In the story “ Antonov apples”I.A. Bunin recreates the world of a Russian estate.
C ama the date of writing the story is symbolic: 1900 - the turn of the century... It kind of connects the world of the past and the present.
Sadness about the receding noble nests - the leitmotif of not only this story, but also of numerous poems by Bunin
.
"Evening"
We always only remember about happiness.
Waitare everywhere. Maybe it
This autumn garden behind the barn
And clean air pouring through the window.
In the bottomless sky with a light white edge
A cloud rises, shines. Long
I follow him ... We see little, we know
And happiness is given only to those who know.
The window is open. Squeaked and sat down
A bird is on the windowsill. And from books
I look away for a moment, tired.
The day is getting dark, the sky is empty.
The rumble of a thresher is heard in the threshing floor ...
I see, I hear, I'm happy. Everything is in me.
(14.08.09)
Questions:
1. Determine the theme of the poem.
2. How is the feeling of time and space conveyed in the poem?
3. What are the emotionally charged epithets?
4. Explain the meaning of the line: "I see, I hear, I'm happy ...".
Pay attention to:
- subject realities landscape paintingdrawn by a poet;
- techniques for “sounding” the landscape;
- the colors used by the poet, the play of light and shadow;
- vocabulary features (word selection, paths);
- favorite images of his poetry (images of the sky, wind, steppe);
- prayers of loneliness of the lyrical hero in the "Bunin" landscape.
The very first words of the work"... I am reminded of an early fine autumn" plunge us into the world of the hero's memories, andplot begins to develop as a chain of sensations associated with them.
lack of plot, i.e. event dynamics.
FROMsouthwest of the storylyrical , that is, based not on events (epic), but on the experience of the hero.
The story contains poeticization of the past. However, the poetic vision of the world does not conflict with the reality of life in Bunin's story.
The author speaks with undisguised admiration of autumn and village life, making very accurate landscape sketches.
Bunin makes in the story not only landscape, but also portrait sketches. The reader meets many people whose portraits are painted very accurately, thanks to epithets and comparisons:
lively girls-one-yard workers,
lordly in their beautiful and rough, savage costumes
boys in white dress shirts
old men... tall, big and white as a harrier
- In the first chapter:« In the dark, deep in the garden - fabulous picture: exactly in the corner of hell, a crimson flame is burning in a hut. surrounded by darkness, and someone's black silhouettes, as if carved from ebony, move around the fire, while giant shadows from them walk over the apple trees " .
- In the second chapter:“Almost all of the small foliage has flown from the coastal vines, and the twigs are visible in the turquoise sky. Water under the willows became transparent, icy and as if heavy... When you used to drive around the village on a sunny morning, you keep thinking about what is good mow, thresh, sleep on the threshing floor in omets, and on a holiday to rise with the sun ... " .
- In the third:« The wind tore and ruffled the trees all day long, rains poured them from morning to night ... the wind did not stop. He agitated the garden, tore up the human stream of smoke continuously running from the chimney and again caught up with the ominous hair of ash clouds. They ran low and fast - and soon, like smoke, clouded the sun. His shine was extinguished the window was closing into the blue sky, and in the garden it became deserted and boring, and more and more often began to sow rain ... ".
- And in the fourth chapter : "The days are bluish, cloudy ... All day I wander across the empty plains ..." .
Conclusion
Autumn's description is conveyed by the narrator through color and sound perception.
Reading the story, you yourself feel the smell of apples, rye straw, fragrant smoke of a fire ...
The autumn landscape changes from chapter to chapter: colors fade, there is less sunlight... That is, the story describes the fall of not one year, but several, and this is constantly emphasized in the text: "I am reminded of a fruitful year"; "These were so recently, but meanwhile it seems that almost a century has passed since then".
- Compare the description of the golden autumn in Bunin's story with the painting by I. Levitan.
- Composition
The story is divided into four chapters:
I. In a thinned out garden. At the hut: at noon, on a holiday, at night, late at night. Shadows. A train. Shot. II. A village in a good year. At my aunt's estate. III. Hunt before. Bad weather. Before leaving. In the black forest. In the estate of a bachelor landowner. For old books. IV. Small-scale life. Threshing in riga. Hunt now. In the evening at a remote farm. Song.
Each chapter is a separate picture of the past, and together they form a whole world that the writer admired so much.
This change of pictures and episodes is accompanied by successive references to changes in nature - from Indian summer to the onset of winter.
- Way of life and n ostalgia for the past
Description follows the interior of the estate, rich in details "Blue and purple glass in the windows, old mahogany furniture with inlays, mirrors in narrow and twisted gold frames".
Bunin fondly remembers his aunt Anna Gerasimovna and her estate. It is the smell of apples that revives in his memory the old house and garden, the last representatives of the courtyard class of the former serfs.
Lamenting that noble estates are dying, the narrator is surprised at how quickly this process goes: "These days were so recently, and yet it seems to me that almost a whole century has passed since then ..."The kingdom of the small-class, impoverished to begging, is coming. "But this beggarly small-scale life is also good!" The writer pays special attention to them. it Russia in the past.
