Each person understands the meaning of art in different ways: some elevate and exalt, others spew into the abyss of emotions. Without works of art, a person can do everyday life, but emotional hunger needs knowledge of real art, which gives a feeling of happiness, joy and peace of mind. It is able to transfer a person to the world of dreams and fantasies, which everyone expresses in various forms of art. Below we will look at them.

Plastic or spatial arts

art

This type of creativity is aimed at reproducing the surrounding world and feeling it visually. For the sake of this kind of art, many artists gave up a calm, well-fed life and burned on the altar of art. The works of the masters became the reasons for political clashes and wars. The collectors were ready to incur a curse. This is what people are ready for for the sake of art.

• Painting... The art of depicting reality with paints. It represents objects depicted with a multi-colored palette on the surface. The artist can express his inner world and emotions on canvas, easel and cardboard. This genre is subdivided into several types: easel, monumental, miniature.
• ... The art of depicting objects with strokes and lines. On the one hand, both adults and children can do this, having only a sheet of paper, paints, pencils. But not everything is so simple, and those who believe that graphics are publicly available are mistaken. This is a complex species that you need to learn if you want to become masters of this craft. The artist applies strokes, lines and spots on the plane (wood, metal, structures, cardboard, etc.) using one or two colors (in some cases, you can use a large number). This genre is subdivided into several types: easel, computer, magazine and newspaper, book, applied and industrial.
• Sculpture... The artist expresses his works of solid and plastic materials with a volumetric shape. The captured works in the materials are able to convey the life appearance of the objects of creation. This type is subdivided into several types: sculpture of small forms, monumental, easel, small plastic and monumental - decorative.

Constructive art

The master expresses his creativity in reproduction of artistic structures that organize the spatially objective environment around us , while not portraying anything. Subdivided into two genres:

• ... It is based on the life, views and ideology of society and easily adapts to a change in style in different historical periods of life. This genre is subdivided into several types: urban planning, landscape and architecture of volumetric structures.
• Design... It is an aesthetic symbol modern world... Creating masterpieces, the designer consolidates the style of the era with his creativity. It is subdivided into several genres: exhibition, subject, landscape, interior design, clothing and books.

Arts and crafts

Creative works of this art have practical use in everyday life ... This art is based on various industries creative activityaimed at creating art products with utilitarian and artistic functions. It is divided into several types:

• ceramics;
• forging;
• glass;
• tapestry;
• clay toy;
• sewing;
• application;
• quilted products;
• artistic leather processing;
• weaving;
• stained glass window and much more.

Temporary arts

The composer expresses his spiritual beauty and worldview through sound tones and rhythms, meaningful and organized in an orderly way. It is the spiritual language of the material world, reproduced with the help of musical instruments (their basis is a resonator), unconsciously grasped by the ear. The types of music can be classified according to different criteria, for example, according to the nature of the performance, it is divided into such types as vocal, instrumental, chamber, solo, electronic, vocal-instrumental, choral and piano. By habitat - military, church, religious, dance and theatrical. But basically it is divided into two types:

• vocal;
• instrumental.

Most often, this type of art means only fiction, but not so simple. In addition, it includes scientific, philosophical and other works that reflect the views of people. Here, works are created using words and writing. They reflect the totality of branches of knowledge of a particular science or specialty. Literature is divided into such types as educational, technical, scientific, fiction, reference, memoir and documentary prose. Created in several genres:

• folklore;
• prose;
• poetry.

Space-time arts

It is a collection of several types of art such as literature, choreography, music, poetry, and so on. The theater has its own types and views on the display of reality and does this with the help dramatic action... It is a collective art that expresses its ideas with the help of actors, directors, screenwriters, directors, composers, costume designers and make-up artists. Consists of several types such as drama theater, puppetry, opera, ballet and pantomime.

View artistic creation, based on various technical methods of recording and reproducing images in motion, accompanied by sound.There are several types of this art - fiction films, documentaries and short films.

Expression of emotions and inner experiences with the help of body movements, built into a certain piece, accompanied by music. People have the opportunity to express their feelings, themes, ideas through pantomime, scenery and costume. Has its own directions and styles: ballroom dance, historical, ritual, folk, acrobatic, variety and club.

INTRODUCTION

One of the main tasks of our society facing the system of modern education is the formation of the culture of the individual. The relevance of this task is associated with the revision of the system of life and artistic and aesthetic values. The formation of the culture of the younger generation is impossible without reference to the artistic values \u200b\u200baccumulated by society in the course of its existence. Thus, the need to study the foundations of art history becomes obvious.

In order to fully understand the art of a certain era, it is necessary to navigate in art history terminology. Know and understand the essence of each of the arts. Only in the case of possession of the categorical-conceptual system will a person be able to fully realize the aesthetic value of art monuments.

