Classic portrait - view visual artsdepicting a person or several people. This is a similar image of a person on paper or canvas, with the goal of not only expressing his appearance, but also showing emotions, character traits, life values, and so on. It is also worth noting that drawing a face is the most difficult process in art. Talented painter should highlight the main personal aspects, determine the most characteristic features and emotions of a person, show his values \u200b\u200bin life.

The answers to the question of what types of portraits are there may be different. It is customary to distinguish portraits by genres and subgenres, subject matter, and technique. They can depict a person up to the chest, up to the waist, in full height, or show your face in close-up. The kind of portraits in painting also differs in how the face is positioned. According to the position, a person can be shown in full face or from the face, in a three-fourths turn or in profile.

What are the genres and subgenres of portraits

The answer to the question of what are the types of portraits begins with their division by genre. Intimate, ceremonial, chamber portraits are distinguished by genres. Self-portrait is distinguished as a separate genre, which involves the artist's image of himself. In general, the portrait today is an independent art genre that does not need additional description.

In addition to all this, sub-genres are also distinguished, in which there are portraits in drawing people. They embody a direction that is somehow connected with the characteristics of other genres of portraiture. If you do not know what types of portraits are, then information on this can very easily be found on specialized sites. For example, a historical portrait is associated with old times. For example, a person can be dressed in clothes in the spirit of a certain historical era, and a corresponding entourage can be created. A costumed portrait is often used, suggesting unusual attributes and an interesting image, in many ways reminiscent of a theatrical performance.

What are the techniques for painting portraits

Portraits, like other paintings, can vary greatly in technique. What are the types of technique portraits? So, they can be painted in oil on canvas, dry brush, crayons, pencil and so on. The oil on canvas technique is one of the most popular of all that there are portraits. This process is quite laborious, it requires a lot of patience, accuracy, attentiveness. famous artist... The oil portrait style has a very rich history, and today it is also very famous all over the world, as well as what portraits are. Over time, the so-called operational techniques of work, quick sketches, charcoal, pencil, sepia, become popular. Also popular are watercolor, pastel, dry brush.

A portrait in painting is a form of depicting a human form in which the face is the central part of the image. Traditionally, they depict the face and shoulders of a person in full growth. There are several varieties: traditional, group or self-portrait. The portrait painting is specially painted in order to show the character and unique characteristics of a person.

The history of development

Among the great painters portrait painting - the old masters of the Renaissance of Italy: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Bronzino, Raphael, Titian. To the north of the Alps, on the territory of Germany, Flanders, worked Jan van Eyck, a representative of Dutch painting, German portrait painters Lucas Cranach the Elder and Hans Holbein the Younger.

Later works belong to the brush of Rembrandt, Anthony Van Dyck, Velasquez Thomas Gainsborough. Paintings in the romantic, classical, abstract styles of the 19th - early 20th centuries are represented by works by Gericault, Manet, Cezanne, Van Gogh, Gauguin, Picasso, Auerbach, Modigliani. The largest collection of portrait painting is presented at the National Portrait Gallery in London - about 200,000 paintings.

Ancient times

The portrait genre was viewed as public or private art for the elite. In the ancient Mediterranean civilizations of Egypt, Greece, Rome and Byzantium, art was associated with funeral rites, the worship of the gods, or a form of demonstrating the greatness of a ruler. The genre existed in the form of a sculptural image, frescoes. Private orders were carried out for the royal families of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece. Portrait art was public, intended for decoration in public places, reflecting mores and religious values.

Examples of portraits from ancient Egypt: sculpture of Mikerin, Akhenaten and his daughter, a bust of Nefertiti. Greek sculptural images: a marble bust of Socrates, numerous busts, reliefs and statues of Greek gods from Aphrodite to Zeus. Paintings were painted on the walls, although none have survived completely. An exception is the Fayum series of portraits near Cairo in Egypt.
Roman art was based on practical political necessity. Busts of all emperors, from Julius Caesar to Constantine, were displayed in public places throughout the empire to honor power.

Middle Ages and Renaissance art

With the onset of the Dark Ages of the Middle Ages, the portrait genre is losing its influence. Painting served the needs of the church: frescoes were depicted on the walls of temples, painted in books, as miniatures, illustrated manuscripts of the Gospel.

The only major philanthropist for most of medieval era there was a church. Examples of works from this period: icons from the monastery of St. Catherine, portraits of evangelists and apostles in Celtic Christian manuscripts. In the Romanesque and Gothic periods until the 14th century, the genre expanded its influence on stained glass (Chartres Cathedral and Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris).

