The orchestra is a group of musicians playing various tools. But it should not be confused with the ensemble. This article will tell what kinds of orchestras are. And their composition musical instruments will also be consecrated.

Varieties of orchestras

The orchestra differs from the ensemble in that in the first case, the same tools are combined into groups playing in unison, that is, one common melody. And in the second case, each musician is a soloist - playing his party. "Orchestra" is a Greek word and translated as a "dance floor." It was located between the scene and the audience. The choir was located on this platform. Then she became similar to modern orchestral pits. And over time, musicians began to be located there. And the name "Orchestra" got the teams of instrumental executors.

Types of orchestras:

• Symphonic.
• String.
• Wind.
• Jazz.
• Pop.
• Orchestra folk instruments.
• Military.
• School.

Composition of instruments different species The orchestra is strictly determined. Symphony consists of a group of strings, drums and winds. String and brand orchestras consist of tools corresponding to their names. Jazz may have a different composition. The pop orchestra consists of brass, strings, drums, keyboards and

Varieties of choirs

Choir is a big ensemble consisting of singers. Artists must be at least 12. In most cases, the choir acts accompanied by orchestras. Types of orchestras and choirs are distinguished. There are several classifications. First of all, the choir is divided into types of votes. It can be: female, male, mixed, children's, as well as boys choirs. The manner of execution distinguishes folk and academic.

And also choirs are classified by the number of performers:

• 12-20 people - vocal choral ensemble.
• 20-50 artists - chamber choir.
• 40-70 singers - medium.
• 70-120 participants are a big choir.
• Up to 1000 artists - consolidated (from several teams).

By his status, the choir is divided into: educational, professional, amateur, church.

Symphony Orchestra

Not all kinds of orchestras include this group include: violins, cello, alta, double bass. One of the orchestras, which includes a string-bored family, is a symphony. It will meet several different groups of musical instruments. To date, two types of symphonic orchestras distinguish: small and large. The first of them has a classic composition: 2 flutes, as many frames, clarinets, braes, pipes and a horn, no more than 20 strings, occasionally a lie.

Maybe any in composition. It can include 60 and more string tools, tubes, up to 5 trombones of different timbres and 5 pipes, up to 8 French horn, up to 5 flutes, as well as braes, clarinets and scenes. It may also include such varieties from the brass group, like the Oboe d Amur, Piccolo Flute, Contrafagot, English Horn, Saxophones of All Types. A huge amount may be included in it impact tools. Often, a large symphony orchestra includes an organ, piano, harpsichine and harp.

Brass band

Almost all types of orchestras have in their composition. This group includes two varieties: copper and wooden. Some types of orchestras consist only of wind and shock tools, such as brass and military. In the first species, the main role belongs to the cornets, mountains of different types, tubes, baritone euphoniums. Secondary instruments: trombones, pipes, horn, flutes, saxophones, clarinets, baroes, bassotes. If the brass orchestra is large, then in it, as a rule, all tools are increased in quantities. Harves and keys can be added very rarely.

The repertoire of the brass bands includes:

• Machi.
• Ballroom European dances.
• Opera Aria.
• Symphony.
• Concerts.

The brass bands protruding most often on open street venues or accompany the procession, as they sound very powerful and bright.

Orchestra of folk instruments

The repertoire includes mainly essays folk character. What are their instrumental composition? Each nation has his own. For example, the Russian orchestra includes: balalaiki, husli, domra, pity, whistles, accordions, ratchets, and so on.

Military orchestra

The terms of the orchestras consisting of brass and percussion instruments have already been listed. There is another variety that includes these two groups. These are military orchestras. They serve in order to voice the solemn ceremonies, as well as to participate in concerts. Military orchestras are two species. Some consist of copper winds. They are called homogeneous. The second type is mixed military orchestras, they, among other things, have a group of wooden winds in their composition.

Music is, first of all, sounds. They can be loud and quiet, fast and slow, rhythmic and not very ...

But each of them, each sounding note, somehow definitely affects the consciousness of a person who listens to music, on his mental state. And if it is orchestral music, then leave someone else, she will definitely can't!

Orchestra. Types of orchestras

The orchestra is called the combined musicians playing on musical instruments of works that are designed specifically for these tools.

And on what this composition, the orchestra has various musical abilities: on the timbre, dynamics, expressiveness.

