Turgenev's attitude to serfdom in mumu. Composition "The image of the cruelty of the masters in relation to serfs in the story of I. S. Turgenev" Mumu. Forms of work in the lesson

I liked it so much that I decided to choose it for my research. Research topic - “Condemnation of serfdom in the story“ MUMU ”. Studying the biography of the writer, working with the text helped me find the answer to the problematic question: "How does serfdom affect a person?" In my work, I highlighted the following issues:

Biography pages of the writer

OUTPUT:

The janitor Gerasim was a man of extraordinary strength, this is evidenced not only by his portrait, but also by the description of the room in which he arranged everything to his liking. By nature, he is a hardworking and responsible person, kind and sympathetic. But at the same time Gerasim is a deeply unhappy person: he loved Tatyana, but she was married to the drunkard Kapiton, he became attached with all his heart to Mum, but the lady ordered her to be drowned.

Who is to blame for the fact that Gerasim is unhappy? The answer is unequivocal: a lady, and in her person serfdom.

MAIN FINDINGS:

· Serfdom cripples, disfigures the human soul

Serfdom destroys families and breaks family ties

A person cannot control his life, he does not belong to himself, he cannot be happy

· In the story "Mumu" Turgenev shows the first shoots of protest, they are still timid and spontaneous, but these are the harbingers of future changes

· The story "Mumu" puts the writer in a row with such fighters against serfdom as Pushkin, Gogol, Nekrasov. Honesty and nobility helped him make a bold choice, to join the ranks of the defenders of the oppressed people.

In Russian literature, the problems associated with serfdom have been touched upon more than once. A number of writers directed their efforts, some to a greater extent, others to a lesser extent, towards making the long-awaited event come true: the shackles of serfdom fell. Sometimes these were only indirect indications of the terrible position of the peasantry in the power of the landowners. In other cases, it was serfdom that served main theme literary work.

The first work of this kind in Russian literature is the book by A.N. Radishchev "A Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow". This work is dedicated by the author exclusively to the question of the position of the peasants and is directed entirely against serfdom. The picture painted by Radishchev is really terrible. But his book was not written at the right time, and the author personally paid for it. The soil had not yet been prepared for such works, the time had not yet come for the realization of Radishchev's ideal - the fall of serfdom. On the orders of Empress Catherine II, Radishchev was arrested and interrogated, but even here he did not renounce his beliefs. To give legal form to his condemnation, he was accused of treason and exiled to Siberia.

The fate of Radishchev must have served as a formidable warning to more than one writer, and for a long time after him literary works directed directly against serfdom did not appear. Nevertheless, all prominent writers of the subsequent era spoke out against this phenomenon of Russian life, in a more hidden form. This issue was raised by Pushkin and Griboyedov, Lermontov and Gogol.

In Griboyedov's Woe from Wit, in several places through the lips of the characters, his attitude towards serfdom is manifested. Separate expressions affecting the situation of the servants slip through Liza, but in the foreground it is necessary to put Chatsky's story about the exchange of landowners who saved his life by the peasants for greyhounds and about the "sale one by one" of "marshmallows" and "cupids".

Pushkin also touched on this issue and expressed himself much more definitely than Griboyedov, becoming, of course, in the ranks of the opponents of serfdom. Everyone knows the final words of his poem "Village":
"I will see, friends, the liberated people
And slavery, which fell by the king's mania ... "

At this time, already society, as a result of events in the West, as well as thanks to advanced minds and literary influence, had a different attitude to serfdom and was increasingly imbued with a humane attitude towards the peasants and the idea of the need to free them. This was reflected in the later works of Pushkin: Onegin, as a person belonging to the enlightened strata of Russian society, “replaced corvee with a light quitrent”.

Paid attention to the issue of serfdom and Lermontov. In his " To a strange man Notes sympathetic to the peasantry break through.

There are also few mentions of serfdom in Gogol. Only in a few places in Dead Souls does he touch the peasantry, but here he shows more than once sympathy for him, as, for example, when describing poverty in the village of Plyushkina, in the story of how Korobochka sold her peasant women, and especially in Chichikov's reflection on the list dead souls... Here Gogol himself speaks through the lips of Chichikov, and shows deep sympathy for the peasants, deep lyricism in describing their fate.

Grigorovich, a contemporary of Turgenev, who only shortly before the appearance of The Hunter's Notes wrote the famous story “Village” and then, the next year, “Anton Goremyku”, is directly approaching the question of the situation of the peasants. Here, serfdom alone serves as a theme and content, the depiction of the situation of the peasants is not a side touch, and the author's intention is not hidden by it. He openly attacks serfdom, directly declares himself to be its enemy. But now he has nothing to fear the fate of Radishchev, since then half a century has passed, and Russian life has gone far ahead. The ground is already shaking under the feet of the serf-owners. And so, in the first ranks of their enemies, perhaps even at the head of the attackers of serfdom, Turgenev becomes.