The Byzantine painting style, which dominated from 450 to 1400, is not compatible with the norms of the art of painting. Artists believed that the spiritual and human qualities of the figure are more important, and the image of a person should be conveyed symbolically. The first realistic works are by Giotto.

Representatives of the Dutch and German Renaissance, including Jan van Eyck, Roger van der Weyden, Lucas Cranach and Hans Holbein, worked in oils to create realistic images of a person.
By 1500, female and male portraiture had become one of the main genres of painting.

Renaissance art manifested itself in new painting ideas:

• linear perspective,
• light and shade,
• humanism,
• volumetric image transfer.

The consequence of the appearance of ideas is an increase in the quality of painting. But the church retained its hold on the visual arts.

In the 16th century

During the 16th century, a hierarchy of painting genres was developed, based on the topic:

1. Historical, religious;
2. Portraits;
3. Household;
4. Landscaping;
5. Still lifes.

The artists sought to enhance the credibility of the genre. The beginning of the Reformation era, and then the Counter-Reformation, turned painting into an instrument of political and ideological influence. For the 16-17 centuries, the most representative portraits are images of the kings of European states.

In the 18th - 19th centuries

The visual arts genre expanded its influence significantly during the 18th and 19th centuries. This was due to several factors: the versatile use of oil and canvas; an increase in the volume of trade, which formed a large group of wealthy traders and landowners; use of works as a way of fixing the visual appearance of a person and families. Children's portraits are popular. A portrait in the 19th century is a photo for modern man... The development of the genre was suspended by the invention of the camera.

The best portrait painters of the 18-19th century were Angelica Kaufmann and Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun, the first brilliant artists in the history of painting.

The genre of female and male romantic portraiture, which became very popular in 19th century England, is illustrated by the paintings of Sir Edwin Landseer - his work is one of the most striking masterpieces of the fine art of the Victorian era.

In the 20th century

The 20th century was the time of the collapse of the classical hierarchy of genres, as new ways of displaying reality, new themes and problems appeared.

After a series of Expressionist works, advances in photography, film and video turned the portrait into a useless anachronism.

The exception is the famous works of Picasso, for example, the portrait of a woman by Gertrude Stein.
Post-war events, the influence of computer technology, the media, scientific progress, new materials for the work of painters appear - fine art with acrylic, silk-screen printing, creativity with aluminum paint, collage, mixed types of painting. The trend towards restoring male and female portraits in their proper place in the hierarchy of genres is illustrated in the pop art paintings of Andy Warhol, whose prints of Elvis Presley, Marilyn Monroe, Jacqueline Kennedy, Elizabeth Taylor and Mao Tse-tung became a model for the development of the genre in the second half of the 20th century.

The latest innovation in the development of the genre is hyperrealism, in which American and European artists work. The goal of the style is to create a new reality that will completely resemble the world around it, will be a copy of a photograph of a nonexistent place on the planet.

Varieties of portraits

Religious

Distributed in the Middle Ages in Western art. Includes images of the gods of ancient polytheistic religions, biblical heroes. Examples of paintings: Ghent Altarpiece by Jan van Eyck, Lamentation of the Dead Christ by Mantegna, Sistine Madonna by Raphael, Venus Urbino by Titian.

Historical

Images of great rulers, kings, military leaders, artists. "Pope Leo X with cardinals" by Raphael, ancient Roman and ancient Egyptian images of rulers, "Thomas Cromwell" by Hans Holbein, "Portrait of Pope Innocent X" by Velazquez. Within the framework of the historical view, a political, child, and male portrait develops.

Celebrity images

The works of artists in this type of portrait cover a wide period of time. In the center of the canvas were singers, actors, writers. Within this type, there is a caricature as a form of portrait art.

Nude

Developed from antiquity to modern times. Famous works: portraits of women "Sleeping Venus" by Giorgione, "Venus Urbino" by Titian.

Custom portraits

Works that were commissioned by famous people - nobles, rulers, to perpetuate themselves in history, a child's portrait is popular. This type of easel art flourished during the high Italian Renaissance.

Genre meaning

The genre of fine arts continues to develop, revives in various forms, thanks to modern technologies. Despite the popularity and availability of cameras, the genre in question has not lost its relevance.