The author recalls the hunting ceremony in the house Arseny Semenovich and "Especially pleasant stay when it happened to oversleep the hunt", silence in the house, reading old books in thick leather bindings, memories of girls in noble estates ("Aristocratic beautiful heads in old hairstyles meekly and femininely lower their long eyelashes over sad and tender eyes ..."). The gray, monotonous everyday life of an inhabitant of a bankrupt noble nest... But, despite this, Bunin finds in him a kind of poetry. "Small-scale life is also good!" he says.
Exploring Russian reality, peasant and landlord life, the writer sees the similarity of both the lifestyle and the characters of the man and the master: "The warehouse of an average noble life, even in my memory, very recently, had much in common with the warehouse of a rich peasant life in its efficiency and rural old-world well-being."
Despite the serenity of the narrative, in the lines of the story, one can feel pain for peasant and landowner Russia, which was going through a period of decline.
The main character in the story remains the image of Antonov apples. Antonov apples Is wealth ("Village affairs are good if Antonovka is ugly")... Antonov apples are happiness ("Nuclear Antonovka - for a Happy Year")... And finally, Antonov's apples are all of Russia with its “Golden, dry and thinned gardens”, “maple alleys”,from "The smell of tar in the fresh air" and with a firm consciousness "How good it is to live in the world"... And in this regard, we can conclude that the story "Antonov apples" reflected the main ideas of Bunin's work, his worldview as a whole , longing for the outgoing patriarchal Russia and understanding of the catastrophic nature of the coming changes. ..Picturesque are characteristic of the story, emotionality, sublimity and poetry. Story "Antonov apples" - one of the most lyrical stories of Bunin. The author is fluent in the word and the slightest nuances of the language.
Bunin's prose has rhythm and inner melodylike poetry and music.
"Bunin's language is simple, almost stingy, pure and picturesque ", wrote K. G. Paustovsky. But at the same time he is unusually rich in figurative and sound relations. can be called a poem in prose, since it reflects the main feature of the writer's poetics: perception of reality as a continuous flow, expressed at the level of human sensations, experiences, feelings. The estate becomes for the lyrical hero an integral part of his life and at the same time a symbol of the homeland, the roots of the clan.
Vasily Maksimov "Everything is in the past" (1889)
- Organization of space and time
The very date of writing the storysymbolic
... It is this date that helps to understand why the story begins. (“... I remember an early fine autumn”) and ends ("White snow covered the way-road ...").Thus, a kind of "ring" is formed, which makes the narrative continuous. In fact, the story, like eternal life itself, is neither begun nor finished. It sounds in the space of memory, since the soul of a person, a dushan people, is embodied in it.
The very first words of the work: "... I am reminded of an early fine autumn" - give food for thought: the work begins with an ellipsis, that is, what is being described has neither origins nor history, it seems to be snatched from the very element of life, from its endless stream. First word "Remembered" the author immediately plunges the reader into the element of his own ("to me ")memories and sensationsrelated to them. But in relation to the past they are used present tense verbs ("Smells like apples", “It gets very cold...”, "We listen for a long time and distinguish tremors in the ground" and so on). Time seems to have no power over the hero of the story. All events taking place in the past are perceived and experienced by him as developing before his eyes. Such relativity of timeis one of the features of Bunin's prose. The picture of being acquires a symbolic meaning: a road swept by snow, wind and a lonely trembling light in the distance, that hope without which no man can live.
The narration ends with the words of a song that is sung awkwardly, with a special feeling.
Opened my gates wide
White snow covered the way-road ...
Why does Bunin finish his work this way? The fact is that the author was quite soberly aware that "white snow" was covering the roads of history. The wind of change breaks centuries-old traditions, established landlord life, breaks human destinies. And Bunin tried to see ahead, in the future, the path that Russia would take, but sadly he realized that only time could find him. The words of the song that ends the work once again convey the feeling of uncertainty, the ambiguity of the path.
- Smell, color, sound ...
"Pulls tightly with fragrant smoke of cherry twigs",
“Rye aroma of new straw and chaff”,
"The smell of apples, and then others: old mahogany furniture, dried linden blossom, which has been on the windows since June ...",
"These books, similar to church missals, smell nice ... Some kind of pleasant sour mold, old perfume ...",
"Smell of smoke, shelter",“The delicate aroma of fallen leaves and - the smell of Antonov apples, the smell of honey and autumn freshness”,
"Smells strong from the ravines of mushroom dampness, rotted leaves and wet tree bark".
Special role smell imageis also due to the fact that over time the nature of smells changes from subtle, barely perceptible harmonious natural scents in the first and second parts of the story - to sharp, unpleasant smells that seem to be some kind of dissonance in the world around them - in its second, third and fourth parts ("The smell of smoke", "it smells like a dog in the locked passage", smell "Cheap tobacco"or “Just makhorka”). The change in smells reflects a change in the hero's personal feelings, a change in his worldview. Color plays a very important role in the picture of the surrounding world. Like smell, it is a plot-forming element, changing noticeably throughout the story. In the first chapters we see "Crimson flame", "Turquoise sky"; "Diamond seven-star Stozhar, blue sky, golden light of low sun" - a similar color scheme, built not even on the colors themselves, but on their shades, conveys the diversity of the surrounding world and its emotional perception by the hero.
The author uses a large number of color epithets... So, describing early morning in the second chapter, the hero recalls: "... you used to open the window to the cool garden filled with purple fog ..." He sees how "Twigs shine through the turquoise sky, like the water under the vines becomes transparent"; he notices and “Fresh, lush green winter crops”.