What types of orchestras exist? The main one is:

• symphonic;
• instrumental;
• orchestra of folk instruments;
• wind;
• jazz;
• pop.

There is also a military orchestra (performing military songs), school (as part of which schoolchildren) and so on.

Symphony Orchestra

This type of orchestra in its composition contains string, brass and percussion instruments.

There is a small symphony orchestra and big.

Small is the one that plays the music of composers of the end of the XVIII - early XIX centuries. In its repertoire there may be modern variations. The big symphony orchestra differs from the small amount of more tools into its composition.

As part of the small necessarily present:

• violin;
• alto;
• cello;
• double bass;
• lays;
• french horn;
• pipes;
• litavra;
• flutes;
• clarinet;
• oboe.

The following tools are included in the big:

• flutes;
• goboes;
• clarinets;
• contraneagotes.

By the way, in its composition it may be up to 5 instruments of each family. And also in the Big Orchestra are present:

• french horn;
• pipes (bass, small, alte);
• trombones (tenor, tenorbasy);
• tuba.

And, of course, percussion instruments:

• litavra;
• bells;
• small and large drum;
• triangle;
• plate;
• indian tames;
• harp;
• piano;
• harpsichord.

A feature of a small orchestra is the fact that string instruments in it about 20, while in the big - about 60.

Manages the Symphony Orchestra conductor. He artistically interprets the work performed by the orchestra with the help of the score - a complete note record of all parties of each instrument of the orchestra.

Tool orchestra

This type of orchestra is different in its form that it does not have a clear number of musical instruments of certain groups. And he can perform any music (unlike symphony orchestrawhich performs exceptionally classic).

There are no specific types of tool orchestras, but it is conventionally related to the pop orchestra, as well as an orchestra performing the classics in modern processing.

According to the historical reference, instrumental music began to actively develop in Russia only under Peter the first. She, of course, had a western influence on himself, but she was no longer under such a ban, as in earlier times. And before it came to such that it was not forbidden to play, but burned musical instruments. The church believed that they had no soul, no heart, and therefore they could not glorify God. And therefore instrumental music developed mainly among the simple people.

Play in the instrumental orchestra on flute, lyre, kifara, swirls, pipe, bobbin, tambourine, trombone, drawing, rim and other musical instruments.

The most popular instrumental orchestra of the 20th century is the Orchestra of the Moria field.

He was his conductor, head, arranger. His orchestra played a lot of popular musical works of the 20th century, as well as its own essay.

People's Orchestra

In such an orchestra, the main tools are folk.

For example, for the Russian national orchestra, the most typical are: domra, balalaiks, huslies, accordions, harmonics, pranks, swirls, the horns of Vladimir, tambourines. Also, additional musical instruments for such an orchestra have a flute and oboe.

For the first time, the People's Orchestra appeared at the end of the XIX century, the organizer of which V.V. became Andreev. This orchestra toured a lot and was widely popular in Russia and beyond. And at the beginning of the 20th century, folk orchestras began to appear everywhere: in clubs, with cultural palaces, and so on.

Brass band

This type of orchestra assumes that its composition includes various brass and percussion instruments. It happens: small, medium and large.

Jazz orchestra

Another orchestra of this species was called Jazz Band.

It includes such musical instruments: saxophone, piano, banjo, guitar, drums, pipes, trombones, double bass, clarinets.

In general, Jazz is a direction in music that has developed under the influence of African rhythms and folklore, as well as European harmony.

For the first time jazz appeared in the south of the United States at the beginning of the XX century. And soon spread in all countries of the world. Motherland is musical direction developed and complemented new characteristic featuresthat appeared in a different region.

At one time in America, the terms "Jazz" and " popular music»Have the same semantic value.

Jazz orchestras began to actively form in the 1920s. And those of them remained up to the 40s.

In these music bands Participants came, as a rule, in adolescence, fulfilling their specific batch - bored or by notes.

The peak of the glory of jazz orchestras is considered to be the 1930s. The leaders of the most famous jazz orchestras were: Arti Shaw, Glenn Miller, and others. Them musical works They sounded at that time everywhere: on the radio, in dance clubs, and so on.

Currently, jazz orchestras and melodies, written in the style of "Jazz" are also very popular.

And although species of musical orchestras there are more, the article considers the main ones.