The public significance of Turgenev's "Notes of a Hunter"

Turgenev was deeply imbued with the consciousness of the pernicious nature of serfdom, its injustice, cruelty and shame. He could not come to terms with its existence, he clearly, definitely realized the need to cancel it and, prompted by this consciousness, struck him sensitive blows. A direct consequence of this way of thinking was the famous "Annibal's oath", Turgenev's oath to himself to use all his strength to overthrow the serfdom that was still shaking then, which for him was, in his own words, his personal enemy.

In order to better implement his plan of attack, Turgenev settled abroad: from a distance he could better, mustering his strength, attack his enemy. Indeed, he carried out this attack, and it took the form of "Notes of a Hunter" - stories that were first published separately in different magazines, and then published by Turgenev himself in the form of a collection in two parts.

"Notes of a Hunter" - this was the fulfillment of Turgenev's "Annibal oath", and in a loud protest against the prevailing shameful injustice - their social significance.

Turgenev's "Notes of a Hunter" influenced not only those strata of society that were already inclined to censure serfdom. It is especially important to note that the Emperor Alexander II himself, who had previously spoken out against some laws that facilitated the situation of the peasants, later said that after he had read The Hunter's Notes, he was never abandoned by the thought of the need to free the peasants.

Theme: The theme of serfdom in the work of Turgenev (based on the story "Mumu")

Goals:

Show the irreconcilable attitude of the writer to despotism in any form;

Help children identify social evil, fight it;

Awaken good feelings, to form the personality of a humane and benevolent person.

Equipment: multimedia projector, cards.

Lesson structure:

I Organizational moment

II Check homework

III New topic

short biography I.S. Turgenev.

A) place of birth;

B) parents (mother)

C) an episode about a courtyard girl Lusha, as a prerequisite for writing the story "Mumu"

2. Introduction to Chapter 1

3. Talk about Chapter 1

IV Generalization

V Homework

During the classes:

I Announcement of the topic and objectives of the lesson.

Reading the epigraph on the slide.

… his images are not only alive

and snatched from life,

but these are the types I imitated

youth and who

they themselves created life.

P. Yakubovich

II Before proceeding with new topic, I would like to check how you performed d / h.

You had to learn a passage from the work of M.Yu. Lermontov "Borodino" and know the meanings of new words. Pay attention to the slide. It reflects words, the meanings of which you should know. While some of you write to me on pieces of paper the meanings of these words, I will ask one of you to read a passage by heart.

III Today we are starting to study the work of I.S. Turgenev's story "Mumu".

Open your notebooks and write down the number and topic of the lesson.

Before talking about the work, we need to find out what kind of person wrote it.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born in 1818 into a wealthy noble family. He spent his childhood in the village estate of his parents, Spassky-Lutovinov.

The main person in the family was the writer's mother, Varvara Petrovna. She was a very wealthy woman, had several estates and thousands of serfs.

Here, guys, I want to draw your attention to new and incomprehensible words to you (on the slide).

RULE LAW - the right or permission for the serf owner to own the serfs and their property.

CRUSADER - landowner who owns serfs.

FORTRESS - forced peasant or slave.

Write these words down in a notebook.

These words will help you understand the essence of the work.

Varvara Petrovna, who grew up an orphan in the house of wealthy relatives who offended and humiliated her, becoming a wealthy heiress, began to take out her malice on her forced peasants, for which she was known throughout the whole district as a very cruel and willful lady.

But Ivan Sergeevich, despite the fact that his mother was such a wayward woman, was a gentle, honest and fair person.

When I.S. Turgenev was a student at St. Petersburg University, he came home for the Christmas holidays, and learned that his mother decided to sell her serf Lukerya, which was a childhood friend of the writer, and whom he taught to read and write. Lusha, as a literate person, understood that the landowners were using the serfs, oppressing and humiliating them, and encouraged the peasants to rise up against the tyranny of the landowners.

Ivan Sergeevich could not allow this. He hid Lusha.

The police intervened in this matter, but Turgenev with a gun in his hands stood his ground until his mother agreed to keep Lusha with her.

The fact that the writer himself rose to the defense of the serf girl only proves that he was against the oppression of the poor peasants and fought as best he could to ensure that the peasants received freedom; fought by his actions, defending the serfs; fought against the arbitrariness of the masters in his works. Many of his works are autobiographical, i.e. the basics of the plots are taken from his real, real life.

Let's go back to the epigraph of our lesson.

The images of his heroes are the prototypes of the people who lived next to him, i.e. it was they who prompted the writing of many of his works, including "Mumu".