Often found in the work of the epithet "gold":
“Big, all golden ... garden”, “golden city of grain”, “golden frames”, “golden light of the sun”.
The semantics of this image is extremely extensive: this is the direct meaning ("Golden frames")and fall foliage color designation, and transmission the emotional state of the hero, the solemnity of the minutes of the evening sunset, and a sign of abundance (grains, apples), once inherent in Russia, and a symbol of youth, the “golden” period of the hero's life. E piet "gold"
Bunin refers to the past tense, being a characteristic of noble, departing Russia. The reader associates this epithet with another concept: "golden age" russian life, an age of relative prosperity, abundance, solidity and strength of being. This is how I.A. Bunin's century is leaving.
But with a change in the perception of the world, the colors of the surrounding world also change, colors gradually disappear from it: “The days are bluish, cloudy ... All day I wander across the empty plains"," Low gloomy sky ", "Gray master". Halftones and shades ("Turquoise", "lilac"and others), present in the first parts of the work, are replaced contrast of black and white(“Black garden”, “fields turn black with arable lands ... fields turn white”, “snow fields”).
Visual imagesin the work are as clear-cut and graphic as possible: “The black sky is traced with fiery stripes of shooting stars”, “the small foliage almost all flew from the coastal vines, and twigs shine through in the turquoise sky”, “the liquid blue sky shone cold and brightly in the north over heavy leaden clouds”, “the black garden will shine through on cold turquoise sky and humbly wait for winter ... And the fields are already sharply turning black with arable land and bright green with sprouted winter crops ”.
A similar “cinematic”
an image built on contrasts creates for the reader the illusion of an action taking place in front of the eyes or captured on the artist's canvas:
“In the dark, in the depths of the garden, there is a fabulous picture: as if in a corner of hell, a crimson flame is burning near the hut, surrounded by darkness, and someone's black, like silhouettes carved from ebony, move around the fire, while gigantic shadows from them are walking on apple trees. Either a black hand of several arshins will lie all over the tree, then two legs will be clearly drawn - two black pillars. And suddenly it all slips from the apple tree - and the shadow will fall along the entire alley, from the hut to the very gate ... "
The element of life, its diversity, movement is also conveyed in the work of sounds:
“The cool silence of the morning is broken only by well-fed clucking of thrushes... voices and the resounding thud of apples poured into measures and tubs ”,
“We listen for a long time and discern a tremor in the ground. The tremor turns into noise, grows, and now, as if already behind the garden, the noisy beat of the wheels is accelerated, thundering and pounding, the train rushes ... closer, closer, louder and angrier ... And suddenly it starts subside, deafenas if going into the ground ... ”,
“A horn blows in the yard and howl at different voicesdogs",
“you can hear how the gardener walks carefully through the rooms, lighting the stoves, and how the firewood crackles and shoots ”,
is heard "How carefully it creaks ... a long train along the high road", the voices of people sound. At the end of the story, one can hear more and more insistently "Pleasant threshing noise"and "The monotonous cry and whistle of the driver" merge with the rumble of a drum. And then the guitar tunes in and somebody starts a song that everyone picks up "With sad, hopeless prowess".
"With pleasure you feel the slippery skin of the saddle",
"Thick rough paper"
“All through and through pink boiled ham with peas, stuffed chicken, turkey, pickles and red kvass - strong and sweet, sweet ...”,
"... a cold and wet apple ... for some reason it will seem unusually tasty, not at all like the others."
Thus, noting the hero's instant sensations from contact with the outside world, Bunin seeks to convey all that "Deep, wonderful, inexpressible that is in life":
"How cold, dewy, and how good it is to live in the world!"
A hero in his youth is characterized by an acute experience of joy and fullness of being: "My chest breathed eagerly and deeply", "you keep thinking about how well it is to mow, thresh, sleep on the threshing floor in omelets ..."
However, in art world Bunin's joy of life is always combined with the tragic consciousness of its finitude. And in “Antonov apples” the motive of extinction, the dying of everything that is so dear to the hero, is one of the main ones: "The smell of Antonov's apples disappears from the landlord estates ... The old people in Vyselki were overwhelmed, Anna Gerasimovna died, Arseny Semyonich shot himself ..."
It is not just the old way of life that is dying - an entire epoch of Russian history, the noble era, poeticized by Bunin in this work, is dying. By the end of the story, it becomes more and more distinct and insistent motive of emptiness and cold.
This is shown with particular force in the image of a garden, once "Big, golden", filled with sounds, aromas, now - "Chilled over the night, naked", "blackened", as well as artistic details, the most expressive of which is the found "Accidentally forgotten cold and wet apple in wet foliage"which "For some reason it will seem unusually tasty, not at all like others."
This is how, at the level of personal feelings and experiences of the hero, Bunin depicts the process taking place in Russia degeneration of the nobility, bringing with it irreparable losses in spiritual and cultural terms:
"Then you will start reading books - grandfather's books in thick leather bindings, with golden stars on morocco spines ... Good ... notes in their margins, large and with round soft strokes made with a goose pen. You unfold the book and read:“ A thought worthy ancient and new philosophers, the color of reason and feelings of the heart "... and involuntarily you will be carried away by the book itself ... And little by little a sweet and strange longing begins to creep into your heart ...
