Atamanov Dmitry, a student of the MOAU "Gymnasium No. 2" Balakovo
This material is additional for preparing for a literature lesson when studying the work of N.V. Gogol
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Gallery of landowners N.V. Gogol " Dead Souls»
"Dead Souls" - a work by the Russian writer Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, the genre of which the author himself designated as a poem. Originally conceived as a three-volume work. The first volume was published in 1842. The almost finished second volume was destroyed by the writer, only separate chapters in drafts survived. The third volume was conceived and not started, some information about it remained. Pushkin was allegedly told, as Colonel Liprandi testified, that no one dies in the town of Bendery (where Pushkin was twice). The point is that in early XIX century, quite a lot of peasants fled to Bessarabia from the central provinces of the Russian Empire. The police were obliged to identify the fugitives, but often unsuccessfully - they took the names of the dead. As a result, not a single death was registered in Bendery for several years. An official investigation began, which revealed that the names of the dead were given to fugitive peasants who did not have documents. Many years later, Pushkin, creatively transforming a similar story, told Gogol. The documented history of the creation of the work begins on October 7, 1835. In a letter to Pushkin dated this day, Gogol first mentions Dead Souls: “I started writing Dead Souls. The plot stretched out into a long novel and, it seems, will be very funny. » N. V. Gogol "Dead Souls"
Manilov, at the first meeting, makes a pleasant impression of a cultured, delicate person. But already in this cursory description one can hear the famous Gogol irony. This is evidenced by the book, bookmarked on the fourteenth page for two years, and the comparison of his eyes with sugar. In the guise of this hero, sugary sweetness clearly appears. Manilov's penchant for refined, florid turns of speech speaks of his desire to appear as an enlightened, highly cultured person. But these outwardly courteous manners cannot hide the emptiness of his soul. All Manilov's occupations consist in meaningless dreams, stupid and impracticable projects. This idea is also suggested by the description of his estate, which is Gogol's most important device for characterizing landowners. What is the owner, such is the estate. At Manilov, disorder and ruin reign in the village. This impression is exacerbated by the description of the landscape with a predominance of an indefinite, gray color. One involuntarily recalls the author's characterization of people like Manilov: "neither this nor that", "neither in the city of Bogdan nor in the village of Selifan". Landowner Manilov
The character of Manilov is fully expressed in his speech and in the way he behaves during the deal with Chichikov. Gogol comically describes Manilov's confusion. Realizing that the proposal of the dearest guest is clearly contrary to the law, he is unable to refuse such a pleasant person. His concern finds expression in the reflection on whether this negotiation will be inconsistent with civil regulations and future views of Russia? The comical situation lies in the fact that a person who does not know how many peasants have died from him, who does not know how to organize his own economy, shows concern for the policy of the state. And such people are the ruling class of Russia! Landowner Manilov
Another type of landowner appears before us in the form of a Box. The surname Korobochka metaphorically expresses the essence of her nature: thrifty, distrustful, timid, dull-witted, stubborn and superstitious. The name and patronymic of Korobochka - Nastasya Petrovna - resembles a fairy-tale bear and points to the "bear corner" where Korobochka has climbed, the seclusion, narrow-mindedness and stubbornness of the landowner. The pettiness of Korobochka, the animalistic limitation of her interests solely to care for her own household, is emphasized by the bird-animal entourage around Korobochka. The landowners living near Korobochka are Bobrov, Svinin. IN folklore tradition the birds mentioned in connection with the Box (turkeys, chickens, magpies, sparrows) symbolize stupidity, senseless troubles. Unlike Manilov, she is economic and practical. She knows the price of a "penny" well. Therefore, she is so afraid to sell cheap, selling Chichikov an unusual product. All the arguments of an enterprising businessman are shattered by her indestructible "clubhead" and greed. Landowner Korobochka Nastasya Petrovna
