Traditions and customs of Japan. Population of Japan
- Population of Japan (125 million people) - 99.4% are Japanese, as well as Koreans, Ainu and some others.
- The state language is Japanese. Knowledge of English and Chinese is also common. Writing - about 5000 hieroglyphs (kanji).
- The Japanese language has always been an important part of Japanese culture. The overwhelming majority of the country's population speaks Japanese. Japanese is considered one of the most difficult languages \u200b\u200bto learn. Some words in Russian were borrowed from Japanese, for example, tsunami, sushi, karaoke, samurai etc.
Shadow theater uses a large translucent screen and flat color puppetsoperated on thin sticks. The puppets lean against the back of the screen and become visible.
The specificity of the theater, its aesthetics and theme vary depending on the traditions.
Kabuki - one of three types of classical Japanese theater, combining drama, dance and musical accompaniment.
Architecture Japanese architecture has as long a history as any other component of Japanese culture. In general, Japanese architecture is characterized by a striving for simplicity. Traditional wooden houses of ordinary Japanese, called minka, are maximally adapted to the country's climate. The minka has a frame structure with a supporting column in the center of the house and sliding doors. Currently, minks have survived only in the countryside. Japanese castles were distinguished by their originality, serving not only to protect their owners from enemies, but also as a symbol of power. Japanese castles were distinguished by their originality, serving not only to protect their owners from enemies, but also as a symbol of power.Matsumoto castle
Himeji Castle
clothing In Japan, you can find two types of clothing - traditional - wafuku and simpler, everyday, according to the European pattern. Kimono - literally translated as "clothing, outfit" - a general term for any clothing, and in a narrow - a kind of wafuku. National cuisine Japanese cuisine is renowned for its emphasis on seasonality, quality of ingredients, and presentation. Rice is the basis of Japanese cuisine. The Japanese use rice to prepare a wide variety of dishes, sauces, and even drinks. Recently, Japanese cuisine has become quite popular outside of Japan, and due to its low calorie content, it is considered healthy. Tea ceremony The formation of the tea ceremony (tanoyu) as one of the greatest phenomena of Japanese culture arose under the influence of the aesthetics and philosophy of Zen Buddhism and sought to oppose the worship of beauty to the mood of despair.According to the Japanese, the tea ceremony fosters simplicity, naturalness, and neatness. This is certainly true, but there is more to the tea ceremony. By introducing people to a precisely established ritual, she teaches them to strict order and unconditional fulfillment of social rules.
Sakura Sakura is not just a tree. This is a symbol tree. The symbol of Japan, the symbol of beauty and youth. Sakura blossom is a national holiday for the Japanese. Forecasters make forecasts of the timing of cherry blossoms. Origami A paper lantern and a crane have become symbols of Japan for many generations of Europeans. A paper lantern and a crane have become symbols of Japan for many generations of Europeans. The ability to fold paper figures has become a sign of good form and exquisite manners.Cultural Studies Presentation
Middle Ages
CULTURE OF MEDIEVAL JAPAN
Japanese civilization was formed as a result of complex and multi-temporal ethnic contacts. This determined the leading feature of the Japanese worldview.
- the ability to creatively assimilate the knowledge and skills of other peoples. This feature becomes especially noticeable in the era of the early statehood on the islands.
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
THE AGE OF YAMATO
Yamato ("great harmony, peace") is a historical state formation in Japan, which arose in the Yamato region (modern Nara prefecture) of the Kinki region in the III-IV centuries. It existed during the eponymous Yamato period until the 8th century, until it was renamed in 670 to Nippon "Japan".
THE EPOCH OF HEYAN
period in the history of Japan (from 794 to 1185). This era became the golden age of the Japanese medieval culture with its sophistication and a penchant for introspection, the ability to borrow forms from the mainland, but invest in them an original content. This manifested itself in the development of Japanese writing, the formation of national genres: a story, a novel, and a lyric five-verse. Poetic perception of the world affected all types of creativity, modified the style of Japanese architecture and plastics.
THE AGE OF THE SHOGUNATE
The entry of Japan into the era of mature feudalism at the end of the XII century. It was marked by the coming to power of the military feudal class of samurai and the creation
shogunate
state led
shogun (military ruler), which existed until the 19th century.