... But the magazines with the names of Zhukovsky, Batyushkov, Lyceum Pushkin. And with sadness you will remember your grandmother, her polonaises on the clavichord, her languid reading of poetry from “Eugene Onegin”. And the old dreamy life will rise before you ... "
Poetising the past, the author cannot but think about her future. This motive appears at the end of the story as future tense verbs: "Soon, soon the fields will turn white, soon the winter will cover them ..."The repetition technique enhances the sad lyrical note; images of a bare forest, empty fields emphasize the dreary tonality of the ending of the work.The future is unclear and foreboding. The lyrical dominant of the work is epithets:“Sad, hopeless prowess”. ..
Goal:
- To acquaint with the variety of subjects of Bunin's prose,
- To teach to identify literary techniques used by Bunin to reveal human psychology, and others character traits stories by Bunin,
- Develop the skills of analyzing prosaic text.
Tasks:
Cognitive:
1) to reveal the first impressions of students about the read work;
2) to follow how the hero's age changes and with him the perception of the world;
3) to draw the attention of students to the intonation of light sadness, sadness in the story;
4) to draw the conclusion that this story widely includes landscapes that help to understand the inner state of the hero most deeply, express nostalgia for the past;
5) consider the image of nature, the image of the world of people, the mood of the hero-narrator, the images of the symbols of the story "Antonov apples".
Developing:
1) develop students' skills of literary and critical analysis of the work;
2) develop students' skills of a complete, competent oral answer;
3) develop the ability to draw conclusions and generalizations.
Educating:
1) instill in students a sense of beauty;
2) education of a cultured reader; written speech; interest in the history of language and people
Lesson type: lesson explanation of new material
Technology: the lesson is developed using problem teaching technology, health-preserving, system-activity approach and general educational technologies, as well as using information and communication technologies.
Lesson methods: reproductive, search, heuristic
Forms of work: frontal, individual, in pairs
Equipment: the story of I.A. Bunin "Antonovskie apples", interactive board, presentation, notebook.
Stages of the lesson and activities of students and teacher
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Method, trick |
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1.Organizational moment |
Organization of students in the lesson |
frontal |
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2. Motivation |
Awakening cognitive interest |
Reading a poem |
frontal |
heuristic |
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3. Actualization |
Repetition of the previously learned and its expansion |
Active listening, conversation |
Frontal, individual |
Reproductive, viewing presentation |
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4.Creating a problem situation |
The teacher encourages students to pay attention to the topic of the lesson, explain it |
frontal |
Reproductive, search |
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5. Search, solution of a problem situation |
Form your own opinion; learn to listen to another person; |
Work in a notebook, drawing up a table |
Individual, group |
research |
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6. Generalization, conclusion |
Presentation of the resulting table, generalization, output |
Working with the interactive whiteboard |
Frontal, individual |
Reproductive |
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7. Working out new knowledge in a creative task |
Work with individual assignments |
Hearing |
Individual message |
Reproductive |
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8. Summing up |
reflection of what was heard in the lesson |
Frontal, individual |
heuristic |
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9 homework |
Variable homework |
Paperwork |
individual |
reproductive |
During the classes
We only remember happiness.
And happiness is everywhere. Maybe it-
This autumn garden behind the barn
And clean air pouring through the window.
I. Bunin.
Teacher's word: Hello guys! Today we will have a very interesting lesson in which we will continue to get acquainted with the work of I.A. Bunin and let's talk about his story "Antonov apples". In order to create the right atmosphere, I suggest listening to the poem by I.A. Bunin "Evening", an excerpt from which I made as an epigraph to our lesson. (A prepared student reads the poem "Evening")
EVENING
We always only remember about happiness.
And happiness is everywhere. Maybe it is -
This autumn garden behind the barn
And clean air pouring through the window.
In the bottomless sky with a light white edge
The cloud rises, shines. Long
I follow him ... We see little, we know
And happiness is given only to those who know.
The window is open. Squeaked and sat down
A bird is on the windowsill. And from books
I look away for a moment, tired.
The day is getting dark, the sky is empty.
The rumble of a thresher is heard in the threshing floor ...
I see, I hear, I'm happy. Everything is in me.
What mood is this poem imbued with? What is the main idea of \u200b\u200bthis poem? (mood of quiet sadness, sadness. The main idea is that happiness can be found in the most simple thingsthat surround us, the main thing is to be happy yourself).
I.A. Bunin was convinced that there should be no "division fiction on prose and poetry ", and admitted that such a view seems to him" unnatural and outdated. " He wrote: “The poetic element is spontaneously inherent in the works of fine literature in the same way both in poetic and prose form. Prose should also be different in tone. Many purely fictional things are read like poetry, although neither meter nor rhyme is observed in them ... Requirements of musicality and flexibility of language must be presented to prose, no less than to poetry. "
These requirements were most fully realized in the masterpiece of Bunin's prose - the story "Antonov apples". The story was written in 1901. The attentive reader will notice that this story is a single lyrical monologue of the hero, conveying his state of mind. The story resembles a poem. First of all, how the plot is built. Many may say that the plot is not here. And they will be wrong. There is a plot. It is based on memory. The rhythm of poetic breathing, the indefinite fragility of intonation, and impressionistic imagery become significant. The lyrics seem to lead prose. Due to the saturation of the narrative with poetic imagery, a special laconicism is developed, coupled with magical smoothness and bewitching length. Repetitions of words, pauses create an expressive musical mood. Let's listen to an excerpt: “I remember an early, fine autumn ... I remember an early, fresh, quiet morning<…> I remember a large, all golden, dried and thinned garden, I remember maple alleys, the delicate scent of fallen leaves and - the smell of Antonov's apples, the smell of honey and autumn freshness. “The extreme concentration of details, the boldness of comparisons give the impression of elegance, rich decoration of the narrative, while remaining strict, sharp and clear. The aroma of Antonov apples is constantly present in the work, and this smell sounds like a musical leitmotif.