This work is permeated with hatred of serfdom, of injustice, which was personified by the Lady; imbued with the desire to evoke sympathy for the Russian people, admiration for its strength and spiritual beauty. An example of this is the main character, Gerasim.

Pinning keywords on a slide.

Lady - serf

(serf)

Serfdom

Gerasim - serf

The story "Mumu" was written by Turgenev in 1852, when the question of the abolition of serfdom through a decree of the tsar was acute. People expected that the right would be canceled after the war with Napoleon (1812), p.ch. it was believed that the Russian people won the war. But serfdom was officially abolished only in 1861. Those. it took about 50 years before the peasants found freedom.

With his work "Mumu" Turgenev expressed an act of protest of serfs against the lawlessness of cruel masters.

Now, open the tutorial on page 133.

I read chapter 1 of the story, and you listen carefully and follow the text.

Reading chapter 1.

Conversation on the read:

Let's give a title to this chapter. (Gerasim's move, Glorious man Gerasim.)

Who is this chapter about? (about the lady and Gerasim)

Find the description of Gerasim in the text. (p. 133)

How did Gerasim work in the city and in the countryside? Where was it harder for him to work?

How did Gerasim feel? In the city first? How does the author describe the melancholy and loneliness of the hero, with whom does he compare him?

Where did Gerasim live? Describe. With what words does the author convey his attitude towards the hero? What does "glorious" mean?

Another feature of the writer is that he immediately introduces us to all actors at the beginning of the story.

MUNICIPAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

KARGASOK SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL № 2

ESSAY
CREATIVE HISTORY OF CREATION

THE STORY OF I.S. TURGENEV

"MU MU"
Performed:

Bragin Light,

5th grade student
Supervisor:

Bragina G.A., teacher

Russian and

literature

Kargasok

2011
Content

Introduction page 3
Main part
1. Time of writing the story "Mumu" page 4
2. Turgenev's attitude to serfdom p. 5
3. Writing a story and appearing in print p. 7
4. Turgenev's childhood in connection with the biography of his mother p. 8
5. Real events based on the story p. 12
Conclusion page 14
Information resources page 15

1. Introduction

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is one of the favorite writers of children, although he never wrote specifically for children. The ideology of his stories, the simplicity and grace of his language, the liveliness and brightness of the pictures of nature he painted and the deep sense of lyricism that permeates every work of the writer, are very attractive not only for adults, but also for children.

My acquaintance with Turgenev began in literature class with reading the story "Mumu". He struck me with the drama of the events described, the tragedy of Gerasim's position, the sad fate of the dog.

The purpose of this work is to learn more about Turgenev's childhood years, about the real events underlying the story, about the reasons for its appearance in print, to find out the role and significance of Turgenev for his time as a fighter against serfdom.

Relevance of work: this work can be used in literature lessons in grade 5.

3.
2.1. Time of writing "Mumu"

The main issue of the 40-50s of the 19th century was the issue of serfdom.

The entire population of Russia was divided into several groups called estates: nobility, clergy, merchants, philistines, peasants. A person could pass from one class to another in very rare cases. The nobility and clergy were considered privileged estates. The nobles had the right to own land and people - serfs. A nobleman who owned the peasants could impose any punishment on them, he could sell the peasants, for example, sell his mother to one landowner, and her children to another. Serfs were considered by law to be the complete property of the master. The peasants had to work for the landowner in his field or give him part of the money they earned.

It was here, in such conditions, that the author of "Notes of a Hunter" wrote his famous story "Mumu". By this, Turgenev proved that he was not going to deviate from his main theme - the fight against serfdom, but would continue to develop and deepen it in his work. From the conclusion, Turgenev wrote to his friends about his future plans: "... I will continue my essays about the Russian people, the strangest and most amazing people in the world."

After serving a month in prison and receiving an order to go to live in his village, Turgenev read “Mumu” for his friends before leaving. "A truly touching impression," wrote one of the listeners, "was made by this story, which he brought out of his house, both in its content and in its calm, albeit sad, tone of presentation."

With the help of friends, Turgenev managed to print the story. It was included in the third book of N.A. Nekrasov's magazine "Contemporary" for 1854. The police caught on after, when the story was published.

7.
2.4. Turgenev's childhood in connection with the biography of his mother
Why did Turgenev, a nobleman by birth and upbringing, rebelled against serfdom? It seems that the answer must be sought in the biography of the writer, in his childhood. It was they who left an indelible mark from the horrors of violence and arbitrariness.

I.S. was born. Turgenev on October 28, 1818 in the city of Oryol, in a wealthy noble family. He spent his childhood among the amazing and unique beauty of central Russia in the Spassky-Lutovinovo estate of the Oryol province.

The writer's parents were the richest landowners of the region. They had over five thousand serfs. Sixty families served the manor house. Among them were locksmiths, blacksmiths, carpenters, gardeners, clerks, tailors, shoemakers, painters, musicians.