Fear of being deceived to sell cheap makes Korobochka go to the city to find out the price of "dead souls", equipping a tarantass, "rather like a fat-cheeked convex watermelon, put on wheels ... Korobochka's watermelon-tarantass is another analogue of her image, along with a chest of drawers, a colorful bags full of money. Korobochka decides to sell her “souls” out of fear and superstition, for Chichikov promised the devil to her and almost cursed her (“let the hell go with your whole village!”), especially since she dreamed of the devil in a dream: “nasty, ... and the horns are longer than those of bulls. Things in Korobochka's house, on the one hand, reflect Korobochka's naive ideas of lush beauty; on the other hand, her hoarding and the circle of domestic entertainment (fortune-telling on cards, darning, embroidery and cooking). For all individual features she is distinguished by the same vulgarity and "dead spirit" as Manilov. Landowner Korobochka Nastasya Petrovna
But what indomitable energy, activity, briskness, swiftness emanates from Nozdryov, this reveler, reckless driver, known in the city as a "historical man." He is not at all interested in petty worries about accumulating money. No, he has a different, opposite passion - it is thoughtless and easy to spend money on revelry, card games, and the purchase of unnecessary things. What is the source of his income? He is the same as that of other landowners - serfs who provide their masters with an idle and carefree life. It is on this fertile soil that Nozdrev's qualities such as blatant lies, boorish attitude towards people, dishonesty, and thoughtlessness flourish. This is reflected in his fragmentary, quick speech, in the fact that he constantly jumps from one subject to another, in his insulting, abusive, cynical expressions such as "a cattle breeder of that kind", "you are a pig for this", "such rubbish". Speaking about one hero, the author at the same time gives a description of people like him. The irony of the author lies in the fact that in the first part of the phrase he attests such nostrils as "good and faithful comrades", and then adds: "... and for all that, they are very painfully beaten." For what? Of course, for their passion to spoil their neighbor. Nozdryov's estate helps to better understand both his character and the miserable condition of his serfs, from whom he beats everything he can. Therefore, it is not difficult to draw a conclusion about the disenfranchised and impoverished position of the serfs of Nozdryov. Landowner Nozdrev
In Sobakevich, in contrast to Manilov and Nozdryov, everything is distinguished by good quality and strength. Sobakevich is insightful in his own way, endowed with a sober view of things. When describing the appearance of this hero, the writer compares Sobakevich with a "medium-sized bear." This allows the reader not only to visualize the appearance of the hero, but also to see his animal essence, the absence of a higher spiritual principle. The landowner is concerned only with the preservation of his wealth and the abundance of the table. Most of all, he loves to eat well and tasty, not recognizing foreign diets. If Manilov at least tried to assimilate the outward manners of an intelligent humane person, then Sobakevich does not hide his deep contempt for enlightenment, defining it with the word "fuk". Sobakevich is an ardent serf-owner who will never miss his advantage, even when it comes to dead peasants. Shameful bargaining due to " dead souls"reveals a defining feature of his character - an irresistible desire for profit, greed, money-grubbing. When describing the image of Sobakevich, the writer widely uses the technique of hyperbolization. Suffice it to recall his monstrous appetite or portraits of commanders with thick legs and "unheard of mustaches" that adorned his office. Landowner Sobakevich Mikhail Semenovich
Irony and sarcasm in the characterization of Manilov, Korobochka, Nozdrev and Sobakevich are replaced by the grotesque portrayal of Plyushkin. He is, of course, the most deadened among the "dead souls", since it was in this hero that Gogol showed the limit of spiritual emptiness. He even outwardly lost his human appearance, for Chichikov, seeing him, could not understand what gender this figure was. The arrogance and rudeness of Nozdrev, his desire to harm his neighbor, nevertheless, did not prevent him from appearing in society and communicating with people. Plyushkin, on the other hand, completely withdrew into his egoistic loneliness, cutting himself off from the whole world. He is indifferent to the fate of his children, all the more he is not touched by the fate of the peasants dying of hunger. All normal human feelings are completely ousted from Plyushkin's soul by a passion for hoarding. But if at Korobochka and Sobakevich the collected money went to strengthen the economy and was spent meaningfully, then Plyushkin's senile stinginess crossed all limits and turned into its opposite. Busy collecting all sorts of rubbish, like shards and old soles, he does not notice that his household is being destroyed. The fate of Plyushkin's serfs speaks particularly impressively of the tragic fate of the Russian people, ruled by greedy, greedy, empty, wasteful and out of their mind people. Therefore, Gogol's poem inevitably makes one think about what a terrible evil serfdom was in Russia for centuries, how it crippled and broke the fate of people, slowed down the economic and cultural development country. Landowner Stepan Plyushkin
Thanks for attention!