Bunin is the greatest master of words, he is attentive to details. This story is often compared to the paintings of the Impressionists. If you come very close to the picture, then you will not see anything except strokes, if you move away a little - individual objects appear, and if you move even further - you will see the whole picture.
At home you read this amazing story, filled with smells, sounds, impressions, memories, tell me, what is the general mood of the story? (sadness, nostalgia, despondency, farewell to the past).
Let's carefully read the topic of today's lesson, what kind of "lost paradise" is the writer talking about? (Paradise is a past life, life in a homestead, life in harmony with nature)
What is the composition of the piece? (the work consists of 4 parts)And if you read the story carefully, you will notice that the mood in each part is different. In order to confirm this thesis, we will conduct a little research. You were divided into 4 groups, each group will work with one part of the story, the result of your work will be a table consisting of the following graphs:
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The main theme of the part |
Basic images of nature |
Image of people |
Image-symbol |
Hero age |
What mood is this part of the story imbued with? |
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1 memories of picking apples |
Early mild autumn: "fresh morning", "juicy crackle" of apples. Cool silence, clean air, cheerful echo, (August) |
"like a popular print", fair, new sundresses. Festive colors: "black and purple, brick color, wide gold" braid poneva " |
Something alarming, mystical, terrible: the fire of Hell as a symbol of death |
teenager |
Joyful, cheerful: "How cold, dewy and how good it is to live in the world" |
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2.Description of the estate of the aunt - Anna Gerasimovna |
The water is clear. Purple fog, turquoise sky (September beginning) |
The people are tidy and cheerful, the peasant life is rich, the buildings are homely. Auntie talks about the past, but she is important, friendly, treats me to a nice dinner. |
Image of a mortal old woman with a gravestone |
Young man |
The theme of extinction, aging, extinction arises. Words with the root "old" begin to prevail. The mood is intended to confirm the former contentment and well-being of village life. |
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3. Great hunting scenes. |
Gloomy low clouds, liquid blue sky, icy wind, liquid ash clouds (end of September) |
Reading books, admiring antiquity magazines |
Dead silence. Ravine - as an image of loneliness |
Mature man |
The last burst of life before further disappearance. The motive of abandonment is growing. |
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4. Time of ruin, impoverishment, the end of the former greatness. |
Empty plains, naked garden, first snow |
The old people died in Vyselki, the village resembles a desert. |
Adult |
Funeral prayer |
Students work with the text, then present their work.
General conclusion: the four-part composition of "Antonov apples" is full of deep meaning. The fate of a specific village of Vyselki and of specific people is perceived as the common fate of the entire noble class, and of all of Russia as a whole. Bunin's conclusion is unambiguous: only in the imagination, only in the memory is the time of happy, carefree youth, thrills and experiences, harmonious existence with nature, the life of ordinary people, the greatness of space. Manor life seems to be a kind of "lost paradise", the bliss of which, of course, cannot be returned by the pitiful efforts of the small landowners, which are perceived more as a parody of the former luxury. The breath of beauty that once filled the ancient noble estates, the aroma of Antonov apples gave way to the smells of rottenness, mold, desolation.
Do you think there is a central image in this work? (yes, this is the image of the GARDEN).Implementation homework, pre-prepared students deliver a message.
Student message: In "Antonovskiye apples" the lexical center is the word SAD, one of the key words not only in Bunin's work, but in the whole of Russian culture as a whole. The word "garden" revived memories of something dear, dear soul.
The garden is associated with a close-knit family, home, with the dream of a serene paradise happiness, which humanity may lose in the future.
You can find many symbolic shades of the word garden: beauty, idea of \u200b\u200btime, memory of generations, homeland. But most often the famous Chekhov's image is recalled: a garden-noble nest, which recently experienced a period of prosperity, and now has fallen into decay.
Bunin's garden is a mirror reflecting what is happening with the estates and their inhabitants.
In the story "Antonovskie apples" he appears as a living being with his own mood and character. The garden is shown every time through the prism of the author's mood. In the fertile time of Indian summer, he is a symbol of well-being, contentment, prosperity: "... I remember a large, all golden, dried and thinned garden, I remember maple alleys, the delicate scent of fallen leaves and - the smell of Antonov apples, the smell of honey and autumn freshness." In the early morning, it is cool, filled with "purple fog", as if tearing down the secrets of nature.
It is interesting that back in 1891 Bunin conceived the story "Antonov Apples", but wrote and published it only in 1900. The story had the subtitle "Pictures from the Book of Epitaphs." Why? What did the writer want to emphasize with this subtitle?