Father - Sergei Nikolaevich, in his youth, an officer of the cuirassier regiment, handsome, spoiled, lived the way he wanted, did not care about his family or his vast household. Mother - Varvara Petrovna, nee Lutovinova, a domineering woman, intelligent and sufficiently educated beauty did not shine. She was short, squat, with a broad face, spoiled by smallpox. And only the eyes were beautiful: large, dark and shiny.

In childhood and adolescence, she suffered many injustices, and this made her character very bitter. To understand this, you need to tell a little of her story.

Varvara Petrovna was an orphan. Her mother, the writer's grandmother, after the death of her husband was left without any means of subsistence and was forced to remarry a widower. He already had children. Varvara Petrovna's mother devoted her whole life to caring for other people's children and completely forgot about her own daughter.

Varvara Petrovna recalled: "Being an orphan without a father and mother is hard, but being an orphan with your own mother is terrible, and I experienced it, my mother hated me." In the family, the girl had no rights. Her stepfather beat her, the sisters did not like her either.

After the death of her mother, her situation became even worse. Unable to withstand the humiliation and insults, the fifteen-year-old girl decided to run away from her stepfather's family in order to find shelter with her uncle, Ivan Ivanovich Lutovinov, a stern and unsociable man, the owner of the rich estate of Spasskoye. She walked more than seventy kilometers. But even her uncle did not feel better.

8.
II Lutovinov was a cruel landowner. He oppressed his serfs immensely. He paid little attention to his niece, but demanded slave submission from her. For the slightest disobedience, he threatened to be kicked out of the house.

For fifteen years, the niece endured the humiliation and bullying of her uncle. The girl decided to run.

But the sudden death of her uncle unexpectedly made Varvara Petrovna the owner of numerous estates, several thousand serfs, and a huge financial fortune.

Varvara Petrovna became one of the richest brides in the region. Soon Varvara Petrovna married Sergei Nikolaevich. It would seem that the grievances, oppression, humiliation suffered in childhood and adolescence should make a person softer, more compassionate, but everything can be different. A person can become hardened and become a despot himself. This is exactly what happened to Varvara Petrovna. She turned into an evil and cruel landowner. All the courtyards were afraid of her, her appearance led others to fear.

Turgenev's mother was a very unbalanced and contradictory nature. The main features of her nature were selfishness, despotism, contempt for the poor. And at the same time, she had the traits of a gifted personality and a kind of charm. When she spoke to the peasants, she smelled cologne because she was annoyed by the "peasant smell." She mutilated many of her serfs: she drove some to hard labor, others to remote villages for settlement, and still others to soldiers. She brutally dealt with the servants with the help of rods. For the slightest offense, they were flogged in the stable. Many memories of both her son and his contemporaries have survived about the cruelty of Varvara Petrovna. Pavel Annenkov, a writer close to Turgenev, recalled: “As a developed woman, she did not humiliate herself to personal reprisals, but subject to persecution and insults in her youth, which embittered her character, she was not at all averse from domestic radical measures to correct recalcitrant or disliked subjects. ... Nobody could equal her in the art of insulting, humiliating, making a person unhappy, while maintaining decency, calmness and dignity ”3.
The fate of the serf girls was also terrible. Varvara Petrovna did not allow them to get married, she insulted.

At home, the landowner tried to imitate the crowned heads. Serfs differed among themselves by court titles: she had a minister of the court, a minister of mail. Correspondence to Varvara Petrovna was presented on a silver tray. If the lady was pleased with the letters received, everyone was happy, but if, on the contrary, then everyone fell silent with bated breath. The guests were in a hurry to leave the house.

Varvara Petrovna was terrible in anger, she could get angry at the slightest trifle. The writer, as a boy, recalled such an incident. Once, while the lady was walking in the garden, two serf gardeners, busy with business, did not notice her and did not bow to her when she passed by. The landowner was terribly indignant, and the next day the guilty ones were exiled to Siberia.

Another incident was recalled by Turgenev. Varvara Petrovna was very fond of flowers, especially tulips. However, her passion for flowers cost the serf gardeners dearly. Once someone pulled an expensive tulip out of a flower bed. The culprit was not found and for this they whipped all the gardeners in the stable.

Another case. The writer's mother had one talented serf boy. He was very fond of drawing. Varvara Petrovna sent him to study painting in Moscow. Soon he was ordered to paint the ceiling in a Moscow theater. When the landowner found out about this, she returned the artist to the village and made him paint flowers from nature.

“He wrote them,” Turgenev himself said, “in thousands, both in the garden and in the forest, he wrote with hatred, with tears ... they were disgusted with me too. The poor fellow was torn, gnashing his teeth - drank himself and died. " 4

The cruelty of Varvara Petrovna extended to her beloved son. Therefore, Turgenev did not remember his childhood years well. His mother knew only one educational tool - the rod. She had no idea how she could be brought up without her.