CLASSIFICATION OF ART

Art (creative reflection, reproduction of reality in artistic images.) Exists and develops as a system of interconnected types, the diversity of which is due to the versatility of the real world itself (the real world displayed in the process of artistic creation.

Kinds of art are historically established forms of creative activity that have the ability to artistic realization of life content and differ in the ways of their material embodiment (word in literature, sound in music, plastic and color materials in visual arts, etc.).

In modern art history literature, a certain scheme and system of classification of arts have developed, although there is still no single one and they are all relative. The most common scheme is to divide it into three groups.

The first one includes spatial or plastic arts. For this group of arts, spatial construction in the disclosure of an artistic image is essential - Fine Art, Decorative and Applied Art, Architecture, Photography.

The second group includes temporary or dynamic arts. In them, the composition evolving in time - Music, Literature - acquires key importance.
The third group is represented by spatio-temporal types, which are also called synthetic or spectacular arts - Choreography, Literature, Theatrical art, Cinematography.

Existence different types arts is caused by the fact that none of them, by their own means, can give an artistic comprehensive picture of the world. Such a picture can only be created by the entire artistic culture of mankind as a whole, consisting of individual types of art.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARTS

ARCHITECTURE

Architecture (Greek "architecton" - "master, builder") is a monumental art form, the purpose of which is to create structures and buildings necessary for the life and work of mankind, meeting the utilitarian and spiritual needs of people.

The forms of architectural structures depend on geographic and climatic conditions, on the nature of the landscape, the intensity of sunlight, seismic safety, etc.

Architecture more closely than other arts is connected with the development of productive forces, with the development of technology. Architecture is able to combine with monumental painting, sculpture, decorative and other forms of art. The basis of the architectural composition is the volumetric-spatial structure, the organic interconnection of the elements of a building or an ensemble of buildings. The scale of the building largely determines the nature of the artistic image, its monumentality or intimacy.

Architecture does not directly reproduce reality, it is not pictorial, but expressive.

ART

Fine art is a group of types of artistic creation that reproduce visually perceived reality. Works of art have a subject form that does not change in time and space. Fine arts include painting, graphics, sculpture.

GRAPHIC ARTS

Graphics (translated from Greek - "I write, draw") is, first of all, drawing and artistic printed works (engraving, lithography). It is based on the possibilities of creating an expressive art form by using lines, strokes and spots of different colors applied to the surface of the sheet.

Graphics preceded painting. At first, man learned to capture the outlines and plastic forms of objects, then to distinguish and reproduce their colors and shades. Mastering color was a historical process: not all colors were mastered at once.

The specifics of graphics are linear relationships. Reproducing the shapes of objects, it conveys their illumination, the ratio of light and shadow, etc. Painting captures the real relationship of the colors of the world, in color and through color it expresses the essence of objects, their aesthetic value, verifies their social purpose, their correspondence or contradiction to the environment ...

In the process of historical development, color began to penetrate into drawing and printed graphics, and now drawing with crayons - pastel, and color engraving, and painting with water paints - watercolors and gouache are included in graphics. In various literature on art history, there are different points of view about graphics. In some sources: graphics is a type of painting, while in others it is a separate subspecies of fine art.

PAINTING

Painting is a flat visual art, the specificity of which lies in the representation of the image of the real world, transformed by the artist's creative imagination, using paints applied to the surface.

Painting is subdivided into:

Monumental - fresco (from Italian. Fresco) - painting on raw plaster with paints diluted in water and mosaic (from French mosaiqe) an image of colored stones, smalt (Smalta - colored transparent glass.), Ceramic tiles.

Easel (from the word "machine") - a canvas that is created on an easel.

Painting is represented by a variety of genres (Genre (French genre, from Latin genus, genitive generis - genus, species) is an artistic, historically developed internal subdivision in all types of art.):

A portrait is the main task to convey the idea of \u200b\u200ba person's external appearance, to reveal a person's inner world, to emphasize his individuality, psychological and emotional image.

Landscape - reproduces the surrounding world in all the diversity of its forms. The image of a seascape is defined by the term seascape.

Still life - an image of household items, tools, flowers, fruits. Helps to understand the worldview and lifestyle of a particular era.

Historical genre - tells about historically important moments in the life of society.

Household genre - reflects the everyday life of people, disposition, customs, traditions of a particular ethnic group.

Iconography (translated from Greek "prayer image") is the main goal to direct a person to the path of transformation.

Animalism is an image of an animal as the main character of a work of art.

In the XX century. the nature of painting is changing under the influence of the means of technological progress (the emergence of photo and video equipment), which leads to the emergence of new forms of art - Multimedia art.

SCULPTURE

Sculpture is a spatial - visual art, mastering the world in plastic images.