(An epitaph is a dictum (often poetic) written in the event of someone's death and used as a gravestone.)
Homework:
1) Write a short essay on the topic “Paradise Lost” by Ivan Bunin ”or“ What brings the comedy of A.P. Chekhov's "The Cherry Orchard" and the story of I.A. Bunin's "Antonov apples" ?.
Treasured alleys of noble nests. These words from K. Balmont's poem "In Memory of Turgenev" perfectly convey the mood of the story "Antonov Apples". Apparently, it is no coincidence that on the pages of one of his first stories, the very date of creation of which is extremely symbolic, I.A. Bunin recreates the world of a Russian estate. It is in it, according to the writer, that the past and the present are united, the history of the culture of the golden age and its fate at the turn of the century, family traditions noble family and individual human life. Sadness about the noble nests receding into the past is the leitmotif of not only this story, but also numerous poems, such as “A high white hall, where a black piano ...”, “Into the living room through the garden and dusty curtains ...”, “On a quiet night, a late month came out ... ". However, the leitmotif of decline and destruction is overcome in them “not by the theme of liberation from the past, but on the contrary, by the poeticization of this past that lives in the memory of culture ... Bunin's poem about the estate is characterized by picturesqueness and at the same time inspired emotionality, sublimity and poetry of feeling. The estate becomes an integral part of the lyric hero individual life and at the same time a symbol of the homeland, the roots of the clan ”(L. Ershov).
The play "The Cherry Orchard" is Chekhov's last dramatic work, a sad elegy about the passing times of "noble nests". In a letter to N.A. Chekhov confessed to Leikin: “I am terribly in love with everything that is called an estate in Russia. This word has not yet lost its poetic connotation. " Everything connected with the estate life was dear to the playwright, it symbolized the warmth of family relations, to which A.P. Chekhov. And in Melikhovo, and in Yalta, where he happened to live.
The image of the cherry orchard is the central image in Chekhov's comedy, it is presented as a leitmotif of various time plans, involuntarily connecting the past with the present. But the Cherry Orchard - not just a background of ongoing events, it is a symbol of estate life. The fate of the estate organizes the play by plot. Already in the first act, immediately after the meeting of Ranevskaya, a discussion of the salvation of the mortgaged estate from the auction begins. In the third act the estate is sold, in the fourth - the farewell to the estate and the past life.
The cherry orchard not only represents the estate: it is a beautiful creation of nature that must be preserved by man. The author pays great attention to this image, which is confirmed by the detailed remarks and replicas of the heroes. The whole atmosphere that is associated in the play with the image of the cherry orchard serves to affirm its enduring aesthetic value, the loss of which cannot but impoverish the spiritual life of people. That is why the image of the garden is included in the title.
To answer
Larisa Vasilievna TOROPCHINA - teacher of the Moscow gymnasium No. 1549; honored teacher of Russia.
"The smell of Antonov's apples disappears from the landlord estates ..."
The cherry orchard is sold, it is no longer there, it's true ...
They forgot about me ...
A.P. Chekhov
Speaking about the cross-cutting topics in the literature, I would like to highlight the topic the extinction of landlord nests as one of the interesting and deep. Considering it, pupils in grades 10-11 turn to the works of the XIX-XX centuries.
For many centuries the Russian nobility was the stronghold of state power, the ruling class in Russia, the “color of the nation”, which, of course, was reflected in literature. Of course, the characters of literary works were not only honest and noble Starodum and Pravdin, open, morally pure Chatsky, not satisfied with an idle existence in the light of Onegin and Pechorin, who went through many trials in search of the meaning of life Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, but also rude and ignorant The Prostakovs and Skotinin, who pleases exclusively the “dear little man” Famusov, the projector Manilov and the reckless “historical man” Nozdryov (the latter, by the way, are much more, as in life).
Reading works of art XVIII - the first half of XIX centuries, we see the heroes-masters - whether it be Mrs. Prostakova, accustomed to blind obedience to the will of those around her, or the wife of Dmitry Larin, single-handedly, “without asking her husband,” who managed the estate, or “damn fist” Sobakevich, a strong owner who knew the names of his serfs, but also the peculiarities of their characters, their skills and crafts, and with the legitimate pride of a landowner father, he extolled “dead souls”.
However, by the middle of the 19th century, the picture of Russian life had changed: reforms were ripening in society, and the writers were not slow to reflect these changes in their works. And now before the reader is the no longer self-confident owners of serf souls, who quite recently proudly pronounced: “The law is my desire, the fist is my police”, and the confused owner of the Maryino estate Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov, an intelligent, kind-hearted man who found himself on the eve of the abolition of serfdom rights in a difficult situation, when the peasants almost cease to obey their master, and he can only exclaim with bitterness: "My strength is no more!" True, at the end of the novel, we learn that Arkady Kirsanov, who left in the past the worship of the ideas of nihilism, “became a zealous owner” and the “farm” he created already brings quite a significant income, ”and Nikolai Petrovich“ got into world mediators and is working hard forces ”. As Turgenev says, “their affairs are beginning to get better” - but for how long? Another three or four decades will pass - and the Kirsanovs will be replaced by the Ranevskys and Gaevs ("The Cherry Orchard" by AP Chekhov), the Arsenyevs and Khrushchevs ("The Life of Arsenyev" and "Sukhodol" by IA Bunin). And about these heroes, about their way of life, characters, habits, actions, you can talk in more detail.