Fedorov Veronika and Vasyagin Alexander

Presentations made in the framework of the project "in the world of musical instruments"

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The varieties of the orchestors fulfilled the student of grade 7 B Fedorov Veronica

The symphony orchestra is symphonic called an orchestra made up of several heterogeneous groups of instruments - a family of violins, wind and drums. The principle of such an association was formed in Europe in the XVIII century. Initially, the symphony orchestra included a group of bow tools, wooden and copper brass instruments, which were adjacent to a few shock musical instruments. Subsequently, each of these groups expanded and diversified. Currently, among a number of varieties of symphony orchestras, it is customary to distinguish between a small and large symphony orchestra.

A small symphony orchestra is an orchestra mainly classic composition (playing music of the end of the 18th - early XIX century, or modern stylization). In its composition 2 flutes (rarely small flute), 2 oboe, 2 clarinet, 2 Baby, 2 (rare 4) French horn, sometimes 2 pipes and litales, string group no more than 20 tools (5 first and 4 second violins, 4 viola, 3 cello, 2 double bass).

The big symphony orchestra includes mandatory trombones in a copper group and can have any composition. Often, wooden tools (flutes, baroes, clarinets and baggages) reach 5 instruments of each family (clarinets sometimes and more) and include varieties (small and alcohol flutes, Amur-Oboe and English Oboe, small, altove and bass clarinets, counterphagot). The copper group may include up to 8 French horn (including the Wagner's special tubes), 5 pipes (including small, alt, bass), 3-5 trombones (tenor and tenorbasy) and tube.

The brass orchestra is a brass orchestra called an orchestra consisting solely of wind and shock tools. The basis of the brass orchestra is copper wind instrumentsThe leading role in the spirit of the orchestra among copper brass instruments have the latest copper brass instruments of the group of flughelgorn groups - soprano-flugulgs, corps, altgores, tonorgores, baritone euphoniums, bass and double bass tubes, (only one double bass tube is used in the Symphony Orchestra).

Based on their foundations are superimposed by parties of the tubes, horn, trombones. Also in wind orchestras are used wooden wind instruments: flutes, clarinets, saxophones, in large compositions - Goby and Fagotes. In large oven orchestras, wooden tools are repeatedly doubled (like stringed in the symphony orchestra), varieties are used (especially small flutes and clarinets, English Oboe, Alto and Bass-Clarinet, sometimes double bass clarinets and counterparts are quite rarely used altogether flutes and amurgoei).

The wooden group is divided into two subgroups like two subgroups of copper winds: Clarino-Saxophone (bright Sound Sound Tools - They are slightly larger in quantity) and a group of flutes, shops and feeds (weaker sound than clarinets, bunk and whistle tools) . The horn group, pipes and trombones are often divided into ensembles, species pipes are used (small, rarely alte and bass) and trombones (bass). In such orchestras there is a large group of drums, the basis of which is all the same Litavra and the "Jancharsk group" Small, cylindrical and large drums, plates, triangle, as well as tambourine, cassays and there.

String orchestra String Orchestra is essentially a group of broken string tools of the symphonic orchestra. The string orchestra includes two groups of violins (first violins and second violins), as well as altas, cello and double bass. This type of orchestra is known from the XVI-XVII century.

IN different countries The orchestra was distributed, composed of folk instruments, performing both translating works written for other compositions and original writings. As an example, the Orchestra of Russian Folk Instruments can be called, which includes the tools of the Domr and Balalak family, as well as huslies, bayans, pity and other tools. The idea of \u200b\u200bcreating such an orchestra was proposed at the end of the XIX century by Balalatechik Vasily Andreev. In some cases, such an orchestra additionally introduces tools that are not actually relating to the folk: flutes, bobbs, various drums.

Pop Orchestra Pop Orchestra - team of musicians performing pop and jazz music. The pop orchestra consists of string, winds (including saxophones), keyboard, shock and electrical displacement tools.

Pop-symphonic orchestra - a large instrumental composition capable of combining the performing principles of various species music art. The pop part is presented in such compositions of the rhythm group (impact installation, percussion, piano, synthesizer, guitar, bass guitar) and full big band (pipe groups, trombones and saxophones); Symphony - large group Strings of broken tools, a group of wooden winds, licrites, harp and others.

