. However, it does not take into account the level of HDL, which is an important factor in reducing the risk of atherosclerosis, as well as the role of genes that cause lipid disorders. This system remains the most common classification.

Classification of hyperlipidemia according to Fredrickson
Hyperlipoproteinemia	Synonyms	Etiology	Detectable Violation
	Primary hyperlipoproteinemia, Hereditary hyperchylomicronemia	Decreased lipoprotein lipase (LPL) or violation of the LPL activator - apoC2	Elevated chylomicrons
	polygenic hypercholesterolemia, hereditary hypercholesterolemia	LDL receptor deficiency	Elevated LDL	statins, A nicotinic acid
	Combined hyperlipidemia	Decreased LDL receptor and elevatedapoB	elevated LDL, VLDL and triglycerides	statins, Nicotinic acid, Gemfibrozil
	Hereditary dys-beta lipoproteinemia	ApoE defect (homozygotes apoE 2/2)	Elevated LPP	Mainly: Gemfibrozil
	Endogenous hyperlipemia	Increased formation of VLDL and their slow decay	Elevated VLDL	Mainly: A nicotinic acid
	Hereditary hypertriglyceridemia	Increased formation of VLDL and reduced lipoprotein lipase	Elevated VLDL and chylomicrons	Nicotinic acid, Gemfibrozil

Type I hyperlipoproteinemia
A rare type of hyperlipidemia that develops in LPL deficiency or a defect in the LPL activator protein, apoC2. Manifested in an increased level of chylomicrons, a class of lipoproteins that carry lipids from the intestines to the liver. The frequency of occurrence in the general population is 0.1%.

Hyperlipoproteinemia type II
The most common hyperlipidemia. It is characterized by an increase in LDL cholesterol. It is subdivided into types IIa and IIb depending on the absence or presence of high triglycerides.
Type IIa
This hyperlipidemia can be sporadic (due to malnutrition), polygenic, or hereditary. Hereditary hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa develops as a result of a mutation in the LDL receptor gene (0.2% of the population) or the apoB gene (0.2% of the population). The familial or hereditary form is manifested by xanthomas and early development of cardiovascular disease.
Type IIb
This subtype of hyperlipidemia is accompanied by an increased concentration of triglycerides in the blood as part of VLDL. A high level of VLDL occurs due to the increased formation of the main component of VLDL - triglycerides, as well as acetyl-coenzyme A and apoB-100. A more rare cause of this disorder may be delayed clearance (removal) of LDL. The frequency of occurrence of this type in the population is 10%. This subtype also includes hereditary combined hyperlipoproteinemia and secondary combined hyperlipoproteinemia (usually in metabolic syndrome).
Treatment for this hyperlipidemia includes dietary modification as a major component of therapy. Many patients require the appointment of statins to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. In the case of a strong rise in triglycerides, fibrates are often prescribed. The combined use of statins and fibrates is highly effective but has side effects such as the risk of myopathy and should be under constant medical supervision. Other drugs (nicotinic acid, etc.) and vegetable fats (ω 3 fatty acids) are also used.

Hyperlipoproteinemia type III
This form of hyperlipidemia is manifested by an increase in chylomicrons and LPP, therefore it is also called dis-beta-lipoproteinenia. The most common cause is homozygosity for one of the isoforms of apoE - E2 / E2, which is characterized by impaired binding to the LDL receptor. The occurrence in the general population is 0.02%.

Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia
This subtype of hyperlipidemia is characterized by an elevated concentration of triglycerides and is therefore also called hypertriglyceridemia. The frequency of occurrence in the general population is 1%.

Type V hyperlipoproteinemia
This type of hyperlipidemia is in many ways similar to type I, but is manifested not only by high chylomicrons, but also by VLDL

Fundamentals of diagnosis

• Plasma total cholesterol exceeds 200 mg/dl on two samples at least 2 weeks apart;
• Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol greater than 100 mg/dL;
• High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol less than 40 mg/dL;
• Triglyceride levels are greater than 200 mg/dL.

Differential Diagnosis

• Hypothyroidism raises LDL cholesterol levels.
• Eating causes an increase in triglyceride levels.
• Diabetes is accompanied by an increase in triglyceride levels, a decrease in HDL cholesterol.
• Alcohol consumption causes an increase in triglyceride levels.
• Taking oral contraceptives causes an increase in triglyceride levels.
• Nephrotic syndrome causing high LDL cholesterol levels
• In kidney failure, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides increase.
• Primary biliary cirrhosis increases LDL cholesterol levels.
• In acute hepatitis, triglyceride levels rise.
• Obesity increases triglyceride levels.

Treatment
Non-drug

• Exercise, weight loss, high fiber diet.