First of all, it is necessary to select works of art for conversation: it can be the story "Flowers belated", plays "The Cherry Orchard", "Three Sisters", "Uncle Vanya" by A.P. Chekhov, the novel "The Life of Arseniev", the novellas "Sukhodol", "Antonovskie apples", the stories "Natalie", "Snowdrop", "Russia" by I.A. Bunin. Of these works, you can choose two or three for detailed analysis, while others can be addressed in fragments.
Students analyze "The Cherry Orchard" in the classroom; a lot of literary studies are devoted to the play. And yet everyone - with a careful reading of the text - can discover something new and different in this comedy. So, speaking about the extinction of the life of the nobility at the end of the 19th century, students notice that the heroes of The Cherry Orchard, Ranevskaya and Gaev, despite the sale of the estate, where the best years of their lives passed, despite the pain and sorrow for the past, are alive and even in the final relatively safe. Lyubov Andreevna, taking fifteen thousand that the Yaroslavl grandmother sent, goes abroad, although she realizes that this money - with her extravagance - will not last long. Gaev also eats up not the last piece of bread: a place in the bank is provided for him; it is another matter whether he, master, aristocrat, condescendingly saying to a devoted lackey: “You go away, Firs. I will undress myself, so be it, "- with the position of" banker ". And always bustling about where to borrow money, impoverished Simeonov-Pischik at the end of the play will perk up: the Englishmen came to his estate and found some kind of white clay in the ground ”and he“ handed them a plot of clay for twenty four years". Now this fussy, simple-minded person even distributes part of his debts (“owes everyone”) and hopes for the best.
But for the devoted Firs, who, after the abolition of serfdom, “did not agree to freedom, remained with the masters” and who remembers the blessed times when cherries from the garden were “dried, soaked, pickled, jam cooked”, life is over: he is not today, tomorrow will die - from old age, from despair, from uselessness to anyone. His words sound bitter: “They forgot about me ...” The gentlemen, like old Firs, abandoned the old cherry orchard, left what, according to Ranevskaya, was her “life”, “youth”, “happiness”. The former serf, and now the new master of life, Yermolai Lopakhin, has already “grabbed an ax in the cherry orchard”. Ranevskaya cries, but does nothing to save the garden, the estate, and Anya, a young representative of the once rich and noble noble family, leaves his native places even with joy: “What have you done to me, Petya, why I no longer love cherry orchard, like before?" But “loving do not renounce”! So she didn't love that much. It is bitter that it is so easy to leave what once was the meaning of life: after the sale of the cherry orchard, “everyone calmed down, even cheered up ... indeed, now everything is fine”. And only the author's remark in the finale of the play: sounding lonely and sadly”(Italics mine. - L.T.) - says that sadly becomes Chekhov himself, as if warning his heroes against forgetting their former life.
What happened to the characters in Chekhov's drama? Analyzing their life, characters, behavior, students come to the conclusion: this degeneration,not moral (“dumblings” are noblemen, in essence, not bad people: kind, unselfish, ready to forget the bad, to help each other in some way), not physical (the heroes - everyone except Firs are alive and well), but rather - psychological, consisting in the absolute inability and unwillingness to overcome difficulties sent by fate. Lopakhin's sincere desire to help the "dullards" breaks down against the sheer apathy of Ranevskaya and Gaev. “I have never met such frivolous people as you, gentlemen, such non-businesslike, strange,” - he states with bitter bewilderment. And in response he hears the helpless: "Dachas and summer residents - it's so vulgar, sorry." As for Ani, it is probably more appropriate to talk about rebirth, about the voluntary abandonment of previous life values. Is this good or bad? Chekhov, a sensitive, intelligent person, does not give an answer. Time will tell…
Zh al and other Chekhov's heroes, smart, decent, kind, but completely incapable of active creative activity, of survival in difficult conditions. After all, when Ivan Petrovich Voinitsky, a nobleman, the son of a privy councilor, who spent many years "like a mole ... within four walls" and scrupulously collecting income from the estate of his late sister in order to send
her money ex-husband - Professor Serebryakov, exclaims in despair: “I am talented, clever, brave ... If I lived normally, then Schopenhauer, Dostoevsky could come out of me ...” - then you don't really believe him. What prevented Voinitsky from living a full life? Probably the fear of plunging into the whirlpool of events, the inability to deal with difficulties, inadequate assessment of reality. After all, he, in fact, made himself an idol out of Professor Serebryakov (“all our thoughts and feelings belonged to you alone ... we pronounced your name with reverence”), and now he reproaches his son-in-law for ruining his life. Sonya, the daughter of a professor, who after the death of her mother formallyowns the estate, cannot defend his rights to it and only begs his father: “You must be merciful, dad! Uncle Vanya and I are so unhappy! ” So what prevents you from being happy? I think it's still the same mental apathy, softness, which prevented Ranevskaya and Gaev from saving the cherry orchard.
And the Prozorov sisters, the general's daughters, throughout the play (“Three Sisters”), like a spell, repeating: “To Moscow! To Moscow! To Moscow! ”, They do not realize their desire to leave the dull district town. Irina is going to leave, but at the end of the play she is still here, in this “philistine, contemptible life”. Will he leave? Chekhov puts an ellipsis ...