The main materials used in sculpture are stone, bronze, marble, wood. On the present stage development of society, technological progress, the number of materials used to create sculpture has expanded: steel, plastic, concrete and others.

There are two main types of sculpture: three-dimensional (circular) and relief:

High relief - high relief,

Bas-relief - low relief,

Counter relief - cut relief.

By definition, sculpture can be monumental, decorative, easel.

Monumental - used to decorate the streets and squares of the city, designate historically important places, events, etc. Monumental sculpture includes:

Monuments,

Monuments,

Memorials.

Easel - designed to be viewed from a close distance and is intended for interior decoration.

Decorative - used to decorate everyday life (small plastic items).

DECORATIVE AND APPLIED ART.

Decorative and applied art is a type of creative activity to create household items designed to meet the utilitarian and artistic and aesthetic needs of people.

Arts and crafts include products made from a variety of materials and using different technologies. The material for the craft object can be metal, wood, clay, stone, bone. The technical and artistic methods of making products are very diverse: carving, embroidery, painting, chasing, etc. The main characteristic feature of the decorative arts object is decorativeness, which consists in imagery and the desire to decorate, make it better, more beautiful.

Decorative and applied art has a national character. Since it comes from the customs, habits, beliefs of a certain ethnic group, it is close to the way of life.

An important component of decorative and applied art is folk arts and crafts - a form of organizing artistic work based on collective creativity, developing a local cultural tradition and focused on the sale of handicrafts.

The key creative idea of \u200b\u200btraditional crafts is the assertion of the unity of the natural and human world.

The main folk crafts in Russia are:

Wood carving - Bogorodskaya, Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya;

Painting on wood - Khokhloma, Gorodetskaya, Polkhov-Maidanskaya, Mezenskaya;

Decorating products from birch bark - embossing on birch bark, painting;

Artistic stone processing - processing of hard and soft stone;

Bone carving - Kholmogorsk, Tobolsk. Khotkovskaya

Miniature painting on papier-mache - Fedoskino miniature, Palekh miniature, Mstera miniature, Kholuy miniature

Artistic metal processing - Veliky Ustyug niello silver, Rostov enamel, Zhostovo painting on metal;

Folk ceramics - Gzhel ceramics, Skopin ceramics, Dymkovo toys, Kargopol toys;

Lace-making - Vologda lace, Mikhailovskoe lace,

Painting on fabric - Pavlovsk shawls and shawls

Embroidery - Vladimirskaya, Color intertwine, Gold embroidery.

LITERATURE

Literature is an art form in which the word is the material carrier of imagery.

The sphere of literature includes natural and social phenomena, various social cataclysms, the spiritual life of a person, her feelings. In its various genres, literature covers this material either through a dramatic reproduction of an action, or through an epic narration of events, or through a lyrical self-disclosure of a person's inner world.

Literature is subdivided into:

Artistic

The educational

Historical

Scientific

Background

The main genres of literature are:

- Lyrics - one of the three main types of fiction, reflects life by depicting various human experiences, a feature of the lyrics is a poetic form.

- Drama - one of the three main types of fiction, a plot work written in a colloquial form and without the author's speech.

- Epic - Narrative literature, one of the three main types of fiction, includes:

- Epic - a major work of the epic genre.

- Novella - a narrative prosaic (much less often - poetic) genre of literature, representing a small narrative form.

- Story (story) - a literary genre that differs in less significant volume, fewer figures, life content and breadth

- Story - An epic work of small size, which differs from the novel in its greater prevalence and arbitrary composition.

- Roman - a great narrative work in prose, sometimes in verse.

- Ballad - a lyric-epic poetic story work written in stanzas.

- Poem - a plot literary work of a lyric-epic character in verse.

The specificity of literature is a historical phenomenon, all elements and constituent parts of a literary work and literary process, all features of literature are in constant change. Literature is a living, mobile ideological and artistic system that is sensitive to changes in life. The predecessor of literature is oral folklore.

MUSICAL ART

Music - (from the Greek musike - literally - the art of the muses), an art form in which the means of embodiment of artistic images are musical sounds organized in a certain way. The main elements and expressive means of music are mode, rhythm, meter, tempo, loudness dynamics, timbre, melody, harmony, polyphony, instrumentation. Music is recorded in the musical notation and is realized during the performance.

The division of music into secular and spiritual is accepted. The main area of \u200b\u200bsacred music is cult. The development of the European musical theory of musical notation and musical pedagogy is associated with European cult music (usually called church music). According to the performing means, music is subdivided into vocal (singing), instrumental and vocal-instrumental. Music is often combined with choreography, theatrical art, cinema. Distinguish between monophonic music (monody) and polyphonic (homophony, polyphony). Music is subdivided into:

Types and types - theatrical (opera, etc.), symphonic, chamber, etc .;

For genres - song, chorale, dance, march, symphony, suite, sonata, etc.