Little Turgenev was flogged very often in childhood. Turgenev later admitted: "They beat me up for all sorts of trifles, almost every day." 5

Once, some old friend was gossiping about something to Varvara Petrovna about her son. Turgenev recalled that his mother, without any trial or questioning, immediately began to whip him. She whipped with her own hands, and in response to all his pleas to say what he was being punished for, she would say: you know, guess yourself, guess why I’ll beat him.

The boy did not know why he was being flogged, he did not know what to confess, so the cutting lasted three days. The boy was ready to run away from home, but the German governor rescued him. He talked to his mother, the boy was left alone.

As a child, Turgenev was a sincere, ingenuous child. For this he often had to pay. Turgenev was seven years old when the famous poet and fabulist II Dmitriev came to visit Varvara Petrovna. The boy was asked to read one of the guest's fables. He willingly did it, but in conclusion, to the great horror of those around him, he said that his fables are good, and that of I.A. Krylov's is much better. According to some sources, his mother personally whipped him with a rod for this, according to others, the boy was not punished this time.

Turgenev admitted more than once that in childhood he was kept in tight hands and he was afraid of his mother like fire. He bitterly said that he had nothing to remember his childhood, not a single bright memory.

From childhood, Turgenev hated serfdom and vowed to never, under any circumstances, raise his hands against a person, at least in some way dependent on him.

“Hatred of serfdom - even then lived in me, - wrote Turgenev, - it, by the way, was the reason that I, who grew up among beatings and tortures, did not defile my hand with a single blow - but before the“ Notes of a Hunter ”there was far. I was just a boy - almost a child. " 6

Later, having gone through the harsh years of childhood, having received an education and becoming a writer, Turgenev directed all his literary and social activities against the oppression and violence that reigned in Russia. This is evidenced by the remarkable anti-serf stories. Most of them were included in the book "Notes of a Hunter".

2.5. Real events underlying the story
The story "Mumu" is also close to them in content. The material for writing was a real case that happened in Moscow on Ostozhenka in house number 37.

The prototypes of the main characters of the story are people well known to Turgenev: his mother and the janitor Andrei, who once lived in their house.

Once, while driving around her estates, Varvara Petrovna noticed a peasant of heroic build, who could not answer the questioning of the lady: he was dumb. She liked the original figure, and Andrey was taken to Spasskoye by the janitor. From that time on, he received a new name - Mute.

“Varvara Petrovna flaunted her giant as a janitor,” VN Zhitova told. in winter, a beautiful sheepskin coat, and in summer, a velvet undercoat or a blue army jacket. In Moscow, a green shiny barrel and a beautiful gray dappled farm horse, with which Andrei went to fetch water, were very popular at the fountain near the Alexander Garden. There everyone recognized Turgenev's Mute, greeted him warmly and explained to him with signs. 7

The dumb janitor Andrei, like Gerasim, found and sheltered a homeless dog. I got used to it. But the lady did not like the dog, and she ordered her to be drowned. The mute carried out the order of the lady and continued to live and work in peace with the lady. No matter how bitter it was for Andrei, he remained faithful to his mistress, until his death he served her and, besides her, none of his

I did not want to admit the lady. An eyewitness said that after that tragic end of his pet, Andrei never petted a single dog.

In the story "Mumu" Gerasim is shown as a rebel. He does not put up with the insult inflicted on him by the lady. In protest, he leaves the cruel lady in the village to plow his native land.

The report of the tsarist official from the secret correspondence of the censorship department of that time has been preserved. In it, the official says that after reading the story, readers will be filled with compassion for the peasant, oppressed by the landlord's willfulness.

This document confirms the great artistic expression and the ideological power of Turgenev's work.

IA Aksakov saw in Gerasim a kind of symbol - it is the personification of the Russian people, its terrible strength and incomprehensible meekness ... The writer was sure that he (Gerasim) would eventually speak. This thought turned out to be prophetic.

3. Conclusion

Let's draw the following conclusions:

A person who endured suffering and pain in childhood, entering adulthood, behaves differently: someone, like Varvara Petrovna, becomes angry and vindictive, and someone, like Turgenev, is sensitive to human suffering, ready to help people not only in word, but also in deed.
Seen in childhood humiliation, insults human personality and dignity formed in the future writer an aversion to serfdom. Although Turgenev was not a political fighter, but with the help of his literary talent, social activities he fought against serf tyranny.
In "Mumu" two forces collide: the Russian people, straightforward and strong, and the feudal world in the person of a capricious old woman who is out of her mind. But Turgenev gives this conflict a new turn: his hero makes a kind of protest, expressed in his unauthorized departure from the city to the countryside. The question arises, what is serfdom based on, why do the peasants-heroes forgive the masters any whims?

