I. 1. It is most convenient to check the case endings of adjectives by asking which question? in the right case, since the endings of adjectives and the question are the same. The exception is the nominative (and similar accusative) case of the singular masculine.
In the nominative case of the singular in the masculine gender, it is written -oy (with stress on the ending), -y
or -y (when stressed on the basis); in the feminine form
or -ya; in the middle gender oe or -ee, for example: bright blue (green) color; bright blue paint; bright blue dress. In the plural of all three genders, -s or -s are written, for example: bright blue (colors, paints, dresses).
In the instrumental case of the singular number of masculine and neuter adjectives, the ending is written -th or -im (answers the question which one?), And in the prepositional om or -em (answers the question which one?), for example: they made their way gloomy, dense (what ?) forest; they talked about a gloomy, dense (about what?) forest.
In the accusative case of the singular feminine adjectives, the ending -oy or -yu is written
(answers the question which one?), but in the creative oh or
-ey (-oy or -ey) (answers the question which one? which one?), for example: I see a beautiful morning (what?) dawn; I admire the beautiful (oh) morning (her) (what? what?) dawn.
In possessive adjectives in -y, -ya, -ye (hunting, hunting, hunting) ь is written in all forms, except for the nominative (and similar accusative) case of the singular masculine (hunting), for example: hunting dog, hunting rifle , hunting adventures, etc.
In the short form of masculine singular adjectives, after hissing ь is not written: burning, brilliant.
236. Write off. For adjectives, put in brackets the question to which they answer. Underline the endings.
Sample. In the blue (in what?) sky the stars shine.
I. 1) Summer .. day that winter .. week. 2) Good., The thing has been living for two centuries. 3) Yesterday .. you can’t turn back the day. 4) In agreement., The herd of the wolf is not terrible. 5) Hood, you can't catch fish with a net.
6) Bottomless .. you can’t fill a barrel with water. 7) On the island, there is a lot of mowing. 8) In the summer .. night, the dawn converges with the dawn. 9) You can’t hide in thorny bushes.
(Proverbs)
II. 1) The fog was driven away by the morning breeze. (Ch.) 2) Through last year's .. Bur., foliage, tall grasses grow in some places. (T.) 3) The company of hunters spent the night in fresh hay. (Ch.)
It smelled of rain and fresh, hay. (Ch.) 5) The chaise screeched at the slightest .. movement. (Ch.) 6) In the late .. night over the tired., The village is unawakening. (N.) 7) A rumble from the pr..morning .. wind stretched along the tops of the forest. (Kor.) 8) With enormous .. force, Nagulnov pushed the lion .. shoulders, .m the door. (Shol.) 9) Davydov sat at the table for a long time in a gloomy .. think about it .. . (Shol.)
Write off, matching the adjectives in brackets with the nouns they refer to.
1) The Dnieper was silvery, like (wolf) wool in the middle of the night. (G.) 2) We saw amazing things at the (bird) market. (Are.) 3) The Sitsa River is considered a (good, hunting) place. (Are.) 4) He [Sobakevich] knocked over half of the (lamb) side to his plate, ate everything, gnawed, sucked to the (last) bone. The (mutton) side was followed by cheesecakes. (G.)
To complete the resemblance, his tailcoat was completely (bearish) in color. (G.) 6) The next day, at 8 o'clock in the morning, Anna got out of one of the (driver's) carriages and called at the large entrance of her (former) house. (JI. T.) 7) The hunter inspects the (wolf and fox) trails in advance. (Ax.) 8) (Wolf) howling gears sang. (Paust.) 9) Already behind the mountain (dense) the evening beam went out, the hot spring barely sparkles with a jet (rattling). (JI.) 10) A mustachioed (landlord) huntsman, waving across the ditch on a (nimble) horse, beats off the road from the dogs. (N.)
Write off, replacing the full forms of adjectives with short ones. When (before or after the substitution) is the statement more categorical?
1) Frost burning. - Frost is burning. 2) The wind is sharp and fresh. 3) Borscht is hot. 4) The chintz is rather sticky. 5) The motive of the song is sluggish and viscous. 6) The answer is witty, brilliant.

(hare, hare, hare, hare, hare, hare, hare, hare, hare, hare). The exception is the nominative and accusative masculine singular (hare).

Adjectives ending in –chi (seeing, wandering) are written differently in case forms. Due to the absence of the suffix yot in oblique cases, the soft sign in such words is not. For example, a sighted pirate with a stray dog.