Certain, relatively stable typical structures are characteristic of musical works. Music uses sound images as a means of embodying reality and human feelings.

Music in sound images generally expresses the essential processes of life. An emotional experience and an idea colored by feeling, expressed through sounds of a special kind, which are based on the intonation of human speech - this is the nature of a musical image.

CHOREOGRAPHY

Choreography (gr. Choreia - dance + grapho - I write) is an art form, the material of which is movement and posture human body, poetically meaningful, organized in time and space, constituting an artistic system.

Dance interacts with music, forming a musical and choreographic image with it. In this union, each component depends on the other: the music dictates its own laws to the dance and at the same time is influenced by the dance. In some cases, the dance can be performed without music - accompanied by claps, tapping with heels, etc.

The origins of the dance were: imitation of labor processes; ritual celebrations and ceremonies, the plastic side of which had a certain regulation and semantics; the dance spontaneously expresses in movements in movements the culmination of a person's emotional state.

Dance has always, at all times, been associated with the life and life of people. Therefore, each dance meets the character, the spirit of the people from whom it originated.

THEATER ARTS

Theater is an art form that artistically assimilates the world through dramatic action carried out by a creative team.

The basis of the theater is drama. The synthetic nature of theatrical art determines its collective character: the play combines the creative efforts of a playwright, director, artist, composer, choreographer, and actor.

Theatrical performances are divided into genres:

- Drama;

- Tragedy;

- Comedy;

- Musical, etc.

Theatrical art has its roots in deep antiquity. Its most important elements already existed in primitive rituals, in totemic dances, in copying the habits of animals, etc.

PHOTO ART.

Photography (gr. Phos (photos) light + grafo I write) is an art that reproduces on a plane, by means of lines and shadows, in the most perfect way and without the possibility of error, the contour and shape of the object transmitted by it.

A specific feature of photographic art is the organic interaction of creative and technological processes in it. Photographic art developed at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of the interaction of artistic thought and the progress of photographic science and technology. Its emergence was historically prepared by the development of painting, which focused on a mirror-like image of the visible world and used the discoveries of geometric optics (perspective) and optical devices (camera - obscura) to achieve this goal.

The specificity of photography is that it gives a pictorial image of documentary meaning.

Photography gives an artistically expressive image and reliably captures an essential moment of reality in a frozen image.

The facts of life in photography are transferred from the sphere of reality to the sphere of art almost without additional processing.

FILM ART

Cinema is the art of displaying motion pictures captured on film to create the impression of living reality. Cinema invention of the XX century. Its appearance is determined by the achievements of science and technology in the field of optics, electrical and photographic technology, chemistry, etc.

Cinema conveys the dynamics of the era; working with time as a means of expressiveness, cinema is able to convey the succession of various events in their internal logic.

Cinema is a synthetic art, it includes organic elements such as literature (script, songs), painting (cartoon, scenery in a feature film), theatrical art (acting), music, which serves as a means of complementing the visual image.

Cinema can be conditionally subdivided into scientific documentary and fiction.

Genres of cinema are also defined:

Tragedy,

Fiction,

Comedy,

Historical, etc.

CONCLUSION

Culture plays a special role in the improvement of the personality, in the formation of its individual picture of the world, because it accumulates all the emotional, moral and evaluative experience of Mankind.

The problem of artistic and aesthetic education in the formation of value orientations of the younger generation has become the object of attention of sociologists, philosophers, cultural theorists, art critics. This tutorial is a small addition to the huge reservoir teaching material related to the field of art. The author expresses the hope that it will serve as a good help for students, pupils and everyone who is not indifferent to art.

Can this or that work be considered a work of art? Many people ask this question, not only seeing, but also looking at the works of famous artists of the last century. Even famous artists sometimes confuse artwork with interior items. We chose five interesting books, in which it is easily explained what modern art is, and wrote out the most curious quotes from them about famous works of the 20th century.

Pablo Picasso

The Maidens of Avignon, 1907

Material:canvas, oil

Direction:cubism

The painting "Maidens of Avignon" is the first cubist work of Picasso - he depicted the Barcelona prostitutes not realistically, but "disassembled" their bodies and faces into many geometric shapes.