4. Information resources

Great educational reference book. Russian writers of the nineteenth century. M .: Bustard, 2000
The life and work of Turgenev I.S .: Materials for the exhibition at the school of the children's library comp. and an introductory article by N.I. Yakunin, M.: Children's Literature, 1988
Zhitova V.N. From the memoirs of the family of I.S. Turgenev. Literature grade 5 ed. G.I.Belenky - M.: Mnemosina, 2010
Naumova N.N. I.S. Turgenev. Biography. A student manual. L .: "Education", 1976
Oreshin K. History of the story "Mumu" Change number 491 November 1947. [Electronic resource] / Access mode: Smena- online. ru> storiya-Rasskaza-mumu
Turgenev I.S. Complete works and letters in 28t. Letters. M.-L., 1961 Vol. 2
Turgenev at school: A guide for teachers / comp. T.F. Kurdyumova. - M .: Education, 1981 - 175s.
Sher N.S. Stories about Russian writers. Photo. M .: Children's literature, 1982, 511s.

Childhood and the beginning of the literary path of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. Definition of the concepts of "serfdom" and "personality". The history of writing the story "Mumu". Characteristics of the heroes of the work based on the comparison of verbal and graphic images.

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Municipal educational institution

Ramon secondary school number 2

Ramonsky municipal district

Voronezh region

Lesson outline

On the topic: Serfdom and personality (based on the story of I. Turgenev "Mumu")

Prepared by:

teacher of Russian language and literature

T.A. Shepelenko

One of the most difficult to understand works, which is included in the 5th grade curriculum, is the story of I.S. Turgenev "Mumu". It can be very difficult for fifth-graders to appreciate the full depth and seriousness of a work. The guys, first of all, feel sorry for the unfortunate dog Mumu, they regret and at the same time admire the heroic strength of the deaf-mute Gerasim, someone condemns him for drowning Mumu without trying to resist the lady. That is, first of all, these are emotions. And the whole complexity of this work lies in the fact that, throwing away emotions, to see in the deaf-mute Gerasim a symbol of serf Russia - just as strong, powerful and unable to speak, to resist.

This lesson is the last in the study of this work. The results are summed up, conclusions are drawn, the facts of the biography of the writer are recalled.

Target:

1) Educational:

To repeat the knowledge about childhood and the beginning of the literary path of I.S. Turgenev, plunging into the era in which the writer lived and worked, to develop an interest in the personality of the writer and his work;

Recall the history of the creation of the story "Mumu";

Consider the characters and their actions.

2) Developing:

Form the ability to analyze the text of a work of art;

Develop the ability to express your thoughts, evaluate the hero's deed - to generalize, draw conclusions;

To form an idea of the heroes of the work based on the comparison of verbal and graphic images;

Learn to concisely present a narrative text;

Develop communication skills, enrich vocabulary;

Continue work on the development of the culture of speech of schoolchildren.

3) Educational:

Education of universal human values;

Ability to work in a group: respect the opinion of a friend, develop a sense of mutual help, support.

During the classes

Good afternoon guys. We have read the story of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev "Mumu". In our lesson, we end the conversation about this surprisingly interesting, but at the same time very complex work the great Russian writer of the second half of the 19th century Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev "Mumu". Today we have to solve a difficult problem, which lies in such concepts: serfdom and personality. Let's write the topic of the lesson in a notebook.

First, we need to define the meaning of these concepts. At home, our classmates looked at the meaning of these words according to Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary and wrote it down in a notebook. Let's read them. (Prepared students read definitions.)

Serfdom is a historical system in Russia, a form of peasants' dependence: their attachment to the land and submission to the administrative and judicial power of the feudal lord. V Western Europe(where in the Middle Ages English villans, Catalan Remens, French and Italian servos were in the position of serfs) elements of serfdom disappeared in the 16th-18th centuries. In Central and Eastern Europe, severe forms of serfdom spread during the same centuries; here serfdom was abolished during the reforms at the end of the 18th-19th centuries. In Russia, on a nationwide scale, serfdom was formalized by the Code of Laws of 1497, decrees on reserved years and levies, and finally - by the Cathedral Code of 1649. In the 17th-18th centuries. the entire non-free population merged into the serf peasantry. Canceled by the peasant reform of 1861).

Serf - Serf - 1. Pertaining to the social system, in which the landowner had the right to forced labor, property and personality of the peasants attached to the land and belonging to him. 2. Serf peasant.

Personality is a person as a bearer of some properties.

The story "Mumu" was written in 1851, nine years before 1861, when serfdom was abolished. Let's write in a notebook:

1852 - the story "Mumu", 1861 - the abolition of serfdom.