Portrait (derived from the French word portrait) is artistic image a person with the transfer of his inner world.
In a portrait, a person can be depicted up to the chest, up to the waist, up to the hips, up to the knees, in full growth.
In the portrait, there can be a different turn of the head: in full face, in a quarter turn to the right or to the left, in half turn, in three quarters, in profile.
The portrait format can be different: rectangular vertical, rectangular horizontal, square, oval or round.
The portrait is divided by size: miniature portrait, easel portrait (painting, graphics, sculpture), monumental portrait (monument, fresco, mosaic).
The portrait is divided according to the method of execution: oil, pencil, pastel, watercolor, dry brush, engraved, miniature, photographic, etc.
The portrait can be painted in different styles: academicism, realism, impressionism, expressionism, modernism, abstractionism, surrealism, cubism, pop art, etc.

There are different classifications portrait:

Self-portrait - a graphic, pictorial or sculptural image of the artist, made by himself using a mirror or a system of mirrors.

Allegorical portrait - a kind of costume portrait, in which the image of the person portrayed is presented in the form of an allegory.

Military portrait - a kind of ceremonial portrait - a portrait in the image of a commander.

Group portrait - a portrait that includes at least three characters.

Child portrait

Donator portrait - a kind of religious portrait in which the person who made the donation was depicted in the picture (for example, next to Jesus).
Donator (from Lat. Donator - giver) - the customer, organizer and patron of the construction of a Catholic church, or the customer and donor of a work of fine or decorative art decorating the temple.

In the photo - Piero della Francesca "Altar of Montefeltro". On the right, on his knees, the donor is the Duke of Montefeltro.

Female portrait

Individual portrait - a portrait that includes one character.

Intimate portrait - a chamber portrait with a neutral background, expressing the trusting relationship between the artist and the person being portrayed.

Historical portrait - a portrait of a historical figure.

Chamber portrait - a portrait using a half-length, chest or shoulder image of a person. Usually, in a chamber portrait, the figure is presented against a neutral background.

- (derived from Italian caricare - to exaggerate) - a satirical or humorous portrait.

Colossal portrait - a portrait of a huge size (usually in sculpture).

Equestrian portrait - a kind of ceremonial portrait.

Fancy dress portrait - a portrait in which a person is presented in the form of an allegorical, mythological, historical, theatrical or literary character... Typically, the names of such portraits include the words "in the form" or "in the image."

Coronation portrait - a solemn image of the monarch on the day of accession to the throne, in coronation regalia, usually in full growth.

Teacher's portrait - a kind of religious portrait in which the person who made the donation was depicted in the picture.
Ktitor (from the Greek κτήτωρ - owner, founder, creator) - a person who has allocated funds for the construction or repair of an Orthodox church or monastery, or for its decoration with icons, frescoes, objects of decorative and applied art.
In the photo - Ktitor Radiva with his family and Metropolitan Kalevit with a model of the church (Kremikovsky Monastery).

- a portrait of a small format (up to 20 cm), usually watercolors, ink or production graphics: etching, lithography, woodcut, etc.
A miniature portrait can be intimate or ceremonial, have a plot basis or not. As in a large portrait, the depicted face can be placed against a neutral, landscape background or in an interior. And although a miniature portrait obeys the same basic laws of development and the same aesthetic canons as the entire portrait genre as a whole, it differs from it both in the essence of the artistic solution and in its area of \u200b\u200bapplication - the miniature is always more intimate.

- a kind of costume portrait, in which a person is presented as a mythological character.

Male portrait

Hunting portrait

Ceremonial portrait , a representative portrait- a portrait showing a person in full growth, on a horse, standing or sitting. Usually in a ceremonial portrait, the figure is given against an architectural or landscape background.

Depending on the attributes, the ceremonial portrait is: coronation; throne; equestrian; military in the guise of a commander.
A hunter's portrait adjoins the ceremonial one, but it can also be intimate.

Companion portrait - two portraits painted on different canvases, but coordinated with each other in composition, format and color. Usually paired portraits depict spouses.

- a kind of ceremonial portrait, in which the person portrayed is usually shown to the waist and with a lot of accessories.

Portrait painting - a portrait, where the person being portrayed is presented in a semantic and plot relationship with the surrounding household items, nature, architecture, people, etc.

Walking portrait - a portrait of a walking man against the background of nature. This type of portrait originated in England in the 18th century and gained popularity in the era of sentimentalism.

Posthumous portrait, retrospective portrait - a portrait taken after the death of the depicted people from their lifetime images or entirely composed by the author.

Family portrait

Soviet portrait -the image of the new man, the builder of communism, the bearer of such qualities as collectivism, socialist humanism, internationalism, revolutionary purposefulness.

Throne portrait - a kind of ceremonial portrait - a solemn image of a monarch sitting on a throne.

Cartoon - a satirical or good-natured humorous image, in which, while observing external similarities, the most characteristic features of a person are changed and highlighted.