The words intercity, suburban, suburban are exceptions and end in -th, -th (suburban, intercity, suburban), -th (suburban, intercity, suburban), -th (suburban, intercity, suburban), due to a change in solid types of inclination. The words boundless, out-of-town change according to a mild variety of declension and end in -y, -ee (endless, out-of-town), -ya (endless, out-of-town), -ye (endless, out-of-town). The spelling of these words must be memorized.

According to the materials of the site www.gramma.ru, based on the research of D. E. Rosenthal, adjectives ending in -yny, in the nominative case of the masculine singular have a short form that ends in -en. For example, slender - slender.

Sources:

• www.gramma.ru

A noun is a part of speech denoting objects (a barrel, a building, a hat), as well as animated beings (a woman, a deer, an elephant) or phenomena (rain, radiance, freedom). In a sentence, a noun is either an object or a subject.

You will need

• Knowledge of the laws of word formation in Russian, the ability to distinguish a prefix, root, suffix and ending in a word.

Instruction

Check out what is called in the help ending. The ending or, in other words, inflection is the variable part of the word, usually located at the end, after the root (hence the name). By the end in you can determine the person, gender, case and number.
Decline the noun "carpet" by numbers:
"Carpet" (singular) - "carpets" (plural).
The ending in the plural is "ы". Note that the vowel "ё" in this word is "fluent", i.e. when putting a word into a certain form of a letter. Including when declining along:
Nominative case - "carpet-0" (The ending is zero, the root is "carpet")
Genitive case - “carpet-a” (Ending “a”, root “carpet”)
Dative case - "carpet-u"
Accusative case - "carpet-0"
Instrumental case - "carpet-om"
Prepositional case - "about the carpet"
Changed part of the word and will be considered ending.

Pay attention, nouns in the nominative case, masculine, pl. numbers may end in "a" or "i" instead of the "s" or "i" expected by the rules of declension. For example, "stog" - "stack". There are also possible cases of variability in the use of words in the nominative plural. For example, "instructors - instructors". And in the plural case, some nouns can have a zero ending, “ov”, “ev” or “ey”. For example, boots (zero ending), tangerines (ending "ov"), nails (ending "her"). It is worth mentioning another 10 dissimilar nouns cf. genders that end in "me". In dative, genitive and prepositional units. numbers, the ending of these nouns of the third declension is “and”, and in the instrumental case, the ending of the second declension is “eat / eat”. These include the burden, stirrup, udder, time, seed, crown, banner, name, flame, tribe.

Strengthen the skill of determining the ending in a noun by highlighting it in the following words.
Box, mountains, pencil case, window, trains, pullover, ship, camera, wagon, movement, hurricane, tire, elements, house, owner, horseshoe, thunder, water, freedom, accusation, hammer, work, trees, hut, sky, crane, glow, ceilings, caramel.

note

In nouns there is a special form of endings - zero. It is not expressed by sound and no letters are used to denote it, but it also indicates the grammatical relationship of the noun with the rest of the words in the sentence.

Helpful advice

Practice highlighting the endings in the words of other parts of speech - verb, adjective, participle. At the same time, do not forget that in Russian there are parts of speech that do not have an ending - a gerund and an adverb.

Tip 3: How to check the unstressed ending of a noun

The name and the correct spelling of the endings are studied at school. Over time, simple rules are forgotten and errors begin to appear. Remember what you need to do to check for an unstressed the ending name noun.

Instruction

Names differ by gender: male, female, middle. The ending of a noun depends on the case and on the declension. To the ending, first determine the declension of the noun. Repeat: 1st declension - male, female, gender, endings A, Z; 2nd declension - male. genus null the ending, 3rd declension - female. genus null the ending.

Next, determine the case of the noun. If the word is written in the genitive case and refers to the first declension - Y-I; second declension - A-Z; the third declension - I. If the word is in the dative case of the first declension - E; second declension - U-Yu; third declension - I. If the word is in the prepositional case of the first declension - E; second declension - E; third declension - I.

If the noun of the first declension in name the literal case ends with A, in the prepositional and dative singular write E - about water (e), about galley (her), to young man (e). If the noun is feminine in name the telative case ends in FL, in the genitive and dative cases write I. For example, from arm(s) to discussion(s). The same rule applies to proper names - to Mari(i), o Mari(i).

(Check by question!)

From a noun ask a question to an adjective definegenus, case.Write in the adjective the same ending as in the question.