TONGUE
The Japanese language has always been an important part of Japanese culture. The overwhelming majority of the country's population speaks Japanese. Japanese is an agglutinative language and is characterized by a complex spelling system of three different types of characters - Chinese kanji, hiragana, and katakana.
(Japanese)
JAPANESE WRITING
There are three main writing systems used in modern Japanese:
Kanji are Chinese characters and two syllable alphabets created in Japan: Hiragana and Katakana.
Transliteration of Japanese into Latin letters is called romaji and is rarely found in Japanese texts.
The first Chinese texts were brought to Japan by Buddhist monks from the Korean kingdom of Baekje in the 5th century. n. e.
TARO YAMADA (YAP.
YAMADA TARO :) -
TYPICAL NAME AND SURNAME LIKE RUSSIAN IVAN IVANOV
In modern Japanese, a fairly high percentage is occupied by words borrowed from other languages \u200b\u200b(the so-called gairaigo). Japanese names are written using kanji and consist of a surname and a given name, the surname is indicated at the beginning.
Japanese is considered one of the most difficult languages \u200b\u200bto learn. For transliteration of Japanese characters, various systems are used, the most common are romaji (Latin transliteration) and Polivanov's system (writing Japanese words in Cyrillic). Some words in Russian were borrowed from Japanese, for example, tsunami, sushi, karaoke, samurai, etc.
RELIGION
Monastery
Todaiji.
Big
Religion in Japan is represented mainly by Shinto and Buddhism. The first of them is purely national, the second is brought to Japan, as well as to China, from the outside.
SHINTOISM
Shinto, Shinto ("Path of the gods") is the traditional religion of Japan. Based on the animistic beliefs of the ancient Japanese, the objects of worship are numerous deities and spirits of the dead.
Japanese culture is a unique, distinctive phenomenon not only in the context of global culture, but also among other oriental cultures. Japanese culture is unique
a distinctive phenomenon not only in the context
global culture, but also among other eastern
cultures. It has developed continuously since the 11th century. From the XVII to the middle of the XIX century Japan
was practically closed to foreigners (connections
remained only with the Netherlands and China). IN
the period of this isolation in Japan received a creative
development national identity... And when by
the passage of several centuries before the world finally
the richest traditional culture was discovered
Japan, she had a strong influence on the subsequent
development of European painting, theater and literature.
Japanese civilization was formed as a result
complex and multi-temporal ethnic contacts.
Japanese culture as opposed to Indian and
Chinese at the turn of the Middle Ages was just being born,
therefore, it was characterized by increased dynamism and
special sensitivity to the perception of foreign
influences.
As the "Kojiki" narrates, the oldest monument of Japanese language and literature, the sun goddess Amaterasu gave her grandson Prince Ninigi, adored
As the Kojiki narrates, oldest monument Japanese language and literature, goddessSun Amaterasu gave to her grandson Prince Ninigi, the deified ancestor of the Japanese,
the sacred mirror Yata and said: "Look at this mirror as you look at me."
She gave him this mirror along with the sacred sword Murakumo and the sacred jasper
Yasakani's necklace. These three symbols of the Japanese people, Japanese culture, Japanese
statehood has been passed down from time immemorial from generation to generation as
sacred relay race of valor, knowledge, art.
In the history of Japanese culture and art, three deep, hitherto
living currents, three dimensions of Japanese spirituality, interpenetrating and
enriching each other: Shinto ("path of heavenly deities") - popular pagan
religion of the Japanese; Zen is the most influential branch of Buddhism in Japan (Zen is
both doctrine and lifestyle, similar to medieval Christianity,
Islam); bushido ("the way of the warrior") - the aesthetics of samuraism, the art of sword and death.
Japanese language and writing.
The Japanese language has always been an important part of Japanese culture. Japaneseis an agglutinative language and has a difficult writing concept,
which is formed from three different types hieroglyphs - Chinese kanji characters, alphabet
katakana and hiragana syllables.
Katakana
Hiragana
Painting
Japanese painting (Japanese 絵 画 kaiga, "painting, drawing") is one of the mostancient and refined of Japanese arts, characterized by a wide
variety of genres and styles.
For Japanese painting, as well as for literature, it is characteristic to assign a leading place
nature and its image as the bearer of the divine principle.