IN poem Dead soul N.V. Gogol sets himself the goal not so much to reveal the essence of the protagonist's scam, but to show a broad panorama of the life of Russia, the character of the Russian person, the further fate of Russian society. That's why form of travel, which provides the writer with just such an opportunity, is most convenient for narration.
The hero, Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov, arrives in the city of N, where he makes profitable acquaintances, including with the landowners, on whom the implementation of his criminal plan depends, and receives invitations from them to visit their estates. This is the first chapter, which is a kind of introduction. And then five chapters follow, in which the writer depicts Chichikov's visits to the landlords, personifying the noble class of Russia, the "masters of life."
Drawing the characters of the characters, the author seeks to prove to the reader that they are typical of the Russian society of that time. As a realist writer, Gogol creates typical characters, but at the same time he knows how to find and highlight the unique feature of the character's appearance, revealing his inner content. Another aspect of the author's intention show deadness of the soul, therefore, the writer characterizes in detail their way of life, the estate, the interior, the way of life. And finally An important role in the characterization of the characters is played by the scene of the sale of dead souls, since it reveals even more deeply not only the image of the hero, but also the absurdity of the world in which each of them lives.
Manilov, the first of the characters in the gallery is a parody of the hero of sentimental novels. In the pleasantness of his face, Chereshur was transferred to sugar, you will not expect any ... living word from him ... he expresses himself in sugary, amiable phrases. The arrival of Chichikov, according to him, is a May day ... a name day of the heart. Sweetness, sentimentality are the essence of the character of the beautiful-hearted thrower Manilov, who spends his life in idleness and inaction. His estate is uncomfortable, the economy somehow went by itself, he does not know the state of affairs in his estate, all his dreams are one more absurd than the other. He is amazed at Chichikov's offer, but beautiful phrases about the legality of the deal quickly calmed him down. The things surrounding Manilov testify to his incapacity, isolation from life, indifference to reality: the master's house stands at a southeast, "open to all winds"; Manilov spends time in a gazebo with the inscription "Temple of Solitary Reflection", where he comes up with various fantastic projects, for example, to build an underground passage from the house or build a stone bridge across the pond. In Manilov's office for two years in a row there is a book with a bookmark on the 14th page; ashes are scattered in caps, a tobacco case, heaps of ash knocked out of a pipe are neatly placed on the table and windows - this is precisely what makes up Manilov's leisure. Manilov, immersed in tempting reflections, never goes to the fields, and meanwhile the peasants get drunk, there is not a single tree near the gray huts of the village of Manilov - "only one log"; the economy goes somehow by itself; the housekeeper steals, the servants sleep and hang out. Family relations between Manilov and his wife are parodic and sentimental. Heroes wear sweets and tidbits to each other with the words: "Open your mouth, darling, I'll put this piece for you." But, maybe, someone such love seems sincere. The portrait of Manilov is built on the principle of forcing enthusiasm, hospitality to the extreme excess, turning into negative quality. He did no good to anyone and lived for nothing. He did not know life, reality was replaced by empty fantasies.
TO Koroboҹke Chichikov ends up by accident, getting lost on the way to Sobakevich. This is also a generalized image, and her surname clearly expresses the essence of the character of the heroine - hoarding. The pettiness of Korobochka, the limitedness of her interests concern for her own household is emphasized by the bird-animal entourage around her: neighbors-landlords Bobrov, Svinin; "turkeys and chickens were innumerable ...". Things in Korobochka's house, on the one hand, reflect her naive idea of magnificent beauty, on the other hand, her desire to surround herself with all sorts of things. She has a strong, well-groomed household, she treats Chichikov with delicious dishes, thinking that he is a bidder, deciding to appease him. But the essence of the deal proposed by Chichikov is inaccessible to her understanding, to her limited, wretched mind. The "club-headed" Korobochka is only afraid of being deceived in the price, and for a long time cannot figure out for herself why Chichikov needs "bones and graves." Korobochka at first believes that Chichikov intends to dig up the dead from the ground. She is going to slip hemp and honey instead of "dead souls" to Chichikov, the prices for which she knows, but in relation to the "souls" Korobochka declares: "I'd better wait a little, maybe merchants will come in large numbers, but I will apply to prices." Korobochka decides to sell her “souls” out of fear and superstition, for Chichikov promised the devil to her and almost cursed her (“Go to hell with your whole village!”) Only Chichikov’s promise to buy food from her calmed her down. But it calmed down, as it turned out, not for long: after all, it was Korobochka who later came to the city to find out, "now we are going to find dead souls." The box is a generalized image of thrifty, and therefore living in contentment, landowning widows, who are slow-witted, but who know how not to miss their profit.