What is serfdom?

(Message from a pre-trained student)

The entire population of Russia was divided into several groups called estates: the nobility, the clergy, the merchants, the bourgeoisie (small merchants, artisans, small employees), the peasantry. A person could pass from one class to another in very rare cases. The nobility and clergy were considered privileged estates.

The nobles had the right to own land and people - serfs. More than half of the peasant population of Central Russia was serfs.

What do you know about serfs? (Answers of children)

The nobleman who owned the peasants could impose any punishment on them, could sell the peasants, including dividing families; for example, to sell a mother to one landowner and her children to another. Serfs were considered by law to be the complete property of the master. In fact, it was a legalized form of slavery. The peasants had to work for the landowner in his field (corvee) or give him part of the money they earned (quitrent).

Often the nobles lived in the villages they owned, but it so happened that the nobles traveled, lived in the city or abroad, and the manager was in charge of the village. If a noble family lived in their own house in the city, they were served by numerous nobles, that is, serfs who lived with their masters in the city.

Guys, what class did I.S. Turgenev belong to?

(Answers of children)

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born in the Oryol province. The village of Spasskoye-Lutovinovo is located several versts from Mtsensk. Uyezd town of Oryol province. A huge manor house, in a birch grove, with a horseshoe-shaped manor, with a church, with a house of forty rooms, endless services, greenhouses, wine cellars, storerooms, stables, with a park and an orchard.

Spasskoye belonged to the Lutovinovs. The last of the Lutovinovs was owned by the girl Varvara Petrovna, the mother of the future writer. What information do you know about her?

Student: Turgenev's mother, Varvara Petrovna, nee Lutovinova, is a domineering woman, intelligent and sufficiently educated, she did not shine with beauty. She was short, squat, with a broad face, spoiled by smallpox. And only the eyes were good: large, dark and shiny. Having lost her father early, she was brought up in the family of her stepfather, where she felt like a stranger and powerless. She was forced to run away from home and found shelter with her uncle, who kept her in austerity and threatened to kick her out of the house for the slightest disobedience. But suddenly the uncle died, leaving his niece a huge estates and almost five thousand serfs.

She was already nearly thirty years old when a young officer, Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev, drove into Spasskoye to buy horses from her factory. What information do we know about Ivan Sergeevich's father?

Student: This was a young officer who came from an old noble family, which had become impoverished by that time. He was handsome, graceful, intelligent.

Varvara Petrovna immediately fell in love with a young officer. Their wedding took place in 1816. A year later, they had a son, Nikolai, and then a son, Ivan. And what does Turgenev remember about his childhood?

Student: The upbringing of children was mainly occupied by Varvara Petrovna. The suffering endured in the house of her stepfather and uncle was reflected in her character. Wayward, capricious, she treated her children unevenly. “I have nothing to remember my childhood with,” Turgenev said many years later. - Not a single bright memory. I was afraid of my mother like fire. I was punished for every trifle - in a word, drilled like a recruit. Rarely did a day pass without rods, when I dared to ask what I was being punished for, my mother categorically declared: "You know better about this, guess."

Even as a child, having learned the horror of serfdom, young Turgenev made an oath to Annibalov: “I could not breathe the same air, stay close to what I hated ... In my eyes this enemy had a certain image, bore a well-known name: this enemy was serfdom ... Under this name I gathered and concentrated everything against which I decided to fight to the end - with which I vowed never to try on ... It was my Annibal's oath. " "Notes of a Hunter", the story "Mumu" - these are the first works in which the vow made by the young writer is carried out.

So let's turn to the story. To begin with, we need to remember the atmosphere of the manor house and its mistress, the lady.

What does the lady's house look like? (In one of the remote streets of Moscow, in a gray house with white columns, a mezzanine and a crooked balcony).

Draw a verbal portrait of the lady. (An old woman, in a white cap, possibly with a pince-nez). Serfdom personality mumu

What did we learn about the lady at the very beginning of the story? (A widow surrounded by numerous courtiers. Her sons served in St. Petersburg, her daughters got married; she rarely left and lived in solitude last years his stingy and bored old age. Her day, joyless and rainy, is long gone; but her evening was blacker than night).

If we summarize our observations, what conclusion can be drawn? Who is this lady and what is the atmosphere of the house in which all the events unfold? (The manor house is neglected, not well-groomed. The old lady, forgotten by everyone, is living out her day. Sons served in St. Petersburg, daughters got married and, probably, rarely visited their mother).

Turgenev shows us a domineering and capricious old woman. But she is not the main character story. Who is the main character? (Gerasim).

We have to work in groups and answer some questions.