Since the X century in Japanese painting, the Yamato-e direction is distinguished, paintings
are horizontal scrolls used to illustrate literary
works. In the XIV century, the sumi-e style (monochrome watercolor) developed, and in
in the first half of the 17th century, artists began to print ukiyo-e - engravings on
trees depicting geisha, popular kabuki theater actors and landscapes. Influence
the popularity of ukiyo-e prints in European art XVIII
centuries are called Japaneseism.
Painting examples:
Japanese calligraphy
Calligraphy came to Japan from China. From the middle of the II millennium BC. e. inancient Chinese pictograms were gradually simplified, adapted for
faster writing. By the beginning of our era, pictographic motives
turned into hieroglyphs proper with a square shape. They
consisted of combinations of lines, strokes and dots and eventually took shape
several style directions: charter (full image of hieroglyphs),
semi-cursive and cursive. Far Eastern calligraphy is one of the
leading arts. Ideograms denote whole concepts and have
deep philosophical meaning. This form of recording information
contributes to the formation of structural-figurative perception of people. It is important not
just to understand what is written, but also to see and feel how it is written.
Calligraphic writing appeared in Japan in the 7th century. Based on Chinese
styles, Japanese calligraphers have created several new styles that
differ much more simplicity and emotionality. During the Edo period (1600
-1868), decorative styles such as kabuki-moji and jo-rurimoji appeared. These styles were used to create posters and theater programs.
Kabuki and Joruri.
Calligraphy examples:
Culture and customs of Japan.
Many customs and traditions of Japan set the rhythmlife and behavior of the Japanese. This is especially noticeable
in communication. For example, the Japanese do not accept
shake hands. Handshakes replace
bows - hands at the seams, the body bends in the area
lower back. Moreover, you need to answer bows with that
the same frequency with which you were greeted.
One more interesting momentwhich is often
confuses foreigners. For any
circumstances during communication Japanese
(especially women) should smile even if
the topic of conversation is serious or sad. Also not
it is recommended to look Japanese directly in the eyes, or
gesticulating too much when talking is
can be perceived as aggression. The Japanese are very
friendly and hospitable. They always
will come to the rescue at the first request. True,
as for street treatment, old people and
teenagers are shy about answering questions. Better
refer to the older generation.
Tea ceremony
There are many types of tea in Japan, and it is not only made directly from the tea leaf.Once upon a time in Japan, the attitude to tea was like something precious, the elixir of life.
Now he is available to everyone, and yet a reverent attitude has been preserved towards him. Tea in
Japan is a symbol.
"O-cha" - this is how the Japanese respectfully call their favorite drink. Extremely difficult
list all its varieties, because there are dozens of green tea alone
varieties. Some of them are in the highest category - sencha. Price of individual varieties
sencha tea, in terms of American currency, may well reach $ 500 per
100 grams.
Curious that the Japanese make tea
not boiling water, but heated about
up to 90 degrees. And they drink it without any
no additives - milk, sugar or
lemon.
At the table, the Japanese also have many rules that are very difficult to remember at a time. When using hasi sticks, do not cross or stick them
At the table, the Japanese also have many rules that are very difficult to remember at a time. Usinghasi sticks, you cannot cross them or stick them into rice - the Japanese associate this with death,
because in this form they usually bring offerings to the spirits of ancestors. Also, you cannot transfer food from
sticks to sticks - according to Buddhist custom, the remains are transferred in this way during burial.
Soups should be drunk, not eaten. The exceptions are noodle soups or New Year's o-zoni soup,
and the noodles should be eaten with chopsticks, and the broth should be drunk. By the way, dishes and table setting too
are of considerable importance. Each dish is served in a separate bowl and occupies a specific place
on the table. In Japan, there is no such thing as changing dishes (first, second, third ...), all dishes are served at once,
at the same time, devices for heating are required - braziers, spirit lamps, etc. Any utensils and
serving is divided into male and female. Don't be alarmed by so many
rules of decency and customs. Despite the fact that the customs and traditions of Japan are somewhat unusual,
Japan is a beautiful country full of mysteries. It's always interesting to meet someone else.
culture, the main thing is desire.
Love and respect for traditions in Japanese culture are so deeply rooted that it is difficult to imagine any branch of art
Love and respect for traditions in Japanese culture are so deeply rooted thatit is difficult to imagine at least some branch of art not rooted in depth
centuries and not overgrown with traditions and legends.