	Husband. and Wed.					Plural
	oh, oh,	oh, her	ya, ya		th, ye
	wow, him			oh she		uh, them
	wow, him			oh she		ym, im
	oh, oh	oh, her	wow, wow		th, ye
	ym, im			oh / oh /, her/her		ymy, im
	om, em			oh she		uh, them

Do like this: sangwow apples - appleseye (aswow ?) ripe - cf., r., R.p. goalbogo lakes, beautifulwow tree, bluehis sky.

24. Spelling of the endings of the verbs of the 2nd person singular.

In the endings of verbs of the 2nd person singular. spelled b - writeeat , knockish .

Do like this: cheateat - 1sp., 2l., unit,riceeat, danceeat , ghouleat

25. Spelling of unstressed verb endings.

endings verbs can be defined byindefinite form.

Conjugation of verbs in the present tense

	I conjugation		II conjugation
				Mn. number
Unspecified the form	All verbs in t, et, at, ot, ut, except for exception verbs, + shave, lay, build		All verbs in it, except for verbs of exceptions, + drive, hold, breathe and hear, depend, see, hate, and also look, twirl and offend, and endure .

To correctly write an unstressed ending of a verb, you need:

put the verb in the initial form.

define conjugation.

check conjugation by 3rd person plural

(what are they doing?... if –at - yat, then we write And at the end)

determine the ending of the given verb.

Do like this: strictthem - build 2 sp, 2l, pl. holdingthem, dragthem , kupthem

26. Spelling o and e in the endings of nouns after hissing and c.

In the endings of nouns of the instrumental case, after hissing and c, it is written under stressabout, but no accent. ball about m, shower e m.

Do like this: drawingabout m, trumpeterabout m, starlingabout m. Volchitse th, titse th, wheate th.

27. Spelling -tsya and -tsya in verbs.

what is he doing?orwhat will he do? ,then the verb is in the 3rd person and in it before -sya the soft sign is not written.

what's upno ? daretsya ; what did you dono ? dissolvetsya

If the verb answers the questionwhat to do? what to do?,then this verb is in an indefinite form and in it before - xia is written a soft sign.

what's upbe ? dareesya ; what did you dobe ? Pleasedesya

- In the indefinite form of the verb after the letterh the soft sign is always written.

stereowhose , cut.

Do like this: the goose nibbles ..sya - the goose (what does it do?) nibbles;

stop being handsome ... stop - stop (what to do?) show off

28. Spelling s and and after c.

Letterand afterc written in the roots of words and in words ontion .

quote, operating, discipline.

Letters afterc it is written:

 in endings and suffixes:

martensun , birdss

 in the roots of words - exceptions:

gypsy, chick, chick, chick, chick.

29. 0-E after sibilants and q in noun endings.

Under stress, write the letter - O, without stress - E.

sheep ladder

cloud ball

hut roof

cloaked comrade

watchman's drawing

30. Spelling of suffixes -ek-, -ik- in nouns.

If you change the number, the vowel disappears, then write with the letter E:

Lock - lock and

handkerchief EC- handkerchief To and

nut - nut and

sheet - sheet and

key IR- key IR and

garden - garden and

31. The composition of the word.

Write out the word. Break it down by composition.

For example: the trip

Ending (change number or form)

stem (part of a word without ending)

Root (pick up a few words with the same root)

Prefix (before root)

Suffix (after root)

Do like this: trip a - trip, trip, ride, ride.

32. Analysis of the proposal

a) By members of the proposal.

Underline the main parts of the sentence

write the words in pairs with questions.

Do like this: gray-hairedmists are floating to the clouds.

fogs (what?) gray

mists (what are they doing?) are floating

float (where?) to the clouds

b) Parts of speech.

Decide what part of speech each word is.

For example:

adj. noun ch. pr. noun

Beautiful birds perched on a branch.

How to correctly perform phonetic parsing of a word (sound - letter)

What does it mean to decline? List the parts of speech that are inflected.

Declension is a change in cases. All names are declined: nouns, adjectives, numerals. Only nouns are divided into three declensions, while other names do not have such a division. Pronouns, which are also declined, do not have it either.

Let's decline the phrases: winter day, winter weather, winter morning.

I.P. (what?) winter day, winter weather, winter morning

R.P. (what?) winter day, winter weather, winter morning

V.P. (what?) winter day, winter weather, winter morning

D.P. (why?) WINTER DAY, WINTER WEATHER, WINTER MORNING

T.P. (what?) in a winter day, in winter weather, in a winter morning

P.P. (about what?) about a winter day, about winter weather, about a winter morning

You notice that the question suggests the ending of the adjective, but not always exactly. In the question of the nominative and accusative cases of the masculine gender, the ending is -oy, and in the words -y, or -y: which one? snowy, winter.