Medical

• Intestinal endothelial blockers: ezetimid.
• Fibric acid derivatives: gemfibrozil, clofibrate, fenofibrate.
• A nicotinic acid.
• Hepatic 3-methylglutaryl reductase inhibitors: atorvastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin.

Hyperlipidemia(hyperlipoproteinemia, dyslipidemia) - an abnormally elevated level of lipids and / or lipoproteins in human blood. Violation of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism is quite common in the general population. Hyperlipidemia is an important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases, mainly due to the significant influence of cholesterol on the development of atherosclerosis. In addition, some hyperlipidemias affect the development of acute pancreatitis.

Classification

The classification of lipid disorders, based on the change in the profile of plasma lipoproteins during their electrophoretic separation or ultracentrifugation, was developed by Donald Fredrickson in 1965. The Fredrickson classification is accepted by the World Health Organization as the international standard nomenclature for hyperlipidemias. However, it does not take into account the level of HDL, which is an important factor in reducing the risk of atherosclerosis, as well as the role of genes that cause lipid disorders. This system remains the most common classification.

Hyperlipoproteinemia	OMIM	Synonyms	Etiology	Detectable Violation	Treatment
Type I		Primary hyperlipoproteinemia, Hereditary hyperchylomicronemia	Decreased lipoprotein lipase (LPL) or impaired LPL activator - apoC2	Elevated chylomicrons	Diet
Type IIa	143890	Polygenic hypercholesterolemia, hereditary hypercholesterolemia	LDL receptor deficiency	Elevated LDL	Statins, Nicotinic acid
Type IIb	144250	Combined hyperlipidemia	Decreased LDL receptor and elevated apoB	Elevated LDL, VLDL and triglycerides	Statins, Nicotinic acid, Gemfibrozil
Type III	107741	Hereditary dys-beta lipoproteinemia	ApoE defect (homozygotes apoE 2/2)	Elevated LPP	Primarily: Gemfibrozil
Type IV	144600	Endogenous hyperlipemia	Increased formation of VLDL and their slow decay	Elevated VLDL	Primarily: Nicotinic acid
Type V	144650	Hereditary hypertriglyceridemia	Increased formation of VLDL and reduced lipoprotein lipase	Elevated VLDL and chylomicrons	Nicotinic acid, Gemfibrozil

Type I hyperlipoproteinemia

A rare type of hyperlipidemia that develops in LPL deficiency or a defect in the LPL activator protein, apoC2. Manifested in an increased level of chylomicrons, a class of lipoproteins that carry lipids from the intestines to the liver. The frequency of occurrence in the general population is 0.1%.

Hyperlipoproteinemia type II

The most common hyperlipidemia. It is characterized by an increase in LDL cholesterol. It is subdivided into types IIa and IIb depending on the absence or presence of high triglycerides.

Type IIa

This hyperlipidemia can be sporadic (due to malnutrition), polygenic, or hereditary. Hereditary hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa develops as a result of a mutation in the LDL receptor gene (0.2% of the population) or the apoB gene (0.2% of the population). The familial or hereditary form is manifested by xanthomas and the early development of cardiovascular diseases.

Type IIb

This subtype of hyperlipidemia is accompanied by an increased concentration of triglycerides in the blood as part of VLDL. A high level of VLDL occurs due to the increased formation of the main component of VLDL - triglycerides, as well as acetyl-coenzyme A and apoB-100. A more rare cause of this disorder may be delayed clearance (removal) of LDL. The frequency of occurrence of this type in the population is 10%. This subtype also includes hereditary combined hyperlipoproteinemia and secondary combined hyperlipoproteinemia (usually in metabolic syndrome).

Treatment for this hyperlipidemia includes dietary modification as a major component of therapy. Many patients require the appointment of statins to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. In the case of a strong rise in triglycerides, fibrates are often prescribed. The combined use of statins and fibrates is highly effective but has side effects such as the risk of myopathy and should be under constant medical supervision. Other drugs (nicotinic acid, etc.) and vegetable fats (ω 3 fatty acids) are also used.

Hyperlipoproteinemia type III

This form of hyperlipidemia is manifested by an increase in chylomicrons and LPP, therefore it is also called dis-beta-lipoproteinenia. The most common cause is homozygosity for one of the isoforms of apoE - E2 / E2, which is characterized by impaired binding to the LDL receptor. The occurrence in the general population is 0.02%.

Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia

This subtype of hyperlipidemia is characterized by an elevated concentration of triglycerides and is therefore also called hypertriglyceridemia. The frequency of occurrence in the general population is 1%.

Type V hyperlipoproteinemia

This type of hyperlipidemia is in many ways similar to type I, but is manifested not only by high chylomicrons, but also by VLDL.

Other forms

Other rare forms dyslipidemia not included in the accepted classification:

• Hypo-alpha-lipoproteinemia
• Hypo-beta-lipoproteinemia (0.01-0.1%)