Some Japanese historians and experts claim that Japanese theater has preserved
elements of antique drama, as well as enriched with the traditions of Asia, India and China.
It is impossible to imagine theater without the masks of the Gigaku pantomime and Bugaku dances. But not
one should think that Japanese theater consists only of them. It is very complex and
a multifaceted world in which each shadow carries its own secret and explicit meaning, sometimes even
contradicting each other. Each of its components deserves a separate chapter.
acting, traditional dances, music, scenography, costume and masks,
decorations, makeup, dolls, etc.
Cinema
Cinematography first in Japanconsidered unworthy art,
there was a dismissive
attitude towards people who filmed
movies. Popular cinema
became only at the end of the 30s of the 20th
centuries.
In the 50s, 60s of the 20th century, the cinema of Japan begins to actively develop. This period
called the "golden age" of Japanese cinema. In 1950, 215 films were produced and
in 1960 - their number reached 547. At the same time, genres spread
political, historical cinema, science fiction and action films, Japanese cinema
becomes famous all over the world. Famous directors of the time - Akira
Kurosawa, Shohei Imamura, Kenji Mizoguchi. Great popularity outside
Japan is acquired by actor Toshiro Mifune, who has played in almost all films
Kurosawa.
In the 90s of the last century, director and actor Takeshi becomes famous around the world
Kitano.
Anime and manga.
Anime (Japanese ア ニ メ [anime], from English animation [animation] - animation) -Japanese animation. The main difference from the animation of other countries is the large
some of the products are designed for teenagers and adults, and for
due to this it is highly popular in the world. Most anime series are
film adaptation of Japanese comics - manga, usually with the preservation of the graphic style and
other features.
Manga (Japanese 漫画) f., Sc. - Japanese comics, sometimes at home
called komikku (コ ミ ッ ク). The word "manga" means "grotesque", "strange (or
funny) pictures ”, and the artist who draws it is called a mangaka. In Japan comics
read by people of all ages, they are respected and as a form visual arts, And How
literary phenomenon. Manga is almost always black and white, and only
covers and selected illustrations.
Clothing:
There are two types of clothing in Japan - national -wafuku, and the usual European, which is worn in
Everyday life.
Kimono (translated as "clothes, outfit") - a common name
any clothing in a broad sense
Yukata - light robe;
hakama - pants;
geta, varaji - sandals;
obi - belt.
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Slide captions:
Culture of Japan the work was done by a student of the 11a grade of the secondary school №43 Borzya Tsygan Kristina 日本 の 文化
The culture of Japan developed as a result of a historical process that began with the resettlement of the ancestors of the Japanese people to the Japanese archipelago from the mainland and the birth of the culture of the Jomon period. Contemporary Japanese culture has been heavily influenced by countries in Asia (especially China and Korea), Europe and North America, which rapidly began to influence Japanese culture in the early 1960s. One of the features of Japanese culture is its long development during the period of complete isolation of the country (sakoku policy) from the rest of the world during the reign of the Tokugawa shogunate, which lasted until the middle of the 19th century - the beginning of the Meiji period. The culture and mentality of the Japanese was greatly influenced by the isolated territorial position of the country, geographical and climatic features, as well as special natural phenomena (frequent earthquakes and typhoons), which was expressed in the peculiar attitude of the Japanese towards nature as a living creature. The ability to admire the momentary beauty of nature, as a feature national character Japanese, found expression in many types of arts in Japan.
Japanese Language and Writing The Japanese language has always been an important component of Japanese culture. The overwhelming majority of the country's population speaks Japanese. Japanese is an agglutinative language and is characterized by a complex spelling system of three different types of characters - Chinese kanji, hiragana, and katakana. ひ ら が な
Calligraphy In Japan, calligraphy is considered one of the arts and is called shodo (Japanese 書 道 "way of writing"). Calligraphy is taught in schools along with drawing. The art of calligraphy was introduced to Japan along with the Chinese writing system. In the old days in Japan, mastering the art of calligraphy was considered a sign of a cultured person.