“The poet Guillaume Apollinaire said: 'Picasso examines an object the same way a surgeon dissects a corpse.' This is the essence of Cubism: the artist chooses the subject of the image, analyzes and deconstructs it. Why did Picasso choose not to create the elegant and atmospheric figurative works that were so popular with collectors and critics? He was aware of the professional danger that Matisse posed for him. Because after the painting "The Happiness of Existence", presented in 1906, Matisse was considered the most interesting young artist of that time. Cézanne's 1907 exhibition inspired Picasso and he decided to further develop what the famous artist had begun. The painting "Maidens of Avignon" was based on the ideas of Cézanne and became the beginning of a new artistic direction. "

- What are you looking at? The amazing, shocking and sometimes bizarre 150-year history of contemporary art

Kazimir Malevich

"Black square",
1915

Materials:canvas, oil

Direction:suprematism

One of the most discussed works of the 20th century is Malevich's Black Square, which was written in 1915. Despite the fact that the artist gave a theoretical basis for his painting in the manifesto "From Cubism and Futurism to Suprematism", many viewers still question its value, noting that you do not need to be an artist to paint a square.

“By transforming all pictorial elements into geometric figures and using open colors Malevich hoped to reach the pinnacle of expressiveness and free painting from any political and social meanings. The Suprematists did not depict the surrounding reality, and tried to avoid any symbols and narratives, and used elements of a simple form - so they created a new creative reality. "

- 50 art ideas you need to know about

Marcel Duchamp

"Fountain", 1917

Material:urinal

Direction:conceptualism,
dadaism, surrealism

Another most important work of the 20th century is The Fountain by Marcel Duchamp, who was the first to get the idea to turn a household item into a work of art - this is how the concept of ready-made appeared.

“He was sure that he had invented the new kind sculpture: now the artist could choose any object that is produced in large quantities and has a certain aesthetic value, and, freeing it from its functional purpose (in other words, making it useless), giving it a name and placing it in a new context, turn it into a work of art. "

- WHAT ARE YOU LOOKING AT? AMAZING, SHOCKING AND SOMETIMES STRANGE HISTORY OF CONTEMPORARY ART FOR 150 YEARS

Barnett Newman

Onement I, 1948

Materials:canvas, oil

Direction:abstract expressionism

The first abstract work with a vertical stripe was made by the Russian artist Olga Rozanova - in 1918 her "Green Stripe" was created. However, she was unknown to most Western experts, so such works made the American abstractionist Barnett Newman famous. He, like Rozanov, went further than Malevich and created a work that has no boundaries - the picture is, as it were, a fragment of a large work, which has no background and depicted object.

“Newman shared the interest of other Abstract Expressionists in ancient myths and primitive art. The dividing line in the picture, which was later called "lightning", became the artist's "calling card". Despite the modest size of the painting "Onement I" (69x41 cm), Newman considered it his creative achievementbecause he invented a new method that surprised the viewer and touched him emotionally, because the artist managed to overcome the limitations within the painting.

Richard Hamilton

“So what makes our homes today so different, so attractive?”, 1956

Materials:magazine clippings

Direction:pop Art

It is considered the first painting to be classified as pop art. She was featured in the famous This Is Tomorrow exhibition at London's Whitechapel Gallery in 1956. In addition to Hamilton, young artists took part in it, whose works are classified as op-art (optical art) and pop art.

Dan Flavin

"Monument for V. Tatlin", 1964

Materials:fluorescent lamps
on metal bases

Direction:minimalism

Dan Flavin dedicated his work to the unrealized Monument of the Third International. As Suzy Hodge writes, this is an ironic work, which, on the one hand, is made of ordinary elements (as opposed to Tatlin's unique designs for "Monument"), and on the other hand, it is temporary (lamps burn out), which contradicts the nature of monumental architecture.

“Children could attach fluorescent lights to the wall, but they wouldn't ask viewers to rethink [this way] several things at once: the functionality of objects, philosophical ideas, which first appeared in Russia in 1915, and the gallery space itself ”.

Why couldn't your five-year-old

Jeff Koons

Rabbit, 1987

Materials:stainless steel

Direction: neo-pop

One of the most expensive contemporary artistsknown for his fondness for kitsch, in many ways continues the line of Warhol. His works are created by hands of 135 employees, and the "Factory" of the artist is a whole corporation Jeff Koons LLC.

"Rabbit" Koons is so cold that it seems, was not created by man. This is not just an ideal industrial product, but above all an image of embodied desire. The artist prefers to call his object a chameleon: the reflective material makes the "Rabbit" a sort of postmodern Brancusi, it constantly changes its skin and regenerates itself. He lets the space with the audience inside him. " - Defining contemporary art. 25 years in 200 basic pieces

Mike Kelly

“More hours of love,
how can you compensate
and payback for sins ", 1987

Materials:stuffed factory toys on canvas, dried corn, wax candles on wood and metal base

Direction:conceptualism

Contemporary artist Mike Kelly used various techniques to convey his ideas: he made videos, came up with performances and installations. Kelly often used the image of childhood in his works. The artist began to make work from worn-out toys and knitted scarves in the late 1980s.