The precursor of the estate-symphony orchestra was the symphodzhaz arising in the USA in the 20s. And creating a concert style of popular-entertainment and dance and jazz music. Domestic orchestras L. Teplitsky ("Concert Jazz-gang", 1927) were in line with Symfodzhaz ("Concert Jazz Band", 1927), State Jazz Orchestra (1937). The term estate-symphony orchestra appeared in 1954.

Jazz orchestra Jazz orchestra One of the most interesting and peculiar phenomena of modern music. Arriving later than all other orchestras, he began to influence other forms of music - chamber, symphonic, music of wind orchestras. Jazz uses many of the tools of the symphony orchestra, but has the quality radically distinguished from all other forms of orchestral music.

The main quality that distinguishes jazz from European music is a big role of rhythm (much bigger than in the military march or waltz). In this regard, the Luba Jazz Orchestra has a special group of tools - the rhythm section. The jazz orchestra has another feature - jazz improvisation leads to the vagueness of its composition. However, there are several types of jazz orchestras (approximately 7-8): Chamber Combo (although it is the area of \u200b\u200bthe ensemble, but it must be specified, since it is the essence of the action of the rhythm section), the chamber ensemble Dixieland, the yaja jazz orchestra - Big Band , Large jazz orchestra without string - Big Band, a large jazz orchestra with string (non-symphonic type) - advanced Big Band, Symphodized Orchestra.

The rhythm section of all kinds of jazz orchestra usually includes shock, stringed pinch and keyboard tools. This is a jazz percussion installation (1 performer), consisting of several rhythm plates, several accent plates, several volume volumes (or Chinese, or African), pedal plates, small drums and a special kind of large drum of African origin - "Ethiopian (Kenyan) barrel "(Her sound is much softer Turkish large drum).

Military orchestra Military orchestra - a special staffing military unit intended for the execution of military music, that is, musical works in the construction of troops, during the departure of military rituals, solemn ceremonies, as well as for concert activities. There are homogeneous military orchestras consisting of copper and shock tools, and mixed, including a group of wooden wind instruments. The leadership of the military orchestra carries out a military conductor.

In the West, the device of more or less organized military orchestras belongs to the XVII table. With Louis, the XIV orchestra consisted of twigs, braes, injections, pipes, Litavr, drums. All these tools were divided into three groups, rarely connected together: dudes and drums, pipes and litwords, baroes and baggage. In the XVIII century, the clarinet is introduced into the military orchestra, and military music gets a melody value. Before the beginning of the XIX century. Military orchestras both in France and in Germany included in themselves, besides the above-mentioned tools, horn, surprises, trombones and Turkish music, that is, a large drum, plates, triangle. The invention of the piston (valve, or the so-called standing valve, the button that operates the mechanism that opens the spare tubes, or crowns attached to the brass copper tool) for copper tools (1816) has a big impact on the development of the military orchestra: the pipes, cortets appeared , Bugelgorn, officers with pistons, tubes, saxophones. It should be mentioned about the orchestra consisting only of copper tools (fanfare). This orchestra uses in the cavalry shelves. The new organization of military orchestras from the West has moved to Russia.

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"Orchestra varieties." Completed the student 7A class Vasyagin Alexander.

Orchestra. The orchestra (from Greek. Ορχήστρα) is a large team of instrumental musicians. Unlike chamber ensembles, in the orchestra, some of its musicians form groups playing unison.

Symphony Orchestra. The symphony orchestra is a large team of musicians, for the execution of academic music mainly by the Western European tradition. The Cymphonic Orchestra consists of tools whose history is inextricably linked with the history of music western Europe. Music that is written in the Symphony Orchestra (also called "Symphonic"), as a rule, takes into account the style that has developed within the European musical culture. The basis of the symphony orchestra is four groups of tools: stringed bow, wooden and copper brass, drums. In some cases, other instruments are included in the orchestra.

Symphony Orchestra.

Brass band. Spiritual Orchestra - Orchestra, consisting of brass and shock tools. The basis of the brass orchestra is the latest and conventional copper brass tools - cortets, flugulgs, euphoniums, alta, tenors, baritons, bass, pipes, horn, trombones. Also in wind orchestras are used wooden wind instruments: flutes, clarinets, saxophones, in large compositions - Goby and Fagotes. At the beginning of the XIX century, under the influence of "Yanychar Music" in brass orchestras, some shock musical instruments appeared, primarily a large drum and plates giving the orchestra a rhythmic basis.