For a long time, Japanese literature was influenced by China, literary works also created in Chinese. The first written monuments are considered to be the collection of Japanese myths and legends "Kojiki" ("Records of the deeds of antiquity") and the historical chronicle "Nihon seki" ("Annals of Japan written down with a brush" or "Nihongi" - "Annals of Japan"), created during the Nara period (VII - VIII centuries). Both works were written in Chinese, but with modifications to convey the Japanese names of the gods and other words. In the same period, poetic anthologies “Manyoshu” (Japanese 万 葉 集 “Collection of myriads of leaves”) and “Kaifuso” (Japanese 懐 風 藻) were created. The types of poetic forms haiku (俳 句), waka (jap. 和 歌 "Japanese song") and a variety of the last tanka (jap. 短歌 "short song") are widely known outside Japan. Literature Scarlet water flower I cut off with the blow of the sickle Between the oncoming waves. Hirose Izen
Anime and Manga Anime is Japanese animation. The main difference from animation in other countries is that most of the products are designed for teenagers and adults, and due to this they are highly popular in the world. Almost all anime series are adaptations of Japanese comics - manga, usually with the preservation of the graphic style and other features.
Manga are Japanese comics, sometimes called komikku in their homeland. The word "manga" means "grotesque", "strange (or funny) pictures", and the artist who draws it is called a mangaka. In Japan, comics are read by people of all ages, and they are respected both as a form of visual art and as a literary phenomenon. Manga is almost always black and white, and only covers and individual illustrations are drawn in color.
Japanese painting is one of the most ancient and sophisticated of Japanese arts, characterized by a wide variety of genres and styles. Painting Since the 10th century, the Yamato-e direction has been distinguished in Japanese painting, the paintings are horizontal scrolls with which they illustrated literary works. In the 14th century, the sumi-e (monochrome watercolor) style developed, and in the first half of the 17th century, artists began to print ukiyo-e - woodcuts depicting geisha, popular actors of the kabuki theater and landscapes. The influence of the popularity of ukiyo-e prints on the European art of the 18th century is called Japaneseism.
Sculpture The oldest art in Japan is sculpture. Since the Jomon era, a variety of pottery (utensils) has been made, and clay figurines-dogu idols are also known. In the Kofun era, haniwa were installed on the graves - sculptures made of baked clay, at first simple cylindrical shapes, and then more complex ones in the form of people, animals or birds. Wood was used as the main material for sculptures (as in Japanese architecture). The statues were often varnished, gilded, or brightly colored. Also, bronze or other metals were used as the material for the statues. The most prominent representatives of Japanese wooden sculpture were Enku (1632-1695) and Mokujiki (1718-1810).
Architecture Examples of traditional Japanese architecture include temples, Shinto shrines, and castles in Kyoto and Nara. In general, Japanese architecture is characterized by a striving for simplicity. Traditional wooden houses of ordinary Japanese, called minka, are maximally adapted to the country's climate. The minka has a frame structure with a supporting column in the center of the house and sliding doors. Currently, minks have survived only in the countryside. Japanese castles were distinguished by their originality, which served not only to protect their owners from enemies, but also as a symbol of power.
Cinematography The first Japanese films of the early 20th century had simple plots, the cinematography of this period developed under the influence of the theater, the acting was theatrical, female roles were played by male actors, and theatrical costumes and sets were used. Before the advent of sound films, the demonstration of films was accompanied by benshi - a live performer, a Japanese version of the taper. At first, cinema was considered a low art, there was a contemptuous attitude towards people involved in cinema. This art form received recognition and authority only at the end of the 30s of the XX century.
Music Japanese music encompasses many genres, ranging from traditional musical genres that are unique to Japan itself, to many genres of modern music, around which a distinctive scene is often built in the country, unlike other countries. Since the 1990s, Japanese music has been widely recognized and popular in the West, primarily due to its unique genres such as j-pop, j-rock and visual kei. Often such music reaches Western listeners through soundtracks in Japanese animation or video games; visiting Japanese groups and performers perform at almost every variety of Japanese culture festivals.
Military culture The samurai is the Japanese military feudal class. They appeared in Japan in the 7th-8th centuries A.D. Mostly men from wealthy peasant families, as well as representatives of the middle and lower aristocracy, became samurai. From warriors, samurai gradually became armed servants of their feudal lord, receiving housing and food from him. Sometimes samurai received land plots with peasants, and themselves turned into feudal lords. The number of samurai increased, and soon the squads of the feudal lords began to represent whole armies.