“Kelly's first work, in which he used soft toys, is of great importance for a number of reasons, but the main one is how many associations and emotions arise in the viewer. The dolls that were bitten and torn apart by babies replace the image of a child. What children do with their inanimate friends is violence without malice. "

- Defining contemporary art.
25 years in 200 basic pieces

Tracey Emin

"My bed", 1998

Materials: mattress, bed linen, various objects

Direction:Young British Artists

With her works, Tracey Emin literally turns the soul in front of the viewer. Her most famous work, My Bed, is a document of the artist's long depression. Bottles of vodka, cigarette packs, photographs and a soft toy: everything remained untouched, exactly as it was in the saddest days of Emin.

“Many children leave their beds unmade and throw things around the room, but if you look closely at this installation by Tracey Emin, it becomes clear that the bed belongs to an adult. When this work was first shown, tapes, appliques, videos and photographs were hung on the walls around the work - all of which showed that the author was experiencing personal trauma, as well as fear and helplessness. "

Art emerged almost immediately after the emergence of humanity, and many of the greatest works in painting, sculpture and other fields of art have been created over the centuries. Which of them is considered the best is a very controversial question, because even experts disagree on this matter. Today we will try to compile a list of the ten most famous works of art of all time.

10 PHOTOS

1. "Starry Night" by Van Gogh.

Painting painted dutch artist Vincent van Gogh in 1889. The inspiration for this piece of art was the night sky, which he observed from the window of his room at St Paul's Orphanage.

2. Drawings in the Chauvet Cave.

Prehistoric cave paintings of animals, created about 30 thousand years ago. Chauvet Cave is located in the south of France.

3. Statues of Moai.

Monolithic stone statues located on Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean. It is believed that the statues were created by the aborigines of the island between 1250 and 1500 AD.

4. The Thinker by Rodin.

The most famous work of the French sculptor Auguste Rodin, created in 1880.

5. "The Last Supper" by da Vinci.

This painting, painted by Leonardo da Vinci between 1494 and 1498, is a scene of Jesus' last meal with his disciples, as described in the biblical Gospel of John.

6. "Creation of Adam" by Michelangelo.

One of the most famous frescoes by Michelangelo is in the Sistine Chapel of the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican. The fresco illustrates the story of the creation of Adam from the biblical book of Genesis.

7. "Venus de Milo", author unknown.

One of the most famous ancient Greek sculptural works, created sometime between 130 and 100 BC. The marble sculpture was discovered in 1820 on the island of Milos.

8. "The Birth of Venus" Botticelli.

In the picture painted italian artist Sandro Botticelli, depicts the scene of the appearance of the goddess Venus from the sea. The painting is in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy. 10. "Mona Lisa", da Vinci.

A masterpiece by Leonardo da Vinci, created between about 1503 and 1506. The painting is in the Louvre Museum in Paris.

Sculpture and symphony, painting and story, film and palace, performance and dance - all these are works of different types of art.

The arts are classified according to various criteria. Fine Arts show external reality in artistic images, non-visual arts express the inner world. Non-visual arts: music, dance and literature, as well as architecture. There are mixed (synthetic) arts: cinema, theater, ballet, circus, etc.
Within each type of art, there are subdivisions called genresaccording to the themes and objects of the picture. This is what we will talk about with you today.

Kinds of art

Visual arts

Painting

Perhaps this is one of the most common types of art. The very first works of painting date back to antiquity, they were found on the walls of the caves of ancient people.
Monumental painting is also considered very ancient, which developed in the form mosaics and frescoes (painting on wet plaster).

St Nicholas. Fresco by Dionysius. Ferapontov monastery
Easel painting - these are paintings of different genres, painted on canvas (cardboard, paper), most often with oil paints.

Painting genres

IN modern painting there are the following genres: portrait, historical, mythological, battle, everyday life, landscape, still life, animalistic genre.
Portrait genre reflects the external and internal appearance of a person or a group of people. This genre is widespread not only in painting, but also in sculpture, graphics, etc. The main task of the portrait genre is to convey external similarities and reveal the inner world, the essence of a person's character.

I. Kramskoy "Portrait of Sophia Ivanovna Kramskoy"
Historical genre (depiction of historical events and characters). Of course, genres in painting are very often intertwined, because when depicting, for example, some historical event, the artist has to turn to the portrait genre, etc.
Mythological genre - illustration of myths and legends different nations.

S. Botticelli "The Birth of Venus"
Battle genre - the image of battles, military exploits, military operations, praising battles, the triumph of victory. The battle genre can also include elements of other genres - household, portrait, landscape, animalistic, still life.

V. Vasnetsov "After the Battle of Igor Svyatoslavich with the Polovtsy"
Household genre - depiction of scenes of everyday, personal life

A. Venetsianov "On arable land"
Scenery - depiction of nature, environment, countryside views, cities, historical monuments, etc.