Meeting with Nozdrev also random, on the way to the tavern. Nozdryov returns from the fair and enthusiastically boasts about how they were drinking there and how much he lost. Such people, as the author again generalizes, are reputed to be broken fellows, they soon get to know everyone. But whoever got closer to him, he most likely pissed everyone off: he spread gossip, upset a wedding or a trade deal, but at the same time Nozdryov did not feel any guilt behind him. Main passion Nozdreva - "to spoil your neighbor." His way of life is entertainment, play, fun, aimless activity, willingness to do anything, with no moral principles. He is lying and mean, his appearance always portends a scandal. The author ironically calls Nozdryov a historical person. He proposes to turn the deal with Chichikov into an exchange, then into a game, as a result, Chichikov was almost beaten. Chichikov bitterly regretted contacting Nozdryov, especially since Nozdryov later spread rumors throughout the city about the hero's unprecedented deals. Nozdryov is restless, mischievous, violent, ready at any moment, without any reason, to play a dirty trick or do something unforeseen and inexplicable.
After a whole series of accidents, Chichikov finally reached Sobakevich. This landowner, according to the author's definition, looks like a medium-sized bear, just as clumsy and clumsy. Rudeness and clumsiness are the essence of Sobakevich's portrait. He is a strong master, and everything in his house is just as massive and solid. The treat is simple, according to Russian custom, but plentiful. And Chichikov does not go into the essence of the proposal, immediately breaking the unheard-of price, since he immediately realized that Chichikov was pursuing some kind of profit in buying dead souls. He praises his peasants as if they were real people. Sobakevich scolds everyone, sees scoundrels and swindlers in everyone. The governor is "the first robber in the world", "he will kill him for a penny." The whole city - "a swindler sits on a swindler and drives a scammer ... there is only one decent person there: the prosecutor, and even that, to tell the truth, is a pig." The animal essence of Sobakevich revealed bestial cruelty and cunning.
Completes this gallery Plushkin, the only hero whose history of his degradation is known. Once upon a time he was just a thrifty owner who had a family and a full house. But time passed, the wife and younger daughter died, the eldest daughter fled with the officer, and the owner was left alone as the guardian, keeper and owner of his wealth. The stinginess and suspicion that developed in him destroyed all human feelings, and a strange creature appears before Chichikov, whose gender is impossible to guess at once. He is stingy to the extreme saves every piece of paper, feather or surguchik. But at the same time, bread and hay disappear from him, food rots, and he himself no longer remembers how much he had, only making sure that no one thieves drank the remnants of the tincture from the decanter. Plyushkin has lost the idea of the real value of things and is an absurd miser, a hole in humanity. Gogol considers such degradation quite real. Plyushkin's evolution from a once-living person to the most disgusting appearance dead soul culmination and completion of the gallery of images of landlords . Plyushkin is a living dead man, a misanthrope.
Thus, Gogol, over several chapters, gives typical portraits of landowners, generalizing in them what sounds in the title of the poem: moral emptiness and mortification of the soul, inability to act for the benefit of society, aimlessness and uselessness of existence. And in fact, Chichikov is a mirror image of the dead souls of the landowners with whom he contacts and makes deals.
I really liked this piece. One of the few that I've read avidly. Classical, in some places satirical, but at the same time so deep work will not leave anyone indifferent.
Nikolai Vasilyevich wrote this poem in order to show Russia "from one side." As Gogol himself wrote: "I wanted in my essay to expose mainly those higher properties of Russian nature that are not yet fairly valued by everyone, and mainly those low ones that are not yet sufficiently ridiculed and amazed by everyone."
I believe that every landowner whom Chichikov visited was deader in soul than the previous one.
First, Chichikov comes to Manilov. Manilov is a cloyingly sweet person. He loves to dream, but his dreams are dead, like his soul. All his desires never come true, because he himself does not put any effort into this. For me, this is an empty person who has no determination and willpower.
Then Chichikov visits Korobochka, an elderly landowner. This is a very thrifty woman, always afraid to sell too cheap. As Chichikov himself calls her: "club-headed", "thick-browed old woman". This is also a dead soul, because Nastasya Petrovna has only one thing on her mind: money.