If Chekhov's heroes-noblemen are passive, but at the same time kind, intelligent, benevolent, then the heroes of I.A. Bunin are subject degeneration both moral and physical. Students, of course, will remember the characters of the piercingly tragic story "Sukhodol": the crazy grandfather Pyotr Kirillych, who “was killed ... by his illegitimate son Gervaska, a friend of the father's” of the young Khrushchevs; the wretched, hysterical aunt Tonya, who had gone mad “from unhappy love”, “who lived in one of the old courtyard huts near the impoverished Sukhodolsk estate”; the son of Peter Kirillych - Peter Petrovich, in whom the courtyard Natalia fell selflessly in love and who exiled her for this “into exile, to the farm S aboutshki ”; and Natalia herself, the foster sister of another son of Pyotr Kirillych - Arkady Petrovich, whose father was “driven into the soldiers” by the “high lords Khrushchevs”, and “the mother was in such awe that her heart broke at the sight of dead turkeys”. It is striking that at the same time the former serf does not hold a grudge against the owners, moreover, she believes that "it was simpler, kinder than the Sukhodol masters in the whole universe."
As an example of the consciousness mutilated by serfdom (after all, the unfortunate woman literally sucked the slave submission with her mother's milk!), The students will cite an episode when a half-mad young lady, to whom Natalya is assigned to “be a member,” “brutally and with pleasure tore her hair out” only for the fact that the maid “clumsily pulled” from the lady's leg the stocking. Natalia kept silent, did not resist the attack of unreasonable rage and only, smiling through her tears, determined for herself: “It will be difficult for me”. How not to remember Firs ("The Cherry Orchard"), forgotten by everyone in the confusion of departure, as a child rejoicing that his "mistress ... has arrived" from abroad, and on the verge of death (in the literal sense of the word!) Who is lamenting not about himself, but that “Leonid Andreevich… didn't put on a fur coat, he went in a coat,” but he, the old lackey, “didn't even look”!
Working with the text of the story, students will note that the narrator, who undoubtedly has features of Bunin himself, a descendant of a once noble and wealthy, and by the end of the 19th century, a completely impoverished noble family, recalls the former Sukhodol with sadness, because for him and for all the Khrushchevs, "Sukhodol was a poetic monument of the past." However, the young Khrushchev (and with him, of course, the author himself) is objective: he also talks about the cruelty with which the landowners unleashed their anger not only on the servants, but also on each other. So, according to the recollections of the same Natalya, in the estate “they sat down at the table ... with arapniks” and “not a day passed without a war! They were all hot - pure gunpowder. "
Yes, on the one hand, says the narrator, “there was a charm ... in the ruined Sukhodol estate”: it smelled of jasmine, the elderberry and euonymus were thriving in the garden, “the wind, running through the garden, brought ... a silky rustle of birches with satin-white trunks streaked with black ... the green-gold oriole cried out sharply and joyfully "(remember Nekrasov's" there is no disgrace in nature "), and on the other hand, a" nondescript "dilapidated house instead of a burnt down" grandfather's oak "house, several old birches and poplars left over from the garden," overgrown with wormwood and podbekolnik "barn and glacier. Everything is in ruin, desolation. A sad impression, and after all, once, according to legend, the young Khrushchev, his great-grandfather, notices, “a rich man, only in his old age moved from Kursk to Sukhodol”, did not like the Sukhodol wilderness. And now his descendants are doomed to vegetate here almost in poverty, although before “money, according to Natalia, did not know what to do”. “Fat, small, with a gray beard,” the widow of Pyotr Petrovich, Klavdia Markovna, spends time knitting “cotton socks”, and “Aunt Tonya” in a torn dressing gown, put directly on dirty rag ”, looks like Babu Yaga and is a truly pitiful sight.
Even the father of the narrator, a “carefree man” for whom “no attachments seemed to exist,” is grieving at the loss of the former wealth and power of his family, complaining until his death: “Alone, Khrushchev is now left in the world. And that one is not in Sukhodol! " Of course, “the power of ... ancient nepotism is immensely great,” it is difficult to talk about the death of loved ones, but both the narrator and the author are sure: a series of ridiculous deaths in the estate is predetermined. And the end of “grandfather” from Gervasius’s hand (the old man slipped from the blow, “waved his hands and just hit the sharp corner of the table with his temple”), and the mysterious, incomprehensible death of intoxicated Pyotr Petrovich, who was returning from his mistress from Lunevo (or really “the horse killed ... attached ”, or some of the courtyard, angry with the master for the beatings). The family of the Khrushchevs, once remembered in the chronicles and given to the Fatherland "and stewards, and governors, and eminent men", ended. There was nothing left: “no portraits, no letters, not even simple accessories ... everyday life”.
G orek and the finale of the old Sukhodol house: it is doomed to slow dying, and the remains of the once magnificent garden were cut down by the last owner of the estate, the son of Pyotr Petrovich, who left Sukhodol and entered the railway as a conductor. How similar to the death of the cherry orchard, with the only difference that in Sukhodol everything is simpler and more terrible. The “smell of Antonov's apples” has disappeared from the landowners' estates forever, life has gone. Bunin writes with bitterness: “And sometimes you think: yes it’s full, did they live in the world?”