Since the social position of the person being portrayed influenced certain methods of presenting his image, sometimes the class principle was used in the classification:

• merchant portrait
• portrait of a clergyman
• clown portrait
• portrait of a poet

© Material prepared by ART-SPb studio

Genres
visual arts
Portrait
Types and types
portrait.
Description of the portrait.
Author:
© Evgenia Kuprina
MHC and history teacher
visual arts
MOU school number 124 g. Samara

Portrait

(from French - to depict,
transfer "hell to hell")
Is an image of a person
or groups of people
really existing,
or existing in the past.

The most important feature of the portrait is
likeness
Images
with original
not only EXTERNAL,
but also the INTERNAL

Portrait analysis

Task number 1
Example
Portrait analysis
1. The kind of art to which
portrait applies
2. Purpose of the portrait
3. Number of characters
4. Characters in the portrait
5. Position of the character
6. Turning the character's head

The type of art to which the portrait belongs

Art form,
A portrait happens:
to which the portrait belongs
graphic
graphics
photographic
photographic art
picturesque
painting
sculpture
sculptural
jewelry
jewelry
art

Purpose of the portrait

ceremonial portrait
chamber portrait

Number of characters in the picture

portrait
one
human
portrait
two
man
portrait
three
and more
man
/double
or double /
/group/

Portrait characters

child
male
female
mixed

The position of the character in the picture

full length

The position of the character in the picture

full length
generational

The position of the character in the picture

waist
full length
generational

The position of the character in the picture

waist
full length
chest
generational

The position of the character in the picture

waist
full length
chest
generational
head

The position of the character in the picture

seated nature
standing nature
lying nature

Character head turn

at three o'clok
quarters "
in front
or
"full face"
in
"profile"

Portrait analysis

Before us
Portrait analysis
Attributes:
Picturesque
Ceremonial
Double family
portrait
Men and women
Generated portrait,
man pictured
standing and the woman
sitting in a chair
Woman face
depicted almost
"Full face", and the face
men - in "three
quarters "
building layout
compass
box with needlework

ANALYSIS OF THE PORTRAIT. Tasks.

Sources of materials (text and images):
Volume 7. Portrait
Year of issue: 2003 Format: CD-ROM 3000 images
ISBN: 5-94865-008-1 Publisher: Directmedia Publishing
Volume 20. Masterpieces of World Painting: 11,111 reproductions
Year of issue: 2004 Format: DVD-ROM 11111 images
ISBN: 5-94865-023-5 Publisher: Directmedia Publishing
Great Encyclopedia of Painting COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD

Publisher: TRIADA
Great Encyclopedia of Painting Louvre
Year of issue: 2002 Format: CD-ROM
Publisher: TRIADA
ENCYCLOPEDIA of foreign classical art
Year of issue: 1999 Format: CD-ROM
Publisher: "KOMINFO"
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF FINE ARTS
Year of issue: 2004 Format: CD-ROM
Publisher: "Discovery"

1
2
4
3
5
6

Bust of Peter I.
K.B. Rastrelli,
Russia. 1723.
Bronze.

Portrait of Jan Brueghel
A. Van Dyck, Flanders. 17th century

Portrait of Peter I.
A. Ovsov, Russia.
1725. Copper, enamel

Child with
whip.
Renoir O., France.
1885. Oil on canvas

Portrait of Catherine II.
Levitsky D.G.,
Russia. 1783 g.
Canvas, oil

Catherine II on
walk.
Borovikovsky V.L.,
Russia.
Canvas, oil

Ceremonial portrait
the image of a person in the center of the picture,
full-length, in formal clothes, with attributes
authorities or social status, in
solemn atmosphere
designed for large viewing
number of viewers

Chamber portrait
image of a person on
neutral background, often belted,
chest or shoulder
variety is intimate
full-length portrait on
neutral background
was originally intended for
viewing by a narrow circle of viewers

It is no coincidence that the portrait is considered one of the most difficult and significant genres of fine art. “The progress of painting,” Hegel asserted, “starting with its imperfect experiments, consists in finalizing the portrait.

A portrait is not just an image of a person, where the task of external similarity comes to the fore, but a complex study of the psychology of a person, the inner world of the person being portrayed. Perceiving a portrait image, penetrating into the thoughts and feelings of the depicted person, we comprehend not only the person himself, but also the world around him through the prism of his feelings and thoughts.

The artist's job is to convey characteristic features a person and identifying both typical, socially significant, and individually valuable.