Further, Chichikov meets Nozdryov. At first glance, Nozdryov is the most "live" of the landowners. But his soul is not without sin. He loves to lie, frame his loved ones, drink and play cards. In the city of NN, not a single person trusts Nozdryov. Therefore, when he told people that Chichikov bought dead souls from him, no one believed him.
The next landowner who sheltered Chichikov was Sobakevich. The landowner's village speaks for itself. In Sobakevich's household, all the houses and huts were strong, but clumsy. Even in his house, all the furniture looks like him, it seems to scream: "Both I, and I look like Sobakevich!" Money, calculation made him a rough and tough person. Chichikov gives him the definition of "fist". And this is also a dead soul in a living body.
Plyushkin was the last landowner. He turned his entire household into trash. He is a collector, but basically he just put all the rubbish in the house and turned everything into chaos. This is a very stingy person, but fate made him so, because his wife died and he had to live alone. It seems to me that Plyushkin does not have a dead soul, he simply could not pull himself together when he lost all the joy in life.
The poem "Dead Souls" presents a whole gallery of human types. Gogol took a certain character trait and created a hero. He did not want to show anyone specific, on the contrary: Nikolai Vasilyevich wanted us to see Russia from "one side", change our attitude to what is happening in the world and so that we understand who really has "dead souls".
The gallery of landlords is built on a top-down principle. Each subsequent character is “deader” than the previous one, according to Gogol, “one character follows me more vulgar than the other.” The disclosure of the image of each of the landowners occurs according to one scheme. First, the character's dwelling is described, then his appearance and manner of communicating with Chichikov. The playwright pays special attention to the scene of the deal for the sale of dead souls, because it is these episodes that denounce the landowners and demonstrate the absurdity of the world in which the characters live.
Manilov is the first representative of the Gogol gallery. He is reminiscent of the hero of sentimental novels: "... his features were not devoid of pleasantness, but this pleasantness, it seemed, was too much transferred to sugar ...". Manilov's speech, like his appearance, is oversweetened, full of empty polite phrases. Chichikov's arrival is "May day ... name day of the heart." Sweetness and sentimentality are the essence of the projector's character, the "beautiful dreamer" Manilov, who spends his life in idleness and inaction. The hero's estate is absurd and uncomfortable, the economy, one might say, goes with the flow, since the landlord is not interested in the state of affairs. He is amazed by Chichikov's offer to sell dead souls, but beautiful phrases about the legality of the transaction quickly calm Manilov. Having made a deal and seeing off the guest, the hero again puts on cozy slippers and plunges into the world of sweet dreams. "... God alone could tell what the character of Manilov was. There is a kind of people known by the name: people are so-so, neither this nor that, neither in the city of Bogdan, nor in the village of Selifan, according to the proverb. Maybe to Manilov should also join him ... "- writes N.V. Gogol.
Chichikov's chaise goes to Korobochka, in whose estate the hero ends up absolutely by accident, he is mistaken on the way to Sobakevich. The box is “one of those mothers, small landowners who cry for crop failures, losses, and meanwhile they save up a little money, hiding them in chests of drawers.” This is a generalized image, her surname shows the essence of character, which lies in hoarding. Korobochka, unlike Manilov, has a well-groomed household. The heroine, mistaking Chichikov for a "buyer", begins to treat him with various dishes in order to appease him. But the essence of the proposed transaction is inaccessible to her understanding due to the limited mind. The “club-headed” Korobochka is afraid of only one thing: that she will not be deceived in price, and for a long time she cannot understand why Chichikov needs “bones and graves”. Only the promise to buy food from her calms the heroine. But after a while, it is she who goes to the city in order to find an answer to the pressing question about the price of dead souls.
The next is the meeting between Chichikov and Nozdrev, which also turned out to be unscheduled. The heroes clash when one goes to a tavern, and the other returns from the fair, enthusiastically boasting about how much money he lost. Nozdryova Gogol refers to the category of people who are known as "broken fellows." This hero is a scoundrel, capable of substituting even the closest comrade at any moment, without recognizing absolutely no guilt. Nozdrev's lifestyle is made up of play, fun, aimless activity, supported by the absence of any moral principles. The appearance of this hero is always symbolic, as it portends an upcoming scandal. Gogol ironically calls Nozdryov a "historical man." He tries to turn the deal on the sale of dead souls into a barter, then into a game, in the end, Chichikov hardly remains intact after this meeting. The character of Nozdrev has a unique coloring. The hero is a typical braggart, scorcher, talker, debater, brawler, reveler, who never minds drinking and playing.