There is no coincidence even when in a word before the ending there is not a hard consonant, as in the question, but a soft one: what UUU? -winter; about what? - about winter.

There are also orthograms in the endings of the genitive case of the masculine and neuter genders: in place of the sound (B), the letter (G) is written, and at the end, the letter O.

These spellings are unverifiable, you can not emphasize each one separately, but the entire ending (th) (it).

2. Rules for declension of adjectives

1. Adjectives have endings similar to the endings of the interrogative word what: with a good (how and m?) mood, about an interesting (how about th?) book, etc.

2. Possessive adjectives in -y, -ya, -e, -i (fox, fox, fox, fox) in all cases, except for the nominative and the accusative case of the masculine singular, similar to it, are written with ь: fisherman, fisherman, fisherman, fisherman, fisherman, about fisherman; fishermen, fishermen, fishermen, fishermen, fishermen, about fishermen. Note 1. Possessive adjectives are formed from nouns with the help of the suffix -j- (yot), the indicator of which in indirect forms is the dividing b. Note 2. Possessive adjectives in -i should be distinguished from adjectives in -i of the recumbent, combustible type, in which ь is not written in oblique cases, since they do not have the suffix -j-; cf .: recumbent, recumbent, recumbent, recumbent, etc.

3. Adjectives suburban, intercity, suburban change according to the solid variety of declension and are written with the endings -th, -th, -th, -th, etc.; adjectives boundless, out-of-town change in a mild variety of declension and are written with the endings -й, -я, -е, -е, etc. The forms long-distance and out-of-town, endless are obsolete and are not currently recommended for use.

4. Adjectives ending in -yny have a short form in -en in the nominative case of the masculine singular: sultry - sultry, calm - calm, slender - slender.

3. Training exercises

1. We decline word combinations: Difficult long-distance journey, difficult long-distance road. I.P. (what?) Difficult long-distance journey, difficult long-distance road.

R.P. (what?) Difficult long-distance journey, difficult long-distance journey

Vp (what?) Difficult long-distance journey, difficult long-distance road

D.p. (what?) Difficult long-distance way, difficult long-distance road

T.P. (what?) Difficult long-distance way, difficult long-distance road

P.P. (about what?) about a difficult long journey, about a difficult long journey

2. Working with text. Insert missing letters.

1) From cloudy ... .. high .... the sky occasionally fell lone snowflakes.

The sky (what?) overcast, high

2) Clean ... white ... the earth was covered with a tablecloth.

Tablecloth (what?) Clean, white.

3) Here is an old .... stump slammed on his forehead fluffy ... furs ... hat.

The stump (what?) is old. Hat (what?) fluffy, furry. memo“How to recognize letters in unstressed endings of adjectives?” 1. Find the noun on which the adjective depends. 2. Put a question to the adjective in the form required by the noun. 3. Find out the letter by the stressed ending in the question. (Be aware of possible mismatches)

1. Kalenchuk M.L., Churakova N.A., Baikova T.A. Russian language 4: Academic book / Textbook.

2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O. Russian language 4: Ballas.

3. Lomakovich S.V., Timchenko L.I. Russian language 4: VITA_PRESS.

1. The culture of writing ().

1. Fill in the table by entering the correct endings of adjectives.

light ... streak	on the top floor
early...morning	white ... birch
to the evening ... train	blue ... light
beyond the blue ... by the sea	cheerful ... songs
winter weather	high… building
snowball	smart ... man
brave... partisans	black ... cloud
bottom shelf	in a new ... house
good... student	along the snowy road
on fragile ... ice	in warm ... fur coats

2) Write the text, changing the endings of adjectives according to the meaning, highlight them, indicate the case. Tall (th) century (th) pines with red (th) mighty (th) trunks stood gloomy (th) army. They tightly closed at the top with green peaks. In the damp corners, tall green grasses stretched with tall stalks.

3) A) Make sentences with the words - green leaves, dense trees, sonorous streams in the genitive and prepositional cases. b) Sort the adjectives according to their composition.

4) *Compose a text-description on a free topic, using various adjectives with various case endings.

How to check the unstressed case ending of an adjective? Give an example.

1. 
   Example:
   The woodpecker treated himself to delicious spruce cones. #8594; treated himself to (what?) cones TP, cones (what?) Delicious.

   Masculine adjectives in the nominative and accusative cases answer the question what? and have the endings -th, -th.