Bushido ́ is a samurai code, a set of rules, recommendations and norms of behavior of a true warrior in society, in battle and alone, a military male philosophy and morality, rooted in antiquity. Bushido, which originally arose in the form of the principles of a warrior in general, thanks to the ethical values \u200b\u200band respect for the arts included in it in the XII-XIII centuries, with the development of the samurai class as noble warriors, merged with it and finally took shape in the XVI-XVII centuries. already as a code of samurai ethics. Postulates: True courage is to live when it is right to live and die when it is right to die. One should go to death with a clear awareness of what the samurai should do and what humiliates his dignity. You should weigh every word and invariably ask yourself whether what you are about to say is true. Loyalty, justice and courage are the three natural virtues of a samurai. A samurai must, first of all, constantly remember that he can die at any moment, and if such a moment comes, then the samurai must die with honor. This is his main business.
Secret ninja clans began to appear in Japan in the 9th-12th centuries, almost simultaneously with the emergence of the samurai. Ninja were, in fact, highly professional intelligence officers and saboteurs of that time, they possessed a complex of knowledge and skills in disguise, methods of assassination, organizing guerrilla operations and obtaining information. The specific services of the ninja clans were used by various feudal princes. The heyday of the ninja arts came during the civil war of 1467-1568, while there were about 70 ninja clans in Japan. Most of the ninja legends are based on the events of that "era of the warring provinces."
Martial arts Judo in Japanese means "soft path". This martial art is the most recognized in the world. Judo was created at the end of the 19th century by the master Kano Jigiro, who took one of the jujutsu schools as a basis and developed the rules of the new martial art and the fighting system. Karate is a martial art that originated in China. From there it came to the island of Okinawa, which was independent for a long time, and then became the outskirts of Japan, so few people were interested in karatedo in Japan. Karate became popular in the 1920s thanks to a master named Funakoshi Gichin. Since then, karate has taken an important place among the Japanese martial arts. Sumo is a special kind of martial art. It was never used in battle, but had a ritual character, combining sport and Shinto ritual. Many ancient rites are also preserved in modern sumo. Aikido is a martial art created by the master Ueshiba Morihei on the basis of one of the jujutsu schools. This combat system is fundamentally different from others in that it does not have offensive technology. Aikido is used for defense, while the opponent's power is used against himself.
Cuisine The Japanese say, "Every meal should have something from the mountains and something from the sea." "Mountain" ingredients are usually rice and seasonal vegetables, as well as soybeans and their many derivatives (tofu bean curd, miso soy paste, shoyu soy sauce). The "sea" part of the food can be very diverse: it is almost all types of sea fish, many types of molluscs (up to jellyfish), cetaceans, seaweed and other algae. The constant lack of food taught the ancient Japanese to respect the daily meal. The consumption of everyday food was accompanied by a kind of rituals, and they tried to add at least aesthetic appeal to the food. The Japanese strive to decorate food in every possible way. They even say that the Japanese eat with their eyes, not with their mouths.
Religion In matters of religion, Japan is extremely tolerant. Thus, almost all Japanese profess Shinto, but at the same time belong to one of the many Buddhist communities, guided in life by the principles of Confucianism. Shintoism - "the way of the gods" - the oldest religion in Japan, cultivated exclusively in this country. It is based on the myth of the origin of the world, according to which the Earth and the imperial family are descended from the sun goddess Amaterasu. At the center of Buddhism is the doctrine of the "four noble truths": suffering, its cause, liberation and the path to it. In Buddhism, there is no opposition between spirit and matter, there is no God as a creator and an unconditionally superior being. Buddha is not only the name given to the founder of this religion, the legendary prince Gautama (VII-VI centuries BC), but also the name of a being who has reached the state of supreme perfection ("enlightenment").
Clothing In Japan, you can find two types of clothing - traditional - wafuku and simpler, casual, according to the European pattern. Kimono literally translates as "clothing, outfit" - a general term for any clothing, and in a narrow sense - a kind of wafuku.