After some time, Chichikov finally gets to Sobakevich, whom he promised to visit immediately after Manilov. Here is how the hero is shown in the poem: "... this time he seemed to him very similar to a medium-sized bear. To complete the similarity, the tailcoat on him was completely bear-colored, the sleeves were long, the pantaloons were long, he stepped with his feet and at random and stepped incessantly on other people's feet. The complexion was red-hot, hot, which happens on a copper penny ... " An important place in the life of Sobakevich is food, it becomes a kind of cult. The hero is an active and solid landowner. In the estate, all buildings are strong, durable and reliable. True, they look awkward, like the "hero" Sobakevich himself. The hero cares, first of all, about the convenience and durability of things, and not about beauty and grace. Chichikov's proposal to buy dead souls instantly prompts Sobakevich to think about the maximum price increase, he does not care about the essence and legality of this transaction. The hero begins to praise the already dead peasants in order to "catch the profit." Sobakevich is hostile to spirituality. The main thing for him is taking care of his own well-being and a well-fed existence under any circumstances.
Completes the "gallery of landowners" Plyushkin, whose lifestyle is the apogee of necrosis, degradation and vulgarity. The appearance of the hero is not inherent in human outlines. But it is worth paying attention to the fact that Plyushkin is the only character who has his own backstory, only a semblance of life flickers on his face: “... suddenly some kind of warm ray slipped, not a feeling was expressed, but some kind of pale reflection of a feeling.” The family drama shocks the hero, he loses the meaning of life, becomes "a hole in humanity." Plyushkin - the only once "alive" - appears in the most disgusting guise of a dead soul. This sixth chapter is the climax in the plot of the poem, presenting the tragic theme of change for the worse for Gogol, and it completes the plot of the journey. In that case, is it fair to judge Plyushkin as the worst? Or is it simply that the very measure of vulgarity becomes unbearable by the sixth chapter?
Sections: Literature
- Generalize students' knowledge about the landlords of the poem, to reveal the typical in them, which unites them into a gallery of dead souls, contemporary meaning such concepts as “Manilovism”, “Nozdrevshchina” and others;
- Show the educational value of the poem;
- Continue to develop the ability to argue for your own opinion.
Equipment:
- Portrait of N.V. Gogol.
- Portraits of landlords.
- Statements of critics.
Work forms. Various models of joint activity are presented: collective, group, individual.
Indeed, each of us
whatever it is good man,
if he penetrates himself with that impartiality,
with which he delve into others, -
he will certainly find in himself,
in more or less degree,
many of the elements of Gogol's many heroes.
V.G. Belinsky
During the classes
I. Organizational moment.
II. Related work:
The topic of today's lesson is “Gallery of images of landowners in N.V. Gogol's poem “Dead Souls”. The word “gallery” in a figurative sense means “a long row, a string of types”, which means that the purpose of our lesson is to find something in common that makes N.V. Gogol’s landlords related, to answer the question of why they are combined into one gallery of types, although each of the landowners with whom Chichikov meets has his own, sharply defined individuality. We are also familiar with the concept of “type”. A type is an image containing character traits any group of people. When we use the word “type”, we mean that property of a character that allows us to see many familiar people in him. This is directly related to the heroes of Dead Souls.
V. G. Belinsky wrote: “Indeed, each of us, no matter how good a person he is, if he penetrates with the impartiality with which he penetrates others, he will certainly find in himself, to a greater or lesser extent, many of the elements many heroes of Gogol.
Thus, the heroes of N.V. Gogol, on the one hand, have a universal significance, on the other hand, they are landowners of a certain era and representatives of broad strata of feudal Russia.
1. So, what, in your opinion, unites all the landowners drawn by N.V. Gogol? (Student answers)
2. You presented different opinions on what unites the landowners. Information about the techniques used by Gogol, revealing the images of landowners, will help deepen your knowledge.
All portraits of landlords are given in chapters arranged in a certain order. What is the meaning of this arrangement of chapters?