   Masculine: what? -oh, -th, -th: dashing, brave, great

   Middle gender: what? -oh, -ee: white, blue

   Example: There was a funny clown in the circus. #8594; there was (who?) a clown IP, a clown (what?) brave. m. IP

   The masculine and neuter adjectives in the genitive case answer the question of what? and have endings -th, -his: near, cheerful.

   Serezha called his beloved puppy #8594; called (whom?) Puppy RP, puppy (what?) Beloved. m. RP

   Adjectives of the masculine and neuter gender in the dative case answer the question (which one?) and have endings -om, -him: beautiful, near.

   We arrived at a beautiful building. #8594; we drove up (to what?) to the building of the DP, the building (what?) beautiful. with. R. DP

   The masculine and neuter adjectives in the instrumental answer the question (what kind?) have the ending -th, -him: good, cheerful.

   The plane was flying over a huge city. #8594; flew over (what?) the city of TP, the city (what?) Huge. m. TP

   The masculine and neuter adjectives in the prepositional case answer the question (about what?) and have the endings -om, -em: about cheerful, about neighbor.

   I talked about my favorite writer. #8594; told (about whom?) about the writer PP, the writer (what?) Favorite. m. PP

   Feminine adjectives in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases answer the questions what? and have endings -oy, -ey. beautiful, older.

   She was a cheerful girl. #8594; was (by whom?) a TP girl, a (what?) cheerful girl. well. R. TP

   In the instrumental case, there can also be endings -oy, -ey.

   Feminine adjectives in the accusative case answer the question which one? and have endings -th, -yu.

   They went to an evening disco. #8594; Let's go (where? to what?) to the VP disco, to the evening disco (which one?). well. R. VP

2. for questions
3. the case is usually determined by the question, for example: how (oh) big (oh)
4. inclinations
5. You must first determine the gender and case of the noun, so the same applies to the adjective.
6. on QUESTIONS it is necessary to do.
7. Hard(s), prickly(s), bare(s), spruce(s), snow(s), purple(s), red-breasted(s), silver(s).
8. right
9. questions to be done
10. Unstressed case endings of adjectives are written in the same way as stressed ones, except for masculine adjectives in the nominative case.

    In order to correctly write the unstressed ending of an adjective, you need to find in the sentence the noun to which this adjective belongs and determine its gender and case. Then remember the ending of the adjective in this case. Next, compare the ending of the adjective and the ending of the question it answers.
    Example:
    

11. on questions
12. In Russian, the spelling of unstressed endings of adjectives can be checked by question. In some cases, the correct spelling of a word should be remembered as exceptions.
13. Instruction
    1
    The case endings of adjectives are often consonant with the endings of the question they answer. To check the ending of an adjective, put the question word what? For example, about (what?) A silk shirt, without (what?) a question word, at (what?) Affectionate call.
    2
    Possessive adjectives are formed from nouns with the help of a separating soft sign (suffix yot). Adjectives with the endings i (hare), -ya (hare), -i (hare), -e (hare) are written with a soft sign in all cases (hare, hare, hare, hare, hare, hare, hare, hare, hare, about hare). The exception is the nominative and accusative cases of the masculine singular (hare).
    3
    Adjectives ending in chi (sighted, wandering) in case forms are written differently. Due to the absence of the suffix yot in oblique cases, the soft sign is not written in such words. For example, a sighted pirate with a stray dog.
    4
    The words interurban, suburban, suburban are exceptions and end in th, -th (suburban, interurban, suburban), -th (suburban, interurban, suburban), -th (suburban, interurban, suburban), due to a change in solid variety declination. The words boundless, out-of-town change according to a mild variety of declension and end in ij, -ee (endless, out-of-town), -ya (endless, out-of-town), -ye (endless, out-of-town). The spelling of these words must be memorized.
    5
    According to the materials of the site www.gramma.ru, based on the research of D.E. Rozental, adjectives ending in yyy, in the nominative case of the masculine singular, have a short form that ends in en. For example, slender build.
14. everything is right
15. Unstressed case endings of adjectives are written in the same way as stressed ones, except for masculine adjectives in the nominative case.

    In order to correctly write the unstressed ending of an adjective, you need to find in the sentence the noun to which this adjective belongs and determine its gender and case. Then remember the ending of the adjective in this case. Next, compare the ending of the adjective and the ending of the question it answers.
    Example:
    The woodpecker treated himself to delicious spruce cones. treated himself to (what?) cones TP, cones (what?) Delicious.