G eta, waraji - Yukata sandals - Hakama light robe - Obi's pants - belt
Theater and dance The very first type of theater was the theater, but, which was formed in the 14-15th century, playing in it, the actors put on masks and put on smart clothes. In the 17th century, one of the most famous types of Japanese national theater, kabuki, was created, and complex makeup was applied to the faces of the actors. Especially appreciated is the skill of the onnagata, actors who play the role of a woman. In 1629, the Tokugawa shogunate banned women from playing kabuki, after the Second World War, women began to appear on the stage again, and even the first female troupe was formed. The national bunraku puppet theater is also famous. Certain playwrights, such as Chikamatsu Monzaemon, created plays for bunraku, which were later played out in the "big theater" - kabuki.
Traditions, customs, etiquette Japanese society is characterized by a clearly manifested sense of belonging to a particular social class (family, work collective, student group), which also manifests itself in a kind of connections within the community. In Japan, the concept of "duty" and "obligation" called giri is of particular importance. Despite the fact that kettlebells are a general social norm for the way of action of the Japanese, in some situations, in particular among young people, kettlebells are not taken so seriously. In Japan, there are some norms of gesticulation, and the more restrained a person is, the more respectful they are to him, so a friendly slap on the shoulder and tugging at the hand in the land of the rising sun will not be welcomed.
Arigato, for your attention!
Cultural Studies Presentation
Middle Ages
CULTURE OF MEDIEVAL JAPAN
Japanese civilization was formed as a result of complex and multi-temporal ethnic contacts. This determined the leading feature of the Japanese worldview.
- the ability to creatively assimilate the knowledge and skills of other peoples. This feature becomes especially noticeable in the era of the early statehood on the islands.
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
THE AGE OF YAMATO
Yamato ("great harmony, peace") is a historical state formation in Japan, which arose in the Yamato region (modern Nara prefecture) of the Kinki region in the III-IV centuries. It existed during the eponymous Yamato period until the 8th century, until it was renamed in 670 to Nippon "Japan".
THE EPOCH OF HEYAN
period in the history of Japan (from 794 to 1185). This era became the golden age of Japanese medieval culture with its sophistication and penchant for introspection, the ability to borrow forms from the mainland, but invest in them an original content. This manifested itself in the development of Japanese writing, the formation of national genres: a story, a novel, a lyric five-line. Poetic perception of the world affected all types of creativity, modified the style of Japanese architecture and plastics.
THE AGE OF THE SHOGUNATE
The entry of Japan into the era of mature feudalism at the end of the XII century. It was marked by the coming to power of the military feudal class of samurai and the creation
shogunate
state led
shogun (military ruler), which existed until the 19th century.
TONGUE
The Japanese language has always been an important part of Japanese culture. The overwhelming majority of the country's population speaks Japanese. Japanese is an agglutinative language and is characterized by a complex spelling system of three different types of characters - Chinese kanji, hiragana, and katakana.
(Japanese)
JAPANESE WRITING
There are three main writing systems used in modern Japanese:
Kanji are Chinese characters and two syllable alphabets created in Japan: Hiragana and Katakana.
Transliteration of Japanese into Latin letters is called romaji and is rarely found in Japanese texts.
The first Chinese texts were brought to Japan by Buddhist monks from the Korean kingdom of Baekje in the 5th century. n. e.
TARO YAMADA (YAP.
YAMADA TARO :) -
TYPICAL NAME AND SURNAME LIKE RUSSIAN IVAN IVANOV
In modern Japanese, a fairly high percentage is occupied by words borrowed from other languages \u200b\u200b(the so-called gairaigo). Japanese names are written using kanji and consist of a surname and a given name, the surname is indicated at the beginning.
Japanese is considered one of the most difficult languages \u200b\u200bto learn. For transliteration of Japanese characters, various systems are used, the most common are romaji (Latin transliteration) and Polivanov's system (writing Japanese words in Cyrillic). Some words in Russian were borrowed from Japanese, for example, tsunami, sushi, karaoke, samurai, etc.
RELIGION
Monastery
Todaiji.
Big
Religion in Japan is represented mainly by Shinto and Buddhism. The first of them is purely national, the second is brought to Japan, as well as to China, from the outside.
SHINTOISM
Shinto, Shinto ("Path of the gods") is the traditional religion of Japan. Based on the animistic beliefs of the ancient Japanese, the objects of worship are numerous deities and spirits of the dead.