And Savrasov "The Rooks Have Arrived"
Marina - seascape.
Still life (translated from French - "dead nature") - the image of household items, labor, creativity, flowers, fruits, beaten game, caught fish, placed in a real household environment.
Animalistic genre - the image of animals.

Graphic arts

The name of this type of art comes from the Greek word grapho - I write, I draw.
Graphics include, first of all, drawing and engraving, in which the drawing is created mainly with the help of a line on a sheet of paper or with a chisel on a hard material, from which the image is printed onto a paper sheet.

Types of graphics

Engraving - a drawing is applied to the flat surface of the material, which is then covered with paint and imprinted on paper. The number of impressions varies depending on the engraving technique and material. The main materials of the engraving are metal (copper, zinc, steel), wood (boxwood, palm, pear, cherry, etc.), linoleum, cardboard, plastic, plexiglass. Processing of the engraving board is carried out by mechanical means, steel tools or by acid etching.
Print - an imprint from an engraving board (engraving, lithography, silk-screen printing, monotype), which is an easel work of artistic graphics. The print is printed from a board, which was engraved by the artist himself, often he also makes prints. Such works are usually signed, copyright copies, are considered originals. Prints are available in black and white and in color.
Book graphics - the design of the book, its decoration, illustrations.
Industrial graphics - creating product labels, brand names, publishing stamps, packaging, advertising publications, letterheads and envelopes. It comes into contact with advertising, is included in the design system.
Ex-libris - a sign indicating the owner of the book. The ex-libris is attached to the inside of a book binding or cover. Book signs are engraved on wood, copper, linoleum, using zinc or lithographic methods.

Ex libris by Greta Garbo

Poster - an image designed for general attention, created for propaganda or educational purposes.
Linocut - engraving on linoleum.
Lithography - type of engraving: drawing a picture on a stone and an imprint from it.
Woodcut - woodcut.

Katsushika Hokusai The Great Wave off Kanagawa, woodcut
Etching - the type of engraving on metal, the method of engraving and the impression obtained by this method.
Computer graphics - images are compiled on a computer, shown in dynamics or statically. When creating this type of graphics, it is possible to see how the image is formed at all stages, and to make adjustments without limit.

Sculpture

This art form also originated in ancient times. Many images of animals sculpted from clay or carved out of stone have been found, which quite accurately convey their appearance. Many female figurines have survived, which embody the powerful feminine principle. Perhaps these are primitive images of goddesses. Ancient sculptors exaggerated their fertile powers, portraying them with powerful hips, and archaeologists call them "Venus".

Venus of Willendorf, about 23 thousand years BC BC, Central Europe
The sculpture is subdivided into a round one, freely located in space, and a relief, in which three-dimensional images are located on a plane.
As in painting, there are easel and monumental forms in sculpture. Monumental sculpture intended for streets and squares, such a monument is created for a long time, so it is usually made of bronze, marble, granite. Easel sculpture Are portraits or small genre groups made of wood, plaster and other materials.

Monument to the postman. Nizhny Novgorod

Arts and crafts

The creators of works of decorative and applied art set themselves two goals: to create a thing that is necessary for everyday life, but this thing must simultaneously have certain artistic qualities. Everyday household items should not only serve a person practically, but also decorate life, please the eye with the perfection of forms and colors.
Of course, now many works of decorative and applied art are mainly of aesthetic value, but this was not always the case.

The main types of arts and crafts

Batik - hand-painted on fabric

Hot batik technique (using wax)
Beading
Embroidery
Knitting

Lace making
Carpet weaving
Tapestry
Quilling - the art of making flat or voluminous compositions from long and narrow strips of paper twisted into spirals.

Quilling technique
Ceramics
Mosaic
Jewelry Art
Lacquer miniature

Palekh lacquer miniature
Art painting on wood
Artistic painting on metal

Zhostovo tray
Art carving
Artistic leather processing

Artistic painting on ceramics

Artistic metal processing
Pyrography(burning on wood, leather, fabric, etc.)
Working with glass

Upper half of the window of Canterbury Cathedral, UK
Origami

Photography art

The art of artistic photography. The genres are basically the same as in painting.

Graffiti

Images on walls or other surfaces. Graffiti refers to any type of wall painting on the street, where you can find everything from simple written words to exquisite drawings.

Graffiti

Comic

Drawn stories, storytelling in pictures. The comic strip combines features of such art forms as literature and visual arts.

Artist Winsor McKay "Little Sammy sneezes"

Non-visual arts

Architecture

Architecture - the art of design and construction of buildings. Architectural structures can exist as separate buildings or as ensembles. But sometimes ensembles are formed historically: a single whole is formed from buildings built at different times. An example is Moscow's Red Square.
Architecture allows us to judge the technical achievements and artistic styles of different eras. The Egyptian pyramids, built about 5 thousand years ago, temples have survived to our time Ancient Greece and Rome. Any city in any country is famous for its architectural structures.