Brass band

String orchestra. The string orchestra is essentially a group of broken strings of the symphonic orchestra instruments. The string orchestra includes two groups of violins (first violins and second violins), as well as altas, cello and guitar doubles. This type of orchestra is known from the XVI-XVII century.

String orchestra.

Orchestra of folk instruments. In various countries, the orchestra was distributed, composed of folk instruments, performing both translating works written for other compositions and original writings. As an example, an orchestra of Russian folk instruments can be called, including in its composition the tools of the Domr and Balalak family, as well as huslies, bayans, pranks ratchet whistles and other tools. The idea of \u200b\u200bcreating such an orchestra was proposed at the end of the XIX century by Balalatechik Vasily Andreev. In some cases, such an orchestra additionally introduces tools that are not actually relating to the folk: flutes, baroes, various bells and many percussion instruments.

Orchestra of folk instruments.

Pop Orchestra. The pop orchestra is a team of musicians performing pop and jazz music. The pop orchestra consists of stringed, winds (including saxophones, usually not represented in the brass groups of symphony orchestras), keyboard, shock and electrical tools.

Pop Orchestra.

Jazz orchestra. Jazz orchestra is one of the most interesting and peculiar phenomena of modern music. Arriving later than all other orchestras, he began to influence other forms of music - chamber, symphonic, music of wind orchestras. Jazz uses many of the tools of the symphony orchestra, but has the quality radically distinguished from all other forms of orchestral music.

Jazz orchestra.

Military orchestra. Military orchestra, Spirit Orchestra, which is a regular division of the military unit.

Military orchestra.

School orchestra. A team of musicians, as a rule, a teacher of primary musical education, as a rule, consisting of students from students. For musicians is often the starting point of their further musical career.

School orchestra.

Dictionary Efremova

Orchestra

1. m.
   1. A group of musicians, together performing a musical work on various tools.
   2. :
      1. Ensemble of musical instruments.
      2. Party of the ensemble of musical instruments in complex musical works.
   3. Place before the scene, where the musicians are placed.

Culturalology. Dictionary dictionary

Orchestra

a large team of musicians, jointly performing musical works. Depending on the composition of the musical instruments, orchestras are distinguished: a symphony, consisting of brook, wind and shock tools; String (or chamber) - from the bow tools; brass - out of windows (wooden, copper and drums); different kinds orchestras of folk instruments, pop, jazz, etc.

encyclopedic Dictionary

Orchestra

(from Orhestra), team of musicians (12 people or more), playing various tools and jointly performing musical works. Term "orchestra" In 17-18 centuries. Replaced the term common in Europe "Capella". According to the composition of the orchestra string, folk instruments, brass, symphony, etc.; By genre sign - pop, jazz, military. The chamber orchestra is characterized by a small number of performers.

Dictionary of Ozhegov

ORC E.Page but, m.

1. A group of musicians, together performing musical works on various tools. Symphony, brazova, string, jazz o. Chamber about. O. folk instruments.

2. Place in front of the stage platform, where musicians are placed.

| arr. orchestral, Aya, OE. Orchestra music. Orchestra pit (Initial place for the orchestra ahead of the scene).

Dictionary Ushakov

Orchestra

orc pages, orchestra, husband. (from greek. Orchestra is a place for dance before the scene).

1. Ensemble of musical instruments. Concert of the Symphony Orchestra. Piece for string orchestra. Brass band.

| The team of instrumental music performers. Played orchestra.

| The batch of the ensemble in complex musical works ( mUZ.). Concerto for piano and orchestra.

2. Premises for musicians in the Opera Theater. Places in the orchestra.

Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language

Orchestra

French - Orchestre.

German - Orchester.

Italian and English - Orchestra.

Latin - ORCHESTRA (place for dancing).

In Russian, the word "orchestra" is known since the middle of the XVIII century., Probably came from French.

IN Ancient Greece The orchestra called the dancing space in front of the audience or choir. IN Ancient Rome The orchestra called the forefront in the theater intended for senators and noble citizens. In Russia, the orchestra began to call the place where the musical ensemble was located, and then the musical ensemble itself.