Manilov
box
Nozdryov
Sobakevich
Plushkin
Do negative qualities gradually grow in the characters? Or are they, the heroes, presented to the reader on the principle of contrast? Sentimental Manilov is a grounded Korobochka, a collector Korobochka is a spender Nozdryov, a fist Sobakevich and a hole in humanity Plyushkin:
Manilov - Box
Box - Nozdryov
Sobakevich - Plyushkin
Approximate answer: Gogol gives these chapters in a certain order. The mismanaged landowner Manilov (Chapter 2) is replaced by the dreamy hoarder Korobochka (Chapter 3), the careless life-burner Nozdrev (Chapter 4) is replaced by the stingy Sobakevich (Chapter 5). This gallery is completed by Plyushkin, a miser who brought his estate and peasants to complete ruin. Even the strong farms of Korobochka and Sobakevich are in fact not viable, since such forms of farming have already become obsolete.
With even greater expressiveness, the “portrait chapters” show a picture of the moral decline of the landlord class. From the idle dreamer, living in the world of his dreams, Manilov to the club-headed Korobochka, from it to the reckless spendthrift, liar and sharper Nozdrev, then to the ossified kulak Sobakevich and, finally, to Plyushkin, who has lost all moral qualities (“a hole in humanity”), Gogol leads us , showing an increasing moral decline, the decomposition of the representatives of the landowner's world.
3. We found out how the composition helps to understand the characters' characters, their spiritual declaration.
4. But the speech of the characters also perfectly characterizes the landowners. Gogol uses speech characteristics as a method of sharpening characters.
The answer of pre-prepared students: Gogol is characterized by a multi-layered characterization of heroes: through their things, through their attitude towards people, through their own speech. In Manilov's speech, the emptiness of the content is striking. Here is one of the samples of his speech: “Of course, it would be another matter if the neighborhood were good, if, for example, such a person with whom one could talk in some way about courtesy, about good treatment, to follow some science in order to that stirred the soul, it would give, so to speak, a sort of guy ... ”. Manilov's speech is similar to himself. The same sweet, indefinite, meaningless.
Korobochka's speech is primitive in content and form, full of words and turns of village vernacular: theirs, underwear, something, manenko, what it was like to rest, take a sip of tea, bend down the zabranki, butter up the assessor. The hospitable “father”, “my father”, with whom she addresses Chichikov as a hospitable hostess, is characteristic. Her speech is characterized by intonations of complaint, uncertainty, natural in an old-world landowner who feels that living conditions are changing.
Nozdryov's speech, like himself, is characterized by swiftness and uncontrollability. His words run one after another, without obligatory connection, without any logic: “... Lieutenant Kuvshinnikov ... Ah, brother, what a lovely person! . Eh, Chichikov, what would it cost you to come? Really, you're a pig for this, a kind of cattle breeder! Kiss me, soul, death loves you!...”
Nozdryov's words are without internal censorship - like himself, without internal control.
Sobakevich's speech is in sharp contrast to the speech of Manilov and Nozdrev. Sobakevich says, "how he cuts." His remarks are laconic, words and expressions are frankly rude. He does not tolerate verbosity, vague phrases, inaccuracies in expressions. In response to Chichikov’s long speech about “non-existent” souls, Sobakevich “without the slightest surprise, as if it was about bread,” asked: “Do you need dead souls? Excuse me, I'm ready to sell.
Plyushkin's speech resembles a continuous grumbling. With the exception of those cases when Plyushkin expresses his joy at an unexpected successful deal and a few more remarks imbued with human feelings, his speech is continuous complaints: complaints about poverty, about courtyards, about runaways, about relatives. His speech is strewn with swear words: what a mug, stupid after all, like a tree; fool, swindler, rascal, robbers; The devil will bake you, shameless parasites. At the same time, speaking of inanimate objects, Plyushkin often uses diminutive and pet nouns: liquor, decanter, glass, money, registry. It is quite natural that the language of the landowner, who has been communicating with the peasants for many years, is saturated with colloquial words and expressions: byut, hefty fig, stuffed, poditka, ehva, I’ll already take it down.
5. So we have seen how composition and speech characteristic help Gogol to reveal the characters of the heroes more deeply, to show their complete impoverishment of the soul. And in view of what has already been said, let us return to the question with which we began the lesson: what unites the landowners drawn by Gogol? I hope your initial opinions also deepened.