The specific features of the artistic means in the portrait genre, its patterns and forms were developed in the process of historical development.

There are two main types of portraits: intimate and ceremonial. Each of them in the process of historical development has undergone significant changes, but the principle of artistic-figurative reflection remained unchanged.

It should be noted that the word "intimate" means deeply personal, inner, intimate, but it does not follow from this that intimacy in a portrait means the isolation of a person from the world around him: it certainly finds its reflection, refracting through something deeply personal that the artist conveyed in a portrait. The psychology of the portrayed is of particular importance in an intimate portrait. The main task here is to study the personality of a person, to convey his most characteristic features, which requires the artist, first of all, to deeply penetrate the personality of the person depicted.

The artistic form of an intimate portrait is also determined by compositional features. These are, as a rule, small-sized paintings, where the compositional knot is the face of the person to whom the artist assigns the leading role. An intimate portrait is rarely contextual. This is usually a figure, and most often a half-length image on a neutral background, which makes it possible for the artist to focus on the face and eyes, to accentuate the main thing through them, to trace the plastic features of the structure of the head and convey the character of a person through these features.

For example, in "Portrait of V. Bryusov" by M.A. Vrubel depicts the poet standing, with his arms crossed on his chest. The background of the portrait is a sketch of some composition by Vrubel himself. Restless, broken lines, as it were, frame Bryusov's face, bringing in an emotional mood, a feeling of anxiety. And at the same time, the poet appears surprisingly calm, spiritualized, there is not even a hint of inner breakdown and hopelessness inherent in the mood of many artists and writers of that time. A balanced composition (the figure is located in the center), a natural hand gesture - all this gives a feeling of great inner strength and confidence. V. Bryusov's face is unusually expressive. By the depth of penetration into the image, by the power of expression, this portrait drawing by Vrubel rightfully belongs to the best graphic portraits in Russian art.

A ceremonial portrait is a less common phenomenon in contemporary art... The very word "splendor" in relation to a portrait is sometimes used in a negative sense, although this is not always true. A ceremonial portrait is a certain type of portrait genre, which has its own goals of regularity. The history of art provides us with examples of remarkable works of this kind. Suffice it to mention the names of D. Velasquez, A. Van Dyck, D. Levitsky, P. Rubens, in whose work the ceremonial portrait was not the last.

Great importance was attached to the ceremonial portrait by V.A. Serov. It was here that he was looking for a "great style" in art, for example, portraying M.N. Ermolov, he presents to the viewer a great actress, whose work is full of high civic ideals. This is the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe work, and the artist insistently sought to convey it to the viewer. Compositionally, the portrait is constructed in such a way that Ermolova seems to be erected on a pedestal. When depicting a figure, the artist chose a lower point of view and painted while sitting on a low bench. The figure of Ermolova fits into the space of the canvas with a clear silhouette, is easy to read and conveys the greatness of the actress with all convincingness.

A ceremonial portrait is a portrait that reveals one particular feature of a human personality in connection with its position in society, special merits in a certain field of activity, etc. Naturally, the very ideological content of this kind of portrait requires special means of embodiment. The ceremonial portrait is distinguished primarily by the monumentality of the solution. We see this in the portrait of Yermolova, and this is also characteristic of the "Portrait of F. Chaliapin" by V.A. Serov.

The idea of \u200b\u200ba portrait, born as a result of an emotional attitude towards a person, penetration into his psychology, philosophical understanding depicted, requires in each case its own compositional and technical means of expression.

There are different types of composition in the portrait genre. This is a head, a half-length portrait, a full-length figure, a group portrait.

A striking example of a group portrait is the work of P.D. Korin "Portrait of artists M. Kupriyanov, P. Krylov, N. Sokolov". The idea of \u200b\u200bthe portrait - to show the artists - fighters as a single creative team, united by an understanding of their task - also determined the composition of the picture. The artists are sitting at a work table, which depicts sketches, jars of bright paints, flutes; in the background are posters created by artists during the war. Intense color, built on the contrasts of black red and blue flowers, creates the necessary emotional mood of the picture. We see different people united by the artist into a single image.

The main task of a portrait is to create a specific image of a person, to convey it characteristic features, which requires the artist, first of all, to deeply penetrate into the personality of the person depicted, to convey an individual appearance, to reveal the essence of his character. And despite the fact that the transfer of individually unique features of the model is an indispensable condition for a portrait. The artist's task is to generalize, to identify typical features while preserving the expressive features of a particular person.

The need to convey individual similarity is determined by the very factor of the existence of a portrait; outside of similarity there cannot be a portrait as an independent genre.