(Group work)

The approximate answer of children of group 1: Turgenev calls Gerasim "the most wonderful person" of all the servants. Gerasim was a tall man of a heroic build, deaf and dumb from birth. The author writes: “Endowed with extraordinary strength, he worked for four - the matter was arguing in his hands, and it was fun to look at him when he either plowed and, leaning with huge palms on the plow, it seemed, alone, without the help of a horse, cut open the elastic chest of the earth , either on Petrov's day he acted with a scythe so crushingly that at least the young birch forest could be brushed off the roots, or he quickly and non-stop threshing with a three-arshin flail, and like a lever, the elongated and hard muscles of his shoulders lowered and rose. The constant silence gave solemn importance to his impatient work. He was a fine man, and if it weren't for his misfortune, every girl would willingly marry him ... "

From this description, one can judge the attitude of the author to his hero: Turgenev admires Gerasim, his strength and greed for work. Turgenev speaks of his tirelessness and hard work.

Group 2: “What is comparison? Find comparisons in the description of Gerasim's work. "

The approximate answer of children of group 2: Comparison - the image of one phenomenon by means of comparison with another. Examples of comparisons: "... like a lever, the oblong and hard muscles of his shoulders moved down and up"; Turgenev compares Gerasim to a young, healthy bull, “which had just been taken from a field, where lush grass grew up to its belly”; Gerasim feels himself "like a captured animal" in the city; Gerasim "looked like a staid gander"; when Gerasim worked, "the ax rang like glass, and fragments and logs flew in all directions ..."

Group 3: “What is hyperbole? Find examples of hyperboles in the text. What features of Gerasim make the greatest impression on you? "

Approximate answer of children of group 3: Hyperbole is a strong exaggeration.Describing the power of Gerasim, Turgenev uses hyperbole. The writer says about the bed: “one hundred pounds could have been put on it - it wouldn’t have been bent”. When Gerasim was mowing, he could "brush a young birch forest off the roots." He knocked two cows on each other with their foreheads so that at least you don't take them to the police. Gerasim is strong, he loves to work, he is neat, he always does everything thoroughly.

Group 4: “Find in the text a description of Gerasim's closet. Why do you think the author describes the hero's dwelling in such detail? "

The approximate answer of children of group 4: Gerasim's closet was small and located above the kitchen. “… He arranged it for himself, according to his taste: he built in it a bed of oak planks on four logs, a truly heroic bed; a hundred pounds could have been put on it - it would not have been bent; there was a hefty chest under the bed; in the corner there was a table of the same strong quality, and next to the table was a chair with three legs, but so strong and squat that Gerasim himself would pick it up, drop it and grin. The closet was locked with a lock that resembled a kalach, only black; Gerasim always carried the key to this lock on his belt. He didn’t like to be visited ”. Turgenev describes Gerasim's closet in such detail in order to use this description to show in more detail the character of the hero: unsociable, strong.

Let's refer to the illustrations that you have prepared. (Working with illustrations of students. Many students portrayed Gerasim. They give reasons for their answers).

What is your impression of Gerasim? What kind of person was he? Gerasim is like a Russian epic hero. Nature endowed him with beauty, health, intelligence, kind heart, but forgot to give him speech and hearing. Gerasim loves peasant work, knows how to work on the land. But the work in the garden - with a broom and a barrel - seems ridiculous to him, but he stubbornly carries out the assigned task. Gerasim loves order and neatness in everything. He is one of those who knew his place well, the place of a serf, ready to "exactly" fulfill the orders of the lady.

After reading the story to the end, we will see that not all the orders of the lady will be fulfilled by Gerasim. One day he will leave her. Could Gerasim return to the lady's house after fulfilling her cruel order? (No. Gerasim could not forgive the lady and return to her house. He carries out her cruel order, but does not forgive her).

The lady, knowing how Gerasim is attached to Mum, gives a cruel order, not thinking about how Gerasim will feel. But she didn't even care. After all, he was an ordinary serf for her, which means that she could do anything with him and his fate.

Let's return to the topic of our lesson and try to answer the question: are the concepts of "personality" and "serfdom" compatible? (No. Serfdom is addiction, and personality is freedom... Gerasim chooses freedom).

Turgenev portrays Gerasim as dumb from birth for a reason. In the person of Gerasim, he personifies the Russian people, the powerless silent people under conditions of serfdom. But Gerasim, by his departure, proves that even a silent people can protest and have their own opinion.

Imagine that we have to make a "ladder" and place the heroes on it. On what level shall we put the lady, and on which Gerasim? (We will put Gerasim on a higher level than the lady).

Tell me, what conclusions have you made for yourself? (In any situation, one must remain human. Strive to improve oneself, love others, help them).

Grading. Summing up the lesson.

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Childhood and the beginning of the literary path of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. Definition of the concepts of "serfdom" and "personality". The history of writing the story "Mumu". Characteristics of the heroes of the work based on the comparison of verbal and graphic images.

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