Approximate answer: They appeared before the reader as merchants of peasants. The fact that they trade not real, but dead souls does not soften the sharpness of the scenes painted by Gogol. On the contrary, it increases this sharpness. It turns out that all the landowners, including such "nice" ones as Manilov, are ready not only to trade in people, but also to make very dubious deals.
All of them are representatives of the estate, which occupies a high, leading role in society. They must be educated, enlightened, active, intelligent people and take care of the interests of society.
In fact, we are faced with ignorant, narrow-minded philistines, whose life passes in empty chatter or empty activity (complete lack of spirituality, lack of lofty motives, dulling of all human feelings, lack of socially useful activity). They are all dead souls.
6. This is our conclusion. How did the critics answer this question? On this point, critics are divided. Some believe that "there is not a shadow of goodness, not a single bright thought, not a single human feeling in them." ( G.A. Gukovsky. Gogol's realism. 1959.)
Others argue that Gogol's heroes are neither virtuous nor vicious. These are "ordinary", "average" people, but recreated with a unique - Gogol's - "brightness, strength and size"; they are vulgar, but, according to these critics, in the first half of the 19th century the word "vulgar" meant "ordinary"; Gogol showed the "ordinary nature of an ordinary person."
(V.V. Kozhinov. Gogol's poem. 1995)
“Gogol leads Chichikov through the ranks of truly Russian people, each of whom is an epic figure. And Manilov, and Sobakevich, and Korobochka, and Plyushkin - they all came from the world of a fairy tale. It is easy to recognize Koshchei the Immortal or Baba Yaga in them. ... Majestic in their passions and vices ... these epic heroes represent Russia as a fabulous, wonderful, absurd country. Madness replaces them with common sense and sober calculation. There is no rule here, only exceptions. Here, every little thing is important and mysterious.” (P.L. Weil, A.A. Genis. Native speech. 1991)
Students' answers: “I think that these are ordinary people who live now. Plyushkin and Korobochka are stingy to varying degrees; Manilov and Nozdrev are dreamers who cannot make their dreams come true, so they lie to elevate themselves in society. And Sobakevich is a person who thinks only about himself and his own benefit.
“I agree with the opinion of Weil and Genis, because I also see fabulous images in Gogol's landowners: Plyushkin - Koschey the Immortal; Box - Baba Yaga; Sobakevich - the Bear who came out of the Russian fairy tale; Manilov - the cat Bayun, luring into his sleepy kingdom; Nozdryov is the epic Nightingale the Robber. The names of Gogol's heroes, as well as fairy tale characters, have become household names. Just like the heroes of fairy tales, Gogol's landowners are simple and understandable to the reader, who seems to return to childhood when he reads about the evil Koshchei or the clumsy Mikhail Potapych. As in fairy tales, the atmosphere in the dwellings of the characters also plays an important role. For example, Korobochka's house, in which there are drugs and decoctions, in our imagination immediately becomes Baba Yaga's hut, and Plyushkin's house with its mustiness, dampness, dust - the palace of Kashchei the Immortal.
(Students prepared the answer to this question as a home written assignment.
Answers that coincided with the traditional view are not presented here).
7. Gogol himself also speaks of the typicality of his characters in lyrical digressions. (Speech by a pre-prepared student)
8. The fact that Gogol's characters are typical of that time is also confirmed by Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin". Let us recall the scene of the arrival of guests at the name day to Tatyana Larina:
With his stout wife
The fat Trifle has arrived;
Gvozdin, an excellent host,
Owner of poor men;
Skotinins, gray-haired couple,
With children of all ages, counting
Thirty to two years;
County dandy Petushkov,
My cousin, Buyanov,
In down, in a cap with a visor
(As you, of course, know him),
And retired lieutenant Flyanov,
Heavy gossip, old rogue,
A glutton, a bribe taker and a jester.
How are Gogol's heroes similar to the characters in Pushkin's novel? ( Student responses)
9. But it turns out that such types of people as the heroes of N.V. Gogol are alive in modern society. What is the contemporary meaning of the images of the landowners in Dead Souls? (Student answers)
III. Final word from the teacher.
So, guys, today in the lesson there was a conversation about the typicality of Gogol's heroes for that time and for ours, not without reason the words of V.G. Belinsky are the epigraph. Your opinions are divided, and rightly so: how many people, so many opinions.
I wish you were not like these heroes.