Palace Square in St. Petersburg

Literature

In the broadest sense of the word: the totality of any written texts.
Types of literature: fiction, documentary prose, memoir, scientific and popular science, reference, educational, technical.

Literature genres

A literary work can be classified as one or another genre according to various criteria: by form (short story, ode, opus, essay, story, play, story, novel, sketch, epic, epic, essay), by content (comedy, farce, vaudeville , interlude, sketch, parody, sitcom, comedy of characters, tragedy, drama), by birth.
Epic genus: fable, epic, ballad, myth, short story, story, story, novel, epic novel, fairy tale, epic.
Lyrical genus: ode, message, stanzas, elegy, epigram.
Lyro-epic genus: ballad, poem.
Dramatic kind: drama, comedy, tragedy.

Music

Music - is art, the means of embodying artistic images for which are sound and silence, specially organized in time. But in general it is impossible to give one exhaustively precise definition of the concept of "music". This is a special kind of creative activity, including a craft, a profession.
The specific and stylistic variety of music is great.
Classic (or serious) - professional musical compositions, born in the culture of Europe, mainly from the modern era (the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries) and in the Middle Ages;
Popular - mainly song and dance music genres.
Non-European (non-European) - the music of those peoples (of the East), whose culture differs from the culture of Western European civilization.
Ethnic (folk) - folklore musical works of different peoples, emphasizing the identity of an ethnos, nation, tribe.
Variety (light) - entertainment music intended for relaxation.
Jazz - the performing traditions of American blacks rethought by Europeans, based on the synthesis of African and European musical elements.
Rock - music of small vocal and instrumental groups of young people, characterized by the obligatory presence of percussion and electro-musical instruments, primarily guitars.
Vanguard (experimental) - direction in professional composing in the XX century.
Alternative - new musical compositions or performances (sound performances, "performances"), fundamentally different from all types of music known today.
The types of music can also be determined by the function that it performs: military, church, religious, theater, dance, film music, etc.
Or by the nature of the performance: vocal, instrumental, chamber, vocal-instrumental, choral, solo, electronic, piano, etc.

Each type of music has its own genres. Consider for example genres of instrumental music.
Instrumental music Is music performed on instruments without the participation of a human voice. Instrumental music is symphonic and chamber music.
Chamber music - compositions intended for performance in small rooms, for home, "room" music-making. Chamber music has great potential for conveying lyrical emotions and subtle states of mind. The genres of chamber music include sonatas, quartets, pieces, quintets, etc.
Sonata Is one of the main genres of instrumental chamber music. Usually consists of 3 (4) parts.
Etude - a piece of music designed to improve the technical skills of playing the instrument.
Nocturne (fr. "night") - the genre of a small one-part melodious lyric piece for piano.
Prelude (lat. "introduction") - a small instrumental piece. Improvisational introduction to the main piece. But it can also be an independent work.

Quartet - a piece of music for 4 performers.
Within each of the types of music, their own styles and directions can arise and develop, which are distinguished by stable and characteristic structural and aesthetic features: classicism, romanticism, impressionism, expressionism, neoclassicism, serial production, avant-garde, etc.

Choreography

Choreography is the art of dance.

Spectacular (mixed or synthetic) arts

Theatre

A spectacular art form, which is a synthesis of various arts: literature, music, choreography, vocals, fine arts and others.

Puppet show
Types of theaters: dramatic, opera, ballet, puppet, pantomime theater, etc. The art of theater has been known for a long time: the theater was born from the most ancient ritual festivals, in allegorical form, reproducing natural phenomena or labor processes.

Opera

An art form in which poetry and dramatic art, vocal and instrumental music, mimicry, dancing, painting, scenery and costumes.

Teatro alla Scala (Milan)

Stage

An art form of small forms, predominantly of a popular and entertainment trend. The stage includes the following directions: singing, dancing, circus on stage, illusionism, conversational genre, clownery.

Circus

A type of entertainment art, according to the laws of which an entertaining performance is built. The content of the performances of the modern circus is a demonstration of tricks, pantomime, clowning, reprise, demonstration of exceptional abilities, often associated with risk (physical strength, acrobatics, balancing act,), trained animals.

Cinematography

A type of entertainment art, which is also a synthesis of the arts: literature, theater, dance, visual arts (decoration), etc.

Ballet

A kind of performing arts; a performance, the content of which is embodied in musical and choreographic images. The basis of a classical ballet performance is a certain plot, a dramatic concept. In the XX century. a plotless ballet appeared, the drama of which is based on the development inherent in music.