Derivative: orchestral.

Encyclopedia Brockhaus and Ephron

Orchestra

(Orchestra - Greek.) - In the modern theater, the room for performers musicians, between the scene and the auditorium. This name has passed on to the instrumental music performers, as well as the composition of the tools on which participating in O. orchestra or tool are played - it means to write an essay for the orchestra (see tools). A. It is big and small. The large modern symphony orchestra includes all orchestral instruments currently used (see tool); In the Small O. enter the string group, flutes, clarinets, baroes, bassotes, horn and fighters. There is still string O., compiled exclusively from string instruments. Military OU concludes only brass and percussion instruments. They also speak about O. XVII Art., O. Handel, Beethoven, etc., for the meaning of the nature and composition of O. and orchestration of one or another time, of one or another composer. The composition of O. XVII Art. It was entered, for example, lute, cymbals, harp, who were subsequently excluded from it. With Francesco Cavalli begins the rise of the values \u200b\u200bof the violins as the instruments of the steering. I received a completely new meaning. When Iosif Haidne and later composers (see tools).

N. S.

Dictionary of musical terms

Orchestra

(c. Orchestra - playground in front of the scene in ancient Greek theater)

1. The place in front of the scene, in which the choir was located in ancient Greece, accompanied the scenic effect of the tragedy.

2. Place in front of the scene in the music theater, where the orchestra is placed (orchestral pit).

3. The team of instrumental musicians united to jointly execute music.

The composition of the orchestra is divided into such basic types:

1) Symphonic - Small or Classic; Large symphonic (opera-symphonic). These orchestras include tools of all groups.

2) String - consisting only of string tools.

3) Brass - consisting of wooden and metal brass and shock groups: small (copper), small mixed, medium mixed, large mixed.

4) orchestras of folk instruments - Russian, Ukrainian, Kazakh, Uzbek, etc., Neapolitan orchestra.

5) Noise orchestras, which includes mainly percussion instruments.

6) Pop Orchestras.

7) Orchestras of electrical tools.

The development of the orchestras was determined by the evolution of instruments (invention of new, improvement of old, disappearance of obsolete, etc.), the development of orchestral execution, changes in orchestral thinking of composers. The creativity of L. Beethoven, G. Berlioz, R. Wagner, N. Rimsky-Kororsakov, I. Stravinsky, A. Scriabin, Mahler, and others, presented a big impact on the development of orchestras, I. Stravinsky, A. Scriabin, Mahler, and others. power tools, use of the tape recorder, separation of orchestras to spatial groups, etc.

Orchestra (from Greek. Orchēstra is a platform in front of the scene in ancient Greek theater)

a large team of musicians playing various tools and jointly executing the works written for this composition. The line between O. and instrumental ensemble (See ensemble) is not quite clear, however, if in the ensemble each party is performed by one musician, for O. It is characterized by the execution of at least some parties with several one-type tools in unison. The highest form O. is the symphonic O., which includes strings, wooden and copper brass, as well as shock tools. O. of homogeneous composition - String O., Spirit Orchestra. One of the varieties of O. - Chamber O., differing from a symphonic smaller number of performers, often the same as the execution of each party is entrusted to one performer. In connection with the special purpose of the performing teams, Military Oh. (Duhovova O., porously expanded and mixed composition), Pop O. Multiple Form O. Folk Tools. A special phenomenon represented a horny orchestra to which the concept of "O." Not quite applicable.

Obtained at the turn of 16-17 centuries., Symphony O. passed a long path of development. In the compositions of the first O. Stringed Bowls (Families of Violins, Viol) and Pedgles (Lute, Harp) Tools prevailed; The harpsichine or organ constituted the basis of the T. N. Continuo groups (keyboard tools, cello, double bass, sometimes Bassoon). Episodically appeared wind instruments. Only to the con. 18 V. There was a classic O., which is also called small symphonic. Usually in such an O. included 8-10 first and 4-6 second violins, 2-4 viola, 3-4 cello, 2 double bass, windows wooden tools - 2 flutes, oboe, clarinet, fagota (t. N. Paired composition ), 2 French horses, 2 pipes and litwords were added later. For such composition, the late symphonies of Hydena and Mozart are written, most of the symphonies of Beethoven, some symphonic works of Glinka. Subsequent development of symphonic O. 19 V. For a long time went along the way to expand its composition and increasing the number of performers. Appeared by t. N. Big Symphonic O., which differs from small inclusion of 2-3 trombones and tubes. An important contribution to the development of O. was made by G. Berlioz, R. Wagner, R. Straus, Mahler, as well as P. I. Tchaikovsky, N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, I. F. Stravinsky. For the enrichment of colorful opportunities in O., additional instruments with the sound of a special timbre began to be introduced - small, alte and bass flutes, English Horn, Oboe D "Amur, Gekkelphone, Small Clarinet, Basetgorn, Bass Clarinet, Saxophone, Contrafagot, Harp, Chelesta, Frothepyano, organ, etc., various drums, folk instruments. R. Wagner introduced in the "Ring of Nibelung" Quartet of French, Bass pipes. To perform many orchestral scores of the beginning of the 20th century., for example, some Opero R. Strauss, provided by O. The number of more than 100 people. Another big scale O. reaches from the city of Malera, one of whose symphonies (No. 8) is nicknamed "symphony of thousands of participants" (includes a large symphonic O., soloists and 3 choir) . In the 20th century, the opposite tendency developed - to the use of modest orchestral compositions. In this case, in connection with the differentiation of parties of homogeneous tools, the scores often turns out to be no less complicated.

The location of the performers of the modern symphonic O. is directed towards achieving a jurisdiction. In the 50-70s. 20 V. I received the spread of "American seating": the first and second violins are placed on the left, right - altas and cello, in depths - wooden and copper brass, double bass, on the left - drums.

LIT: Kars A., Organization history, per. from English, M., 1932; Rogal-Levitsky DM., Modern orchestra, vol. 1-4, M., 1953-56; Bekker P., The Orchestra, 2 ED., N. Y., 1963.

I. A. Barsova.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

Synonyms:

Watch what is "orchestra" in other dictionaries:

- (Greek ORCHESTRA). 1) Anyone is connected. Multiple tools together. 2) Place in the theater where musicians are placed. Vocabulary foreign wordsincluded in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. Orchestra Greek. Orchestra. a) the composition of the choir of musicians ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

orchestra - A, m. Orchestre m., it. Orchester Lat. Orchestra gr. 1. Ensemble of musical instruments. Bass 1. Piece for string orchestra. BAS 1. 2. A group of musicians, jointly performing a musical work on different tools. Bass 1. ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicalism Russian Language

- (from Orhestra) team of musicians (12 people or more), playing various tools and jointly performing musical works. The term orchestra at 17 18 centuries. Replaced the term chapel common in Europe. According to the composition ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Basic information genres ... Wikipedia

- (from the Greek Orhestra), the team of musicians (12 people or more), playing various tools and jointly performing musical works. Thermal orchestra in 17th of the 18th centuries. Replaced the term Capella's common in Europe. By… … Modern encyclopedia

Orchestra, orchestra, husband. (from Greek. Orchestra place for dance before the scene). 1. Ensemble of musical instruments. Concert of the Symphony Orchestra. Piece for string orchestra. Brass band. || The team of instrumental music performers. ... ... Explanatory Dictionary Ushakov

Chapel, Gamelan, Taraf, Orchestrick, Banda, Persimfans, Ensemble Dictionary of Russian Synonyms. Orchestra SUBS., Number of synonyms: 10 ensemble (38) ... Synonym dictionary

- (Orchestra Greek) In the modern theater, the premises of formissants of performers, between the scene and the auditorium. This is the named on the instrumental music performers, as well as on the compilers on which participating in O. ... ... Encyclopedia Brockhaus and Ephron

Orchestra, a, husband. 1. A group of musicians, jointly performing musical works on various tools. Symphony, brazova, string, jazz o. Chamber about. O. folk instruments. 2. Place in front of the stage platform, where ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Husband., ITAL. Complete music columns, for a joint game that in voice music choir; | Wardful in the theater and generally arranged wherever a place for musicians. Orchesting music, decompose the voices to all musical implements. Dictionary… … Explanatory dictionary of Daly

A large team of musicians, jointly performing musical works. Depending on the composition of the musical instruments, orchestras are distinguished: a symphony, consisting of brook, wind and shock tools; String (or Chamber) - ... ... Encyclopedia of cultural studies